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IS SCHEME FAILED FOR INDIANS

                                                    IS SCHEME FAILED FOR INDIANS

BY : NEHA SHAHAB

THE MAKE IN INDIA INITIATIVE LAUNCHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ON 25 SEPTEMBER 2014 BY OUR HONORABLE PRIME MINISTER MR. NARENDRA MODI.

THE INITIATIVE IS FOCUSED ON BOOSTING UP THE DOMESTIC AND MANUFACTURING SECTOR OF INDIA. THIS POLICY PROMISES THAT BOTH THE DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS GET THE PERFECT ENVIRONMENT TO INVEST AND TURN INDIA INTO A MANUFACTURING HUB. IT IS ALSO FOCUSES ON JOB CREATION IN THE COUNTRY PRIMARILY IN MANUFACTURING RELATED SECTORS. 

THE THREE STATED OBJECTIVES :

1. TO INCREASE THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR GROWTH RATE OF INDIAN TO 12 TO 14 PER ANNUM.

2. THE CREATION OF 100 MILLION JOBS ADDITIONAL MANUFACTURING JOBS IN THE ECONOMY BY 2022.

3. TO MAKE SURE THAT THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO GDP IS INCREASED TO 25% BY 2022

HERE ARE SOME FACTS OF MAKE IN INDIA IS A SUCCESS OR FAILURE:

– THE SCHEME IS FAILED TO INCREASE THE MANUFACTURING SECTORS CONTRIBUTION TO GDP TO 25% . THE TARGET IS NOW POSTPONED BY 2022.

– THE INVESTMENT BY FOREIGN THROUGH FDI ARE NOT AS EXPECTED AT THE TIME OF THE LAUNCH OF SCHEME

– EVEN THOUGH MANY JOBS ARE BEING CREATED DUE TO AMBITIOUS MAKE IN INDIA PROJECTS , STILL THEY ARE NIT GAME CHANGERS AS IT WAS EXPECTED.

– THE GLOBAL EXPECT OF INDIA IS AROUND 2% WHICH IS FAR LESS THAN THE COMPETITOR CHINA WHICH IS AROUND 18%..

Corporations , Political Socialisation and The Environment

 I feel that the responsibility for keeping the environment clean does not rest with the corporations who pollute it, but with the government who does not stop them.

             If there are no laws and regulations that are enforced by the government for the corporations to follow then they are in no way accountable for their actions. They will in most likely hood simply pollute the environment in order to gain a buck or save a buck.
             A good example of this is when certain corporations turn their filters off at night time in order to save money on energy. If the government does not enforce the laws the corporations will continue doing so and adding pollutants to our environment.
             Changes need to be made in the monitoring of the amount of emissions that certain corporations put out on an ongoing basis. This is needed to track the corporations who are following the laws and the ones who are not. Government needs to establish a system that will enable them to enforce corporations to meet their guidelines. Perhaps a system that deals out a suitable punishment that fits the crime as well as incentives for those who meet and go beyond the system. Possible ideas are tax credits and rebates for companies meeting the targets set by the government.
             Another good idea would be for the government to offer incentives for investors who look at environmentally friendly companies as opposed to looking at those corporations who are not known for being environmentally active. Such incentives could include tax credits on the individual’s tax return.
             Corporations need to be held accountable and the government needs to be the one responsible for making them so. Laws, regulations and incentives need to introduced and enforced if we want to leave our children and their children a world in which they can live without fearing the air that they breath and the water that they drink.The political socialisation of the population has become a large concern for society today. With out a change in the political socialisation in a way favourable to the preservation of the world disaster can occur. Political Socialisation is an efficient means in predicting and controlling the political ideals and values of future generations. As people grow more environmentally conscious, socialisation could be a useful tool in ensuring the protection of the environment for future generations. Political socialisation could also predict what will be faced by future generations as a result of the world’s destruction of the environment. Whether or not health problems resulting from pollution will affect socialisation or the absence of forests and the natural world will effect socialisation. Although, it is obvious to say that it will but socialisation can explain how it will. If socialisation is not geared towards environmental awareness and conservation then the world can only expect a greater deterioration of its surroundings as well as greater pollution, which will cause more health problems. Socialisation is the most effective way to ensure how future generations will deal with and perceive the world; if that perception is to protect the environment then the possibility that natural resources will be protected is greatly enhanced. The socialisation of those active in the environmental movement or those concerned with conservation as well as those with an environmental consciousness comes from many factors, the condition of their political leaders and state, the presence of an environmental danger or disaster, and the role of education in teaching the youth environmental preservation.

Peer group and its influence

 

                                                                            (Photo: Titanium Success)

According to APA Dictionary of Psychology, a group of individuals who share one or more characteristics, such as age, social status, economic status etc. are peer groups. Peer Group is both social group and primary group. 

Functions of Peer group:

  • Provide support in shaping an individual’s self-esteem and self-valuation.
  •  Provide emotional security under unprecedented or threatening situations.
  • Provide the foundation for intimate relationships as they are essential non-family contexts for intimacy and affection.
  • Teach gender roles.
  •  Help in Identity formation.
     The peer group is an important socializing agent contributing beyond the influence of the family and school. Peers socialize each other through certain mechanisms. They are.

  •  Reinforcement – Giving Attention.
  •  Modeling-Imitation
  •  Punishment- Rejection, bullying etc.
  • Apprenticeship- Someone with more experience teach someone with less experience.

As your teen grows older, their peers will play a bigger role in their life. Their friends may influence everything from what they wear to how they talk.

  1. Positive influence: Positive peer influence is when someone’s peers influence them to do something positive or growth building. For example, peers who are committed to doing well in school or at sport can influence others to be more goal orientated. Similarly, peers who are kind, loyal or supportive influence others to be the same. They are subconsciously looking to their friends for information about how to act and interact with others. For the same reason, they also learn more quickly in the presence of their peers. For example, friends tell your teen to study harder so they can get better grades. They decide it’s cool to get good grades in a test. Several of your teen friends buy their own car. Your teen becomes motivated to save their money so they can buy their own car too.
  2. Negative influence: If your teen starts hanging around with the wrong crowd, like peers who skip school, do drugs, and break the law, they’re likely to influence your teen behavior in an unhealthy way. Most negative peer pressure involves more serious problems, like pressuring a teen to smoke cigarettes or experiment with drugs. For example, your teen skips school because it’s senior skip day and they don’t want to get made fun for showing up. Your teen purchases e-cigarettes online because their friends tell them they can get away with it.
Peer Group Stages

ž PEER GROUP BY AGE (2 TO 6) –The first bond Or attachment that a child shares with is his Or her family. They feel secure and warmth around the family. They tend to be less aggressive and more actively involved in activities.

ž MIDDLE CHILDHOOD PEER GROUP ( 6 TO 13) –Children no longer need adults or their family to structure them socially. They start looking for children of their own age group. They try to socialize with children of their own age by doing friendship with them and spending time with each other.

ž ADOLESCENT –During adolescence, peer groups tend to face dramatic changes. Adolescents tend to spend more time with their peers and have less adult supervision. Adolescents’ communication shifts during this time as well. They prefer to talk about school and their careers with their parents, and they enjoy talking about sex and other interpersonal relationships with their peers. Children look to join peer groups who accept them, even if the group is involved in negative activities. Children are less likely to accept those who are different from them.

     How to tackle it ?

     1. Developing good self-esteem and taking charge of yourself.  

     2. Satisfaction and taking charge of our aspirations. 

     3. Choosing our friends wisely.

     4. Identify our core values.

     5. Taking the help of our parents/elders/teachers.

     CONCLUSION

     “Without friends no one chooses to live, though he has all other goods.” – Aristotle

     It is not possible to live our lives without being influenced by anyone. So the best thing that we can do is guard ourselves and to choose our influence.

 

 

 

 

QIGONG

                         QIGONG

The name comes from the meaning of Qi(life force or energy) and Gong(work), which indicates that the  works with the individual’s life force. It is also known as Chi kung. The art of qigong is based on the Taoyin, which is an ancient art which is used to foster mental and physical well being.

The Chinese Government made it popular as it is done with Tai Chi. The practice began to appear in teaning and marital arts at the beginning of the twentieth century which was used in the hospital in the early 1930s. It involves static and dynamic exercises which stimulate respiration by standing, seated and reclined position. There are many different styles of qigong, the movements are gentle and intense.

BENEFITS

Improved cardiac functions

Better circulation

Improved balance of sex hormones

Declaration of symptoms associated with senility

Improved bodily functions

FIVE ELEMTS OF QIGONG

The Five elements represent Earth, Wood, Water, Metal and Fire. This five series helps to maintain the body movements and improves the brain and organ function.

EARTH

1. Stand with your legs and your feet directly on the shoulders, strengthen the posture.

2. Relax your shoulders down and your arms loose at your side, slightly away from the body.

3.inhale-raise your arms, shoulders, Exhale-bend your knees, bring your arms.

4. Hold the position, focus on the breath.

WOOD

1. Starting from the earth posture, turn your palms and arms, forming a circle and inhale. 

2. Turn your palms so that elbow points downwards and relaxed.

3. Reverse the movement as you exhale.

4. Repeat twice, for the total of three.

WATER

1.Standing from the earth posture, bend your knees into squat, keep your chest upright and exhaling throughout.

2. Stretch your lumbar spine

3. By inhaling, stand to return earth posture.

4. Repeat twice, for a total of three.

METAL

1. Starting from the earth position, raise your arms until your hands are level with your stream.

2. Palms to be turned and hands to be upward.

3. As you inhale, move your hands to the shoulder.

4. As you exhale, bring your hands towards the back in position

5. Repeat it twice, observing the energy concentration and bring hands in front of your lungs.

FIRE

1. Starting from the earth posture, bring hands near the heart and inhale, Rotate your hands to feel the energy.

2. Turn from your waist gently to left, keeping your hands downwards to  the ground.

3. Palms facing each other, separate your hands in front of the abdomen.

4. Turn your waist to the right, keeping your torso relaxed to the ground.

5. As you exhale, let your hands come back to the heart.

6. Separate your hands, bringing one up near the shoulder and other near the abdomen.

     

            GENTLE MOVEMENTS, LONGER LIFE

Advertisements and Body Image

Advertisements have the power to shape the belief of a person and convince them into buying a particular product. But often these advertisement campaigns, especially the ones related to beauty products, promote an unrealistic body image which affects the consumer’s state of mind. They glorify and emphasize the importance of physical appearance and set certain standards of beauty. 

 This can affect not only the mind but also the social and emotional state of a person. It can lead to low self esteem issues and impact their overall well-being. Youngsters and teenagers are the most vulnerable to this negative impact of advertisements. They idealize the body image shown in the advertisements and end up with body dissatisfaction or taking drastic measures in order to change the body. 

The issue of Body Image

Body image refers to one’s perception about one’s size and shape of body. Body dissatisfaction is experienced when the person feels that they do not fit into the perception of body image. This can lead to unhealthy habits like chronic dieting . 

Nationwide Surveys conducted in the USA during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s,  indicated that both men’s and women’s body image perceptions were becoming more and more negative with the growth of print and television advertisements. 

When it comes to beauty products or fashion related content, the models are always shown to be extremely thin. This stereotypical standard of beauty leads to body related anxiety issues and eating disorders among women. Likewise, Men are always stereotyped to have a physically strong, lean, and muscular body. 


Similarly racist attitudes are also promoted by many fairness product’s advertisements. Fairness creams, powders, etc. showcase fair skin as the standard of beauty. This issue of fairness creams was widely questioned and criticized recently, especially on social media.

 

Some advertisements set unattainable goals for the consumer. For instance the unrealistic standards are set like a totally spotless and ever-glowing face, or always having silky smooth hair. These notions of beauty are far from reality, they are unlike the people that we see in our everyday life. Trendy clothes, perfectly smooth skin,etc. is glamorized to the extent that people consider it to be the “perfect body”. 

However, due to recent debates around the issue of body image being shaped by advertisements, some advertisements have started promoting body positivity. More advertisement campaigns that promote body positivity and inclusivity are required for normalization and acceptance of the non-stereotypical body images in society.


it is easy to adopt online education in india

 IT IS EASY TO ADOPT ONLINE EDUCATION IN INDIA 



By : Neha Shahab 
 The most educational institutions have been shut since the end of March. It is still difficult to predict when schools, colleges and universities will reopen. Teachers and school administrators have been advised to continue communication with students through virtual lectures or portals.
The major challenge of remote learning is disparity in access – from electricity and internet connections to devices like computer or smartphones.
Mission Antyodaya, a nationwide survey of villages conducted by the Ministry of Rural Development in 2017-’18, showed  that 16% of India’s households received one to eight hours of electricity daily, 33% received 9-12 hours, and only 47% received more than 12 hours a day. While a computer would be preferable for online classes, a smartphone could also serve the purpose. However, the phone might be convenient for apps, but not for carrying out lengthy assignments or research. While 24% Indians own a smartphone, only 11% of households possess any type of computer, which could include desktop computers, laptops, notebooks, tablets.
The difference is starker in case of internet access. In states like Delhi, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and Uttarakhand, more than 40% households have access to internet. The proportion is less than 20% for Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.
The gender divide in internet usage is also stark. As per the internet and mobile association of india report, in 2019, while 67% men had access to internet, this figure was only at 33% for women. The disparity is more prominent in rural India, where the figures are 72% and 28% for men and women.

E RUPI

On 2 August 2021, a digital payment solution was launched by the honorable prime minister of India. 
E RUPI is a cashless and contactless payment method. Through it, the government is trying to bring an e-voucher system.
Under it, a QR code or message will be delivered to the mobile of the beneficiary. Through it, vouchers can be redeemed without a card, digital payment app, or net banking.
Developed by the National Payments Collaboration of India(NPCI) in partnership with the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare & National Health Authority.
It works as a connection between a sponsor service and the targeted audience without involving any physical interface. Being pre-paid in nature will ensure timely payments in the process.
To be used as delivering service under welfare schemes by the government. It can also be used by the private sector companies for employees’ welfare schemes and corporate social responsibility.
It can be a game-changer in the future.

revolution

    REVOLUTION THAT HELP IN GROWTH  OF                              INDIA

By: Neha Shahab 

The white revolution or called as operation flood relates to the rapid development in milk production that took place in india mid 1960s. The name is the variation of the name Green Revolution. 
The origin can be traced by the efforts of Dr. Varghese kurein at kaira district Co operatives milk producer union situated in Anand in gujarat state. The organization is better known by the brand name popularly called as Amul. 
The operation flood was implemented in 3 phases.
1. 1970 – 80
The financed by the sale of skimmed milk powder and butter oil donated by the European union through the world food programme. the dairies were setup in delhi , Mumbai,  Chennai and Kolkata.
2 . 1980 – 85
The milk sheds were increased from 18 to 136. By the end of 1985 , 43,000 villages cooperatives and 4,250,000 milk producers were covered. Direct marketing of milk by cooperatives increased by several million litres per day.
3. 1985 – 96 
Expansion and strengthening of infrastructure. The veterinary first aid , health care services , feed for animals were improved.

reason behind the dispute

                THE UNSETTLED DISPUTE 

By : Neha Shahab

The boundary dispute between Assam and Mizoram dates back nearly a century and a half. Monday, as firing on the inter-state boundary left at least six Assam policemen dead and over 50 individuals injured. Mizoram borders Assam’s Barak Valley, and both border Bangladesh. The boundary between the two states, which runs 165 km today, has a history dating back to the time when Mizoram was a district of Assam and known as Lushai Hills. Boundary demarcations in 1875 and 1933, particularly the second one, are at the heart of the dispute.
The 1875 demarcation, notified on August 20 that year, derived from the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation (BEFR) Act, 1873. It differentiated Lushai Hills from the plains of Cachar in Assam’s Barak Valley. This was done in consultation with Mizo chiefs, and it became the basis for the Inner Line Reserve Forest demarcation in the Gazette two years later.

The 1933 demarcation marks a boundary between Lushai Hills and Manipur, beginning at the tri-junction of Lushai Hills, Cachar district and Manipur. The Mizos do not accept this demarcation on the ground that their chiefs were not consulted this time.

According to Mizo leaders, the only acceptable boundary is the Inner Line of 1875 on the southern frontier of Cachar, notified as per the BEFR Act. (This was subsequently revised in 1878 as it sought to demarcate the Lushai Hills frontier from the plains of Assam.

The dispute has been simmering since Mizoram became a Union Territory in 1972 and then a state in the 1980s. The two states signed an agreement that status quo should be maintained at no-man’s land set up in the boundaries. While alleged transgressions have often happened over the decades, skirmishes have happened very frequently in recent months.

While Assam sees its claimed boundary as transgressed, Mizoram cites unilateral moves by Assam inside Mizoram territory. It alleges that in June last year, Assam officials entered Mamit district and visited some farms; that miscreants entered Kolasib district and burnt down two farm huts; and that Assam officials visited the inter-state border between Vairengte (Mizoram) and Lailapur (Assam) and crossed the duty post manned by the CRPF. Mizoram claims that both Assam and Mizoram authorities have undertaken construction work at Buarchep village of Mizoram, and that the Home Ministry is aware of all these issues.

Last October, Assam Police officers allegedly visited Saihapui ‘V’ in Mizoram and threatened to blockade the inter-state highway. Later that month, the inter-state highway as well as the National Highway connecting the two states was blockaded by individuals at Lailapur in Assam. In November, bombs exploded at Upper Phainuam Lower Primary School in Mizoram. A peace meeting was held between the two states.

In recent months, several huts and small shops have been torched, and violent clashes have taken place on issues as petty as claims over betel nut cultivation, with plantations belonging to two residents of Mizoram allegedly set ablaze. There have been clashes between villagers of Lailapur and Vairengte, and between residents of Karimganj (Assam) and Mamiut (Mizoram).

CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA IS A GREAT EVIL..

The Caste System is a major evil in Indian society.

Originally, India from its past had this caste system in the society. From the kings reign to till the current society, the caste system is in existence. Caste system, in the king’s era did not give rise to discriminations but the recent society made this a great way of discriminating This caste system, in present India, is misleading the society and its citizens towards bad decisions. It is forcing the people even to the things that should not be attempted.

During the king’s reign, the four-fold caste system was followed. The four castes were namely, Brahmins (teachers, intellectuals/priests), Kshatriyas (Warriors/rulers), Vaishyas (Traders, merchants), Shandra (Laborer’s) and the last category are untouchables (cobblers, street sweepers, larine cleaners etc.). According to Hindu Vedas, it is believed that the Brahmins originated from the head of Brahma, Vaishyas from the thigs of Brahma, Sudras from the feet of Brahma and kshatriyas from the hands of Brahma. That’s why Brahmins were given priority and importance, even treated as Guru.

This system coming to the present society is divided into OC Copen Category), OBC (other Backward classes/castes) SC(scheduled Castes), ST (Scheduled tribes). This present (or) recent division gave rise to discriminations and Conflicts in the society. The people who OC feel that they are great and treat the other classes as interiors. The reservations for the lower classes made the administration particularly in education worse..

If observed, the incidents that took place recently because of caste feeling in the people, made us think whether we are living in a human society, and is humanity. existing questions arise in our minds. If considered, a Situation that took place in Hyderabad A couple loved each other and got married, the girl belongs to upper caste and the boy was from lower caste. The girl’s father was not happy with his daughter’s marriage with a low caste boy .Up to what extent this caste feeling took him is, he brutally killed the poor boy as he belonged to the lower caste and married his daughter. This is where we feel, whether the humanity is existing or not.

The worst thing is, people while electing their representative not all, but most of the people vote for the leader of their caste. This is a really sad thing being in a democratic country .Some political leaders also show partial bias on the people of their caste and wish to always favor them. The most dreadful thing is a party representing a particular Caste in India, it might be a regional party or national party. Even though many rules and laws were made, a kind of feeling in the people exists even to this day..

This caste system creates a lot of disturbances in the Society and gives rise to violence among the people. Like the above incident, continuously the same kind of incidents took place; one after the other, here and there in the Country. The politicians fight and criticize each other by naming their castes which makes the term democracy meaningless.

So, this caste system is the greatest evil that is misleading. people into bad thoughts and decisions. This should be eliminated (or removed (or) put an end to it, in order to establish peace in the country). According to Article 17 in the Indian constitution, the act of untouchability was prohibited. But, here and there in society, it is still in practice. Caste system in India is very rigid, and cannot be removed easily. If people are educated then some changes can be expected. But the bad news is even the educated people follow and believe the caste and act accordingly.

Finally, concluding that the caste system in India is a major evil in the society We cannot expect a model society. It cannot be removed easily from the minds of the people. so, a model society con peaceful society can be attained only through the complete eradication of the caste system.

Internet: The Global Village

 Modern technology and the internet has connected us all globally. We can easily watch a music video or film from another country or get updates about the international news within seconds. Be it the Olympics being held in Tokyo or an update from the WHO Headquarters in Geneva, we have access to everything through the internet. It has made us a part of the “Global Village”

“Global Village” was a term coined in 1964 by a media and communication theorist, Marshall McLuhan. McLuhan believed that with the emergence of new electronic media and technological advances, the whole world would be a part of the “Global Village”. He believed that there would be total involvement by each and every person. He called it “one world interconnected by an electronic nervous system.” The electric age will be the age of inclusiveness and deep personal involvement. 

Internet as the global village

On the internet everyone is the producer as well as the consumer of content. People are involved extensively by getting updates, sharing opinions and creating content. The Internet is used for information, education and entertainment. 

The Internet as the Global Village connects us with the world. It leads to cultural intermingling by breaking the cultural barrier and knowing more about cultures of other continents. This cultural impact can be negative or positive. It can lead to the shrinking as well as expanding of world culture. 

It also promotes unity and togetherness among different communities across the world. People express their solidarity or support to other countries through social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook,  Instagram etc. In the black lives matter movement last year, people across the globe united against racism and many used social media to show their protest. 


It has made the flow of information easier. We can receive constant updates across the globe without much effort, just by using the internet. Gone are the days when we had to wait for days to receive a letter. The internet helps in the process of communication across different countries. It is so simple to connect with people worldwide by using social media, calling, texting, video meetings etc. Especially during the pandemic, the world was connected to each other using the internet. 

It has also opened up new job opportunities. People can work from home for a company situated in a different country using the internet or work as a freelancer and have clients from different parts of the world. With the popularization of online meeting apps like Zoom and Google Meet, it has become easy to work virtually, no matter where the company is located. It has also helped in building a new form of trade to different countries. E-commerce has made it easy to buy things from different areas through online payment. 

Internet has connected us with the rest of the world and has built a global community which is similar to what is popularly termed as a Global Village. 


happiness

                 KEY TO HAPPINESS 

By : Neha Shahab 

Positive thinking is the idea that you can change your life by thinking positively about things. Positive thinking builds your skills , boots your health and improves your day to day work. Research shows that positive thinking really does have a scientific basis. You can’t change the world, but you can change how you perceive it and how you react to it. And that can change the way that you feel about yourself and others, which can in turn have a huge effect on your well being. 

Research shows that there are three very good ways to build positive thinking skills:

1. Meditation

People who meditate every day show more positive thinking than those who do not.

2. Writing

 write a blog focusing on positive experiences, or keep a diary.

3. Play

It’s important to make time for yourself to have fun.

Happy people, those with a positive outlook on life, are not just happier, but also seem to achieve much more.

THE QUEEN OF HERBS: TULSI

Tulsi is an aromatic member of the basil family (ocinum tenuiflorum or ocimum sanctum.)Sanskrit meaning of tulsai is the ‘incomparable one’.It is regarded as Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth and the consort of Lord Vishnu. As per the Hindu calendar, the month of Kartik (October-November) is the best month to worship Tulsi as this month is loved by her. Tulsi is ceremonially married to Lord Vishnu annually on the 11th bright day of the month of Karttika in the lunar calendar. This ritual, called the ‘Tulsi Vivaha’ inaugurates the annual marriage season in India. Tulsi is worshiped in Hinduism.
Tulsi is known as the queen of herbs because there has been no herb which offers enormous healthy benefits as Tulsi. In Ayurveda Tulsi is considered as a tonic which retain youth and avoids ageing. The Hindi name for Basil is Tulsi. It is rich in phyto-nutrients. Tulsi contains minerals like vitamin A, beta carotene, potassium, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium. It is a stress buster and a mood elevator. Helps to reduce tension and anxiety. Tulsi is a tonic to heart. Tulsi has world’s best anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-biotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-allergic, anti -disease properties. Intake of Tulsi helps to fight more than 200 diseases like flu, dengue, fever, cough, cold, blood pressure, joint pain, allergy, swollen lungs, tiredness, vomiting, loss of appetite, etc. Everyone should eat Tulsi leaves and drink Tulsi tea everyday for a good health. 

Types of Basil 

There are various types of basil found all over the world. They are categorized into two groups- Holy Basil and Mediterranean Basil.

A. HOLY BASIL

It is also known as Tulsi and the most revered houseplant in India. It is associated with Ayurveda and Hindu religion as goddess of wealth, health and prosperity. The plants have strong medicinal properties compared to second group of species. This small herb is found all over India and is cultivated, worshiped in temples and houses of Hindus. There are 5 popular species of Holy Basil :-

Krishna Tulsi

It is said that Krishna Tulsi got its name because of the purple leaves as Lord Krishna’s skin color is dark according to the Vedas. Krishna Tulsi is also famous for its crispy and peppery taste.Purple Leaf Tulsi is also used to treat throat infections, respiratory system, nasal lesions, earache and skin diseases.

Rama Tulsi

It is also known as ‘Rama Tulsi’, Sri or Lakshmi Tulasi, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Ocimum sanctum. The Green Leaf Tulsi is known for its cooling, mellower taste. This variety of Tulsi is found in China, Brazil, Eastern Nepal, as well as in Bengal, Bihar, Chatgaon and the southern states of India.All the parts of the plant emit a strong aroma. Ram Tulsi has a characteristic fragrance. Crushing its leaves between the palms releases a stronger fragrance than other varieties of Tulsi.

Vana Tulsi 

It is native to India, Sri Lanka, Java and the northern and eastern parts of Africa. The scientific name of Vana Tulsi is Ocimum gratissimum. It can grow up to 2m high with highly aromatic and slightly hairy green leaves. The strong antioxidant activity of Vana Tulsi slows down the ageing process. Vana Tulsi is also known as African tulsi.

Kapoor Tulsi 

This type of tulsi has garnished its name due to the sweet fragrance that can keep insects and mosquitoes at bay. Kapoor tulsi is short in terms of heights and gets the most number of flowers among all different types of the tulsi plant. It is also called heavily flowered basil.

Amrita Tulsi 

Amrita means “immortality” in Sanskrit, and is sometimes translated as “nectar”- thus “nectar of immortality.”Amrita Tulsi also known as a tea basil, holy basil, or tulasi, is an aromatic plant in the family Lamiaceae which is native to the Indian subcontinent and widespread as a cultivated plant throughout the Southeast Asian tropics.Commonly used to make teas with a very pleasing aroma and taste. 

B.MEDITERRANEAN BASIL 

It is known as sweet basil and is the most popular variety of basil found all over the world including Asia, Europe, America and Africa. It is the most consumed herb worldwide . It is used in culinary preparations. Some of the Mediterranean basil are Sweet basil, Thai basil, Purple basil, American basil, lemon basil, African blue basil, Greek basil, Summer long basil, etc.

Morality in Rule of Law

                                                            (Photo: Thought and action)

Rule of Law is the fundamental principle which ensures good governance as well as individual rights and liberties. It says no one is above the law and every person living in a particular society is subject to the law of that society. All other notions associated with the rule of law must also be considered alongside it. It is a mechanism that encourage the equality of all citizens before the law. It also secures a non-arbitrary form of government, and specifically prevents the arbitrary use of power. In general, the rule of law implies that the creation of laws, their enforcement, and the relationships among legal rules are themselves legally regulated, so that no one including the most highly placed official is above the law.

Moralityis a concept that distinguishes right from wrong. It also talks about conduct that is considered acceptable or unacceptable in a particular society. The source of morality is usually considered to be natural law and God’s instructions through sacred documents.

Morals provide a basis for the development of law by virtue of justice, equity, good faith, and conscience. Morality plays an important role in making of law and its interpretation. Morals are an intrinsic part of the laws. In the ancient time morals and laws were considered as one and the same. In the current period though law and morality have several distinctions yet the same are not completely different or distinct. A relationship can be established between morality and law on three grounds: –

1)     morals as the basis of law

2)      morals as test of positive law

3)      morals as the end of law.

According to Stammer “jurisprudence depends much upon moral ideas as just law has a need of ethical doctrine for its complete realization. Positive law and just law correspond to positive morality and rationally grounded ethics. There’s no difference and if any, it is only the difference of manner in which the desire for justice present itself”.

H.L.A Hart believes that there are several relations between law and morals. He was of the view that a legal system must exhibit some specific conformity with morality or justice or must rest on a widely diffused conviction that there is a moral obligation to obey it.

Ronald Dworkin has argued that both laws and constitutions are unavoidably rooted in political and moral principles. The law is not derived logically from accepted true moral principles. Rather, it is established by legislatures that come to agreement on public rules that are shaped by a political consensus about right and wrong.

Rule of law prioritizes the supremacy of law whereas morality prioritizes the moral values and consciences of the subjects of the state. For instance, a man is under no duty to help a beggar or the distressed and can neglect his sick and old parents without the fear of any legal or penal consequences, but morality does not allow a person to do so as it amounted to undesirable conduct condemned by morals and ethics. There is a close relation between the rule of law and morality.  Morality complements the rule of law. But it is a casual relationship, as laws are not made out of moral principles, rather, they are established and shaped by a “legal consensus of right and wrong”. Even though morality is ultimately involved in making and modifying the law, it is never legally binding and does not have constitutional value.  Laws have a marginal origin from the morals and ethics derived in the society which initially monitored the conduct of people, but morality solely cannot be the basis on which law has been derived. An acceptable statement is that both morality as well as rule of law have adapted to the development of society. Sometimes what seems right from the morality point of view may be contrary when viewed from the point of rule of law.  For instance, when a person tries to feed a needy person, by means of theft solely for the purpose of feeding that needy person, morally the act may be justified yet the same may not be the case under rule of law. Because under the concept of rule of law, a person has committed. Therefore, morality has a marginal presence in rule of law whereas it is highly contradictory of the same.

Morality in Rule of Law with reference to H.L.A. Hart theory

Professor Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart (H.L.A. Hart) is an influential legal professor. Hart revolutionized the methods of jurisprudence and the philosophy of law. He authored ‘The Concept of Law’ and made major contributions to political philosophy. Law can be analyzed in terms of rules which is largely based on Hart’s theory of law. According to him, rules are concerned not with what happens but with what is to be done. Rules are imperative or prescriptive rather than indicative or descriptive. Rules have a certain independence or self-legitimating character. Rules are different from commands. Commands normally call for one unique performance whereas rules have a general application and demands repeated activity. According to Hart, ‘Law consists of rules which are of broad application and non-optional character, but which are at the same time amenable to formalization, legislation and adjudication. According to Hart the law consists of primary and secondary rules. Primary rules are duty imposing rules on the citizens and have a legal sanction. Secondary rules are power conferring laws that describe how laws should be recognized, adjudicated or changed. Hart says these rules form the heart of the legal system.

Hart’s version of natural law is empirical. His position is based on a theory of human nature which believes in certain truisms. For example, Hart believes that one truism of human nature is that the overwhelming majority of human beings wish to survive. It means they would rather live than die. If one wish to survive, it is imperative that a society be developed which will help ensure survival. Hart believes there are five features of the human condition which sometimes work against survival, and the legal system must take these into account.  Hart believes that: –

  •      there is the feature of human vulnerability.
  • .     there is the Hobbesian notion of approximate equality.
  • .      human beings possess at best a limited altruism.
  • .      the concept of limited resources governs our actions.
  • .     the idea of limited understanding and strength of will is important to any society.
     Conclusion
    The fundamental principle which ensures good governance as well as individual rights and liberties is the rule of law under which no one is above the law and every person living in a particular society is subject to the law of that society.  Morality, on the other hand, is concept that distinguishes right from wrong and may refer to conduct that is considered acceptable or unacceptable in a particular society.  Coercion and sanction may be important considerations but not the basic elements to make law work. The law is meant to facilitate. It is mechanism that resolves conflicts of interest among individuals. This idea of law brings us to the concept of rule of law which aims to treat every individual equally, irrespective of social status. Under the rule of law, individuals are protected from the element of coercion. Another element of the rule of law is equality, which is often confused with generality. Laws are based on generality and bind everyone, not any singular group. But equality here means that every individual is subject to the same law and procedures and has the same rights. A close relation exists between the rule of law and morality, since morality complements the rule of law. But it should still be considered a casual relationship, as laws are not made out of moral principles, rather, they are established and shaped by a “legal consensus of right and wrong”.