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Puri: First city in India with "Drink-from-Tap" facility

 Puri, located in Odisha, became the first Indian city with 24×7 clean drinking water from tap facility. The “Drink from Tap Project” was inaugurated on 2nd August 2021. The drink from tap facility has been initiated by the Water Corporation of Odisha under the “Sujal” scheme. While inaugurating the project the CM of Odisha claimed that this project will enable the people of Puri to collect water directly from the tap and it would not be necessary to store or filter it further for the purpose of drinking. 

Drink-from-Tap Project

Under the Sujal scheme, the water is taken from the Bhargavi river and then it is channelised to a reservoir. The water is then sent to Samang for water treatment procedures like purification and chlorination. 

Sujal scheme aims to provide clean drinking water from taps to nearly 1.5 million people in 15 towns of Odisha by 2023.  Puri’s water requirement is around 32-34 million litres per day and the plants have been claimed to purify around 42 million litres of water each day. 

The “Drink from Tap” project is said to benefit the 2.5 lakh residents of Puri. As Puri is known as the holy town of Odisha, it would also benefit the 2 crore tourists who visit Puri. Another impact is that it can reduce the number of plastic bottles bought, mostly by tourists. It can drastically reduce the disposal of plastic waste. People can directly consume the water from the 400 fountains installed in the city. 

But it is also important to maintain stringent rules on the quality of water supplied. Contaminated water can pave the way to a number of diseases. Constant monitoring of the water quality is essential. The scheme is in its initial stage and it is imperative to maintain the availability and purity of water in the long run. 

Clean drinking water in India

According to the UNICEF reports, less than half of the people in India have access to safe drinking water. Harmful chemicals such as Arsenic and Fluoride are found in 1.96 million dwellings.  The report also indicates another major concern, that is unavailability of water in many areas. 

School attendance decreases in the areas where children are sent to collect water. They spend hours collecting water which affects their education. In the drought hit states, a 22% rise in school drop out rates was recorded. 

Therefore it is important to ensure the availability of clean drinking water to the people. Safe drinking water is a fundamental aspect of public health.


RESEARCH REPORTS

RESEARCH REPORT

Oral presentation based on the written document or simply the written document that gives the purpose, scope, methodology, findings and finally suggesting the best to the others.

Oral presentations are done by one of the seminar, conferences etc. Written document always starts with the issues and finally gives the solution to the audience.


TYPES OF RESEARCH REPORT

  • Technical report
  • Popular report
  • Analytical report
  • Informative report
  • Descriptive report
  • Comprehensive report
  • Monographs

TECHNICAL REPORT

It is based on the experiment, diagnosis, which we get information and analyze them in a technical way. It is a large documentation of the report as we have technical audience here.

CONTENTS

  • Summary
  • analysis of data
  • research design
  • findings
  • conclusion
  • bibliography
  • conclusions
  • index

POPULAR REPORT

The Report should be made in the simplest language, Objective should be short and sentences to be directed. The Report should be minimized.The Report ‘s emphasis is given based on policy implications. The newspaper information and magazines come under popular report.

CONTENTS
  • Findings
  • recommendation of action
  • pictures and graphs
  • Techniques used 
  • results

ANALYTICAL REPORT

The Report is purely based on the scientific research. Research should be feasible and made easy for understanding purposes.

CONTENTS
  • Table of contents
  • Contrasting views
  • Antithesis
  • Bibliography
  • Appendices

INFORMATIVE REPORT

The Objective should provide information. The Memo should provide a reason.

CONTENTS
  • Introduction
  • Paragraphs
  • Graphics
  • Subheadings

DESCRIPTIVE REPORT

Simple report given by desired information. The actual reports are reinforced by tables.

CONTENTS
  • Graphical form of representations
  • Pie chart
  • Bar chart
  • Frequency distributions

COMPREHENSIVE REPORT

Broader Objective should be determined for future growth. Gathering data and analysis should be done for the alternative solutions. The Report should be elaborated in a detailed way.

CONTENTS
  • pros and cons
  • Basic Research on Issue
  • Benefit in statement of cost

MONOGRAPHS
Special type of book written on specialized topics by the researchers. It looks like a way a book looks like.

CONTENTS
  • Title
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methodology section
  • Literature review
  • Results section
  • Discussion section Conclusion
Hence, these are the important research reports.


SPYWARE

                                                   SPYWARE

BY : NEHA SHAHAB


PEGASUS IS A SPYWARE DEVELOPED BY NSO GROUP , AN ISRAIL SURVEILLANCE FIRM THAT HELPS SPIES HACK INTO PHONES.

 IN 2019 THEN WHATSAPP SUED THE FIRM IN A US COURT , THE MATTER CAME INTO LIGHT. IN JULY 2021 , AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL ALONG WITH 13 MEDIA OUTLETS ACROSS THE GLOBE RELEASED A REPORT ON HOW THE SPYWARE WAS USED TO SNOOP INDIVIDUALS , INCLUDING INDIANS.WHILE NSO CLAIMS THAT ITS SPYWARE IS SOLD ONLY TO GOVERNMENT AND NONE OF THE NATIONS HAVE COME FORWARD TO ACCEPT THE CLAIMS.

THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ON THURSDAY MADE IT CLEAR THAT THE TRUTH HAS TO COME OUT REALLY SOON IN THE PEGASUS SNOOPING ISSUE. 

THIS SPYWARE TARGETED THE MINISTERS , PARLIAMENTARIES , ACTIVISTS , JOURNALISTS , CIVILIANS. IN INDIA , THE NAMES OF 125 POTENTIAL TARGETS OUT OF 300 ODD VERIFIED ONES FROM OVER 2000 INDIAN NUMBER FOUND ON THE LEAKED LIST HAVE BEEN MADE PUBLIC.

FRANCE PRIME MINISTER , EMMANEUL MACRON PHONE NUMBER ARE IN THE LEAKED DATABASE AND HE HAS ASKED THE ISREAL PRIME MINISTER NAFTALI BENETT FOR A PROPER INVESTIGATION.

ITS TIME TO BOOST UP

                                                      ECONOMY BOOST UP

BY : NEHA SHAHAB


INDIA ECONOMY HAS SHOWN SIGNS OF RECOVERY IN JULY AS FACTORY ACTIVITY REBOUNDED  ON THE RISING DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL DEMAND. A FALL IN ACTIVE CASE OF COVID 19 CASES LED TO A ALLOWING BUSINESSESS TO RAMP UP MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY. 

THE REOPENING OF THE ECONOMY HAS LED TO HIGHER DEMAND AND SUPPLY. EXPORTS HAS ALSO WITNESSED A HEALTHY RISE AS ORDERS GREW AT THE FASTEST RATE SINCE APRIL.

EMPLOYMENT HAS ALSO INCREASED FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE MARCH 20 , BREAKING 9 TO 15 MONTH CHAIN OF JOB SHEDDING. HOWEVER , THE PACE OF HIRING REMAINS MILD AND THE COUNTRY JOB CRISIS IS FAR FROM OVER. RISING INFLATION IS ANOTHER MAJOR HURDLE IN THE PATH OF ECONOMY RECOVERY. 

A RECENT POLL CONDUCTED BY NEWS AGENCY REUTERS SIGNALS A FURTHER RISE IN INFLATION DUE TO HIGHER FUEL PRICES. AS THE CASES NOW FALLING THERE IS REASON TO HOPE THAT THE ECONOMY WILL GET BACK TO IMPROVED ACTIVITY IN THE NEXT QUARTER.

DATA USAGE INCREASED

                                                     DATA USAGE INCREASED 

BY : NEHA SHAHAB

 DUE TO THIS PANDEMIC HAS FORCED ECONOMIES ALL OVER THE WORLD TO GO INTO LOCKDOWN. OFFICIAL DATA SHOWS THAT THE DATA USAGE HAS BEEN INCREASED 400% IN RURAL AREAS. IT INDICATING THE LARGE APPETITE FOR INTERNET CONNECTIVITY.

INDIA CURRENTLY HAS 504 MILLION INTERNET USERS MAKING IT IS SECOND LARGEST INTERNET MARKET IN THE WORLD , SECOND ONLY TO CHINA WHICH HAS 850 MILLION. RURAL CONSUMPTION NOW ACCOUNT FOR ROUGHLY 45% OF OVERALL MOBILE DATA USAGE AND URBAN USAGE MARKET UP 55%.

THE MONTH OF JUNE SAW THE RURAL DATA USAGE INCREASED BY 30-35% WHEREAS THAT IN URBAN GREW BY 15-29%. COMPANIES LIKE RELIANCE JIO AND BHARTI AIRTEL ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXPANSION OF RURAL MOBILE USER BASE.

ACCORDING TO THE LATEST DATA OF A TELECOM REGULATOR JIO AND AIRTEL ADDED 2.76 MILLION AND 1.46 MILLION RURAL MOBILE USERS BETWEEN JUNE AND AUGUST. MOBILE DATA TRAFFIC IS GROWING AS MORE INDIANS SPENT TIME STREAMING LIVE VIDEOS WHICH IS EXPECTED TO ACCOUNT FOR 75% OF OVERALL MOBILE TRAFFIC BY 2024. A STUDY SUGGEST THAT BY 2025 RURAL INDIA WILL LIKELY HAVE MORE INTERNET USERS THAN URBAN INDIA. 

A LATEST REPORT BY THE INTERNET AND MOBILE ASSOCIATION OF INDIA ( IAMAI ). THE REPORT HIGHLIGHTED A GREATER INCREASE A FEMALE INTERNET USERS BY 27% AS COMPARED TO MAKE INTERNET USERS BY 9%. 

THE GROWTH IN INDIA INTERNET USERS ESPECIALLY IN THE RURAL AREAS HAS WITNESSED A BOOST MAJORITY BECAUSE OF CHEAP DATA PLANS AND ACCESSIBILITY TO AFFORDABLE SERVICES FOR ACCESSING THE INTERNET WAS MOBILE IN BOTH RURAL AND URBAN AREAS.

The Old Man

                               (Photo: iStock)

It was the first day of college.  I was very nervous as I have always been an introvert. Our Professor introduced himself and challenged us to get to know each other and make some good friends.

I looked around when a gentle hand touched my shoulder. I turned around to find a wrinkled, little old man beaming up at me with a smile.

He said, “Hi beautiful. My name is Ramesh. I am eighty-five years old.” I was so delighted to see him. My enthusiasm led me to ask him, “Why are you in college at such a young age?” He laughed and replied, “I’m here to find a beautiful girl for me to get married and have kids.” Then I curiously asked him to answer me seriously as I really wanted to know what motivated him to join college at this age.

“I always dream of having a college education and now I’m getting one!” He told me. We became instant friends. We used to sit with each other in the class  and talk nonstop. His life seemed to me like a “time machine”. He shared his wisdom and experience with me. 

Over the course of the year, Ramesh became a campus icon. He was just like us, very cool. He was living it up.

At the end of the semester we invited Ramesh to speak at the farewell. I’ll never forget what he taught us. As he began to deliver his prepared speech, he dropped his three by five cards on the floor. Frustrated and a little embarrassed he leaned into the microphone and simply said, “I’m sorry, I’m so jittery. I had whiskey and it’s killing me. I’ll never get my speech back in order so let me just tell you what I know.”

As we laughed he cleared his throat and began, ”We do not stop playing because we are old; we grow old because we stop playing. There are only four secrets to staying young, being happy, and achieving success. You have to laugh and find humor every day.”

You’ve got to have a dream. When you lose your dreams, you die. If you are nineteen years old and lie in bed for one full year and don’t do one productive thing, you will turn twenty years old. If I am eighty-five years old and stay in bed for a year and never do anything I will turn eighty-six.

Anybody can grow older. That doesn’t take any talent or ability. The idea is to grow up by always finding an opportunity in change. Have no regrets. He concluded his speech.

One week after graduation Ramesh died peacefully in his sleep. Many people attended his funeral in tribute to the wonderful man who taught by example that it’s never too late to be all you can possibly be.

REMEMBER GROWING OLDER IS MANDATORY. GROWING UP IS OPTIONAL. 

We make a living by what we get. We make a life by what we give. 

One of the biggest names in martial arts : Bruce Lee

 

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A still from a movie done by Bruce Lee

Bruce Lee is a great Chinese personality, who is called by people as the best martial artist in the world. Lee is a martial artist as well as a Hong-Kong and American actor, philosopher, producer, director, screenwriter, and founder of the Jeet Kune Do martial arts. He had made a place in the hearts of people in a very short time with his work, due to which he was forever called one of the best martial artists.

He entered films at a young age and became famous as a child artist. He very soon became a martial arts instructor while doing his acting and martial arts work. People liked him a lot. But he died at the age of 32. Complete information about his life has been given in this article.

Introduction to Bruce Lee :

  1. Name– Bruce Lee
  2. Full Name– Lee Jun-fen
  3. Born– 27 November 1940
  4. Place of Birth– Chinatown, San Francisco, California, U.S.
  5. Nationality– Chinese, American
  6. Father– Lee Hoi-Chuen
  7. Mother– Grace Ho
  8. Siblings– Phoebe Lee, Agnes Lee, Peter Lee, Robert Lee
  9. Wife– Linda Lee Cadwell
  10. Kids– Brandon Lee, Shanan Lee
  11. Death– July 20, 1973
  12. Death Place– Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

Bruce Lee’s Early Life :

Bruce Lee’s father was Lee Hoi-Chuen and his mother was Grace Ho. His family shifted to Hong Kong when he was three months old. Lee had four other siblings. He belonged to an affluent family, but was still involved in street fights and gang revelries, which was necessary for him to be trained in martial arts. His first teacher was his father, who taught Lee the basics.

At the age of 13, he began training for Wing Chun under Yip Man. He was taken to learn the art of Wing Chun privately from Yip Man and Wong Shun Leung due to their mixed lineage tradition. Academically, Lee received his early education at La Salle College. But due to not getting good marks, he was removed from there and put in ‘St. Francis Xavier’s College’.

His participation in street fights continued until 1959, relocating to San Francisco. Lee’s parents were deeply troubled by his violent behavior, and they wanted to leave Hong Kong for a safe and healthy avenue. After a few months in San Francisco, he moved to Seattle, where he enrolled to complete his further education at Edison Technical School. Meanwhile he worked as a live-in waiter for Ruby’s Chow’s restaurant. In 1961, he joined the University of Washington where he majored in drama. This is how his early life was spent.

Career :

Bruce Lee learned to speak monosyllabic words as a child before the start of his career. His father, who was a Cantonese opera star, was associated with the film background, from where his career started. He was only three months old when he did his first film “Golden Gate Girl”. The early years of his life were eventful since making his debut in the world of spectacle.

Due to this an actor was born in him and his acting skills went on increasing with every film, he did about 18 to 20 films at that time. After acting from 1959 to 1964, he left his acting career and made martial arts his profession. He started this as a teacher of kung-fu. With his time, he opened his own martial arts school in Seattle named “Lee Jun Fen Gung Fu Institute”.

In 1964, he left his college to join James Lee, a renowned martial arts instructor from Oakland. Together they opened another school in the same city, which was named Jun Fen Martial Arts Studio. In 1964, Lee competed in the Long Beach International Karate Championships, where he was popularized by his ‘2-finger push-up’ and ‘one-inch punch’.

After this he went there where he met Taekwondo master Zhu Gu Ri, there they became friends immediately and it was beneficial for both the artists. He performed very well in an event in 1967. Meanwhile, he had a personal match with Wong Jack Man, which he won. Although the result of the match was declared unanimously, there were two versions regarding its proceedings.

His exceptional performance at the Long Beach Karate Championship brought him into the limelight of Hollywood directors. His first acting stint as a mature adult was in the TV series ‘The Green Hornet’. The show started in 1966 and ran its first season till 1967.

From 1967 to 1969, she was invited as a guest in many TV series, including TV series like ‘Ironside’, ‘Here Comes the Brides’ and ‘Blondie’. In between his acting, he used to take some time out to concentrate on his martial arts as well. He realized that he was too rigid in traditional martial arts techniques. They created a new system that required them to be prepared in traits such as practicality, flexibility, speed and efficiency.

This happened when Jeet Kung Do paved the way for the intercepting fist. In 1969, he went as a guest in the film ‘Marlov’. However, he lacked the bias and key role, leaving Los Angeles for Hong Kong in the summer of 1971. Upon arriving in Hong Kong, Lee signed two films.

In 1972, he was an actor, writer, director, star and choreographer for a fight scene in the film ‘Way of Dragon’. In the same year, he got another film offer, which was named ‘Inter the Dragon’. The film was to be released on 26 July 1973. In this way he had a career in film and martial arts.

His Major Works :

Bruce Lee, an eminent martial arts artist, has done many films and TV shows. One of the films that made the most of the headlines as well as made him a hero, was The Golden Harvest and Inter de Dragon by Warner Bros Productions. The film grossed worldwide and earned about $ 200 million. This was his biggest success.

His Death :

He suddenly collapsed on 10 May 1973, when he was dubbing for the film ‘Inter the Dragon’ even after going through a headache and seizure. Immediately, he was admitted to the Baptist Hospital in Hong Kong, where he was diagnosed with cerebral edema. He was cured of the first illness. After this, on 20 July 1973, he was scheduled to meet James Bond star, George Lazenby, to which they agreed and arranged a meeting with Raymond Chow and Betty Ting Pie at Letter’s Residence to discuss the script for the film ‘Games of Death’ they wanted to make with Lazenby. He complained of headache and took the pain killer. He lay down to take a nap, and this was his last nap.

He was taken to Queen Elizabeth Hospital, where he was pronounced dead. His body was examined, in which it was found that the Meprobamate ingredient had caused an allergic reaction, due to which he died. He was buried in his wife’s hometown at Lakeview Cemetery in Seattle. In order to preserve his home in Hong Kong, it was announced that it has been converted into a tourist site by a philanthropist, Yu Pang-li.

Achievements :

  • After his death, his name was listed in Time magazine’s list of the “100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century”.
    
  • In 2013, he was honored with the prestigious Founder’s Awards at the Asian Awards. A statue of him was unveiled that same year in Chinatown, Los Angeles. The 7 foot tall statue was erected in Guangzhou, China, and proudly admires his achievements as a martial arts instructor to this day.

Some interesting facts about Bruce Lee :

  • Bruce Lee was born in San Francisco.
  • One of Bruce Lee’s secret hobbies was writing poetry and in fact he was very good at it.
  • Bruce Lee was one of Hong Kong’s most prominent child actors, having done 20 films by the time he was just 18 years old.
  • When Bruce was 13, he was taught ‘Wing Chun’ by Grandmaster ‘Y’ Ip.
  • Bruce Lee also belonged to Germany, because his mother was from Germany.
  • Jackie Chan started his career as a stuntman in Bruce Lee’s Fist of Fury and Inter the Dragon.
  • Once when asked who would win the fight to the death, Chunk Norris said – “Surely Bruce Lee, no one can beat him”.
  • Bruce Lee was also known as a great cha-cha dancer, he also won the Hong Kong cha-cha championship in 1958.
  • Bruce Lee’s last film ‘Games of Death’ also includes the scene of his actual funeral, in which he was inside the coffin.
  • Bruce Lee also demonstrated a ONE INCH PUNCH with which he could throw his opponent 6 feet far on the floor with just one inch gap between him and his opponent.

Myanmar coup: Aung San Suu Kyi used to defend the army but what will she do now?

 

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Aung San Suu Kyi: The Burmese Leader

In 2018, a year after the alleged genocide of Rohingya Muslims, Aung San Suu Kyi could not stop praising the military rulers in her cabinet. At that time she was defending them at every step, while most of the world were criticising the military action against the minority Rohingya Muslims.

Now three years later, when she is once again under house arrest and the main victim of this coup, her decision to defend the army appears to be ‘a bad decision’. It is difficult whether Suu Kyi then defended the army for personal, political or patriotic reasons. But her supporters will tell you that she was in difficult situation and it was difficult for her to go against the current.

While her critics say that she could have said at least two words to share the pain of Rohingya Muslims at that time. Well, whatever it is now, the prospects of a democratic Myanmar are scare at the moment.

Suu Kyi’s image is believed to have tarnished, but she still has huge fans in Myanmar and her popularity cannot be understated. In the recently held elections, Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy party won over 80 percent of the vote. This was his big victory. Even today, Suu Kyi’s posters, paintings and calendars that you see everywhere when you walk through the street of Yangon city point to the popularity of ‘Mother Suu Kyi’.

However, now there is noise of protesters in these streets. They are registering their protest by playing utensils and they want Suu Kyi to be released. Traditionally in Myanmar, it is customary to play utensils ‘ to drive away ghosts(evil spirits)’. People are writing on social media that ‘they are now playing utensils to drive away the army, so that Aung San Suu Kyi can be free’.

Wai Nu, a social activist working for the rights of Rohingya Muslims, posted a video of the streets of Yangon on social media, with her writing that “it is very painful to watch”.

“In this footage, a picture that caught my attention was a symbol of Myanmar’s violent and tragic history. The photo flashed by smartphone lights was of General Aung San, the father of Aung San Suu Kyi, who is still talked about in Myanmar to this fay. Spoken with respect. He was assassinated before he got independence from British rule. His popularity was very high then.

He was also the founder of the modern Burmese Army, also known as Tatmadaw. The same army has now taken his daughter captive and once again snatched her freedom.

People believe that the earlier movements in Myanmar – whether it was the 1988 and 2007 movements – were all forgot on the ground. But this time the fight has to be online. Facebook is said to be the most important platform in this which is used the most in Myanmar. Facebook is the main medium for sharing news and perspectives in Myanmar. This is the reason why Myanmar’s military first banned Facebook after the coup.

Operation Polo: An operation lead by real iron man of India

 

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Pre- Independence Hyderabad

Operation Polo is called the military campaign after which the princely states of Hyderabad and Brar joined the Indian Union. This was needed because the Nizam of Hyderabad Osman Ali Khan Asif Jah VII decided to remain independent after the partition of the country. The continuation of an independent princely state in India was not acceptable to the government. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the principal architect of India’s political integration, made it his priority.

Attempts were made to persuade the Nizam but he refused to sign the treaty. The army was sent in defeat and Hyderabad joined the Indian Union on 12 September 1948.

Emergency-like situation was created for the first time in India on September 13, 1948. This was different from the Indira Emergency of 1975. On this day 36,000 soldiers of India camped in Hyderabad. From 13 to 17 September, there took place a genocide which shook whole Hyderabad. It was said that thousands of people were shot standing in line. The army called it ‘Operation Polo’. In some part it was also called ‘Operation Caterpillar’. Sardar Patel told the world that it was ‘police action’. Read the story of Hyderabad meeting in India.

One of the world’s richest people, Nizam wanted a separate country:

निज़ाम

Nizam of Hyderabad

After the independence of India, many princely states wanted their separate country. But the Indian government was not ready for this. Because it was not possible. No argument went in favor of his point. As a result, either out of love or reprimand, everyone had to unite with India. But some princely states had made up their mind to challenge India. One of these princely states was the princely state of Hyderabad.

Here the lineage of Asafjah who came from Samarkand used to run. These people were the governors of this princely state on behalf of the Mughals. After Aurangzeb, they were ruled here. They were called Nizams. So in 1948, Nizam Osman Ali Khan Asafjah used to rule the seventh subject, which was mostly Hindus. The Nizam was one of the richest people in the world at that time.

The Nizam’s dream was to have a separate country of its own. For this, apart from his army, he had made a separate army. In which there were people from the Muslim community. They were called Razakars. Before this, the Nizam had also gone to the British government. That they should have their own country under the Commonwealth.

But Mountbatten refused. A. G. Noorani has written that Nehru wanted to settle the matter through dialogue. But Sardar Patel did not have the patience to talk.

Agreements were broken, talk reached from country to America:

Till now there was an agreement with Hyderabad that you should run your state now. Just the Government of India will see your foreign relations. Also you don’t have to have any relation with Pakistan. But the princely state of Hyderabad had also given crores of rupees to Pakistan. Due to this, both the parties kept accusing each other of breaking the agreement.

The princely state alleged that the Indian government was besieging them from all sides. The government said that you are not even using our currency. Weapons are being imported from Pakistan. Razakar’s army is being built. What do you want?

रजाकार

Razakars

Mountbatten again placed an agreement in June 1948. According to this, everything will continue as it is. Nizam will remain head of state. But gradually the decision of the people will be brought. The Government of India agreed. But the Nizam was not ready. He wanted complete swaraj. For this, he also sought the help of the UN and US President Harry Truman. But not found. Those people didn’t say anything.

The head of the Razakars who wanted an Islamic country was sent to Pakistan:

There was already communal tension in Hyderabad. At the same time there was opposition to Telangana. At the same time a group of Muslims was formed, MIM, headed by Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung. After his death, Qasim Rizvi became the chief. Qasim was the leader of the Razakars. The purpose of these people was to create an Islamic state. They did not believe in democracy. These people spread terror.

Whoever was against him was his enemy. Communists and Muslims who were different from him were also his targets. The main target were Hindus. As a result, thousands of people were killed. Women were raped. They felt that by doing this their great kingdom would become.

The patience of the Indian government was broken. Sardar Patel sent an army contingent to Hyderabad. After the arrival of the army, there was a fierce battle for 5 days. Because of telling police action, no other country in the world has put its hand. As soon as the military action was called, the rest of the countries of the world would have accused India that India has attacked any other country. The Razakars were completely ruined. Qasim was put in jail.

His office Darussalam was made a fire station. MIM leaders were sent to Pakistan or stopped from going out in public. Later, Qasim was given two days’ time on his release from jail to go to Pakistan. When Qasim got two days’ time, the biggest question in front of him was what would happen to MIM now. For this a meeting of MIM was held.

A lawyer named Abdul Wahid Owaisi was also present in this meeting. He took the responsibility on his shoulders. Changed the name of the party to AIMIM i.e. All India Majliye-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen. This is the same party which is now run by Owaisi bhai.

ऑपरेशन पोलो के बाद नेहरू, निज़ाम और जे एन चौधरी

Nehru, Nizam of Hyderabad and J.N.Chaudhary

There were allegations against the Indian Army, the report came after 65 years:

हैदराबाद के मेजर जनरल सैयद अहमद भारत के मेजर जनरल जे एन चौधरी को सरेंडर करते हुए

Major General Syed Ahmed of Hyderabad surrendering to Major General JN Choudhary of India

There were many allegations on this fight. It was alleged that the people of the army and civil had started looting and rape in Hyderabad. But all these things were not allowed to come out. Sunder Lal Committee was also formed for this. But it took 65 years for its report to come out! This report came out in 2013. According to many people, 10-40 thousand people were killed in this fight. Some say that close to two lakh people died!

The report has clearly given the details of robbery and rape in Hyderabad State. Hyderabad was merged with India, but it had to pay a heavy price for it.

Why the disintegration of Soviet Union was surprising?

 

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Pictorial representation of USSR disintegration

Before we start on the topic here is a fun fact the Soviet Union covered the one-sixth portion of the whole world.

The Soviet Union, a group of 15 republican factions, broke up overnight and it was such a big break that even today after 30 years its tremors are being felt.

How the Soviet Union, which influenced the history, economy, ideology and technology of the 20th century, was torn apart in one night. Born of the Communist Revolution of Russia in 1917, people of at least 100 nationalities lived in the Soviet Union and they owned one-sixth of the earth. An empire that defeated Hitler, waged a cold war with America and took part in a nuclear race. Also played a role in the Vietnam and Cuban revolutions.

The empire that sent the first satellite into space and also the first man. His name was Yuri Gagarin. The Soviet Union also remained at the forefront of sports, dance, cinema, literature, art and science. Archie Brown, professor at Oxford University and an expert on Soviet policies, says, ‘The speed with which the Soviet Union broke up in a single night was astonishing to everyone.’

Many other experts, including Brown, consider many reasons responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. That disintegration, which happened on a Christmas night in 1991.

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Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin

1. Dictatorship and Centralized Governance:

The Soviet Union was formed in 1917. When the Bolshevik Revolution took place and the Russian Empire was abolished by ousting Tsar Nicholas II from power. In 1922, under the leadership of Lenin, far-flung states were merged into Russia and the USSR was officially established, headed by Vladimir Lenin. It was obvious that it would not be easy to control such a complex and diverse country.

The Soviet Union tried to become a democracy by breaking away from the Tsar’s dictatorship. But eventually dictatorship was established, with Stalin being the most prominent dictator. Later on, a kind of parliament was formed, which was called Supreme Soviet, but all the decisions were taken by the Communist Party. From choosing the head of the country, every decision was taken by a small committee of the party, which was called the Politburo.

From the time of Stalin, the party’s control over politics, economy and common life went on. Opponents were sent to Gulag. Gulag, where people were tortured. Lakhs of people died in Gulag.

2. ‘Hellish’ Bureaucracy:

Dictatorship and centralized rule also led to an extensive bureaucracy in the Soviet Union, whose control extended to every corner of society. That is, you have to go through the process of paper, stamp and identification for everything. Oxford professor Archie Brown says, this bureaucracy made the Soviet Union a difficult country.

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Karl Marx

3. Failing Economy:

The economy of the Soviet Union was inspired by the principles of Karl Marx, who considered the resources of production, distribution and exchange to be the property of society. The economy ran on the basis of five year plans. Most of the population of the Soviet Union was employed in industry and agriculture.

But despite this, the Soviet Union lagged behind America in the economy. And in the 1980s, the GDP of the Soviet Union fell to half that of the United States.

4. Best Education:

Education initiation in the Soviet Union was excellent and millions of people were educated. Gradually, the restrictions on external connections were reduced and people began to know about the world. Gradually it happened that social groups of better educated people started being formed which became influential. He became an advocate of Gorbachoff’s economic reforms, which were announced in the nineties.

Gorbachoff’s Reforms:

According to Brown, although the reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union were many, the most important reason was Gorbachev himself. His coming to power was a big deal in itself. He came to power to change the Soviet system, that is, he was about to dig his own grave. When he became the General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1985, he began a reform program because of a poor economy and an inefficient political structure.

He started two policies named perestroika (reducing government control) and glasnost. Gorbachoff felt that this would benefit the private sector. Innovation will increase and later on foreign investment will also be in the Soviet Union. He gave the workers the right to strike so that they could demand better wages and working conditions.

Under Glasnost, there was an attempt to adopt openness and transparency. The ban on books by authors such as Solzhenitsyn and George Orwell was lifted. Political prisoners were released and newspapers were encouraged to criticize the government’s policies.

Elections were attempted for the first time and the Communist Party was involved in it:

As a result, people queued up to buy more ration. Prices started rising and people started getting upset with Gorbachoff’s rule. Gorbachev resigned on the night of 25 December of the same year, and the next day the document was signed, separating all parts of the Soviet Union.

Archie Brown says, ‘It did not happen that the economic and political crisis led to liberalization and democracy started.’ According to him it was all the opposite. Due to liberalization and democratization, the system reached a period of crisis and the Soviet Union broke up. They say that if Gorbachoff’s economic reforms had not taken place, then perhaps the Soviet Union would still exist today.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Biography: Early Life, Education, Career, Books, Awards and More

 

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Our Missile Man

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was an Indian scientist and politician who played a leading role in the development of India’s missile and nuclear weapons programs. Come, through this article, Dr. A.P.J. Let us study about Abdul Kalam’s early life, career, education, awards, etc.

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s involvement in nuclear energy in India earned him the title “Missile Man of India”. Due to his contribution, the Government of India honored him with the highest civilian award.

Let us tell you that the Union Information and Broadcasting Minister Prakash Javadekar on 9 February 2020 in New Delhi, Dr. APJ. The first look of Abdul Kalam’s biopic was released. The title of the movie is A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The Missile Man (APJ Abdul Kalam: The Missile Man).

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931. His birth anniversary is celebrated as World Students Day. He was the President of India from 2002 to 2007. He was honored with several prestigious awards including the “Bharat Ratna”, India’s highest civilian honor in 1997. He was born in Dhanushkodi, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering.

Name: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam)
Nationality: Indian
Occupation: Engineer, Scientist, Writer, Professor, Politician
Born: 15-Oct-1931
Place of Birth: Dhanushkodi, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India
Died: 27 July 2015, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Famous As: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was the President from 2002 to 2007

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was elected President in the year 2002 against Lakshmi Sehgal. Before becoming the President of India, he worked as an aerospace engineer with the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO).

He was nicknamed the ‘Missile Man of India’ for his important role in the country’s space programme, launch vehicle and ballistic missile technology development. In addition, in 1998, he also contributed significantly to India’s Pokhran-II nuclear tests.

Do you know that Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam started his career as a scientist in which Aeronautical Development Establishment of Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO)? He also served as a project director of India’s first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) at ISRO.

In the 1990s, he served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister before becoming the President of India in 2002. Come now, through this article, Dr. A.P.J. Let us study in detail about Abdul Kalam.

Family history and early life:

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 in Rameswaram in a Tamil Muslim family. His father’s name was Jainulabdeen, who was a sailor. His mother’s name was Aseemma and she was a housewife. These were a total of five siblings, three elder brothers and one elder sister.

His eldest sister named Asim Zohra and three elder brothers, namely Qasim Mohammad, Mustafa Kamal, Mohd Muthu Meera Lebai Marikayar. He was close to his family and always helped them, although he remained a bachelor all his life.

Abdul Kalam’s ancestors were wealthy merchants and landowners with many properties and large tracts of land. They traded groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from Sri Lanka, and ferrying pilgrims from the mainland to Pamban Island. So, his family came to be known as “Mara Kalam Iyakkivar” (wooden boatman) and later as “Marakier”.

But by the 1920s, his family’s businesses failed and by the time Abdul Kalam was born, he was struggling with poverty. To help the family, Kalam started selling newspapers at an early age.

During his school days, he was normal in studies, but was always ready and ready to learn new things. He wanted to learn things and used to concentrate on his studies for hours. His main interest was in mathematics.

He completed his matriculation from Schwartz Higher Secondary School, Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu and later joined St. Joseph’s College and graduated in Physics in 1954. In 1955 he moved to Madras from where he studied Aerospace at the Institute of Technology. His dream of taking engineering education was to become a fighter pilot, but he secured ninth position in the examination, while the IAF had declared only eight results. So he could not succeed in that.

Education and career:

After completing his graduation in the year 1960, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defense Research and Development Organization as a scientist.

He also worked with renowned scientist Vikram Sarabhai as part of the committee of INCOSPAR (National Committee of India). He started his career by designing a small hovercraft in DRDO. Early in his career, he designed a small helicopter for the Indian Army. From 1963 to 1964, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam visited Defense Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, Wallops Flight Efficiency on the East Coast of Virginia and NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.

He started working independently on an expandable rocket project at DRDO in 1965. He was not very satisfied with his work in DRDO and was happy when he got transfer orders to ISRO in 1969. There he served as the Project Director of SLV-III. In July 1980, his team was successful in placing the Rohini satellite near Earth’s orbit. It is India’s first indigenously designed and built satellite launch vehicle.

Abdul Kalam received the approval of the government in 1969 and expanded the program to include more engineers. In the 1970s, he made an effort to develop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) so that India could launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite into Sun-Synchronous orbit, the PSLV project was successful and on 20 September On 1993, it was launched for the first time.

Dr Kalam’s efforts in the development of projects of SLV-3 and Polar SLV from the year 1970 to 1990 proved to be quite successful. Dr Kalam directed Project Valiant and Project Devil which aimed to develop ballistic missiles using the technology of the SLV programme, which was also successful.

An Indian Defense Ministry managed by DRDO along with other government organizations launched the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) in the early 1980s. Abdul Kalam was asked to lead the project and hence he returned to DRDO as the Chief Executive Officer of IGMDP. Due to his instructions, it was successful to make other missiles like Agni missile, Prithvi.

Under the leadership of Abdul Kalam, the project of IGMDP proved successful by producing missiles like the first Prithvi missile in 1988 and then Agni missile in 1989. Due to his contribution, he is known as the “Missile Man of India”. He served as Secretary, Defense Research and Development Organization from July 1992 to December 1999, and was also the Chief Scientific Advisor to the Prime Minister.

Dr. Kalam played an important technical and political role in the Pokhran II nuclear test during this period and the then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee declared India a full-fledged nuclear state.

Did you know that in 1998, Abdul Kalam ji along with cardiologist Dr. Soma Raju developed a low cost coronary stent? Which was later named as “Kalam-Raju Stent”. Apart from this, both these people also designed tablet PC for health care in rural areas which was named “Kalam-Raju Tablet”.

Term as President of India (2002 to 2007):

  • On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government elected Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s name was proposed to the Leader of the Opposition, Congress President Sonia Gandhi.
  • Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam served as the President of India from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007. He was the first single and scientist to live in Rashtrapati Bhavan.
  • Do you know that he got around 922,884 votes in the presidential election and won the election by defeating Laxmi Sehgal of the opposition?
  • KR Narayanan was followed by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam became the 11th President of India.
  • He was the third President of India to receive the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award. Prior to this, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was conferred this honor in the year 1954 and Dr. Zakir Hussain in the year 1963.
  • Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was also known as People’s President.
  • According to him, the most difficult decision taken by him as President was to sign the bill of Office of Profit.
  • During his five-year tenure, he remained committed to his vision of transforming India into a developed nation.
  • However, he was also criticized as a President for his inaction to decide the fate of the mercy petitions of 20 out of 21 people, including Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted for the December 2001 Parliament attacks had gone.
  • He decided not to contest the presidential election again in 2007 and stepped down as President on 25 July 2007.

The demise of great personality:

On 27 July 2015, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was delivering a lecture at IIM Shillong, where he suffered a heart attack and his condition became critical, therefore, he was shifted to Bethany Hospital, where he later died of a cardiac arrest. His last words to Shrijan Pal Singh were “Funny guy! Are you doing well?”

On 30 July 2015, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s last rites took place near his ancestral village Rameshwaram. Did you know that around 350,000 people attended Kalam’s funeral rites, including the Prime Minister of India, the Governor of Tamil Nadu and the Chief Ministers of Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh?

Awards and Achievements:

  • In 1981, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India.
    In 1990, was awarded the Padma Vibhushan.
  • In 1997, was awarded the highest civilian award like Bharat Ratna.
  • In 1998, was awarded the Veer Savarkar Award.
    In 2000, Alvaras Research Centre, Chennai presented him with Ramanujan Award.
  • In 2007, Britain was awarded the King Charles II Medal by the Royal Society.
  • In 2008, he was awarded the Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa) degree from Nanyang Technical University, Singapore.
  • In 2009, awarded the Hoover Medal by the ASME Foundation of America
  • In 2010, the University of Waterloo honored Dr. Kalam with a Doctor of Engineering.
  • In 2011, he became an honorary member of the IEEE.
  • In 2013, he was awarded the Von Braun Prize by the National Space Society.
  • In 2014, he was awarded the Doctor of Science degree by the University of Edinburgh, UK.
  • Dr. Kalam was the recipient of honorary doctorates from about 40 universities.
  • In 2015, the United Nations recognized Dr. Kalam’s birthday as “World Students’ Day”.



The Fall of Wall Of Berlin

 

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East German soldiers building the wall of Berlin

After the end of World War II, the city of Berlin had become a peculiar situation. It was transformed into an island-like city, which was occupied by four countries. Each country divided Berlin into its own sectors. These four countries were the Soviet Union, America, Britain and France. In 1948, efforts began to bring into existence a separate country, West Germany, and Stalin had objections to it. Stalin cut off the parts of West Berlin adjoining his sector from West Germany in revenge.

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The Berlin Wall began with barbed fences and was replaced by concrete structures.

Things became such that West Berlin became a permanent neck bone for the surrounding areas of East Germany, and things changed dramatically in the blink of an eye on August 13, 1961.

The Wall of Berlin:

It was one o’clock in the morning, when the border police and armed forces of East Germany were deployed along the borders of the Soviet sector. On the other side in front of them were the police of America, Britain, France and West Berlin. Large-scale barbed wire installation began on the East German side, concrete poles erected in a hurry. Even the pre-existing lampposts were also being used for siege.

Four days later, regardless of West Germany, construction of a more permanent concrete structure was started in East Germany. This was the Berlin Wall. One issue was also the exodus from East Germany to the West. Every sixth person from East Germany went to West Germany and this exodus took place via Berlin.

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This wall suddenly separated the people who were neighbours till yesterday

Escape from East Germany:

After 1958, the years of the communist administration began to rise in view of the way doctors, professors and engineers were leaving East Germany and going west. A policy of strictness and leniency at the same time had failed to deter people from leaving East Germany. It was also agreed between the four countries running Berlin that the borders of the areas under their control in the city would be kept open.

But this condition was only facilitating the exodus from East Germany. In May 1960, East Germany’s notorious intelligence police was formed, but this too was able to catch only one in five people who fled.

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In July 1961, Nikita Khrushchev accepted the request of East German leaders Walter Ulbricht to allow the construction of the wall dividing Berlin

Siege of Berlin:

The result of the meeting was that in late July, the Soviet Union approved plans to build the Berlin Wall. The plan to build the wall was kept secret so as not to cause a stampede among those who wanted to leave East Germany. The Soviet Union made the decision just a day after President Kennedy’s speech on July 26, 1961. Khrushchev, through the Soviet Union’s ambassador to East Germany, sent Walter Ulbricht a message of siege through the barbed fence of Berlin.

The message was clear, this work must in any case be completed before the end of the peace agreement. In reality, the leaders of the Soviet Union were rekindling the same diplomatic crisis that they had laid in November 1958.

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US President Kennedy made it clear in his speech that he was ready to go to war for the protection of West Berlin.

What happened in 1958:

The Soviet Union at that time told the Western powers to agree to a peace deal or to evacuate West Berlin. Then the Western powers were forced to recognize East Germany as an independent country under this peace agreement and the German Democratic Republic came into existence. It had all three roads, railways and air traffic.

Kennedy made it clear in his speech that he was ready to go to the extent of war to save West Berlin, but he remained silent on the issue of East Berlin. And that’s what happened as expected. The communists got complete freedom in their area. However, the world saw East Germany as a puppet country of the Soviet Union. Upon gaining sovereignty, East Germany gained control of the routes connecting West Berlin to West Germany.

It had all three roads, railways and air traffic. Kennedy made it clear in his speech that he was ready to go to the extent of war to save West Berlin, but he remained silent on the issue of East Berlin. And that’s what happened as expected. The communists got complete freedom in their area.

Implementing the plan:

After this ‘Operation Pink’ started. Work began on the plan for the siege of West Berlin in a very secret way. Many top government officials were kept unaware of this plan. It is said that only 60 people in East Germany knew that something like this was going to happen. Erik Honecker, who held the number two position in the East Germany Communist Party, was also one of them. A decade later, he became the leader of East Germany.

This work was to start on Saturday night and be completed by Sunday morning. The Communist Party had bitter memories of the June 17, 1953 attack. On 24 July, the party’s security department calculated that 27,000 people would need to be employed and 500 tons of barbed wire would be required.

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The Soviet Union and East Germany deployed tanks to support the siege of Berlin.

An uncertain choice:

Iron barbed wire was gradually transported from the border areas to the capital. Tanks were deployed in the name of security arrangements to carry out the siege work with barbed fences. The secrecy was maintained in such a way that the western powers did not even notice it. Although the CIA and the British intelligence agency had expressed its possibility in the past.

The West German intelligence organization had informed Chancellor Konrad Adenauer about this plan. So much was certain that the Western countries knew that the siege of West Berlin was an option and East Germany was working on this plan. But they were not sure about its date.

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West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer also warned about the importance of West Berlin to the Communist regime of East Germany.

‘Operation Pink’ :

According to a document from the East German intelligence agency Stasi, “The most important lesson of the successful operation of August 13 is to keep an operation undercover. It is as effective as a successful attack on the enemy at the right place at the right time.” .

On August 1, Khrushchev and Walter had a lengthy phone conversation that Moscow had released a few years earlier. After some light talk in the beginning, the two talked about the security issue of West Berlin and the plan for the wall.

On August 12, Walter ordered the implementation of this plan. Work on ‘Operation Pink’ had started. John F. Kennedy later said, “A wall is not a great thing, but a better alternative than a battle.”