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Printer is an output device that prints text or images on paper or other media (like transparencies). By printing you create what is known as a ‘hard copy’. There are different kinds of printers, which vary in their speed and Print quality.

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The two main types of printers are:

🔹️impact printers:
🌟 Line printer
🌟 Serial printer(Dot matrix printer)

🔹️Non-impact printers:
🌟 Thermal printer(fax)
🌟 Laser printer
🌟 Inkjet printer

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Impact printers include all printers that print by striking an ink ribbon. Impact printers use a print head containing a number of metal pins which strike an inked ribbon placed between the Print head and the paper. Line printers, dot matrix printers are some of the Impact printers.

Characteristics of Impact printers:

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🔸️In Impact printers, there is physical contact with the paper to produce an image.
🔸️Due to being robust and low cost, they are useful for bulk printing.
🔸️Impact printers are ideal for printing multiple copies (that is, carbon copies) because they can easily print through many layers of paper.
🔸️Due to its striking activity, Impact printers are very noisy.
🔸️Since they are mechanical in nature, they tend to be slow.
🔸️Impact printers do not support transparencies.

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Non-impact printers are much quieter than Impact printers as their printing head do not strike the paper. Non-impact printers include laser printers, inkjet printers and thermal printers.

Characteristics of Non-impact printers:

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🔸️Non Impact printers are faster than Impact printers because they have fewer moving parts.
🔸️They are quiet than Impact printers because there is no striking mechanism involved.
🔸️They possess the ability to change typefaces authentically.
🔸️These printers produce high-quality graphics.
🔸️These printers usually support the transparencies.
🔸️These printers cannot print multipart forms because no Impact is being made on the paper.

Line Printer:

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Line printer are high-speed printers capable of printing an entire line at a time. A line printer can print 150 lines to 3000 lines per minute. The limitations of line printer are they can print only one front, they cannot print graphics, the print quality is low and they are noisy to operate. But it can print la,large volume of text data very fast compared to the other printers. It is also used to print on multipart stationaries to prepare copies of a document.

Dot Matrix Printer:

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The most popular serial printer is a Dot matrix printer. It prints one line of 8 or 14 points at a time ,with print head moving across a line. They are similar to typewriters. They are normally slow. The printing speed is around 300 Characters per second. It uses multipart stationaries to prepare copies of a document.

Thermal Printer:

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Thermal printers are printers that produce image by pushing electrically heated pins against special heat-sensitive paper. They are inexpensive and used widely in fax machines and calculator. Thermal printer paper tends to darken over time due to exposure to sunlight and heat. So the printed matters on the paper fade after a week or two. It also produces a poor quality print.

Laser printer:

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Laser printers uses the laser beam and dry powered ink to produce a fine dot matrix pattern. It can change very good quality of graphics images. One of the chief characteristics of laser printers is their solution – how many dots per inch (dpi) that lay down. The avaliable resolution range from 300 fpi at the low end to around 1200 dpi at the high end.

Inkjet Printer:

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Inkjet printers uses color cartridges which combine magneta, yellow and cyan inks to create color tones. A black cartridge is also used for crisp monochrome output. Inkjet printers work by spraying ionizing ink at a sheet of paper. Magnetized plates in the ink’s path direct the ink onto the paper in the described shapes.

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🌟Software refers to a program that makes the computer to do something meaningful. It is the planned, step-by-step instructions required to turn data into information.

Software can be classified into two categories :
🔹️System Software
🔹️Application Software

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🌟System Software consists of general programs written for a computer. These programs provide the environment to run the application programs. System software comprises programs, which interact with the hardware at a very basic level. They are the basic necessity of a computer system for its proper functionality. System software serves as the interface between hardware and the user. The operating system, compliers and utility programs are examples of system software.

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🌟The most important type of system software is the operating system. An operating system is an integrated set of specialized programs that is used to manage the overall operations of a computer. It acts like an interface between the user, computer hardware and software. Every computer must have an operating system to run other programs. DOS (Disk Operating System), Unix, Linux and Windows are some of the common operating systems.

🌟The complier software translates the source program (user written program) into an object program (binary form). Specific compliers are available for computer programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++ etc. The utility programs support the computer for specific tasks like file copying, sorting, linking a object program, etc.

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🌟An Application Software consists of programs designed to solve a user problem. It is used to accomplish specific tasks rather than just managing a computer system. Application software are inturn, controlled by system software which manages hardware devices.

🌟Some typical examples are : railway reservation system, game programs, word processing software, weather forecasting programs. Among the application software some are packaged for specific tasks. The commonly used Application software packages are word processor, spreadsheet, database management system and graphics.

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🌟One of the most commonly used software package is word processing software. Anyone who has used a computer as a word processor knows that it is far more than a fancy typewriter. The great advantage of word processing over a typewriter is that you can make changes without retyping the entire document. The entire writing is transformed by this modern word processing software. This software lets you create, edit, format, store and print text and graphics. Some of the commonly used word processors are MicrosoftWord, WordStar, WordPerfect, etc.

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🌟Spreadsheet software packages allows the user to manipulate numbers. Repetitive numeric calculations,use of related formulae and creation of graphics and charts are some of the basic tools. This capacity let’s business people try different combinations of numbers and obtain the results quickly. Lotus 1-2-3, Excel, etc. are some of the famous spreadsheet applications.

🌟A database management system is collection of programs that enable to store, modify and extract information from a database. A database organizes the information internally. Computerized banking system, Automated Teller Machine, Airlines and Railway reservation system etc., are some of the database applications.

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🔹️A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), and process it into useful information (output).

🔹️It also stores data for later reuse (storage). The processing is performed by the hardware.

🔹️The computer hardware responsible for computing are mainly classified as follows:

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🌟Input device
🌟CPU
🌟Main memory
🌟Secondary memory
🌟Output devices

Input devices allows the user to enter the program and data and send it to the processing unit. The common input devices are keyboard, mouse and scanners.

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The processor ,more formally known as thr central processing unit (CPU), has the electronic circuitry that manipulates input data into the information as required. The central processing unit actually executes computer instructions.

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Memory from which the CPU fetches the instructions and data is called main memory. It is also called as primary memory and is volatile in nature.

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Output devices show the processed data – information – thr result of processing. The devices are normally a monitor and printers.

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Storage usually means secondary storage, which stores data and programs. Here the data and programs are permanently stored for future use.

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The hardware devices attached to the computer are called peripheral equipment. Peripheral equipment includes all input, output and secondary storage devices.

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🌟A large numver of computers are interconnected by copper wire, fiber optic cable, microwave and infrared or though satellite.
🌟A system consisting of connected nodes made to share data, hardware and software is called a Computer Network.

Application of Network:

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The following are the areas where computer networks are employed.

🔸️Electronic data interchange
🔸️Teleconferencing
🔸️Cellular telephone
🔸️Cable Television
🔸️Financial services, marketing and sales
🔸️Reservation of Airlines, trains, theater and busses
🔸️Telemedicine
🔸️ATM
🔸️Internet banking

Several educational institutions, businesses and other organizations have discovered the benefits of computer networks. Users can share data and programmes. They can co-operate on projects to maximize the usage of available expertise and talent.

Benefits of Network:

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🔹️Effective handling of personal communications
🔹️Allowing several users to access simultaneously important programs and data.
🔹️Making it easy for the users to keep all critical data ok shared storage device and safeguard the data.
🔹️Allowing people to share costly equipment.

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The computer communication should ensure safe, secure and reliable data transfer.

🌟Safe : The data received is the same as the data sent
🌟Secure : The data being transferred cannot be damaged either will fully or accidentally.
🌟Reliable : Both the sender and the receiver knows the state of the data sent. Thus the sender knows whether the receiver got the correct data or not.

Some Important Reasons for Networking:

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♦️Sharing of resources : Primarily goal of a computer network is to share resources. For example several PCs can be connected to a single expensive line printer.

♦️Sharing information : Information on a single computer can be accessed by other computers in the network. Duplication of data file on separate PCs can be avoided.

♦️Communication : When several PCs are connected to each other, messages can be sent and received. From a remote location, a mobile salesman can relay Important messages to the central office regarding orders. Relevant databases are updated and the business commitment are fulfilled.

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An input device is used to feed data into a computer. For example, a keyboard is an input device. It is also defined as a device that prob communication between the user and the computer. Input devices are capable of converting data into a form which can be recognized by computer. A computer can have several input devices.

🌟Keyboard:🌟

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The most common input device in the keyboard. Keyboard consists of a set of typewriter like keys that enable you to enter Dara into a computer. They have alphabetic keys to enter commw,period, semicolon,etc., and special keys to perform some specific functions. The keyboard detects the key pressed and generates the corresponding ASCII codes which can be recognized by by the computer.

🌟Mouse:🌟

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Mouse is an input device that controls the movement of the cursor on the display screen. Mouse is a small device, you can roll along a flat surface. In a mouse, a small ball is kept inside and touches the pad through a hole at the bottom of the mouse. When the mouse is moved,the ball rolls. This movement of the ball is converted into signals and sent to the computer. You will need to click thr button at the tip of the mouse to select an option. Mouse pad is pad over which you can move a mouse. Mois very popular in modern computers.

🌟Scanner:🌟

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Scanner is an input device that allows the information such as an image or text to be input into a computer. It can read image or text printed on a paper and translate the information into a format that the computer can use.That is, it is used to convert images (photos) and text into a stream of data.They are useful for publishing and multi-media applications.

🌟Bar Code Reader:🌟

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The barcode readers are used in places like supermarket, bookshops, etc. A bar code is a pattern printed in lines of different thickness. The bar-code reader scans the information on the bar code and transmits to the computer for further processing. The system gives fast and error-free entry of information into the computer.

🌟Digital Camera:🌟

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The digital camera is an input device mainly used to capture images.The digital camera takes a still photograph, stores it and sends it as digital input to the computer. It is a modern and popular input device.

🌟Touch Sensitive Screen:🌟

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Touch Sensitive Screen is a type of display screen that has a touch-sensitive panel. It is a pointing device that enables the user to interact with the computer by touching the screen. You can use your fingers to directly touch the objects on the screen. The touch screen senses the touch on the object (area pre-defined) and communicate the object selection to the computer.

🌟Magnetic Ink character Recognition (MICR):🌟

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MICR is widely used by banks to process cheques. Human readable numbers are printed on documents such as cheque using a special magnetic ink. The cheque can be read using a special input unit, which can recognize magnetic ink characters.This method eliminates the manual errors.It also saves time, ensures security and accuracy of data.

🌟Optical Character Recognition(OCR):🌟

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The OCR technique permits the direct reading of any printed character like MICR but no special ink is required. With OCR,a user can scan a page from a book. The computer will recognize the characters in the page as letters and punctuation marks, and stores. This can be edited using a word processor.

🌟Optical Mark Reading and Recognition(OMR):🌟

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In this method special pre-printed forms are designed with boxes which can be marked with a dark pencil or ink. Such documents are read by a reader, which transcribe the marks into electrical pulses which are transmitted to the computer. They are widely used in applications like objective type answer papers evaluation in which large number of candidates appear, time sheets of factory employees etc.

🌟Light Pen:🌟

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A light pen is a pointing device shaped like a pen and is connected to a monitor. The tip ofvthevlight pen contains a light-sensitive element which, when placed against the screen, detects the light from the screen enabling the Computer to identify the location of the pen of the screen. Light pens have the advantages of drawing directly onto the screen, but this can become uncomfortable, and they are not accurate.

🌟Magnetic Reader:🌟

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Magnetic reader is an input device which reads a magnetic strip onna card. It is handy and data can be stored and retrieved. It also provides quick identification of the card’s owner.

All the credit cards, ATM cards (banks),petro cards,etc. stores datacijna magnetic strip which can be read easily by the magnetic reader.

🌟Smart cards:🌟

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This input device stores data in a Microprocessor embedded in the card. This allows information, which can be updated, to be stored on the card. These data can be read and given as input to the computer for further processing. Most of the identification card use this method to store and retrieve the vital information.

🌟Notes Taker:🌟

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Notes taker is a device that captures natural handwriting on any surface into a computer. Using an electronic pen, the notes taker displays the user’s handwritten notes, memos or drawing on the computer ,and stores the image for future use.

🌟Microphone:🌟

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Microphone serves as a voice input device. It captures the voice data and input to the computer. Using the microphone along with speech recognition software can offer a completely new approach to input information into your computer.

Speech recognition programs, although not yet completely exact have made great strides in accuracy as well as ease of use. The voice-in or speech recognition approach can almost fully replace the keyboard and mouse. Speech recognition can now open the computer world to those who may have been restricted due to a physical handicap. It can also be soon be a boon for those who have never learned to type.

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When two computers are in communication,data transmission may occur in one of the three modes

🔸️one way only
a) Simplex mode

🔸️Both ways but one way at a time
b) Half- duplex mode

🔸️Both ways simultaneously
c) Full-duplex mode

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🌟Simplex mode🌟:

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In Simplex mode,data can be transmitted in one direction as shown in below.
The device using the Simplex mode of transmission can either send or receive data, but it cannot do both. An example is the traditional television broadcast, in which the signal sent from the transmitter to the TV. There is no return signal. In order words a TV cannot send a signal to the transmitter.

🌟Half duplex mode🌟:

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In Hslf duplex mode data csn be transmitted back and forth between two stations. But at any point of the time data can go in any one direction only. This arrangement resembles traffic on a one-lane bridge. When traffic moves in one direction, traffic on the opposite direction is to wait and take their turn. The common example is walky-talky, wherein one waits for his turn while the other talks.

🌟Full duplex mode🌟:

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In full duplex mode a device can simultaneously send or received data. This arrangement resembles traffic on a two-way bridge, traffic moving on both directions simultaneously. An example is two people on the telephone talking and listening simultaneously. Communication in full duplex mode is faster. Full duplex transmission is used in large computer systems. Products like “MicrosoftNet Meeting” supports such two way interaction.

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Memory units are the storage areas in a computer. The team “Memory” usually refers to the main Memory of the computer, whereas, the word “storage” is used for the Memory that exits on disks, CDs, floppies or taps. The main Memory is usually called a physical Memory which refers to the ‘chip’ (Integrated circuit) capable of holding data and instructions.

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There are different types of Memory. They are Randam Access Memory(RAM), Read Only Memory(ROM), Programmable Read-Only Memory(PROM), Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory(EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory(EEPROM).

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🌟Random Access Memory – RAM🌟

RAM is the most common type of Memory found in the modern computers. This is really the main store and is the place where the program gets stored. When the CPU runs a program, it fetches the program instructions from the RAM and carries them out. If the CPU needs to store the result of the calculations it can store them in RAM. When we switch of the computer, whatever is stored in the RAM gets erased. It is a volatile form of memory.

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🌟Read Only Memory – ROM🌟

In ROM, the information is burned( pre- recorded) into the ROM chip at manufacturing time. Once data has been written into the ROM chip, it cannot be erased. But you can read it. When we switch of the computer, the contents of the ROM are not erased but remains store permanently. ROM is non-volatile Memory. ROM stored critical programs such as the programme that boots the computer.

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🌟Programmable Read Only Memory – PROM🌟

PROM is a Memory on which data can be written only once. A variation of the PROM chip is that it is not burnt at the manufacturing time but can be programmed using PROM programmer are a PROM burner. PROM is also nan volatile Memory.

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🌟Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory – EPROM🌟

In EPROM ,the information can be erased and program using a special PROM-programmer. EPROM is non volatile Memory. A EPROM differs from a PROM in that a PROM can be written to only once and cannot be erased. But an ultra volatile light is used to erase the contents of the EPROM.

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🌟Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory – EEPROM🌟

EEPROM is a recently developed type of Memory. This is equalent to EPROM, but does not required ultraviolet light to erase its content. It can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. It is also non -volatile in nature. EEPROM is not as fast as RAM are the type of the ROM. A flash memory is a special type of EPROM that can be erased and reprogrammed.

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The main Memory must store many data items and have some way of ŕretrinving them when they are needed. The Memory can be compared to the boxes at a post office. Each box- holder as a box with a unique number which is called is address. This address serves to identify the box. The Memory as a number of location in its store. Each location in a Memory as a unique number called its Memory address. This serves to identify it for storage and retrieval.

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🔸️The network topology is the structure or layout of the communication channels that connects the various computers on the network. Each computer in the network is called a node.

🔸️There are a number of factors that determine the topology suitable for a given situation. Some of the important consideration is the type of nodes, the expected performance, type of Wiring (physical link) used and the cost.

🔸️Network can be laid out in different ways. The five common topologies are

🔹️Star
🔹️Ring
🔹️Bus
🔹️Hybrid
🔹️FDDI

🌟Star Network:

🔸️In a star network all computers and other communication devices are connected to a central hub.
🔸️Such as a file server or host computer usually by a Unishielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables.

💍Ring Network:

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🔸️In a ring network computers and other communication devices are connected in a continuous loop.
🔸️Electronic data are passed around the ring in one direction, with each node serving as a repeater until it reaches the right destination.
🔸️There is no central host computer or server.

🚌Bus Network:

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🔸️In a bus network all communication devices are connected to a common cable called bus.
🔸️There is no central computer or server.
The data transmission is bidirectional.

Hybrid Network:

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A hybrid network is a combination of the above three networks suited to the need.

FDDI Network:

🔸️A FDDI network (pronounced as giddy short for Fiber Distributed Data interface) is a high-speed network using fiber optic cable.
🔸️It is used for high tech purposes such as electronic images, high – resolution graphics and digital video.
🔸️The main disadvantage is its high cost.

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Process management undertakes the allocation of processor to one program.
The operating system controls the job submitted to the system (CPU).
Several algorithms are used to allocate the job to the processor.
Algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a given problem.

🌟 FIFO.
🌟 SJF.
🌟Round Robin.
🌟Based on priority.

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FIFO (First In First Out) :

This algorithm is based on queuing. Suppose you are standing in a queue to get your notebook corrected from the teacher. The students who stand First in the queue get his/her notebook corrected First and leaves the queue. Then the next student in the queue gets it corrected and so on. This is the basic methodology of the FIFO algorithm.

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Now, let us deal with this FIFO a little more technically. The process (A process is basically a program in execution) that enters the queue first is executed First by the CPU, then the next and then the next and so on. The processes are executed in the order in which they enter the queue.

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SJF (Shortest Job First):

This algorithm is based on the size of the job.
Take two jobs A and B.
A = 5 kilo bytes
B = 8 kilo bytes

Kilo literally means 1000 but here kilo means 1024. A byte consists of eight bits. A bit can store either TRUE (1) or FALSE(0).

First the job A will be assigned processor time after which B gets its turn.

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Round Robin:

Jobs are assigned processor time in a circular method. For Example take three jobs A,B,C. First the job A is assigned to CPU then job B and after B job C and the again A,B and C and so on.

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Based On Priority:

In this method each job is assigned a Priority. The higher Priority job is awarded favorable treatment. Take two jobs A and B. Let the Priority of A be 5 and Priority B be 7.

Job B is assigned to the processor before job A.

The allocation of processors by process management is also known as the CPU Scheduling. The objectives of the CPU Scheduling should be to maximise.

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🌟The CPU utilisation
🌟The number of jobs done In a unit time (throughout) and to minimise the time taken.

Before the execution of the job and to run the job.

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🐅🐯INTRODUC TION🐯🐅:

🌟Tiger in tunnel is short story written by Ruskin Bond.
🌟He was born on May 19,1934.
🌟His important works are The Room on the Roof and The Night Train at Deoli.
🌟He received Sahitya Academic award and padma Shri award for contributions to children’s literature.
🌟In this story bond says about the courage and strength of a father and his son.

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🐯🐅Baldeo and his son Tembu🐅🐯:

🔹️Tembu is a twelve-year-old child lives with his father Baldeo, mother and his younger sister in a tribal village on the outskirts of a jungle forest in India.
🔹️The family faces a meagre subsistence,as they are dependent upon a nearby rice field for produce,and the field provides very little.
🔹️To earn more money,Baldeo works as a watchman for the railroad.
🔹️Everynight, he stays in a bare hurt near a tunnel cut into the rock,his duty it to keep the signal lamp burning and make sure that you tunnel is clear of obstruction so that the overland mail can pass through safely.

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🔹️When he does not have to help his mother and little sister at home,Tembu accompanies his father leaving to check the signak lamp,and he thinks to go with his father.
🔹️Baldeo, told that it is cold outside and he requested him to stay in hut itself.
🔹️Baldeo walks in the forest with confidence.
🔹️He is used to ways of the jungle and carries a weapon, a small axe.
🔹️Whe Baldeo reaches the tunnel,he finds that the signsl light is out.

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🔹️Hauling the lamp down by its rope,he relishes it and place it back into position.
🔹️When this task is done,he walks quickly down the length of the tunnel and returns to the entrance.
🔹️He waits for the train at that time one tiger suddenly springs into the area and heads straight towards Baldeo.
🔹️Baldeo stands firmly with his back to the signal-post, and when the tiger attacks, he leaps to the side and tries to get the tigers neck by his age but as the tiger ducks away,the are strikes his forefoot and remains stuck in it almost severing it.
🔹️The tiger groans and pounces upon the punny man and tear his body apart.

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🔹️After killing him the tiger sits down licking his leg where he was struck by the axe.
🔹️While Tembu waits for his father to come back, there at stop,the tigers half body was seen still above cow-catcher.
🔹️Tembu comes out to search for his father and as he finds him dead,controls himself and protects his father’s body from the tiger with the help of his father axe.
🔹️Baldeo’s Family was in a shock but life had to go on and Tembu had to take place of Baldeo.

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🐅🐯CONCLUSION🐯🐅:

🌟In the end,Tembu was seen sitting at the cutting with the lamp lit and whistling to himself as he was not afraif of anything now for his father had killed the famous man-eating ‘Tunnel Tiger ‘.
🌟Even if there is trouble, he had the axe to his defence.

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🚉INTRODUCTION🚉:

🔹️Karma is a story written by Indian writer Khushwant Singh.
🔹️He was born in 2 February 1915. He is renowned Indian Journalist, Novelist,Lawyer and Politician.

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🔹️His notable works are History of Sikhs,Train to Pakistan.
🔹️He died in 20 March 2014.

🚉Journey Of Mohan Lal and Lachmi in a train🚉:

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🌟Sir Mohan Lal is checking himself out in the mirror of a First-class railway waiting room.
🌟He started to criticises the Indian mirror for poorly made and admires himself as a good looking gentleman.
🌟The train is yet to come and he calls the bearer and orders a drink.
🌟Outside the waiting room,his wife Lachmi is sitting on a small grey steel trunk.
🌟She is Chewing a betel leaf and she is commonly dressed because She is a traditional Indian woman.

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🌟She requests a coolie to carry her luggage and go to the platform for the inter-class women Compartment.
🌟The mam carries her bag and the two of them converse for sometime while she is eating.
🌟She tells the porter that she travels with her husband, but he is not allowed to accompany with her husband in the first class Compartment because her husband is a lawyer and educated in Britain.
🌟However, Lachmi is fat ,middle aged and uneducated women and both of them have no children.

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🌟The train arrives at the platform and Lachmi enters the inter-class Compartment.
🌟There is a lot if noise and the passengers are jostling on the platform.
🌟Mohan Lal is calm and quiet and he is still enjoying his drink.
🌟He strictly follows the manners of the English.
🌟He rarely speaks Hindustani.
🌟He can talk on any subject like a cultured Englishman.

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🌟He expects some Englishmen as co-passengers.
🌟In that case it will be enjoying Journey to him.
🌟Then he started to recalls his five-year glorious life in England and loves everything of thr country.
🌟However, Sir Mohan enters his reserved first class coupe and it is empty.
🌟He feels very sad and he begins to read the Times.

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🌟After few minutes two English soldiers came and they looking fir a suitable Compartment.
🌟Sir Mohan is ready to welcome them.
Then the two soldiers ultimately choose Sir Mohan’s Compartment and they order him to gry out from the Compartment.
🌟Eventhough it is reserved, the soldiers do not care for it.
🌟Sir Mohan protest mildly.
🌟His royal English, Sahib appearance and the times come of no use.
🌟The soldiers throw all the belongings of Sir Mohan out of the train.

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🌟Finally they push him out of the train .
🌟The train quickly passes the station leaving him on the platform.
🌟His wife,totally unaware of his train quickly passes the station leaving him on the platform.
🌟His wife, totally unaware of his condition, chews the beta leaves, spits and sends a jet of red dribble flying across like a dart.

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🚉CONCLUSION🚉:

🔸️Thus, the story “Karma” illustrates the famous proverb “Pride Cross Before a Fall” .
🔸️Singh says about false belief in foreign excellence.

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🌟John Milton was the most renowned English poet of the 17th century. He was a polemicist, man of letters and civil servant for the commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. Milton’s poetry and prose reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self -determination and the urgent issue and political turbulence of his day. His ability to write was threatened and as a result his relationship with God became complicated.

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🌟On His Blindness is a well known Sonnet of Milton composec in 1655. It express the deep grief poet fell for the loss of his eyesight. The poem takes the from of a patriarchal sonnet. Patriarchal sonnets traditionally focus on love and romance but Milton subverts this in order to explore his relationship with God.

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🌟In this poem, Milton is struggling to understand what God expects of him now that he is losing sight. He is upset about wasting his talent. “And that one talent which is death to hide”. This line had a biblical reference to the talents (Matthew 25; 14-30). Here two people invest their talents to get reward. Their involvement brings them promotions. While another one just hides his talents in a hole, for that he is punished. Milton feels that God expects him to use talent for Writing poetry in a way that honors Him.

🌟Milton is disturbed that his lack of sight is preventing him from serving God when he wants to so roughly.

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“Lodg’d with me useless, though my soul more ben:

To serve therewith my Maker, and present

My true account, lest he returning chide,”

🌟Milton’s ‘true account’ refers to his religious poetry. Much of his poetry was concerned with God’s relationship to mankind and he considered it a serious duty to write poetry that simultaneously made God’s mysterious ways more clear to people and honored God with its craft.

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🌟Milton wonders if God still expects him to keep writing without his sight, and then decides that God is more forgiving than he was giving him credit. To knowing his condition and strong desire please Him. God wouldn’t expect anything that he couldn’t possibly accomplish nor would he punish him.

That murmur, soon replies: “God doth not need

Either man’s work or his own gifts “

🌟The last half of the poem has a calmer tone. It’s almost like Milton realize that while his writing that people can serve God on many different ways. “They also serve who only stand and wait”. It’s the intent and the grace with which one deals with hardship that counts. Milton fears that his Blindness will prevent him from doing God’s work. Patience tells him that even his idleness is useful to God if he continues to have faith in his writings.

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🔹️Sir Walter Scott was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet. Many of his works remain classics of both English language ligand of Scottish literature. Scott wrote novels and biographies of famous men and contributed to Romanticism and the historical novel. He was Knighted by King George lV In 1820 and died as Sir Walter Scott in 1832. He is well known for a series of novels called Waverly novels. He also produced poetry, short stories, plays and non-fictional works.

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🔹️Lochinvar is a fascinating balled which tells the story of brave,young and valiant knight called Lochinvar. He was a promising knight of the highlands. His coming from the west resembles for him of being like sun. He came unarmed riding on his horse throug the wide border. Throughout this special journey he was not carried any weapons and rode all by himself. “He rode all unarm’d, and he rode all alone”. He is faithful to his love and fearless at the same time.

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🔹️He is known for being gallant and dauntless in every war he fought for the country. He is so valiant that no obstacle could save him from reaching the desired goal. He swam across the Eske River even through the river had no shallow part where it was being crossed by some stream. It was a deep river that he crossed bravely and without any fear.

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🔹️As he reaches he Netherby gate and alighted himself on the horse, the bride Ellen had framed her personal opinion for him as a gallant who had arrived late and was struggle and fought cowardly and disgracefully in the war of love for the bride. He was to take the fair Ellen’s hand in marriage. He entered the Netherby hall so boldly even at the presence the bride’s men and kinsmen, her brother and all her relatives.

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🔹️The poor craven bridegroom never said a word. The bride’s father stoop up, with his hand grlpping his sword, spoke up and asked Lochinvar whether he came here in peace or with an intention of war or to dance at their bridal.

“O come ye in peace here, or come ye in war

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Or to dance at our bridal, young Lord Lochinvar?”

🔹️Lochinvar gave a bold reply that he had been looking for the lord’s daughter since long but was denied the opportunity to marry her. He responded that his love and taken the back seat and he had only come to drink a cup of wine at the marriage feast. He claimed many beautiful maidens who are far more fair and beautiful Ellen would open heartedly come to be a bride for him. He took one dance with a bride after she blessed his wine. Modestly she accepted blushing. Though there were tears in her eyes, her lips carried the smile that came from her heart.

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🔹️The two danced in pair with grace and filled the room with their presence. Like the sun she was illuminated by his light. The groom stood there ashamed and unable to do anything. Though bride’s mother was fretted and her father infuriated, they could do nothing to step them. They were immobilized by his’ stately his form’. The wedding party also agreed to match between young Lochinwar and Ellen.

___________ “twere better by far

To have matched our far cousin with young Lochinvar

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🔹️It only took ‘one touch of his hand and one word in her ears for her to bend to his incredible will. He was able to win back Ellen’s love. On his horse he galloped away with Ellen. The clans tried to chase bride was lost without being in sight. Thus the bridegroom proved that he was a ‘laggard in love’ unable to stand up for himself.

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🔹️Introduction:🔹️

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🌟Sarojini Naidu was born in 1879.

🌟She was the eldest of eight children in the family. She had her school education in Madras. 🌟She passes her matriculation examination in first class.

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🌟Because of her father,Her father was Chattopadhya and her mother was Varada Sundari. They came from Eaqst Bengal but settled in Hyderabad.

🌟Her father was a great scholar.

🌟He founded the Nizam's College in Hyderabad.

🔹️Her education:🔹️

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🌟She mastered English language.

🌟The Nizam granted scholarship.

🌟So she went to London for her higher education

🔹️Her Married Life: 🔹️

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🌟In 1898 she married Dr.Naidu.

🌟He was q windower and 10 years senior to her.

🌟He was of lower caste.

🌟She gave birth to four children.

🔹️Her political Life:🔹️

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🌟she had a keen interest in Indian politics.

🌟Later she accepted Gandhi as her master.

🌟Nehru also became her friend. 🌟Gandhi called her 'Bharat Kokila'.

🔹️Her Good Qualities:🔹️

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🌟She had undrying interest in human beings.

🌟She worked hard for the emancipation of women.

🌟She arranged the all India women conference in 1926.

🌟She was a powerful orator.

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🌟When she thirteen she wrote her fist drama.

🌟Because of her poetic talents she was called the Nightingle of India.

🌟She was friendly with all communities and races.

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🌟She insisted on unity between political parties and Indians. 🌟English statesman considered her the greatest Indian women.

🔹️Death of Sarojini Naidu:🔹️

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🌟She was made government of U.P. After Indiw became independent, in 1949 at the age of seventy she died.

🌟Her eldest som set fire to the pire.

🌟Great leaders like Nehru, Lord Mountbatten and Rajaji attended her funeral.

🌟Her death was a real loss to India.

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🔹️Conclusion:🔹️

🌟Thus Sarojini Naidu lived a meaningful life.

🌟She tried for peace among all Indians.

🌟She was a guiding light for women in India.

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Classified of thr electronic computers may be based on either their principles of operation or their configuration. By configuration, we mean the size, speed of doing computation and storage capacity of a computer.

Based on the principles of operation, computers are classified into three types,
🔅Analog computers
🔅Digital computers
🔅Hybrid computers.

🌟Analog Computer is a computing device that works on continuous range of values.
🌟The Analog Computers give approximate results since they deal with quantities that vary continuously.
🌟It generally deals with physical variables such as voltage, pressure, temperature, speed, etc.

🌟On the other hand a digital computer operates on digital data such as numbers .
🌟It uses binary number system in which there are only two digits 0 and 1.
🌟Each one is called a bit.
🌟Tye digital computer is designed using digital circuits in which there are two levels for an input or output signal m
🌟These two levels are known as logic 0 and logic 1.
🌟Digital Computers can give the results with more accuracy and at a faster rate.

🌟since many complex problems in engineering and technology are solved by the application of numerical methods, the electronic digital computer is very well suited for solving such problems.
🌟Hence digital computers have an increasing use in the field of design, research and data processing.

🌟Digital Computers are made for both general purpose and special purpose.
🌟Special purpose computer is one that is built for a specific application.
🌟General purpose computers are used for any type of applications.
🌟It can store different programs and do the jobs as per as the instructions specified on those programs.
🌟Most of the computers that we see fall in this category.

🖥💻Hybrid Computers💻🖥:

🌟A Hybrid Computing system is a combination of desirable features of analog and digital computers.
🌟It is mostly used for automatic operations of complicated physical purposes and machines.
🌟Now-a-days analog -to-digitial and digital-to-analog converters are used for transforming the data into suitable from for either type of computation.

🌟For example, in hospital’s automated intensive care unit, analog devices might measure the patients temperature, blood pressure and other vital signs.
🌟These measurements which are in analog might than be converted into numbers and supplied to digital components in the system.
🌟Thse components are used to monitor the patient’s vital sign and send signals if any abnormal readings are detected.
🌟Hybrid computers are mainly used for specialized tasks.