Author: Admin

Track2Training for students. Learn more on https://track2training.com

How to become a philanthropist

 Being a philanthropist, or someone who offers their time, money, or reputation to philanthropic causes, maybe a highly fulfilling experience.

Philanthropy is not solely the domain of the wealthy. The literal definition is ‘humanity’s love.’ It is simply the desire to make a difference in the lives of others, and it is something that anyone of us can do.

You could believe that improving the world through humanitarian actions necessitates writing multimillion-dollar checks. But the reality is that anyone may become a philanthropist, according to philanthropist Amit Soni from Indore.

There are many ways to make a lasting impact on the planet, a community, or a single person, regardless of your income level. Through this article, Amit Soni from Indore, organizing philanthropic events and activities, wants to share five ways to become a philanthropist and make a difference. After reading this, we hope you’ll be motivated to consider generosity from a new perspective.

Philanthropy is practiced by many organizations, particularly those in the non-profit sector. Working as a philanthropist can take many forms, including more than just providing money. Understanding the various options available to philanthropists will help you navigate your charity giving more efficiently. 

1. Share Your Expertise

Your skills and expertise are equally as significant as money when it comes to charity. If you’re an excellent cook, you can always volunteer to assist in the kitchen of a soup kitchen. Alternatively, if you’re talented in the arts, you may put on an exhibition and donate the revenues to charity.

Sharing your expertise not only helps others in their professional endeavors, but it also helps you. There are a lot of young professionals asking for help. Take a rookie under your wing if you find someone who has potential but needs help. Share the lessons you’ve learned the hard way throughout the years.

2. Become a volunteer

Volunteering is an excellent way to apply your expertise and talents to a cause that you care about. There is a volunteer opportunity for everyone, from community gardening to coaching a youth basketball team to helping abroad. Look for volunteer opportunities. You can look for volunteer opportunities online or keep an eye out for posters and signs in your neighborhood asking for assistance. 

Also, you can become active in a specific group for longer than a one-time event. Check if any organizations provide year-round volunteer programs where participants are trained and allocated work. Look for areas where volunteers are needed. There may be a location where volunteers are in short supply. Find out where an organization you care about needs extra help and offer your services. 

3. Giving money

We’re all accustomed to making a one-time or recurring charitable donation, but if you’re planning to give a bigger sum, you might consider using a philanthropic structure to ensure your money is dispersed efficiently.

Here are some of the structures you might use on your own:

-Testamentary or Will Trust: A trust established after a benefactor’s death to fund a specific charitable cause.

-A private charity trust has been established by a donor and is required to finance specific philanthropic causes.

-A gift fund is a foundation that collects donations for the sole purpose of funding a specific organization.

Instead of giving directly to an organization, you may fund an education grant or create a professional reward to help individuals.

4. Random Act of Kindness

Giving your best self to others without expecting anything in return is what a Random Act of Kindness is all about. It’s simply doing something nice for someone else without being asked or expecting anything in return. The best aspect of performing a random act of kindness is that it usually requires little time or money yet may make someone’s day. Here are some suggestions:

  • Place spare change in a parking meter for someone.

  • Send a Facebook message to someone complimenting them.

  • Pick up trash on the ground and put it in the garbage

  • Instead of drinking your morning coffee, purchase a cup for someone else.

  • Write a thank-you note to someone who inspires you.

  • Text a friend to share your gratitude for something they did for you

  • Be on time (don’t waste others’ time).

Here are some suggestions for people who decided to start their philanthropic journey and don’t know where to start. Becoming a philanthropist is not always about money. You have the option of donating your knowledge, time and service, voice and influence, and, of course, money. Making a plan for how you want to give is all it takes to become a philanthropist, says Amit Soni from Indore. 


6 Ways to Get More Business for Your Ecommerce Line

 

C:\Users\APURVA\Downloads\mark-konig-Tl8mDaue_II-unsplash.jpg

Source: https://unsplash.com/photos/Tl8mDaue_II 

 

Since the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic, the commercial marketing industry has changed drastically. Earlier, most companies focused solely on physical sales and invested rarely in digital advertising. But with the revolutionary changes that the e-commerce sector went through, many industries came forward to adopt the latest technology to stay updated with the trends and maintain their position in the market. 

Enterprises like Escape Room Palm Springs, a Reliance store in Bangalore, or the Dark Horse publishing house in Japan have actively invested in different e-commerce marketing tips and strategies to boost their sales and brand value. And just for the big fishes and older companies, the new entrepreneurs can also invest in e-commerce to take their business to new heights of success. 

It is a smart move for the small and medium-sized corporations to pick the same and browse for opportunities through hard work to stay tough in the commercial market against their competitors. Here are 6-ways through which you can also get more business for your e-commerce line: 

  1. Know your customers 

Understanding your customers is the most crucial part of an e-commerce business. If you plan to reach out to more audiences for your brand and convert them into followers and subscribers, you must know all about them and their preferences. Here are some questions that you should keep in mind while attracting customers to your website:

 

  • What websites do these people visit? 

  • What are their hobbies? 

  • Do they have a particular affinity or interest in a service or product? 

  • How long do they usually research on the internet? 

 

Facts and details like these will help you better understand your users and their interests. It will give you the right idea about how you can draw them to your business and also sustain their attention. And by answering the above questions, you will also be able to strategize a more efficient plan to establish a more profitable marketing tactic to target them. 

  1. Increase the About Us section 

The customers generally prefer to look at the About Us section for an e-commerce website they are scrolling on and researching. This information area lets them understand the company/brand’s business ambition and whether they want to invest further in their products. 

So remember to be open in your About Us section. It is where you can go all out and share your business idea and concept, love for the products, the hard work that goes to crafting what you are providing, and how you can make the customer’s life more comfortable through your services. The more you convince the consumers that you are their friend and a great person, the more they will prefer to invest their money in your company’s products and business schemes. 

  1. Expand your demographic 

While it is a good idea to target a specific audience group to your company, you might lose many consumers in the long run if you do not expand your user base in the long run. By limiting yourself to some clients, you might restrict the growth and expansion of your e-commerce company and lose credential patrons. So focus on expanding your demographic to broaden your horizons and open new marketing opportunities to draw in and retain more customers. 

  1. Practice Quality over Quantity 

When you consider e-commerce, quality always comes before quantity. Make sure that your products and the services you provide to your customers are high-quality and satisfying to their demands. In this way, they will build trust for your business and come to rely more on your services. Your business’s reputation will grow and help you gain a trustworthy image in the commercial market. 

  1. Switch to D2C 

Gone are the days when B2B (business to business) and B2C (business to consumer) could pave the way for boosting your e-commerce as a brand in the commercial market. To get the best for your business’s marketing, switch to the D2C (direct to customer) policy for marketing and gaining customers. D2C allows you to connect directly to your clients and consumers without going through a mediator like a retailer, distributor, or dealer. There are several benefits of practicing D2C, such as: 

  • You get to retain complete control of the engagement process with the customers by avoiding any intermediate parties. 

  • You can connect directly with your clients and understand them better. 

  • It helps you establish a secure and effective connection with your target audience and thus deliver products that satisfy their preferences. 

  1. Keep an eye on the numbers and analytics

It is also crucial to focus on your analytics and inventory numbers in e-commerce. It allows you to keep a close eye on your accounting and invest wisely in your spending for advertising and marketing. Also, by focusing on the analytic points of your business, you can track your traffic sources and accordingly plan a profitable conversion rate to boost subscribers and customers for your company. Various tools help you get deep insights into the accounting and the analysis of your business. And you can use this information to get more resources and traffic activity for your website to market your e-commerce brand strategically. 

Conclusion 

So, these are the 6-easy ways that will help you get more business for your e-commerce line. We know e-commerce is growing tremendously, and it won’t be long before it may outwit the physical sales. With marketers and entrepreneurs actively competing to boost their sales and gain more customers, it is time for you to also keep up with new trends and draw in more patrons by increasing customer comfort and efficiently marketing for your e-commerce business. 

 

FLY HIGH

              FLY HIGH

                                         – Angelin Diana

You can fly like a Kite

To a great height

Just to shine bright

As the stars in the night

The sky’s the limit

Use every minute

Have that spirit

When you give it

You can go

With your flow

May your face glow

As you grow

In every test

Give your best

You are blessed

So never feel depressed

You and your might

Together might

Glow up the light

Am I right?

SAHAJ SABHARWAL – WRITES ON SOCIAL CAUSES AND STRIVE TO MAKE SOCIETY BETTER (YOUNG WRITER AND AUTHOR FROM INDIA)

Sahaj Sabharwal’s first book was not that very successful because many were not ready to support me. But again, he continued writing with the same passion and his second book showed some good results. So I would say that it is his passion and zeal to write better and believe in himself which has been the inspiration behind his every write-up. Here is a short interview with this buddy writer from Jammu and Kashmir, India. 

 

1. Tell us more about your background and journey.
I was a student of class seventh when I was in Delhi Public School, Jammu that I first started writing. And with that start, I published my very first book titled, “Poems by Sahaj Sabarwal” at the age of 17. The book is a collection of diverse poems based on the social issues and the life of the youth. 
Following that, I published my second book titled “Pedagogical Thoughts Made Facts” at the age of 19, which is again a book containing poetries, thoughts, quotes, stories, and articles aiming for bringing positivity in the lives of readers. Presently, I am pursuing Aeronautical Engineering from Tamil Nadu besides my interests in writing, rapping and blogging.
2. As a young writer, where does your inspiration for writing lie?
 
During my initial years into writing, I encountered severe, harsh criticisms from others. People were against the idea of a student publishing his own book at such a young age and should rather focus on studies and build a stable career. This is not something pleasant for anyone. I tried to turn such backlashes into an inspiration for me to do something better, something unique. And now I believe it is that feeling which has always inspired me to write and helped me achieve what I have now.
My first book was not that much successful because many were not ready to support me. But again, I continued writing with the same passion and my second book showed some good results. So I would say that it is my passion and zeal to write better and believe in myself which has been the inspiration behind my every write-up.
 
3. What prompted you to start writing along with your school studies?
When I was small, I wrote a poem for my mother on Mother’s Day. My mom loved it. Everyone was proud that I could write a beautiful poem with deep thoughts at such a young age. I would say it was this small incident that made me recognize my talent in writing. And then I started writing articles and poems, and that poem on my mother is also published in my first book. 
4. What is that one cause you care deeply about and why?
It is not quite possible to name just one cause because there are various social issues revolving around youth that need attention from society. There are children getting raped, students attempting suicide, and getting into addictions and these are just to name a few. 
 
The major reason behind these rising issues is the lack of proper education and awareness. Perpetrators do not realise that what they are doing is wrong, and victims usually are not aware of their rights. I would say that looking at these social causes and how youth is getting directly affected by them made me write these books.
5. If one wants to contribute and make a difference in social causes then how do you believe one can do it?
Some might argue that it is the responsibility of the government to make laws and prevent such issues. But, in reality, it is all in the hands of we individuals.
We can all contribute at our individual level, to our best capacity, and make small efforts to create a difference. For instance, I have been writing poems, articles, blogs, and rap songs, all based on social issues and with the aim to create awareness among people. Similarly, all of us can contribute in our way and, I believe, even the tiniest bit of contribution from someone can help.
We can take steps from educating at a larger scale to educating our family members at home. We can do social media campaigns and drives because, in this digital era, social media is a very powerful tool to create awareness. It might not always be quite successful, we might not be able to teach a large number of people. Just with hard work for years with God’s grace I am having around twelve thousand plus followers on instagram, thousands of followers on facebook, around a thousand on twitter and one thousand plus subscribers on youtube. It was not easy at all. In my childhood when I got motivated from successful personalities like Ronaldo and others, I was wondering to get just one hundred followers on instagram then when I reached there by posting good content then my next goal was to reach thousand then ten thousand and now I have goal to achieve blue tick ( verified creator ) as well as lakhs of followers. The hunger to achieve something will never end and should never end to continue to break my own records. I got that much inspired that how much successful people worked to reach from black coal to a unique and beautiful diamond. But even if one person benefits from it, then, I believe, it is quite a success and we thrive to achieve more.
6. Who is your role model and why?
We, as social animals, live in and learn from society. Our ideas and beliefs get socialized, which might be good while also bad at times. I consider society as my role model because it is from society that I learned everything and also continue to learn. 
I write on social causes and strive to make society better. The people surrounding us, each with their unique talent and charisma, motivate us to do better. So, I would say that society is my perfect teacher and also a perfect friend.
Biography –
Sahaj Sabharwal, a young writer, and an author was born on 17th March 2002. He lives in Jammu city, Jammu, and Kashmir, India. He has completed his schooling from Dps Jammu as a Non-Medical student. Now he is a student of Aeronautical Engineering. His hobbies include writing thoughts, listening to music, discovering new things, exploring the world, and writing and singing rap songs to mention but a few. He has been awarded many awards in poetry writing at the State level, National level, and International level. 
He mostly writes motivational thoughts and on topics related to social issues for spreading awareness among the people. His writings are regularly published in many newspapers, magazines, websites, anthologies, and other media platforms.
According to him,
” Be you, no need to update your view on society’s new view “
His aim in life is to invent/discover something new as a Scientist or Researcher. He wants to do something new, which is done by a few. He is an inspiration of his own. He is a successful author of the BOOKS – “Poems By Sahaj Sabharwal” & “Pedagogical Thoughts Made Facts”.
NAME -: Sahaj Sabharwal 
● Author of Books -: 
1.) Poems by Sahaj Sabharwal  
2.) Pedagogical Thoughts Made Facts
● Budding Author & Writer 
● Singer & Rapper
● Motivational Speaker 
● Social Worker
● Blogger & Influencer
Contact -: +917780977469
Twitter – Sahaj_Sabharwal
Instagram – @sahajsabharwal
Facebook – Sahaj Sabharwal Writer
YouTube – Sahaj Sabharwal Official

What is Zoning

 Zoning describes the control by authority of the use of land, and of the buildings thereon. Areas of land are divided by appropriate authorities into zones within which various uses are permitted. Zoning is the process of planning for land use by a locality to allocate certain kinds of structures in certain areas. Zoning also includes restrictions in different zoning areas, such as height of buildings, use of green space, density (number of structures in a certain area), use of lots, and types of businesses. Levels or types of zoning include open space, residential, retail, commercial, agricultural, and industrial. 

Zoning is the application of common sense and fairness to public regulation governing the use of private land. Zoning can be defined as the creation by law of the zones such as residential, commercial, industrial, civic, institutional and recreational in which regulations prevent misuse of lands and buildings and limit their height and densities of population differing in different zones. Zoning sets apart different areas in the town for specific purposes. It prevents encroachment of one zone upon another adjacent to it. While planning a city the area of town can be divided into following zones.

1. Industrial zone 

2. Administrative zone 

3. Business zone 

4. Open space 

5. Residential zone 

    a) Different zone for different height 

    b) Zone for single family 

    c) Zone for two family 

    d) Zone for apartment houses 

6. Recreational zone 

7. Local administrative zone 

8. Agricultural zone 

Objectives of Zoning 

The objects or purposes of zoning are as follows. 

  • To lessen congestion in streets. 
  • To secure safety of fire and other hazards. 
  • To promote health and general welfare. 
  • To provide adequate light and air. 
  • To protect the value of property. 
  • To prevent over-concentration of population. 
  • To facilitate transportation, water supply, sewerage, schools, parks etc. 
  • To encourage the most appropriate use of land. 
  • The town planner gets ample opportunities for designing the future growth and development of town. 
  • Zoning proves to be an effective instrument in case of any review or modification in order to make town planning scheme more effective and successful.

Principles of Zoning 

The main principles of zoning can be briefly summarized as follows.
 
1. Arrangement of zones 

The usual pattern of zones is in central area and undeveloped area. The other pattern of zones would be to provide blocks or units for various uses in different parts of the town.
2. Boundaries 
The design of boundaries for different zones should be carefully made. A railway line or a park or an open green space may prove to be satisfactory boundary. 
3. Existing towns 
When zoning is to be applied to an existing town, the information regarding the existing use of land is gathered and as far as possible, the town is divided into zones by considering the predominant use in the particular areas. 
4. Flexibility 
The principles of zoning may be rigidly enforced. But at the same time, care should be taken to observe flexibility in working out the details for zoning. For instance, homes should be very near to places of work to reduce time of travel. Similarly, the small shopping centres for day today requirements should be allowed in residential zone. 
5. New towns 

For designing a new town of known population, the areas required for residence, industry and business are worked out with the help of suitable methods. The town is divided into suitable zones. 

Advantages of Zoning 

Following are the advantages of zoning. 
  • Business or commercial areas are separately located with their garages and service stations at a distance from the residential areas. 
  • The industrial area is located away from the residential area so it is not affected by dangerous gases, smoke etc. 
  • The population is distributed throughout the town by zoning, so there will be no concentration of population in any one particular zone. 
  • Height zoning regulates the height of the buildings. Hence high rise buildings will not be allowed to construct near small houses. 
  • The zoning permits the economic use of various public utility services such as water supply, drainage lines, and telephone lines etc. 
  • A land in the form of recreational area is provided to use as playgrounds, stadiums, parks, talkies, etc. 
  • Zoning promotes health, safety, prosperity, orderly development and overall welfare of community. 
  • The zoning results into minimum chances of fire occurrence. 
  • If zoning is adopted, it results into controlled future development of the town.

Densities of a Town 

  1. Overall town density = Total population / Total town area 
  2. Developed area density = Total population / Total developed area 
  3. Gross residential area density = Total population / Total residential area 
  4. Net residential area density = Total population / Net residential area 
  5. Accommodation density = Number of habitable rooms / Area 
  6. Occupancy rate = Number of persons / Number of habitable rooms 
  7. Floor Space Index = Total built up area / Plot area

Types of Zoning 

1) Density Zoning 

In density zoning, the density of population in the residential areas is controlled by means of suitable rules and regulations. The density of population per unit area may either be expressed as gross density or net density. The gross density is the average density of population per unit area of the whole area. The net density is defined as the average density of population per unit of the housing area, including local roads only, excluding open spaces, public institutions, shopping centres etc. 
The following are the indirect measures adopted to have effective density zoning. 
  • The front, side, and rear margins from the boundaries are specified. 
  • The maximum height of the building is specified. 
  • The minimum size of allotment for each house is specified. 
  • The number of houses per unit area is limited. 
  • The ratio of total site area to the total built-up floor area is specified. 
The advantages of density zoning are as follows. 
  • It promotes healthy conditions, as population is distributed throughout the town. 
  • It prevents over-crowding. 
  • It facilitates the proper layout and designing of various public amenities and services. 
  • The land values are stabilized. 
  • It ensures enough light and ventilation to the residences.

2) Height Zoning 

The main objects of height zoning are as follows. 
  • To supply enough daylight to the buildings 
  • To cause reasonable traffic movement 
It aims to control the height of buildings with due consideration of the following. 
  • Bulk and cubical contents of the buildings 
  • Street width and other adjacent marginal open spaces 
Due to height zoning, there is considerable setback in the design of high rise buildings or skyscrapers. The restriction on the height of buildings will depend on nature of building, type of zone and climatic conditions. 
Advantages of height zoning are as follows. 
  • It does not allow tall buildings to come up nearby smaller buildings. 
  • It establishes minimum standards in terms of light, air and space, thereby creates healthy conditions. 
  • It controls the setback from roads. 
  • It helps to construct the buildings with uniform height, which gives aesthetic appearance. 
  • It controls the land values. 

3) Use Zoning/Land Use Zoning 

  • The main principle of use zoning is to divide the city into different zones, in correct location with respect to the others. 
  • It avoids the encroachment of one zone upon another adjoining it.
  • Utilization of each zone according to the purpose for which it is allocated. 
  • Factories and industries on the residential areas can be completely avoided. 
  • This zone provides open spaces, privacy and good health for the inhabitants of the town. 
  • It results into stabilization of land values. 
  • It provides better traffic facilities, water lines, sewer lines and use of other public utility and amenities in an efficient way. 
Under the Use zoning the town is divided into the following. 

a) Residential Zone 

This is very important zone of the town, where the people of the town live together in large number. This zone covers an area of 40 – 50% of total land. The buildings coming under this zone are single family houses, semi-detached houses, group housing, chawl, flats, skyscrapers etc. 
The following are the points considered while locating residential zones. 
  • Near to the market, free from noise and smoke, parks and playgrounds should be close by. 
  • It should have certain amount of privacy and separated from other zones by wide strip of green belt which may consists of parks and parkways etc. 
  • Speedy travel and communication facilities. 
  • Peaceful surroundings, as far as possible from industries and business zones. 
  • Healthy environment with respect to hygienic and sanitary requirements.

b) Industrial Zone 

This zone covers an area of 5 – 20%. This is next to the residential zone in terms of importance. Hence great care should be exercised in locating the industries. The following are the points considered while locating industrial zones. 
  • Minor industries like bakeries, dairies, laundries may be grouped and located close to the residential zone for the benefit of inhabitants. 
  • Light industries and factories like manufacture of glass, porcelain, and ice etc. which use only electric power can be located anywhere on the periphery of the town. 
  • Heavy industries giving out obnoxious (or harmful) gases and the industries causing noise such as manufacture of cement, steel and other such material should be located on the outskirts of the town. 
  • The special industries producing undesirable trade wastes and by-products may be located far away from town in spacious grounds.

c) Commercial Zone 

This zone covers an area of 2 – 5%. This zone consists of markets, banks, ware-houses (go downs) and business offices. These should be located near centres of traffic and as far as along the road sides. 

d) Civic Zone 

This zone covers an area of 2 – 3%. This contains all public buildings like town hall, court, public libraries, post office, museum, auditorium, bank, showrooms, stores and houses for the employed under the government. 

e) Institutional Zone 

This zone covers an area of 1 – 2%. This zone contains schools, colleges, institutions etc.

f) Recreational Zone 

This is planned in the remaining area of the town, usually 15 – 20%. This is an important zone since it provides healthy environment for the people. It mainly includes parks, playgrounds, stadiums, cinemas, community centres. Generally, the various units of recreational zone are scattered throughout the town. 
In urban planning as well as transportation planning, land use is the object of zonal characterization. Each land use zone is subject to a series of regulations depicting what can be built in terms of nature, function and density, giving tools to municipal governments to influence urban development. Single use zoning, also known as Euclidean zoning, is a tool of urban planning that controls land uses in a city. 
There are four major types of land use zoning. 

1) Functional Zoning 

The most prevalent form of zoning where land use zones are defined according to their function such as commercial, residential or industrial. Each zone type is subject to specific rules and regulations concerning the type of activities that can be built. 

2) Form Based Zoning 

Define zones according to their physical characteristics, mostly from an urban identity perspective such as the downtown area. This form of zoning is usually easier to relate to the general population since it uses zonal definitions that are well known. 

3) Intensity Zoning 

Defines land use zones by the level of permitted intensity, such as the number of residential units per unit of surface or allowed commercial surface. Such regulation enables a level of flexibility in urban development since it permits developers to select which types of development takes place as long as this development abides by density constraints. 

4) Incentive Zoning 

Often part of revitalization or development plans where developers are allowed to build residential, commercial or industrial (manufacturing, warehousing) projects in specific areas through the provision of various incentives such as tax abatement or basic infrastructure (road, utilities, public transport services). 
It is common that more than one type of zoning will be applied to a city, which can lead to some conflicts and discrepancies between stakeholders. The issue is to try to establish a balance between the restrictions imposed by zoning regulations and the dynamic market forces of urban development.

Uses of land 

The use of land in town planning can broadly be classified in to following two categories. 

1) Profit Making Use 

The land which is developed with profit making motives, for e.g. sites developed for offices, residences, industries etc. 

2) Non Profit Making Use 

The land which is developed without any motive of making profit. It includes roads, parks, playgrounds, educational buildings and government offices. The main nonprofit making use in urban area will naturally be the roads.

Benefits of INTERNSHIPS

Internships are referred to a work done by a student or a graduate for a professional experience which is meaningful and related to his/her field of study or career interest. Internships also help students to learn and will also experience of working in co-operative companies. It’s also an opportunity for a student to develop his career and learn a new skill.


      There are different types of internships some of them are

·      Paid internship:-  These types of internships help the students experience a new skill which can also relate to his/her study field, career interest  and get paid money for his/her works.

·      Summer internships: – This internship is most popular. These internships are most help for students to learn and earn in their free time and can spend more time in working for their career.

·      Co-operative education: – This internship is different from other internships. Another type of internship to choose from is a cooperative education program. This internship is a three- way partnership between a student, an employer, and a college or a university. The difference between normal internship and co-operative is length of time.

·      Unpaid internship:- unpaid paid internships provides  a students or a graduate experience of new skill or give experiencing in student’s field of study or career interest. 

·      Externships: – externship is option where he /she is can gain knowledge in a career interest. It’s also shorter than internship more like a day or few weeks.by externship students can experience day to day activities and responsibilities of the job. 

Strong influencers underlying Omani English-major students’ willingness to communicate online

 Behind-the-screen communication can improve learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC) in a foreign/second language (L2). During the Covid-19 pandemic, however, online education gave instructors ample opportunity to observe learners’ communicative behaviour. The study reports observations showing that the new situation affected some learners’ L2 WTC negatively, and that those unaffected have a high L2 WTC. In a group of 137 Omani English-major students, only 12 students showed WTC in online sessions, as observed by the researchers and validated by 3 instructors. Interviews with 5 of these students suggested that when students major in the L2, their WTC, influenced by different types of motivation, can develop to a predisposition to speak notwithstanding the learning situation/interlocutor types. Communication barriers are overcome by such learners through different learning strategies and the belief that L2 mistakes are acceptable and inevitable. This necessitated revisiting the concept of WTC as a personality-based predisposition from the perspective of learners majoring in the L2.

<!–
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:””;
margin:0cm;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
h1
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 1 Char”;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
margin-top:18.0pt;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:1;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-font-kerning:16.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
h1.CxSpFirst
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 1 Char”;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:18.0pt;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:1;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-font-kerning:16.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
h1.CxSpMiddle
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 1 Char”;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:1;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-font-kerning:16.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
h1.CxSpLast
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 1 Char”;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:1;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-font-kerning:16.0pt;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
h2
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 2 Char”;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
margin-top:18.0pt;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:2;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
font-style:italic;}
h2.CxSpFirst
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 2 Char”;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:18.0pt;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:2;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
font-style:italic;}
h2.CxSpMiddle
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 2 Char”;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:2;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
font-style:italic;}
h2.CxSpLast
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 2 Char”;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:2;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
font-style:italic;}
h3
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 3 Char”;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
margin-top:18.0pt;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:3;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
font-weight:normal;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;
mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
h3.CxSpFirst
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 3 Char”;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:18.0pt;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:3;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
font-weight:normal;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;
mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
h3.CxSpMiddle
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 3 Char”;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:3;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
font-weight:normal;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;
mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
h3.CxSpLast
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 3 Char”;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:3.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:3;
font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
font-weight:normal;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;
mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:”Header Char”;
margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 234.0pt right 468.0pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:”Footer Char”;
margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 234.0pt right 468.0pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
mso-themecolor:hyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:”Balloon Text Char”;
margin:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:”Segoe UI”,sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
span.Heading1Char
{mso-style-name:”Heading 1 Char”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 1″;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:16.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-hansi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-font-kerning:16.0pt;
mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;
font-weight:bold;}
span.Heading2Char
{mso-style-name:”Heading 2 Char”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 2″;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-hansi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;
font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;}
span.Heading3Char
{mso-style-name:”Heading 3 Char”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:”Heading 3″;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-hansi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;
mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
p.Articletitle, li.Articletitle, div.Articletitle
{mso-style-name:”Article title”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-next:Normal;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:6.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.Authornames, li.Authornames, div.Authornames
{mso-style-name:”Author names”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-next:Normal;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Affiliation, li.Affiliation, div.Affiliation
{mso-style-name:Affiliation;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
font-style:italic;
mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
p.Abstract, li.Abstract, div.Abstract
{mso-style-name:Abstract;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-next:Keywords;
margin-top:18.0pt;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:15.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Keywords, li.Keywords, div.Keywords
{mso-style-name:Keywords;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Correspondencedetails, li.Correspondencedetails, div.Correspondencedetails
{mso-style-name:”Correspondence details”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Displayedquotation, li.Displayedquotation, div.Displayedquotation
{mso-style-name:”Displayed quotation”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:21.25pt;
margin-bottom:18.0pt;
margin-left:35.45pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:53.85pt 72.0pt 89.85pt 107.75pt 125.6pt;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.DisplayedquotationCxSpFirst, li.DisplayedquotationCxSpFirst, div.DisplayedquotationCxSpFirst
{mso-style-name:”Displayed quotationCxSpFirst”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:21.25pt;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:35.45pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:53.85pt 72.0pt 89.85pt 107.75pt 125.6pt;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.DisplayedquotationCxSpMiddle, li.DisplayedquotationCxSpMiddle, div.DisplayedquotationCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-name:”Displayed quotationCxSpMiddle”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:21.25pt;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:35.45pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:53.85pt 72.0pt 89.85pt 107.75pt 125.6pt;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.DisplayedquotationCxSpLast, li.DisplayedquotationCxSpLast, div.DisplayedquotationCxSpLast
{mso-style-name:”Displayed quotationCxSpLast”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:21.25pt;
margin-bottom:18.0pt;
margin-left:35.45pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:53.85pt 72.0pt 89.85pt 107.75pt 125.6pt;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Numberedlist, li.Numberedlist, div.Numberedlist
{mso-style-name:”Numbered list”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:Paragraph;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-7.65pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-list:l17 level1 lfo1;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.NumberedlistCxSpFirst, li.NumberedlistCxSpFirst, div.NumberedlistCxSpFirst
{mso-style-name:”Numbered listCxSpFirst”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:Paragraph;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-7.65pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-list:l17 level1 lfo1;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.NumberedlistCxSpMiddle, li.NumberedlistCxSpMiddle, div.NumberedlistCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-name:”Numbered listCxSpMiddle”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:Paragraph;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-7.65pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-list:l17 level1 lfo1;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.NumberedlistCxSpLast, li.NumberedlistCxSpLast, div.NumberedlistCxSpLast
{mso-style-name:”Numbered listCxSpLast”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:Paragraph;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-7.65pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-list:l17 level1 lfo1;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Displayedequation, li.Displayedequation, div.Displayedequation
{mso-style-name:”Displayed equation”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
text-align:center;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:center 212.65pt right 411.1pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Acknowledgements, li.Acknowledgements, div.Acknowledgements
{mso-style-name:Acknowledgements;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-next:Normal;
margin-top:6.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Tabletitle, li.Tabletitle, div.Tabletitle
{mso-style-name:”Table title”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-next:Normal;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Footnotes, li.Footnotes, div.Footnotes
{mso-style-name:Footnotes;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:6.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:24.1pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-24.1pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.FootnotesCxSpFirst, li.FootnotesCxSpFirst, div.FootnotesCxSpFirst
{mso-style-name:FootnotesCxSpFirst;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:6.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:24.1pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-24.1pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.FootnotesCxSpMiddle, li.FootnotesCxSpMiddle, div.FootnotesCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-name:FootnotesCxSpMiddle;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:24.1pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-24.1pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.FootnotesCxSpLast, li.FootnotesCxSpLast, div.FootnotesCxSpLast
{mso-style-name:FootnotesCxSpLast;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:24.1pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-24.1pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Notesoncontributors, li.Notesoncontributors, div.Notesoncontributors
{mso-style-name:”Notes on contributors”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Paragraph, li.Paragraph, div.Paragraph
{mso-style-name:Paragraph;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-next:”New paragraph”;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:none;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Newparagraph, li.Newparagraph, div.Newparagraph
{mso-style-name:”New paragraph”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin:0cm;
text-indent:36.0pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.References, li.References, div.References
{mso-style-name:References;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:6.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-36.0pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.ReferencesCxSpFirst, li.ReferencesCxSpFirst, div.ReferencesCxSpFirst
{mso-style-name:ReferencesCxSpFirst;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:6.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-36.0pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.ReferencesCxSpMiddle, li.ReferencesCxSpMiddle, div.ReferencesCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-name:ReferencesCxSpMiddle;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-36.0pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.ReferencesCxSpLast, li.ReferencesCxSpLast, div.ReferencesCxSpLast
{mso-style-name:ReferencesCxSpLast;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-36.0pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Subjectcodes, li.Subjectcodes, div.Subjectcodes
{mso-style-name:”Subject codes”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:Keywords;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:1.0cm;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
line-height:150%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Bulletedlist, li.Bulletedlist, div.Bulletedlist
{mso-style-name:”Bulleted list”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:Paragraph;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-list:l22 level1 lfo2;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.BulletedlistCxSpFirst, li.BulletedlistCxSpFirst, div.BulletedlistCxSpFirst
{mso-style-name:”Bulleted listCxSpFirst”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:Paragraph;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:12.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-list:l22 level1 lfo2;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.BulletedlistCxSpMiddle, li.BulletedlistCxSpMiddle, div.BulletedlistCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-name:”Bulleted listCxSpMiddle”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:Paragraph;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-list:l22 level1 lfo2;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.BulletedlistCxSpLast, li.BulletedlistCxSpLast, div.BulletedlistCxSpLast
{mso-style-name:”Bulleted listCxSpLast”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:Paragraph;
mso-style-next:Paragraph;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
mso-list:l22 level1 lfo2;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
p.Heading4Paragraph, li.Heading4Paragraph, div.Heading4Paragraph
{mso-style-name:”Heading 4 + Paragraph”;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:Paragraph;
mso-style-next:”New paragraph”;
margin-top:18.0pt;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:200%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}
span.BalloonTextChar
{mso-style-name:”Balloon Text Char”;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:”Balloon Text”;
mso-ansi-font-size:9.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:”Segoe UI”,sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:”Segoe UI”;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-hansi-font-family:”Segoe UI”;
mso-bidi-font-family:”Segoe UI”;
mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;}
span.HeaderChar
{mso-style-name:”Header Char”;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Header;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-hansi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;}
span.FooterChar
{mso-style-name:”Footer Char”;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Footer;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-hansi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:”Calibri”,sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:32390839;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:1683019286 134807563 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:18.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:54.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l0:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:90.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:126.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:162.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l0:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:198.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:234.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:270.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l0:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:306.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l1
{mso-list-id:72514716;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:218108390 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l1:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l1:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l1:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l1:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l1:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l1:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l2
{mso-list-id:138619316;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:390779040 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l2:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l2:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l2:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l2:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l2:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l2:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l2:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l2:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l2:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l3
{mso-list-id:229192320;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:788710676 134807563 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l3:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l3:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l3:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l3:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l3:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l3:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l3:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l3:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l3:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l4
{mso-list-id:355157306;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-1258497992 134807563 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l4:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:54.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l4:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:90.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l4:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:126.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l4:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:162.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l4:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:198.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l4:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:234.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l4:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:270.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l4:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:306.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l4:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:342.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l5
{mso-list-id:370960341;
mso-list-template-ids:-476521830;}
@list l5:level1
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l5:level2
{mso-level-legal-format:yes;
mso-level-text:”%1\.%2\.”;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:36.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l5:level3
{mso-level-legal-format:yes;
mso-level-text:”%1\.%2\.%3\.”;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:54.0pt;
text-indent:-36.0pt;}
@list l5:level4
{mso-level-legal-format:yes;
mso-level-text:”%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.”;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:54.0pt;
text-indent:-36.0pt;}
@list l5:level5
{mso-level-legal-format:yes;
mso-level-text:”%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.”;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:72.0pt;
text-indent:-54.0pt;}
@list l5:level6
{mso-level-legal-format:yes;
mso-level-text:”%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.”;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:72.0pt;
text-indent:-54.0pt;}
@list l5:level7
{mso-level-legal-format:yes;
mso-level-text:”%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7\.”;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:90.0pt;
text-indent:-72.0pt;}
@list l5:level8
{mso-level-legal-format:yes;
mso-level-text:”%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7\.%8\.”;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:90.0pt;
text-indent:-72.0pt;}
@list l5:level9
{mso-level-legal-format:yes;
mso-level-text:”%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7\.%8\.%9\.”;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:108.0pt;
text-indent:-90.0pt;}
@list l6
{mso-list-id:445851805;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-1773225022 134807563 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l6:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:18.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:8.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l6:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:54.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l6:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:90.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l6:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:126.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l6:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:162.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l6:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:198.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l6:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:234.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l6:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:270.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l6:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:306.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l7
{mso-list-id:454326980;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:208854988 67698689 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l7:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:39.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l7:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:75.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l7:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:111.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l7:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:147.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l7:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:183.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l7:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:219.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l7:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:255.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l7:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:291.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l7:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:327.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l8
{mso-list-id:475609766;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-2115346852 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l8:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l8:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l8:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l8:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l8:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l8:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l8:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l8:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l8:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l9
{mso-list-id:586890253;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-209026318 134807563 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l9:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l9:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l9:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l9:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l9:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l9:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l9:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l9:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l9:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l10
{mso-list-id:616303458;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:1635779088 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l10:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l10:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l10:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l10:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l10:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l10:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l10:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l10:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l10:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l11
{mso-list-id:658920762;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-1823567582 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l11:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l11:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l11:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l11:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l11:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l11:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l11:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l11:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l11:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l12
{mso-list-id:712122978;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-1996309390 134807563 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l12:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l12:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l12:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l12:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l12:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l12:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l12:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l12:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l12:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l13
{mso-list-id:750548403;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:1842359954 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l13:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l13:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l13:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l13:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l13:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l13:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l13:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l13:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l13:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l14
{mso-list-id:833880859;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:85654870 1607864058 134807577 134807579 134807567 134807577 134807579 134807567 134807577 134807579;}
@list l14:level1
{mso-level-start-at:3;
mso-level-text:%1;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:25.1pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l14:level2
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:61.1pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l14:level3
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:97.1pt;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l14:level4
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:133.1pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l14:level5
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:169.1pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l14:level6
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:205.1pt;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l14:level7
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:241.1pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l14:level8
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:277.1pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l14:level9
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:313.1pt;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l15
{mso-list-id:943538374;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-811302668 -1210784146 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
@list l15:level1
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l15:level2
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l15:level3
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l15:level4
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l15:level5
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l15:level6
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l15:level7
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l15:level8
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l15:level9
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l16
{mso-list-id:986282285;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-100783490 134807563 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l16:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l16:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l16:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l16:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l16:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l16:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l16:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l16:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l16:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l17
{mso-list-id:1012730887;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:1285564262 2033613728 -29703672 2011486174 134807567 134807577 134807579 134807567 134807577 134807579;}
@list l17:level1
{mso-level-style-link:”Numbered list”;
mso-level-text:”\(%1\)”;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
text-indent:-7.65pt;}
@list l17:level2
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-text:”\(%2\)”;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l17:level3
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-text:”\(%3\)”;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l17:level4
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l17:level5
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l17:level6
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l17:level7
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l17:level8
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
@list l17:level9
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l18
{mso-list-id:1347831842;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-43893018 134807563 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l18:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l18:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l18:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l18:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l18:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l18:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l18:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l18:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l18:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l19
{mso-list-id:1359115762;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:514596958 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l19:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l19:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l19:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l19:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l19:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l19:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l19:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l19:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l19:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l20
{mso-list-id:1417247810;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:2002701420 67698689 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l20:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l20:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l20:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l20:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l20:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l20:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l20:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l20:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l20:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l21
{mso-list-id:1523594961;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:267142920 1517354266 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l21:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:18.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:8.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l21:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:54.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l21:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:90.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l21:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:126.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l21:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:162.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l21:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:198.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l21:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:234.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l21:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:270.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l21:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:306.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l22
{mso-list-id:1540975608;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:1993524826 72795172 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l22:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-style-link:”Bulleted list”;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l22:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;}
@list l22:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l22:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l22:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;}
@list l22:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l22:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l22:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;}
@list l22:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l23
{mso-list-id:1545756216;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-561479540 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l23:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:27.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l23:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:54.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l23:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:90.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l23:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:126.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l23:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:162.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l23:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:198.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l23:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:234.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l23:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:270.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l23:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:306.0pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l24
{mso-list-id:1816071299;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-2119904412 134807563 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l24:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l24:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l24:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l24:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l24:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l24:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l24:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l24:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l24:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l25
{mso-list-id:1897232221;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-216336538 134807563 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l25:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l25:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l25:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l25:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l25:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l25:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l25:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l25:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l25:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l26
{mso-list-id:2001108479;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-1038329974 134807563 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
@list l26:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:39.8pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l26:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:75.8pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l26:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:111.8pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l26:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:147.8pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l26:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:183.8pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l26:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:219.8pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l26:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:255.8pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l26:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:291.8pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l26:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:327.8pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l27
{mso-list-id:2077900037;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-789023916 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l27:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l27:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l27:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l27:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l27:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l27:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l27:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l27:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l27:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}

–>

Keywords: communication strategies; L2; learning strategies; motivation; Omani learners; personality-based predisposition; WTC.

 

 

1.   Introduction

The concept of willingness to communicate (WTC) was originally used to refer to an individual’s communication in his/her first language (L1) and was defined as a person’s tendency – a personality-based predisposition – to initiate a conversation/discussion when 

given the opportunity to do so (McCroskey & Baer, 1985; McCroskey & Richmond, 1990). The subsequent use of the concept in the area of English as a second/foreign language (L2) did not involve considering an individual’s WTC in the L2 as a simple manifestation of their WTC in the L1 (MacIntyre, Clément, Dörnyei & Noels, 1998). Rather, some variables have been identified as having potential impacts on L2 WTC, particularly, self-perceived communication competence, communication anxiety, shyness and motivation (Clément, Baker & MacIntyre, 2003). The socio-cultural dimension, type of language learning program (immersion vs. non-immersion), and level of L2 learning experience were also shown to be variables that have noticeable effects on learners’ WTC in the L2 (Baker & MacIntyre, 2000). Other variables identified include the interlocutor type, familiarity of the topic, and conversational context (Kang, 2005).  Thus, factors affecting the L2 WTC construct were dealt with as situation-based and/or interlocutor-based, with some studies showing L2 WTC as a fluctuating (rather than a stable) personality-based predisposition. 

The present study reports on Omani English-major students’ WTC during the online educational situation created due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It shows that while some students’ WTC in the L2 was affected negatively by social and affective variables triggered by the new online learning situation, others’ L2 WTC remained high. The data suggested that the latter group of students developed (prior to the pandemic advent) a personality-based predisposition to initiate communication in the L2 notwithstanding the learning situation/interlocutor types. Influenced by different types of motivation, these students overcome barriers to communication in the language they love and/or need for their future career through cognitive, metacognitive, affective, and social strategies (see Oxford’s (1990) taxonomy of learning strategies) – strategies that spring from the determination to master the language and the belief that L2 mistakes form an inevitable part of the learning process. These findings were supported by two additional observations:  1) not all students who showed high WTC had a good command of English and 2) the continuous attempts to motivate inactive students to communicate failed regardless of the conversational context. 

         The study is structured as follows. Work on L2 WTC is first sketched. This is followed by a summary of work on the effect of motivation on L2 learning in terms of which findings related to the participants’ communication behaviour can be described. Oxford’s (1990) taxonomy of learning strategies was then introduced as the framework for discussing findings related to the strategies the participants with high WTC in the L2 use to overcome communication barriers. The remaining parts of the study introduce the research methodology and discuss the research findings revisiting the concept of WTC as a personality-based predisposition, particularly the variables influencing it, from the perspective of Omani learners majoring in English. The study contributes to existing work on L2 WTC by showing that the Covid-19 online learning situation did not provide the conditions that some learners would need to communicate in the L2. The study further shows how L2 WTC develops – through different learning strategies – to a personality-based predisposition in motivated learners specialising in the L2. Such learners’ WTC is affected by linguistic and affective barriers in a positive way in the sense that they strengthen their determination to master the L2. The study ends with a summary of points and suggestions for further research.

 

 

2.   Willingness to Communicate in the L2

Work on WTC as an L2 construct is rooted in Gardner’s (1988) socio-educational model – a model that considers factors affecting L2 learning (i.e. motivational, cognitive, affective, social, and cultural factors). MacIntyre, Clément, Dörnyei and Noels (1998), for example, used Gardner’s model as a theoretical foundation for a comprehensive model of WTC in L2 settings. Their model rests on the argument that “it is highly unlikely that WTC in the second language is a simple manifestation of WTC in the L1” (p. 546). To them, L2 WTC needs to be examined from the viewpoints of transient and enduring influences. Transient influences depend on the specific situation in which an individual functions at a given time (e.g., desire to speak to a specific person and knowledge of the topic). The enduring influences, in contrast, refer to stable and long-term properties of the situation or an individual (e.g., intergroup relations and personality). Thus, in MacIntyre et al.’s (1998) study, L2 WTC is conceptualized as both situational-based and individual-based construct (i.e. rather than a personality-based predisposition). 

This conceptualisation is consistent with the findings of Kang’s (2005) longitudinal qualitative study conducted with Korean learners studying English in an American university. The results indicated that WTC in the L2 emerge under psychological conditions of excitement, responsibility, and security, each of which is created through the role of situational variables in a conversational situation, such as interlocutor, topic, and conversational context. Kang concluded that L2 WTC is a dynamic situational construct (rather than a personality-based predisposition) that changes moment-to-moment. 

However, Cao and Philp (2006) examined learners’ WTC at situational-level as well as personality-level by adopting a mixed-method design study. Firstly, interrelationships between personality WTC in the L2 and situational WTC were measured by self-report within the context of whole class interaction, small group interaction, and dyadic interaction. Secondly, learners’ perceptions of factors affecting their WTC in classroom contexts were investigated. The results revealed that learners’ WTC behaviour in each of the class contexts was influenced both by personality-level and situational-level WTC. Learners’ WTC behaviour was also affected by group size, interlocutor familiarity, interlocutor participation, topic familiarity, and interest. 

Clearly, L2 WTC has been examined at both situational level and personality level pinpointing the factors that affect the construct at both levels.  It has also been considered from the viewpoint of motivation. The section below brings together studies on motivation and learning strategies to pave the way for showing how L2 WTC, influenced by different types of motivation, develops into a personality-based predisposition through different learning strategies, particularly when the situation is stable in the sense that it involves the same interlocutors and educational context (English major).  The determination of individual learners to succeed in the language they need for their future career (or, in some cases, status) seems to be stronger than any barriers to L2 WTC. 

3.   From Motivation to Learning Strategies

Work on WTC from the viewpoint of motivation is also rooted in Gardner’s (2010) socio-educational model. Within this model, motivation is seen as “the driving force in any situation” (Gardner, 2010, p. 89) due to three essential elements: effort, desire, and positive effect. That is, the motivated learner will: 1) expend the effort to learn the language, 2) have the desire to achieve the goal, and 3) enjoy the task of learning the language. However, learners’ motivation may be associated with more factors, possibly those outside of the classroom, such as their current or future need for English competence. Individual learners’ beliefs about English learning and communication may be attributed to many other factors, such as past experience, learning styles, and social expectations. All factors identified in the literature can be considered under two types of motivation: integrative and instrumental. 

Integrativeness in Gardner’s (2010) socio-educational model is measured by three variables: integrative orientation, attitudes toward the community of the L2, and interest in the foreign language learning (Gardner, 2010). Dörnyei (2005) proposed the notion of the L2 Motivational Self to reinterpret the concept of integrativeness and its impact on L2 learning motivation. The notion includes the Ideal L2 Self which refers to the language learning and proficiency goals of the individual L2 learner, Ought-to L2 Self which concerns the attributes that an L2 learner ought to possess to avoid any possible negative outcomes, and L2 Learning Experience which incorporates motives related to the immediate L2 learning environment and L2 learning experiences (Dörnyei, 2005). 

In his counterargument, Gardner (2010) asserted that the concept of the L2 Motivational Self notion is not appropriate for the characterization of the integrative motive. He believed that it refers to students’ perceptions of the self and has a definite self-determination orientation. Gardner (2001) also extended the concept of integrativeness to refer to an openness to and respect for other cultural groups and ways of life without the necessary intention to assimilate into the L2 community.

As for instrumentality,  Taguchi, Magid, and Papi (2009) classified the construct into two distinct types: instrumentality-promotion and  instrumentality-prevention. Instrumentality-promotion reflects the regulation of personal goals to become successful. This could include attaining high proficiency in the second language in order to make more money or to find a better job. Instrumentality-prevention reflects the regulation of duties and obligation, such as studying the second language to pass an examination.  

The results obtained from this study are consistent with Gardner’s extended concept of integrativeness (an openness to and respect for other cultural groups and ways of life without the necessary intention to assimilate into the L2 community) as well as his reinterpretation of Dörnyei’s (2005) concept of L2 Motivational Self; specifically, the ideal L2 and the ought-to-L2 components as irrelevant to integrative motivation in the sense that the constructs are based on learners’ beliefs about how they should be in the future.  This reinterpretation may be reinterpreted further in terms of Taguchi, Magid, and Papi (2009) classification of instrumentality into the two constructs of instrumentality-promotion and instrumentality-prevention. Thus, the study deals with phenomena relevant to the concept of L2 Motivational Self as constructs of instrumental motivation.

Motivated students tend to use learning strategies, such as the ones captured in Oxford’s (1990) taxonomy. Figure 1 below sketches this taxonomy.

Figure 1. Oxford’s (1990) taxonomy of learning strategies

As shown below, the participants of this study depended on indirect learning strategies to overcome barriers to L2 WTC. The only direct strategies they mentioned fall under the cognitive type of Oxford’s learning strategies. 

4.   Research Methodology

The study was conducted in the second semester of the academic year 2020-2021 at the Faculty of Language Studies, Sohar University – a private university in the Sultanate of Oman. Sequential procedures were employed as qualitative-method strategies to collect the data. The procedures began with observations through which student participations in live sessions, discussions forums, or via email messages were observed and noted down. This was followed by collecting qualitative data through informal instructor interviews to validate the researchers’ observations. More qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured student interviews to explore in detail the case of the students with high WTC. The interview questions required students to self-report on their high WTC in English as well as their communication confidence and the strategies they use to overcome linguistic and affective factors. 

The student participants (N=137) were overwhelmingly Omani females in their early twenties. They were in their third year of university working towards a Bachelor Degree in English Language Studies. The interview participants were 3 instructors (all are PhD holders) and 5 students. For the instructors, the sampling criterion was ‘teachers of the same group of students’; that is to say, teachers who are in a position to assess the validity of the researchers’ observations in regard to their students’ WTC. As for the students, the sampling criterion was ‘students with high WTC. Invitations to attend an interview were sent to all the students with high WTC (N=12), but only 5 students responded. 3 of the students were high achievers (with a GPA of 3.5 and above) and two above average (with a GPA of 2.5 and above). All interviewees were given pseudonyms to protect their identities. 

5.   Findings and Discussion

During the Covid-19 pandemic, Moodle was used as the E-learning platform for course materials and student discussion forums. In addition, two one-hour live sessions were conducted on Ms Teams per week to discuss materials and activities. These were question-answer sessions that prompted students to participate by summarizing points, analyzing examples, reflecting on points, and so on. 

5.1.   Observations

Observations of student participations in online sessions, discussion forums or via email messages are brought into focus below. Figure 2, which summarizes online session participations, shows that the percentages of attendees who participated through spoken communication as fluctuating between 5.84 and 8.76. By contrast, the percentages of students who participated through written communication represent a dynamic increase from 15.5 in Module 1 to 29.2 in Module 4 (the last course module).

Figure 2. Class participation in online sessions

 

Based on the researchers’ observations, the fluctuation in oral participation rates was due to the absence of some students with high WTC from the live sessions. As for the case of written participation, the participation rates increased gradually as students were building up knowledge of and familiarity with the contents. The students who participated in live sessions (either in speaking or writing) had different language proficiency levels. That is, communication competence was not a determining factor behind students’ WTC. The construct of instrumentality-prevention (Taguchi, Magid, and Papi, 2009) may explain the participation of weaker students as they raised questions about the exams. 

However, the fact that inactive students outnumbered active students in the live sessions indicates that the Covid-19 behind-the-screen learning situation did not contain the filters necessary for triggering students to communicate. In a study of Omani students’ WTC that was conducted prior to the pandemic advent, Al-Amrani and Harrington (2020) reported that the online environment was more comfortable and less anxiety provoking than face-to-face environments. It also triggered less social embarrassment as online communication settings reduced social barriers; students were not anxious about losing face if the made a mistake. The online environment allowed students to hide behind their monitors so that interlocutors could not identify them. Moreover, even if other interlocutors could identify them, some students indicated that it was easier to express their points of views in English online as they could communicate from a distance. In the new online learning situation, however, hiding behind the monitor is not equated with anonymity and the platforms used (e.g. MS Teams) identify the participants.

The above finding can be supported by the reluctance of some excellent students to communicate (either in writing or speaking) during live sessions or in discussion forums.  Three of these students were high achievers who certainly had the motivation to pass the course and probably other motivations that can be considered under the instrumentality-promotion construct. Yet, they consistently communicated with the instructors in regard to course concepts and exams via email messages. Figure 3 shows the rates of participations via discussion forums and email messages.  It is clear from the figure that active students communicated more through email messages than discussion forums. Occasionally-active participants also used emails and the discussion forums to answer questions posted by the course instructors in the discussion forums. 

Figure 3. Written participation through discussion forums and email messages

 

It is clear from the above figures that inactive students outnumbered active students on all the platforms used for teaching the course remotely. To assess the validity of this and the other observations presented above and to gain more insights into the situation, interviews were conducted with 3 instructors teaching the same group of students.

5.2.   Instructor Interviews

Those were informal interviews that consisted of two parts. The first part sought information on the observed groups’ participation in online learning platforms. The instructors’ responses confirmed the researchers’ observation that inactive students outnumbered active students, and that few students communicated in speaking. An instructor commented that “Students were silent most of the time during live sessions and had it not been for some oral participations and the messages that some students posted, I would have thought I was talking to myself”. Another interviewee said, “It was very difficult to improve oral participation rates. I tried everything I could do. I even asked the students who sent me their inquiries by email to raise their questions during the live sessions or to post them in the discussion forums so that other students can learn from them, but they never did”. Such comments triggered the question of whether the students’ low participation rates can be described as interlocutor-based and/or situation-based. All interviewees agreed that it cannot be interlocutor-based since the students have been together and learning through the same instructors for three years. In addition, the interlocutors were overwhelmingly females (N=132/137), which meant that their low participation rates cannot also be analysed from the point of view of gender. However, the following instructor’s report suggests that the real reason behind low participation rates during the Covid-19 online learning is situation-based: “A student requested me to delete the recording of the live session because she participated in it”. The students’ request indicates that the new online learning situation may have affected student participations negatively, not only because the platforms used identify the participants, but also because their participations would form parts of recorded sessions to be uploaded to Moodle for students to be able to replay. This makes the new online learning situation different from other online learning environments in at least the following two respects: 1) it exits the group’s circle as the recorded sessions containing the student participations can be replayed in front of anyone outside the group and 2) recorded mistakes can be a source of everlasting embarrassment for students. The same may be said to apply to the discussion forums as students’ discussions remain posted for the duration of the course and can be viewed by anyone who has access to the course. 

         The second part of the interviews inquired about the participation of the specific female students that the researchers identified as having high WTC in speaking. The interviewees confirmed that the same students showed WTC in their classes. This triggered the question of whether these students use effective strategies to overcome communication barriers notwithstanding the situation and interlocutor types. To answer this question, interviews were conducted with a sample of these students.

5.3.   Student Interviews

The interview questions required the 5 participants to self-report on their high WTC in English as well as communication confidence. Other questions focused on the strategies they use to overcome linguistic and affective factors which can influence their WTC, including fear of making mistakes and negative evaluation. The interviewees were also asked whether the new online learning situation had impacted their WTC in the L2. Table 1 provides the interview questions and summaries of responses. This research tool was validated by two experts.

 

Table 1. Student interview questions and responses

Questions

Student 1

Student 2

Student 3

Student 4

Student 5

1.What are the main reasons for having high WTC in English?

Ø Self-growth

Ø Eagerness and tendency to communicate with people subconsciously

Ø WTC is a personality trait

Ø Love for English

Ø Being able to express myself in English better than in Arabic as though English is my L1

Ø Feeling unique when speaking in English

The motivation to achieve my main goal (to be the best English teacher)

Practicing the language and learning from mistakes to improve communication and self-confidence

2.   How do you gain high self-confidence or self-perceived communication competence?

Positive self-talk

Ø The ability to speak in English

Ø Self-reflection helped me to diagnose weaknesses and address them

Developing my language skills 

Developing my language skills

Continued to speak in English not caring about mistakes or negative comments until I learnt the language by paying attention to smallest details

3. How do you overcome communication anxiety or apprehension? 

Ø Self-motivation

Ø Self-convincing that no one is perfect

Practicing in front of the mirror and family members 

By not giving up

I still suffer from communication anxiety, but still speak to achieve my main goal.

Accepting doing mistakes 

4. How do you overcome language barriers?

Ø Reading

Ø Writing 

Ø Singing along with songs

Ø My competitive nature pushed me to reach the level of fluent speakers

Ø Joining English clubs helped me reach a high proficiency level

Ø  Mistakes are not a barrier. What matters is to communicate in order to identify your mistakes, take the time to correct them and avoid making them in the future

Learning through courses, movies, communication groups and speaking practice with friends and family

Learning through authentic language use  (e.g. videos, songs and movies)

Ø Reading 

Ø Watching YouTube videos

Ø Building up vocabulary 

5. How do you overcome shyness?

Building self-confidence through peers’ positive comments

Shyness is inevitable, but it can push you to practice and learn in order to feel more confident when communicating in L2

 

Still shy but still speaks

English is not my L1 and it is fine to make mistakes

6. How do you overcome the fear of negative evaluation?

Believing that I cannot satisfy everyone

Ø I had this fear when I was at the beginner level

Ø Self-reflection helped me recognise that making mistake is a stage to mastering L2

Ø I only pay attention to instructors’ comments which aim at helping me learn from my mistakes

·  I fear mistakes, but I still speak to learn the language I love

·Being optimistic 

· I still have this fear but it motivates me to learn from the comments

7. How do you overcome the fear of making mistakes?

 

Preparation and taking risks are key to developing L2 WTC

Mistakes are inevitable and they don’t affect my L2 WTC

 

Believing that the mere ability to speak in the L2 is a great achievement regardless of the mistakes 

Believing that we learn from our mistakes

I still have this fear but it motivates me to learn more in order to avoid making mistakes

8.  How did the online learning experience impact your WTC?

Sometimes, teachers called my name to answer their questions and that improved my self-confidence 

It provided me with many opportunities to communicate. I answered teachers’ questions when no one else did

I developed self-confidence from situations where no one else volunteered to speak

I am not sure, but I participated in all live sessions and in the discussion forums

It didn’t. 

9. Any other comments?

None

Motivation and practice can help you overcome all barriers

The main variables affecting the development of L2 WTC are lack of practice and encouragement 

If you have high motivation to achieve any goals in your life, you will achieve them.

None

 

 

The responses to question 1 indicate that all five students developed their WTC in the L2 prior to the pandemic advent. Although Students 1 and Student 2 see their L2 WTC as a personality-based predisposition, integrative motivation is obvious in their responses as well as the response of Student 3. Self-growth, love for English, and feeling unique when speaking in English are all factors that can be considered under the variable interest in learning the foreign language that Gardner (2010) proposed for measuring integrativeness. The response of Student 3 further shows that her WTC in the L2 is influenced by her self-perceived communication competence. The same applies to the response of Student 2 to question 4 where she reveals her belief that she has reached a high competency level in English. The responses of Speaker 4 and Speaker 5 are clear cases of instrumentality-promotions as they indicate that English is the language they need to master to achieve success in their future career. However, regardless of the motives, all five students developed a tendency to communicate in the L2 that became part of their personality as L2 learners. This explains the reason why speakers 1, 2, and 3 equate their L2 WTC with their L1 WTC and/or the ability to speak well in English.

Responses to questions 2-7 show that the interviewees haven’t entirely overcome barriers to communication, but they use cognitive, metacognitive, affective and social learning strategies to filter out their negative effects on their WTC in the L2. They practice the L2, plan their learning, and depend on positive comments and self-talk to carry on with their learning journey. Errors and negative comments are learning opportunities that strengthen their determination to learn more and improve their communication skills. These students’ communicative behaviour, which springs from the belief that L2 mistakes are acceptable and inevitable, and that practice makes perfect, is consistent with Gardner’s (2010) reinterpretation of Dörnyei’s (2005) notion of the L2 Motivational Self as having a definite self-determination orientation. In the case of the study participants, however, this orientation was influenced by the fact that they are majoring in the L2 which contributed to turning their keenness to master the language to a personality-based predisposition regardless of the learning situation and interlocutors’ types or comments. This may be supported by the fact that the interviewees’ WTC in the L2 has not been affected by the Covid-19 online learning situation, as their responses to question 8 show. The situation simply contributed to promoting their self-confidence and provided them with communication opportunities. 

The study findings and responses to question 9 confirmed the researchers’ observations that, L2 WTC, affected by a complex concept of motivation, develops to a personality-based predisposition, particularly when the L2 is the area of learners’ specialization. The findings warrant revisiting the concept of WTC as a personality-based predisposition considering that the interviewees who showed high WTC did not seem to be negatively affected by any of the barriers that were dealt with in the relevant literature as playing determining roles in individuals’ WTC. More importantly, the language barrier does not seem to play an important role in L2 WTC since learners do not perceive the ability to communicate in the L2 as being equated with error-free output. This explains the reason why students who showed high willingness to communicate online during the Covid-19 educational situation were of different competency levels. 

6.   Conclusion

This study examined factors and strategies that shaped learners’ WTC online during the Covid-19 pandemic. It showed that the participants, who were Omani English-major students, were differently affected by the new online learning situation. For some, the lack of anonymity and the recording of live sessions were important reasons behind their unwillingness to communicate in these sessions. Those who showed high willingness to communicate however, are the ones who developed – through different learning strategies – a personality-based predisposition to communicate for different motives. The latter group of students is positively influenced by factors affecting individuals’ WTC. The study, thus, revisits and draws attention to the need to revisit the concept of WTC as a personality-based predisposition and the factors affecting it, particularly when the foreign/second language of communication is the learners’ area of specialization. Now that the post-pandemic education is geared towards blended learning, further research is needed to gain deeper insights into learners’ unwillingness to communicate in online learning. Such insights can help educators design better online learning platforms that can help all learners develop their WTC in the L2. One suggestion to achieve this is to add a feature to these platforms that allows students to replace their names with codes (or their student ID numbers).

References

Al-Amrani, S.N., & Harrington, M. (2020). The impact of online social presence on Omani female students’ willingness to communicate in English. Computer-Assisted Language Learning Electronic Journal, 21(2), 220-237.

Baker, S.C., & MacIntyre, P.D. (2000). The role of gender and immersion in communication and second language orientations. Language Learning, 50(2), 311-341.

Cao, Y., & Philp, J. (2006). Interactional context and willingness to communicate: a comparison of behaviour in whole class, group and dyadic interaction. System, 34, 480-493.

Clément, R., Baker, S.C., & MacIntyre, P. (2003). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The effects of context, norms and vitality. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 22(2), 190-209

 Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Erlbaum.

Gardner, R.C. (1988). The socio‐educational model of second‐language learning: Assumptions, findings, and issues. Language learning, 38(1), 101-126.‏

Gardner, R.C. (2001). Integrative motivation and second language acquisition. In Z. Dörnyei, & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivation and second language Acquisition (pp. 1-19). University of Hawaii Press 

Gardner, R.C. (2010). Motivation and second language acquisition: The socio-educational model (Vol. 10). Peter Lang.

Kang, S.J. (2005). Dynamic emergence of situational willingness to communicate in a second language. System 33, 277-292. 

MacIntyre, P.D., Clément , R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K.A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: a situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. Modern Language Journal, 82, 545-562. 

McCroskey, J.C., & Baer, J.E. (1985, November). Willingness to communicate and its measurement. In Speech Communication Association Convention, Denver, CO.

McCroskey, J.C., & Richmond, V.P. (1990). Willingness to communicate: A cognitive view. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5(2), 19-37.

Oxford, R.L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Heinle & Heinle.

Peng, J.E., & Woodrow, L. (2010). Willingness to communicate in English: A model in the Chinese EFL classroom context. Language Learning, 60(4), 834-876. 

Taguchi, T., Magid, M., & Papi, M. (2009). The L2 motivational self system among Japanese, Chinese and Iranian learners of English: A comparative study. Motivation, language identity and the L2 self, 36, 66-97.

Women empowerment

 “Women empowerment” is defined as making a woman independent and let her choose what she wants without being dependent on anyone. Women empowerment is making a woman powerful in her own way. 

                In olden days, a woman is seen as a slave or as a non-existing thing. Women were married to an old man and also killed them when the husband was dead. After some year they stopped killing but did not stop child marriages. Society did not accept a women or a girl to get educated as man and boys. Government didn’t give a voting right in olden days. Women were discriminated and didn’t give any rights. But they are many great women in the past fought for equality and women rights. Till today women are fighting for their rights and choices with family and society.

          Till today women are still getting raped and killed. Women are getting discriminated for wearing her choice cloths. Society will still discriminate a women even she is independent. Society will never accept a woman as she is. Society discriminate the way she wear her cloths, her skin color, they even body shame more than a men.

         There are many women inspirations in India like Lakshmi agarwal who had an acid attack but still survived and fight for years to get her justice. She also helped many acid survivors and fought for their justice with them. a movie was released in 2020 named “chhapak”  inspired my her true story. 

           Not only Lakshmi agarwal there are many other women who inspired many other women such as kiran bedi, irom sharmila, Indra nooyi, neerja bhanot and many more.  Neerja, kahaani, razzi, gunjan saxena: the kargil girl are some the Indian movies which were inspired by true women stories. These movies show the discrimination women face and also shown about women empowerment.                               

What is DIGITAL MARKETING

Digital marketing is used for advertising of your own business, your products, or services using internet and digital technology like social media, mobile phones and other digital mediums. Digital marketing helps you to connect with your customer through social media and helps to promote your services worldwide.
There two types of marketing:-
1. Online marketing: – In online marketing we use social media and other digital mediums to promote your service or sell your products. Digital marketing is also called as online marketing.
2. Traditional marketing:-“Traditional marketing” helps advertising of a product or your business through newspapers, magazines ads or person to person marketing.

There are different types of modules where you can promote your business through digital marketing .
Here are some examples 

 

• Blogging: – Blogging is a place where you can write and promote your business or your customer’s product. It also contains articles and daily style entries. 
 • [SEO] Search engine optimization: – Search engine optimization (SEO) is process of optimizing the web trafficking and it will help your website visibility which means your website can be shown to relevant searches. 
• Email marketing:-email marketing is mostly uses for targeted audience like your customer or the people who are interested in business.so you can send poster or invitation or any event related posts for your targeted audience through email. 
• Online advertising:-online advertising can be paid and also unpaid advertising. Online advertising is also called as online marketing. You can create websites and promote your business. You can create an advertisement or short video of your business and post in social media. 
 • Mobile marketing:-you can also promote your business through mobile marketing, which is creating an app of your business for advertising. 

 Resource Constraint Model 

• Responsive or adaptive website 
 • Adapts itself to screen size 
 • user experience is maintained

Why should I choose an engineering stream?

<!–
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:””;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:”Calibri”,sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:”Times New Roman”,serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:”Calibri”,sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:”Calibri”,sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:0cm;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:”Calibri”,sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0cm;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:36.0pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:”Calibri”,sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:”Calibri”,sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:”Times New Roman”;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
.MsoPapDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;
mso-header-margin:36.0pt;
mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:1025138763;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-710637844 67698697 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:39.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:75.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l0:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:111.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:147.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:183.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l0:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:219.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:255.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:291.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l0:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:327.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l1
{mso-list-id:1418016799;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:-1155604928 67698699 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l1:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:44.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l1:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:80.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l1:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:116.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l1:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:152.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:188.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l1:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:224.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l1:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:260.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:296.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:”Courier New”;}
@list l1:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:332.75pt;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}

–>

Engineering is a popular and one of the most sought after courses for students who have completed Class 12, especially for students from the Science stream

 

  The various streams of engineering can be broadly classified into 6 major branches, namely: Mechanical, Chemical, Civil, Electrical, Management, and Geotechnical.

What is the role of engineering in society?

                  Engineers are in every field. There is an engineer behind every beautiful and wonderful building. The technology we are using today, automobiles, machines, spaceships, communication system and many are built by an engineer. Engineers make human day to day life easier and efficient. An engineer is someone who solve problem and continue learning and help many people.

              Engineering gives skills you can apply everywhere. If you’re an engineer you can work for an MNC or an IT company or you can start a business, or to be consultant in a legal company. It gives an option to switch a career if you want to. 

                          

vSome of the points to look in an engineering college before joining a engineering college             

Ø Infrastructure of the college: – check the basic need like classrooms, labs playground, etc.

Ø Choosing a right stream as per your interest: – There are different types of stream like Mechanical, civil, Chemical, etc.  Choose a right stream as your taste.

Ø Placements and Internships provided by college: – Before joining engineering colleges check whether college provides internships /placements.  It is important to start doing internships since the beginning of college. This gives practical learning along with theoretical learning.  

Ø Fee structure: –the fee structure depends on the college whether its government, private or semi government. You should also look whether the college provides scholarships.

Ø Extra- curricular activities: – look whether the college has extra-curricular activities. Extra-curricular activities like indoor or outdoor game which are good for mental and physical health.

Ø Entrance exam:-Check whether the college conducts any entrance exam.

Also look minimum marks to join the college. 

Subdivision Practice in Town Planning

 Subdivision and site design standards are used by communities to regulate how parcels of land are divided into developable lots, and how those lots are subsequently designed and laid out through the development process. Subdivision typically includes the creation of a sketch plan (showing basic lot layout and provisions for public infrastructure), and subsequent creation of a more detailed preliminary plat (indicating building footprints and specific measurements), and then culminating in a final plat that creates the new lots. Abbreviated procedures are typically established for minor subdivisions that involve the creation of just a handful of lots. 

Site design standards are related and define the basic parameters for development on individual lots, including maximum or minimum lot size, how buildings are situated on a lot, traffic and circulation patterns, pedestrian connectivity, preservation of open areas, and avoidance of hazardous areas. 

Communities increasingly consider hazard mitigation when adopting site layout standards. For example, applicants are required to avoid mapped hazard areas (like floodplains) in new development or to develop strategies to mitigate the hazard risk. In terms of hazard mitigation, the primary benefit of adopting effective subdivision and site design standards is to ensure that new development occurs in a high quality, well designed manner that avoids potential high hazard areas, in addition to meeting other important community goals. Other benefits include: 

  • Effective at managing new development in growing communities. Clearly defining hazard areas allows elected officials to say no to new development in unsafe areas. 
  • Provides additional protection for defined hazard areas without negotiation on a case by case basis. Approval criteria can be stated in the code, making expectations clear to the developer and the decision makers. 
  • Can be tailored to fit a common set of review procedures. Adding natural hazards as a component of existing subdivision regulations can be done relatively easily through an ordinance amendment. 
  • Relatively easy to maintain over time, following initial adoption.

Subdivision of Land 

Earlier in every city much land is either vacant or inefficiently used – speculative prospect. Various methods have been proposed to emphasize taxation on land. Necessity for regulations over the subdivision of urban land was urgent, since use and development of land constitute a right best owed by the community upon the individual and this right may be withdrawn if he violates the conditions. A piece of land divided into more than 8 parcels, each of which is to be sold separately is called Layout, whereas less than or equal to 8 divisions is called a subdivision of land. 
To the land developer the subdividing of land is primarily a matter of profit. To the community, it is a matter of public concern, activities determine quality of living. Many elements in the overall plan are realized at the time the land is developed, highways, streets and alleys, sewer and water lines, power lines, schools, transportation lines, police and fire protection etc. 

Subdivision Procedure 

  • Land is surveyed 
  • Officials records consulted – proposed highway, special easements, right of way etc. 
  • Amenities, cultural and social facilities 
  • Refer Subdivision ordinances
  • Planner or engineer to prepare preliminary plan – include size, shape no of lots, location of streets, radii, drainage, utilities etc. 
  • Estimate is prepared – cost of development 
  • Tentative map is file with local agency – approval obtained else incorporate suggestion made, if any and re-submit

Sub Division Practice 

Local Administration and Social Welfare Department Kerala building rules 1984. In the case of residential development, every plot shall have an average width of not less than 7.5 m and an average depth of not less than 12m. In the case of row housing where side open spaces are not required , plots shall have an average width of not less than 4.5 m and an average depth of not less than 10 m. Area of any newly subdivided, reconstituted or building plots shall not be less than 1.2 Ares (120 sq.m). Every plot shall have a frontage of not less than 6 m on any abutting street. 
According to Rule no 27 of KMBR, for developments including land subdivision and plot development for residential use.- All new developments including land subdivisions and plot developments shall be subject to the following, namely:- 
  1. The area of any newly subdivided plot, reconstituted plot or building plot shall be not less than 125 square meters with an average width of 6.m: provided that for row housing where side open spaces are not required, it is sufficient if the plot has an average width of 4.50 m. 
  2. Every plot shall have a frontage of not less than 4 meters on any abutting street. 
  3. Every street shall have not less than 7.00 meters width and shall be motorable. 
  4. When the area of the land under development work, layout or subdivision is 50 Ares or more, ten percent of the total area shall be provided for recreational open spaces and shall be suitably located to be accessible the residents of the layout. Provided that while considering the area of the land, the area of any contiguous land belonging to the same owner, though not proposed immediate development shall be taken into account. 
  5. The recreational open space to be provided under item (iv) shall have an access as if it were a separate plot and as far as possible it shall be in 1 piece and in no case less than 2 areas in area with a minimum width of 6 m. 
  6. The layout or subdivision proposal shall be in conformity with the provisions of published or sanctioned development plan for the area and if the land is affected by any reservation for a public purpose, the Secretary may agree to adjust its exact location to suit the development but not so as to affect its area. 
  7. The street junctions shall be splayed or rounded off to give sufficient turning radii and sight distance for vehicles and the side if the splay shall be a minimum of 4 meters for roads up to 10 meters and shall be a minimum of 1 meters for roads exceeding 10 meters width. 
  8. In the case of lay out or sub division of land having an area of two hectares or more a suitable plot for an electric transformer shall be provided. 
  9. In the case of development permits, approval of the District Town Planner shall be obtained for land up to 0.5 hectares in area and approval of chief Town Planner shall be obtained for land exceeding that area. 
  10. If the site forms part of approved layout, copy of sub division layout shall be enclosed along with the plans for approval. 
  11. Adequate arrangements for surface water drainage shall be provided.

Residential Plots 

The area of any newly subdivided plot, reconstituted plot or building plot shall be not less than 125 square meters with an average width of 6.00 meters, provided that for row housing where side open spaces are not required, it is sufficient if the plot has an average width of 4.50 meters. Every plot shall have a frontage of not less than 4 meters on any abutting street; every street shall have not less than 7.00 meters width and shall be motorable: Provided that in the case of cul-de-sacs with length not exceeding 250 meters, it is sufficient if the street (cul-de-sac) has not less than 5.00m width and in the case of cul-de-sacs not exceeding 75 meters, it is sufficient if the street (cul-de-sac) has not less than 3.00 meters width. 

According to Rule 29 development including land sub-division and plot development for industrial development.- All new developments including land sub divisions and plot developments shall be subject to the following:- 
  1. The width of every new street, public or private, intended for use as a cart or carriage way giving access to or through an organized industrial area with not less than six constituent units, shall be minimum 10 meters: Provided that in the case of small industrial units or cul-de-sac not exceeding 150 meters length, the minimum road width shall be 7 meters. 
  2. The minimum size of industrial plot abutting street shall be 400 sq. meters in extent with a width of not less than 15 meters: Provided that the minimum plot requirement in item (ii) shall not apply to small industrial units. 
  3. In industrial layouts a place for installation of transformer shall be provided in consultation with the Chief Electrical Inspector or an officer authorized by him. 
  4. The approval of the Chief Town Planner or an officer authorized by him shall be obtained for the layout of industrial streets and land sub-division exceeding five plots. Note:- For the purpose of these rules small industrial unit means an industrial unit classified as such by Government from time to time or an industrial unit not included in Schedule 1 of the Factories Act, 1948. 
  5. The usage of plots proposed for development or redevelopment shall be governed by the provisions contained in the development plan or detailed town planning scheme prepared for the locality. Provided that where no such plan exists, the usage of plots shall be as approved by the Chief Town Planner or an officer authorized by him.

Category management in supermarkets: what&#39;s important for newcomers to know?

Category management is a categorisation of products according to buyers’ shopping habits. It is used within any retail store, including the supermarket or its website with the possibility of ordering goods for home delivery. Category management for one retail chain (for example, several supermarkets) is similar to physical stores and online trading. However, the categories may vary from point to point. This is because it depends on the customers who often visit the store.

What does a manager have to know when starting to work on categories in the supermarket?

It’s going to be difficult to analyze customer segments

Simply because they are going to be buying goods offline. When you move at least 50 per cent of your goods online to collect goods in-store or pay for home delivery, the whole situation will improve. Although, this still does not guarantee that the customer segments will meet your expectations. Yes, you can track customers through recurring patterns in receipts. You can also come up with hypotheses based on the data obtained from your competitors and other market analyses. Still, you won’t be able to study your customers under a microscope.

The cost of a product will often take precedence over its other qualities

It is a major problem for category management in supermarkets and retail in general. Most likely, grocery store visitors care more about the product’s price, and low cost always wins over other characteristics. Therefore, it will be more challenging to create categories: inevitably, you should be guided by the price of the goods.

At some point, it will be difficult to fight off competitors

You will be selling the same items which are available in other supermarkets. Some manufacturers may agree to cooperate exclusively with your chain of stores; however, this is unlikely because this arrangement is simply unprofitable for the supplier. Moreover, it’s impossible to lower the bar and start undercutting, that is, trading at a loss. After all, a business needs to earn money. In some instances, it may only be achievable through introducing discounts.

You will be able to test hypotheses only on a small number of consumers

Why? Most trade will occur in offline stores rather than in their online equivalents. And this, as we remember, complicates the task of marketers and, unfortunately, category managers. Only a small percentage of consumers shop online. That makes sense: you have to pay for delivery. You can’t select your products or ensure that all your fruit and vegetables are intact. Your delivery guy might also be late or you may face logistical problems like mixed-up orders.

How can you test your hypotheses on those customers who have turned to your supermarket website? First, you have to study your portal analytics: how users have found you, how they behave on the site, which tabs they open first, and how their filter products in various categories. If you have social media accounts, be sure to use them. The statistics offered by Instagram will demonstrate who your customers are and how they behave. By understanding the core of your audience accessing your resources, you can create category management hypotheses and test them on users before displaying the goods in stores. Of course, many of your customers will not shop online. Still, you can learn all about them, for example, through their choice of purchases on receipts.

The variety of categories will depend on the location of the supermarket

This limits your ability to influence the profits of the business. The categories will depend largely on areas where your shops are located, as well as people who live there and their buying power. For example, it is pointless to introduce a category of personal care products if jars of face cream have been sitting on the shelves for months in a particular store. It makes no sense to reduce the number of household goods with an above-average price tag if they sell like hotcakes. If you work in a supermarket in a deprived area, be prepared for a succession of identical categories with low-cost products.

Start learning category management now to secure a job within this field in a few weeks! This area has been actively booming in India and the surrounding regions. Therefore, your knowledge will definitely be in demand.

“Policy and Regulatory framework on Conformity Assessment for Telecom products: Global Best Practices and Priorities”

 Telecom Engineering Centre (TEC), a National telecom standard setting organization under the aegis of Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications has conducted a webinar titled “Policy and Regulatory framework on Conformity Assessment for Telecom products: Global Best Practices and Priorities” here yesterday. This webinar is organised by TEC in collaboration with TIC Council (India) and witnessed the presence of senior policy makers from Department of Telecom, India, E.U & FCC (U.S) along with senior Industry representatives from the Telecom, Labs, sharing their experience, global trends, and best practices towards ensuring Quality and safety of Telecom products in India. During session, Mr Luis , Policy officer from EU and Mr George from FCC, USA shared global best practices and Mr Prasanth DDG , TEC and Mr Zutshi TIC Council  have presented  India specific regulatory framework.

 

The event was graced by Shri K.Rajaraman, Secretary (Telecom), Government of India as chief guest and Shri Ashok Kumar Mittal, Member (Services), DoT, Smt. Deepa Tyagi, Sr. DDG (TEC) and Shri Sh. Suresh Sugavanam, Chairman TICC, India.  This event was witnessed by participants from across the globe and it is moderated by Dr Aparna  ED, TICC.

Shri K.Rajaraman, Secretary (Telecom) in his keynote address mentioned that the country is investing heavily in public and private partnership model to increase the penetration in mobile and broadband sector in urban and rural area. He also stressed that the telecom services shall be affordable to the bottom of the pyramid. He mentioned that testing and certification ecosystem should be the integral part of manufacturing ecosystem to become manufacturing hub. He also mentioned that very robust capacity of testing facilities, skills set is required to meet the requirement of manufacturing hub. He also urged the industry to explore the innovative idea of lab equipment lying in various part of the country to use as a service model like OLA/UBER type platform based model in testing.

Shri Ashok Kumar Mittal, Member (Services), DoT in his opening address mentioned that it is matter of pleasure that TEC has come up to organise internationally collaborative knowledge sharing webinar on the regulatory practices. He also appreciated the endeavours of TEC encouraged to do such discourses as many as possible.

Smt Deepa Tyagi Sr DDG, TEC has emphasised the importance of global collaboration and bringing global best practices so that India would become global test bed for ICT products.

RKJ/M