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Why Urban Renewal is Necessary

 Local policies and strategies designed to deal with urban decline, decay or transformation are termed as urban renewal. It is a comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change. With the decision and authority of a governing municipality, rearranging land use, function and ownership features of a socially, economically or structurally decayed part of a certain city such as slum zones or brown fields, for the purpose of obtaining a desired, well organized neighbourhood. 


Urban renewal or urban regeneration is a process of land redevelopment in areas of prior, moderately to high, dense urban land use. It has a mammoth impact on the urban panorama and morphology of different cities. On the other side, the urban redevelopment process is envisioned as a way to redevelop or rebuilt urban zones and it also incorporates sewerage treatment and disposal, solid waste management, building and maintenance of roads, streets and flyovers, creation of parks and open spaces, street lighting along with street cleanliness, conservation and remodeling of heritage sites, water purification and supply etc. all of which ultimately lead to a healthy renewal project in urban areas. So renewal is an all-round process that encompasses mainly redevelopment and also some other specific planning strategies within its spectrum.Urban renewal refers to a set of plans and activities to upgrade neighborhoods and suburbs that are in state of distress or decay. Urban renewal programs address the physical aspects of urban decay. Urban problems such as deteriorating housing, poor physical infrastructure (including water and sanitation services) and poor community services such as sports and recreational amenities are addressed through such programs. Urban renewal (also called urban regeneration in the United Kingdom and urban redevelopment in the United States ) is a program of land redevelopment often used to address urban decay in cities. Urban renewal is the clearing out of blighted areas in inner cities to clear out slums and create opportunities for higher class housing, businesses and more. A primary purpose of urban renewal is to restore economic viability to a given area by attracting external private and public investment and by encouraging business startups and survival.

Modern attempts at renewal began in the late 19th century in developed nations, and experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s under the rubric of reconstruction. The process has had a major impact on many urban landscapes and has played an important role in the history and demographics of cities around the world. Urban renewal is a process where privately owned properties within a designated renewal area are purchased or taken by eminent domain by a municipal redevelopment authority, razed and then reconveyed to selected developers who devote them to other uses.

The concept of urban renewal as a method for social reform emerged in England as a reaction to the increasingly cramped and unsanitary conditions of the urban poor in the rapidly industrializing cities of the 19th century. The agenda that emerged was a progressive doctrine that assumed better housing conditions would reform its residents morally and economically. This process is also carried out in rural areas, referred to as village renewal, though it may not be exactly the same in practice. In some cases, renewal may result in urban sprawl when city infrastructure begins to include freeways and expressways. Urban renewal has been seen by proponents as an economic engine and a reform mechanism and by critics as a mechanism for control. Though it may bring more wealth to communities, it may also edge out its preexisting residents.

Objectives of Urban Renewal 

The main objectives of urban renewal are 

  • Restructuring and re planning of concerned urban areas 
  • Designing more effective and environment friendly local transport and road networks within the concerned urban areas
  • Rationalizing land uses within the concerned urban areas 
  • Redeveloping dilapidated buildings into new buildings of modern standard and environment friendly design 
  • Promoting sustainable development in the urban areas 
  • Promoting the timely maintenance and rehabilitation of buildings in need of repair 
  • Preserving buildings, sites and structures of historical, cultural or architectural value 
  • Preserving as far as practicable local characteristics 
  • Preserving as far as practicable the social networks of the local community 
  • Providing purpose-built housing for groups with special needs, such as the elderly and the disabled 
  • Providing more open space and community/welfare facilities 
  • Enhancing the townscape with attractive landscape and urban design 

Reasons behind Urban Renewal 

Urban Renewal allows an absolute city to modernize itself so that it can compete successfully with other cities of a similar hierarchical size for major economic and cultural activities. Various reasons behind urban renewal are as follows. 

a) Economic Reasons 

In Central areas, it alters low revenue property to high value property that yields higher tax revenue to the municipality. In conservation, it maintains the properties from declining. The cost of maintenance becomes less. Private developers are given adequate incentives to extend business and it provides more employment in commercial and institutional activities. Urban renewal project can repay the loan for investment within a few years. It provides employment opportunities and helps construction related activities. The relocated people and business also get economic benefits and blessings. 

b) Social Reasons 

It provides housing to the poor people and thus dilapidated housings and unhealthy, shady as well as shabby environmental ambience get eliminated through this type of projects. Juvenile delinquency, prostitution, anti-social elements and other social pathological symptoms are also removed or eradicated to some extent by the aura of this type of reformations.

c) Public Improvement Reasons 

Traffic improvements and parking facilities, disappearance of illegal and unauthorized usage of public space, provision of adequate community facilities including interward and intraward municipal services can be provided over a wider urban pursuit after the occurrence of a holistic urban renewal programme. 

d) Aesthetic Reasons 

Changing cityscapes with better or improved residential areas are generated due to renewal where all sorts of urban-ugliness can be removed. 

The purpose of urban renewal is to improve specific areas of a city that are poorly developed or underdeveloped. These areas can have old deteriorated buildings and bad streets and utilities or the areas can lack streets and utilities altogether. 

The National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) has committed itself to a comprehensive programme of urban renewal and massive expansion of social housing especially in Kolkata city. In his inaugural address of a National-level programme, held on 24th June, 2004, the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh emphasized on the need to give special attention to policies promoting urban renewal through urban regeneration, renovation and redevelopment. In the Independence Day address of 2008, he uttered, “Urban renewal constitutes one of the seven pillars for urban growth and development in different metropolitan cities of India”. At the beginning of 21st century, renewal resulted in the creation of urban sprawl also and huge areas of cities were demolished and replaced by fairways and expressways, sky-touching housing projects and vacant lots, some of which (though minor portions) still remain vacant. 

Urban renewal provides the following tools. 

  • First it allows for the use of tax increment financing to finance improvement projects. 
  • Second, it allows for special powers to buy and assemble sites for development or redevelopment, if that is desired. 
  • Third, it allows for special flexibility in working with private parties to complete development projects. 

Urban Renewal Agency 

For a municipality to use urban renewal it must establish an urban renewal agency and it must adopt an urban renewal plan. Urban renewal agencies are created by state law but are specifically “activated’” by the governing body. The agencies are separate legal bodies from the governing body, but in most cases the urban renewal agency board is composed of members of the governing body. 

Urban Renewal Plans 

To undertake urban renewal projects with tax increment financing, the projects must be authorized in an urban renewal plan. The plan applies to a specific geographic area of the city, which is called the urban renewal area. 
The term Urban renewal means rebirth or regeneration of a city or a part of it which has been plagued by the ills of urbanization. The planning concept originated in England and America in 1930’s. Decayed parts of the city were demolished and rebuilt. Initially referred to slum clearance and housing but has gradually evolved into a multidimensional concept. These programs were thrust upon the city and its people and were criticized and halted on opposition by organized community movements. The urban renewal programs taken up later, involved greater participation of the communities.
Urban Renewal programs are generally undertaken by public authorities or by local governments. The emphasis is on those parts which have fallen below current standards of public acceptability. These are commonly to be found in the residential parts of the inner city and the central business district. Indicators for residential parts of inner cities are inadequate housing, environmental degradation and presence of non-conforming uses. Indicators for central business district are traffic problems, congestion and dilapidated buildings. 
Urban renewal is required for 
  • Dilapidating, ageing parts of the city, not providing the city its full potential and becoming a health hazard 
  • In built form it consists of old area of the city, congested area around transit points and illegal settlements needing redevelopment 
  • In terms of infrastructure – measures for efficient and smooth movement of traffic, improvement of transportation network and provision /improvement of utilities

Urban Planning Policy in India

 In our first five year plan, the problem of urbanization was identified with the problem of increasing shortage of living space in urban areas, as a consequence of heavy shift of population from rural to urban area. The second plan marked the expansion of the housing programme of the first plan and given due attention to slum clearance, slum improvement and land acquisition and development was given due importance. In the third plan, it was decided to prepare master plans and regional development plans for metropolitan and industrial cities. In this plan urbanization was recognized as an important aspect of the process of economic and social development. 

In the fourth plan the expansion of urban community and spatial implications of the problems of urbanization was given due importance. In the fifth and sixth plan period attention has been given to spatial and functional linkage of towns, development and growth of small towns and prospects of developing new towns as the centres of agro-industries and rural services. The overall view of developing urbanization as a part of integrated rural development was given due consideration.

Spatial Policy 

The urban spatial policy considerations are becoming increasingly important in development planning. Alternative settlement patterns are being evaluated from the point of view of cost and efficiency. It has been demonstrated that, in spite of continuous failure to arrest the urban growth at a pre planned time and place, reasonable programmes to influence the direction of migration and the pattern of urbanization are feasible. One of the difficulties in facing the formation of spatial policies and urban growth strategies is that, there are very few successful models of urban planning and there are no ready made policies, programmes and strategies to suit all conditions, places and times.

Design and Implementation of a Public Participation Process

 A public participation process is designed and implemented in four discreet stages, as outlined below.

1) Preliminary Design 

  • Situation analysis 
  • Decision process 
  • Information exchange 
  • Public and stake-holders 
  • Planning team 
  • Approvals 

2) Developing the Plan 

  • Establish objectives
  • Identify and address major issues 
  • Identify and involve the stakeholders 
  • Choose techniques 
  • Prepare to provide and receive information 
  • Develop critical path 
  • Budget, staff, resources, logistics, roles and responsibilities 
  • Prepare to give and get feedback

3) Implementation 

  • Follow the critical path 
  • Apply techniques 
  • Provide and receive information 
  • Monitor the process 

4) Feedback 

  • Report to decision makers 
  • Report to participants 
  • Evaluate the overall process

Techniques 

A number of emerging public participation techniques provide the opportunity for shared engagement, which has been difficult to achieve with traditional techniques. Traditional techniques include print publications, public meetings, open houses, advisory committees, workshops, bilateral meetings, and focus groups. Emerging techniques include open space technology, future search conferences, policy dialogue, and a suite of electronic techniques. In general, emerging techniques offer more in-depth opportunities for dialogue and collaboration, with emphasis on value exploration and reaching consensus on shared outcomes in complex situations. It should be noted that public servants and community groups have numerous opportunities to interact with each other, exchange information and gain a better understanding of each other’s views and interests. 

Citizen participation is mainly seen as an instrument to strengthen and support the way representative democracy is functioning now. The local or national government should take and keep the initiative in policy-making. Initiatives ought to be taken from above. The process of involving citizens in politics and policy-making should not lead to the erosion of the primacy of the representative institutions. The central focus of thought is not on citizens, but on the government. The role of participation is mainly an instrumental one. That is, its main objective is to give citizens and their organizations a say in the official political process. Participation is not regarded as a value in itself, but is merely aimed at producing a government. 

Call for Papers IJR 2022

 International Journal of Research (IJR) is an international peer reviewed journal. The journal is dedicated to publishing investigations on new and untested ideas, and disseminating research findings that make original and significant contributions to different areas of education, culture and society. The aim of the journal is to promote the work of young talented researchers in the humanities, cultural studies, social sciences, law, economics and education and the dialogue of sciences. 

Send papers for publication in this journal to editor@pen2print.org 

Visit the journal site at https://ijrjournal.com/index.php/ijr

The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

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And Translation Theory and Practice
•
Cognition and Culture
•
Communication and Culture
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Cross-cultural Learning
•
Cultural Studies
•
Educational Assessment and Evaluation
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Ethnicity and Culture
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Intercultural Communication
•
International and Comparative Education
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Language and Culture
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Languages and Literature
•
Popular Culture
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School Health Counseling and School Psychology
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Special Education
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STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) Studies
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Teacher Education

Call for Papers IJR July 2022

 International Journal of Research (IJR) is an international, peer-reviewed, online journal published by Edupedia Publications Pvt Ltd. It provides an academic platform for professionals and researchers to contribute innovative work in the field. IJR carries original and full-length articles that reflect the latest research and developments in both theoretical and practical aspects of English Language Education. The Journal links the everyday concerns of practitioners with insights gained from relevant academic disciplines such as applied linguistics, education, psychology, and sociology. 

IJRi is an international, open access, peer-reviewed, rapid publication journal. It provides a forum for creative and scholarly experts communicate and discuss new ideas in higher education. This journal focuses on higher education studies that examines educational developments throughout the world in universities, polytechnics, colleges, and vocational and education institutions. All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work.

Send papers for publication in this journal to editor@pen2print.org 

Visit the journal site at https://ijrjournal.com/index.php/ijr

The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

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Syllabus
•
Materials Design
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Flipped Class
•
Mixed Learning
•
Deep Active Learning
•
Teaching Strategies
•
Skill Teaching
•
Academic and Scholarly Writing 
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Virtual Education and MOOCs
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Materials and E-learning
•
Minority Language Education Policy
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Teaching English as a Second Language
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English Teachers’ Training and Education
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Studies in English Culture and Literature
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English Teaching in Educational Institutions
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Mobility and Autonomy in Higher Education

Call for Papers IJR 2022

  International Journal of Research (IJR) provides a forum for sharing timely and up-to-date publication of scientific research and review articles. The journal publishes original research papers at the forefront of law and social sciences. The topics included and emphasized in this journal are, but not limited to, law, political science, economics, environment, history, communication, sociology and safety and other timely and concerned global or international issues. IJR also welcomes scholarly contributions from officials with government agencies, international agencies, and non-governmental organizations. The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:


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Commercial policy
•
Communications
•
Comparative studies
•
Cross-cultural issues
•
Diversity issues
•
Economic development
•
Economic integration
•
Exchange rates
•
Finance and investments
•
Fiscal and monetary policy
•
Globalization
•
Human resource management
•
Information
•
Industry-specific issues
•
Intellectual property
•
Labor issues
•
Law and governance
•
Managerial decision making
•
Marketing
•
Multilateral institutions
•
Multinational corporations
•
National and regional studies
•
Outsourcing and offshoring
•
Pedagogical issues
•
Regionalism
•
Regulatory issues
•
Technology transfer
•
Trade in goods and services
•

Transportation 


The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

•
Business research methods
•
Business theories
•
Case studies
•
Contemporary research in business
•
Corporate governance
•
Economic growth and development
•
Economics of organizations and industries
•
Entrepreneurship
•
Finance and investment
•
Financial reporting
•
Global business
•
Human resource management
•
Innovations
•
Insurance
•
Investment
•
Management information systems
•
Marketing
•
Operations management
•
Organizational behavior
•
Project management
•
Public administration
•
Risk management
•
Strategic management
•
Total quality management
•
Transition issues



International Journal of Research (IJR) with ISSN 2348-6848 (Online) and 2348-795X (Print) is an international peer-reviewed, internationally refereed, online, open-access journal published monthly. 

Journal is available online at https://ijrjournal.com/index.php/ijr 
 
Send papers to ijr@ijrjournal.com

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Call for Papers IJR 2022

  International Journal of Research (IJR) publishes articles in the disciplines of sustainable management and information technologies based on scientific and technological researches, as well as its methodology, concepts, function and principles and interaction among both disciplines. It aims to publish the advances and trends, and to collaborate in the dissemination of knowledge and show advances derived from researches conducted internationally. IJR publishes a broad range of social science research and thinking on the interaction of natural resource ecology and management around the world and at multiple scales. Papers published in the journal go through a double-blind, peer review process and meet standards of contributing significantly to theory and/or transformative policies and practices, offering scholarly depth but broad appeal to our diverse readership. The mission of the journal is to conduct interdisciplinary research, instruction, and extension education to address the sustainable management and conservation of the fishery, forest, rangeland, and wildlife resources all over the world . IJR also welcomes scholarly contributions from officials with government agencies, international agencies, and non-governmental organizations. The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:


•
Commercial policy
•
Communications
•
Comparative studies
•
Cross-cultural issues
•
Diversity issues
•
Economic development
•
Economic integration
•
Exchange rates
•
Finance and investments
•
Fiscal and monetary policy
•
Globalization
•
Human resource management
•
Information
•
Industry-specific issues
•
Intellectual property
•
Labor issues
•
Law and governance
•
Managerial decision making
•
Marketing
•
Multilateral institutions
•
Multinational corporations
•
National and regional studies
•
Outsourcing and offshoring
•
Pedagogical issues
•
Regionalism
•
Regulatory issues
•
Technology transfer
•
Trade in goods and services
•


The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

•
Business research methods
•
Business theories
•
Case studies
•
Contemporary research in business
•
Corporate governance
•
Economic growth and development
•
Economics of organizations and industries
•
Entrepreneurship
•
Finance and investment
•
Financial reporting
•
Global business
•
Human resource management
•
Innovations
•
Insurance
•
Investment
•
Management information systems
•
Marketing
•
Operations management
•
Organizational behavior
•
Project management
•
Public administration
•
Risk management
•
Strategic management
•
Total quality management
•
Transition issues



International Journal of Research (IJR) with ISSN 2348-6848 (Online) and 2348-795X (Print) is an international peer-reviewed, internationally refereed, online, open-access journal published monthly. 

Journal is available online at https://ijrjournal.com/index.php/ijr 
 Send papers to ijr@ijrjournal.com

Call for Papers IJR -2023

 International Journal of Research (IJR) is an international, professional, and peer reviewed journal, it offers opportunities for the exchange of research results, experience and insights, and provides a forum for ongoing discussion between experts in any field of business and economic development. This journal focuses on marketing, management, finance, accounting, decision sciences, operations research and economics. The submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence are encouraged. IJR also welcomes scholarly contributions from officials with government agencies, international agencies, and non-governmental organizations. The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:


•
Commercial policy
•
Communications
•
Comparative studies
•
Cross-cultural issues
•
Diversity issues
•
Economic development
•
Economic integration
•
Exchange rates
•
Finance and investments
•
Fiscal and monetary policy
•
Globalization
•
Human resource management
•
Information
•
Industry-specific issues
•
Intellectual property
•
Labor issues
•
Law and governance
•
Managerial decision making
•
Marketing
•
Multilateral institutions
•
Multinational corporations
•
National and regional studies
•
Outsourcing and offshoring
•
Pedagogical issues
•
Regionalism
•
Regulatory issues
•
Technology transfer
•
Trade in goods and services
•


The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

•
Business research methods
•
Business theories
•
Case studies
•
Contemporary research in business
•
Corporate governance
•
Economic growth and development
•
Economics of organizations and industries
•
Entrepreneurship
•
Finance and investment
•
Financial reporting
•
Global business
•
Human resource management
•
Innovations
•
Insurance
•
Investment
•
Management information systems
•
Marketing
•
Operations management
•
Organizational behavior
•
Project management
•
Public administration
•
Risk management
•
Strategic management
•
Total quality management
•
Transition issues



International Journal of Research (IJR) with ISSN 2348-6848 (Online) and 2348-795X (Print) is an international peer-reviewed, internationally refereed, online, open-access journal published monthly. 

Journal is available online at https://ijrjournal.com/index.php/ijr 
 Send papers to ijr@ijrjournal.com

Call for Papers IJR -2022

 International Journal of Research (IJR)  is international, open access and peer-reviewed journal published by EduPub. The journal aims at exploring the latest developments in public policy administration, including public policy shaping, decision making and administrative issues. It contributes to the improvement of the research methodology in the field of public policy and administration. Original articles across the whole scope and up-to-date original research articles are welcomed to publish in this journal. The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

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Public Policy
•
Public Administration
•
Public Management
•
Human Resource Management
•
Organizational Theory
•
Ethics in Public Administration
•
Policy Analysis 
•
Public Budgeting
•
Public Ethics
•
Government Policy
•
Administrative Theory
•
Administrative History 
•
Administrative Politics
•
Public Administration Theory
•
Public Administration Organizations
•
Business Administration
•
Civil Servants
•
Constitutional Issues 
•
Participatory Democracy


The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

•
Business research methods
•
Business theories
•
Case studies
•
Contemporary research in business
•
Corporate governance
•
Economic growth and development
•
Economics of organizations and industries
•
Entrepreneurship
•
Finance and investment
•
Financial reporting
•
Global business
•
Human resource management
•
Innovations
•
Insurance
•
Investment
•
Management information systems
•
Marketing
•
Operations management
•
Organizational behavior
•
Project management
•
Public administration
•
Risk management
•
Strategic management
•
Total quality management
•
Transition issues

International Journal of Research (IJR) with ISSN 2348-6848 (Online) and 2348-795X (Print) is an international peer-reviewed, internationally refereed, online, open-access journal published monthly. 

Journal is available online at https://ijrjournal.com/index.php/ijr 
 Send papers to ijr@ijrjournal.com


Chemical Disaster

 Chemical Disaster

Chemical, being at the core of modern industrial systems, has attained a very serious concern for disaster management within government, private sector and community at large. Chemical disasters may be traumatic in their impacts on human beings and have resulted in the casualties and also damages nature and property. The elements which are at highest risks due to chemical disaster primarily include the industrial plant, its employees & workers, hazardous chemicals vehicles, the residents of nearby settlements, adjacent buildings, occupants and surrounding community. Chemical disasters may arise in number of ways, such as:-

  • Process and safety systems failures
    • Human errors
    • Technical errors
    • Management errors
  • Induced effect of natural calamities
  • Accidents during the transportation
  • Hazardous waste processing/ disposal
  • Terrorist attack/ unrest leading to sabotage

Status of Chemical Disaster Risk in India

India has witnessed the world’s worst chemical (industrial) disaster “Bhopal Gas Tragedy” in the year 1984. The Bhopal Gas tragedy was most devastating chemical accident in history, where over thousands of people died due to accidental release of toxic gas Methyl Iso Cyanate (MIC).

Such accidents are significant in terms of injuries, pain, suffering, loss of lives, damage to property and environment. India continued to witness a series of chemical accidents even after Bhopal had demonstrated the vulnerability of the country. Only in last decade, 130 significant chemical accidents reported in India, which resulted into 259 deaths and 563 number of major injured.

There are about 1861 Major Accident Hazard (MAH) units, spread across 301 districts and 25 states & 3 Union Territories, in all zones of country. Besides, there are thousands of registered and hazardous factories (below MAH criteria) and un-organized sectors dealing with numerous range of hazardous material posing serious and complex levels of disaster risks.

Safety initiatives taken in India to address chemical risk

The comprehensive legal/ institutional framework exists in our country. A number of regulations covering the safety in transportation, liability, insurance and compensations have been enacted.

Following are the relevant provisions on chemical disaster management, prevailing in country:-

  • Explosives Act 1884                                      – Petroleum Act 1934
  • Factories Act 1948                                        – Insecticides Act 1968
  • Environment Protection Act 1986              – Motor Vehicles Act 1988
  • Public Liability Insurance Act 1991            – Disaster Management Act 2005

Government of India has further reinforced the legal framework on chemical safety and management of chemical accidents by enacting new rules such as MSIHC Rules, EPPR Rules, SMPV Rules, CMV Rules, Gas Cylinder Rules, Hazardous Waste Rules, Dock Workers Rules and by way of amendments to them.

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) of India had come out with very specific guidelines on Chemical Disaster Management. The guidelines have been prepared to provide the directions to ministries, departments and state authorities for the preparation of their detailed disaster management plans. These guidelines call for a proactive, participatory, multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral approach at various levels for chemical disaster preparedness and response. Further, NDMA has provided specific inputs to the GOM for avoidance of future chemical disasters in the country, along with suggested amendments on the existing framework. NDMA is also working on revamping of CIFs ( Chief Inspectorate of Factories) to strengthen chemical safety in India. In addition, the National Action Plan on Chemical Industrial Disaster Management (NAP-CIDM), has been finalized which will act as the roadmap for chemical disaster management in India.

Approach for TOD Implementation

 

1) Influence Zone 

The area in the immediate vicinity of the transit station, i.e. within a walking distance, having high density compact development with mixed land use to support all basic needs of the residents is called the influence zone of a transit station/corridor. Influence zone is either established at a transit stations or along the transit corridors. It is generally up to a radius of nearly 500-800m of the transit station. Where the distance between the transit stations is less than 1 km and there is overlap in the influence area, it can be identified as a delineated zone (around 500m) on either side of the transit corridor within 10 – 12 minutes walking distance. 

2) High Density Compact Development 

TOD promotes densification in the influence area by providing higher Floor Area Ratio (FAR)/ Floor Space Index (FSI) and higher population and job density as compared to the area around and beyond the influence areas. To ensure sustainable development, the minimum FAR should be 300 – 500%, and can be higher, depending on the city size. This will promote higher concentration of people within the walking distances of transit station, thereby increasing the ridership of the public transport and resulting in increased fare revenue, pollution and congestion reduction.

3) Mixed Use Development 

Mixed land use should be stipulated for development/redevelopment in the TOD zone as it would reduce the need for travel by providing most of the activities such as shopping, entertainment and public amenities such as schools, parks, playgrounds, hospitals etc. within the walking distance of the residents. It would also improve the accessibility of the transit facilities and at the same time link origins and destinations, i.e. residences with work places or activity nodes. This would ensure better utilization of transit fleet by distributing loads in both directions, rather than creating unidirectional peak hour flows. 

4) Mandatory and Inclusive Housing 

The cities should fix a minimum percentage (30% or higher) of allowed FAR for affordable housing (for example up to 60 sq.mt. area) in all development/redevelopment in the influence zones. Housing in the influence zone should have a mix of all economic groups/sections. The development control regulation should stipulate housing for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in the influence area to give an opportunity to the people who depend on public transport for daily commuting to live in walkable neighborhoods. 

5) Multimodal Integration 

The influence area should have high quality integrated multimodal transport system for the optimum use of the facilities by the residents/users. The system should have seamless physical connectivity, information integration and fare integration across modes so that the first and last mile connectivity does not become a bottleneck in the use of public transit systems by the citizens. The transit system, including its stations, should be designed to provide high quality services that assure user satisfaction in terms of safety and comfort. The citizens should have barrier free access to all the required amenities in the transit system as well as around the transit centers. 

6) Focus on Pedestrians, Cyclists and NMT Users 

The streets should be designed for users of all age groups and for all types of commuters including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists and transit riders. They should be safe and accessible by all. The influence zone should have development in smaller blocks with a finer street network having provision for pedestrians, bicyclists and NMT (Non-Motorised Transport) users. This will create a grid of small, traversable blocks which has sidewalks and amenities like lighting and information signage etc. and ensure accessibility of the transit stations by pedestrians and cyclist. 

7) Street Oriented Buildings and Vibrant Public Spaces 

Retail and other ‘active uses’ should be supported on the ground floor along the main streets, key intersections, stations and parking garages to ensure high quality pedestrian environments. To promote natural surveillance of public spaces, all boundary walls and setbacks should be removed and buildings should be permitted up to the edge of the street. Also, the orientation of the buildings should be such so as to face the pedestrian facilities. The streets should have a natural surveillance system by providing mixed use active frontage, vending zones and avoiding opaque wall, which would ensure a safe environment for pedestrians, especially women, children and elderly. 

8) Managed Parking 

To discourage the use of private vehicles and to manage parking in TOD, it is essential that the supply of the parking is reduced and made expensive within the influence zone. On street parking should be prohibited within 100 m of the transit station, except for freight delivery and pickup or drop off of the differently abled. The use of parking spaces within the influence zone can be maximized by sharing of spaces between uses that have demand during different times of the day. For example parking requirements for office/work can be shared with the parking spaces for residences as their hours for demands do not coincide with each other.