if you want to become a nuclear scientist you need to do engineering chemistry or applied physics with a concentration in nuclear science

Department of atomic energy conduct exam called OCES The selection process is in two stages. First is through written exam. After clearing the written exam cut-off, you will be called for the interview. On selection, you have to join the BARC training school where you will be trained for the subjects relevant to nuclear engineering/science. Generally, the training school period is one year. On successful completion of training school (where you have to score more than 50%) you will be given choice to work at one of the DAE research institute based on your performance at the training school and available vacancies at the Department. Finally, your dream will come true

Selection: Selection is the process of choosing the most suitable candidate for the vacant position in the organization. 

Employee Selection is the process of putting right men on right job. It is a procedure of matching organizational requirements with the skills and qualifications of people.

Selection is much more than just choosing the best available person. Selecting the appropriate set of knowledge, skills, and abilities(KSAs)which come packaged in a human being—is an attempt to get a “fit” between what the applicant can and wants to do, and what the organization needs.

Process of selection:

# Preliminary interview

It is the first step after receipt and scrutiny of application forms in the selection process. The preliminary interview is for eliminating those who cannot be employed because of such factors as age, citizenship, status, and inexperience or lack of training.

# Application Blank

The successful candidates in preliminary interviews are supplied the application blank to get a written record of the information.

By this application, the information like family background, date and place of birth, age, gender, marital status, educational qualifications, working experience, expected salaries and allowances, and extra-curricular activities are gathered.

# Employment test- The personnel department can guide and help in the selection of types of tests, appropriate for a particular position.

Types of Employment test-

▪︎ Aptitude test- Such tests are designed to measure the aptitude of applicants and their capacity to learn the skills required on a particular job. It is more useful for clerical and trade positions.

▪︎Intelligent test– To measure the mental alertness and capacity of a person to grasp and put together the elements of a novel or abstract situation.

▪︎ knowledge test– To measure the depth of knowledge and proficiency in certain skills already achieved by the applicant such as engineering, accounting etc.

▪︎Projective test- Which use the projective technique whereby the applicant projects his personality into free responses about pictures shown to him, which are ambiguous.

▪︎personality test- It is designed to judge the emotional balance, maturity and temperamental qualities of a person. It may follow experimental methods—rating method, question-answer method.

▪︎Judgement test- For evaluating the ability to apply knowledge judiciously in solving a problem.

▪︎Dexterity test- To determine an individual’s capacity to use his fingers and hands in industrial work. Jobs requiring dexterity include physical therapists, watch repair, lab work, etc.

# Employment interview

Interview is one of the most widely used selection tool. Virtually every manager hired or promoted by a company is interviewed by one or more persons. Interview is a selection technique that enables the employer to view and assess the total “personality” of his prospective, which is not included on the application blank.

# Refrence check

Interview is one of the most widely used selection tool. Virtually every manager hired or promoted by a company is interviewed by one or more persons. Interview is a selection technique that enables the employer to view and assess the total “personality” of his prospective, which is not included on the application blank.

These characteristics include leadership qualities, ability to act assertively and decisively, ability to communicate well and attitude towards subordinates as well as superiors.

# Medical examination

Medical examination should be both general and thorough.
The findings should be carefully recorded as to give a complete medical history, the scope of current physical capacities and the nature of disabilities, if any. In other words, this will ensure that the candidate is physically fit and capable to exercise his responsibilities.

#Final selection

If a candidate successfully overcomes all the obstacles or tests given above, he would be declared selected.

An appointment letter will be given to him mentioning the terms of appointment, pay scale, post on which selected etc. When he joins the organisation, it is the primary duty of the personnel manager to introduce him to the company and his job.

Recruitment: Recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization.’

Process:

▪︎Identify vacancy

▪︎Prepare job description and person specification

▪︎Advertising the vacancy

▪︎Managing the response

▪︎Short – listing

▪︎Arrange interview

▪︎Conducting interviews and decision making

“Here are some internal sources of recruitment “

1. Promotion: Promotion is an upward movement of employee from current job position to a hierarchically higher job position with increase pay and responsibilities. Promotion is a recognition and reward for knowledge, efficiency and talent.
2. Upgradation: It refers to giving higher responsibility to the internal employees.
3. Transfer: It refers to changing place from one position to another, but no change in pay scale and responsibility.
4. Demotion: It refers to low pay scale and lower positions. However, it is a one kind of punishment.
5. Former employees: Former employees can include those who have worked on part-time basis and now desire to work on a full-time employment, retired employees or those who have left the company for some reason but are now willing to come back.Former employees are a good internal source of recruitment. They have the advantage of knowing the organization and the organization knows the performance of these people.
6. job posting: job posting is a way of hiring people from within. In this method, the organization publicises job openings on bulletin boards, and similar outlets.For e.g. Hindustan Lever introduced its version of open job posting in early 2002 and over 40 positions have since been filled through the process.
7. Dependants: The legal heir or the dependants of the deceased employee may be given a chance to replace the deceased.
8. Previous applicants: The applicants who have already applied for any job advertised in the past but not selected at that point of time but stored in the data base of the organization are considered as an internal source of recruitment.
9. Aquisition and mergers: This is another source of internal recruitment. The internal requirement for personnel is met through the available workforce on account of acquiring other firms or merging with other establishments

“These are some external sources of recruitment “

1. Direct recruitment: The unemployed persons may contact the employment section of various enterprises to ascertain if they can be casually employed. This method is very useful for recruiting unskilled workers. It does not involve cost of advertising the vacancies. Whenever the regular workers absent themselves in large number or whenever there is rush of work, this source of recruitment may be used.
2. Advertising: Advertising a job has become the fashion of the day with the large companies particularly when the vacancy is for a higher post or when there are a large number of vacancies. This helps in approaching the candidates spread over different parts of the country. 
3. Employment exchange: There is a network of employment exchanges in the country which is run by the Government has also made it compulsory for the employers to fill some vacancies through the employment exchanges. 
4. Campus recruitment: Colleges and institutes of management and technology have become a popular source of recruitment for technical, professional and managerial jobs.
5. Recommended by the existing employees: Some employers recruit employees on the basis of recommendations of the existing workers. This policy creates goodwill among the present employees and helps in finding reliable candidates.
6. Telecasting: The practice of telecasting of vacant posts over T.V. (Doordarshan and other channels) is gaining importance these days. The detailed requirements of the job and the qualities required to do it are publicised along with the profile of the organisation where the vacancy exists.
7. Web publishing: Internet is becoming a popular source of recruitment these days. There are certain websites specifically dedicated for the purpose of providing information about job seekers and job opening both. In fact, websites such as naukri.com, jobstreet.com etc., are very commonly visited both by the perspective employees and the organisations searching for suitable people.
8. Labour contractors: Recruitment may also take place through intermediaries known as agents or labour contractors. This system of recruitment has lost popularity these days. If a labour contractor leaves enterprise, the workers employed through him will also leave the organisation. Thus, it is not a reliable method of employment.

Music, art concerned with combining vocal or instrumental sounds for beauty of form or emotional expression, usually according to cultural standards of rhythm, melody, and, in most Western music, harmony. Both the simple folk song and the complex electronic composition belong to the same activity, music. Both are humanly engineered; both are conceptual and auditory, and these factors have been present in music of all styles and in all periods of history, throughout the world.

Music is an art that, in one guise or another, permeates every human society. Modern music is heard in a bewildering profusion of styles, many of them contemporary, others engendered in past eras. Music is a protean art; it lends itself easily to alliances with words, as in song, and with physical movement, as in dance. Throughout history, music has been an important adjunct to ritual and drama and has been credited with the capacity to reflect and influence human emotion. Popular culture has consistently exploited these possibilities, most conspicuously today by means of radio, film, television, musical theatre, and the Internet. The implications of the uses of music in psychotherapy, geriatrics, and advertising testify to a faith in its power to affect human behaviour. Publications and recordings have effectively internationalized music in its most significant, as well as its most trivial, manifestations. Beyond all this, the teaching of music in primary and secondary schools has now attained virtually worldwide acceptance.

In its most general form, the activities describing music as an art form or cultural activity include the creation of works of music (songs, tunes, symphonies, and so on), the criticism of music, the study of the history of music, and the aesthetic examination of music. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music in two parts: melodies, as tones ordered horizontally, and harmonies as tones ordered vertically. Common sayings such as “the harmony of the spheres” and “it is music to my ears” point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, “There is no noise, only sound.”

Music is an art form, and cultural activity, whose medium is sound. General definitions of music include common elements such as pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the “color” of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike; “art of the Muses”).See glossary of musical terminology.

How music makes the brain happy
How powerful? In one of her studies, she and her colleagues hooked up participants to an fMRI machine and recorded their brain activity as they listened to a favorite piece of music. During peak emotional moments in the songs identified by the listeners, dopamine was released in the nucleus accumbens, a structure deep within the older part of our human brain.
“That’s a big deal, because dopamine is released with biological rewards, like eating and sex, for example,” says Salimpoor. “It’s also released with drugs that are very powerful and addictive, like cocaine or amphetamines.”
There’s another part of the brain that seeps dopamine, specifically just before those peak emotional moments in a song: the caudate nucleus, which is involved in the anticipation of pleasure. Presumably, the anticipatory pleasure comes from familiarity with the song—you have a memory of the song you enjoyed in the past embedded in your brain, and you anticipate the high points that are coming. This pairing of anticipation and pleasure is a potent combination, one that suggests we are biologically-driven to listen to music we like.

Tracks with a slow tempo, gradual chord progressions and drawn-out notes tend to be calming, Levitin says, while chaotic and up-tempo music tends to have the opposite effect. But all of this is subjective. Levitin says he’s encountered people who have said that AC/DC is their relaxation music. “These were people who normally listened to Swedish speed metal, so to them AC/DC was soothing,” he says. “There’s no one piece of music that will do the same thing for everyone.”

Recently, the Indian government announced that it would ban 59 widely used apps (such as Tik Tok, ShareIt, Cam scanner etc.), which are heavily linked to Chinese companies. The Department of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), has requested the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000 to address concerns about data security and the national sovereignty associated with these applications.

Although the government has proposed the ban from a data security and privacy perspective, the move is seen as part of a plan to retaliate against Chinese intrusion into Ladakh.

Given that the Indian digital economy is one of the largest markets in the world, such a ban will surely affect China’s corporate ratings. However, such a move is likely to contribute to the India-China border dispute.

The achievement of this Ban

No More Dependence on Passive Diplomacy: The decision to ban these applications, which comes amid ongoing tensions between India and China, is a clear message from India that it will no longer be a victim of China’s Nibble and Negotiate policy and will review China’s policies for participation.

Damaging the Chinese Desire: Prohibition could affect one of China’s most ambitious goals, namely the 21st century digital power.

Recognizing the Importance of Data: The banning of the Indian application, as well as the restrictions on telecom Hardware-related and portable devices, is based on the acceptance that data distribution and digital technology is a new global energy currency.

Combined Problems
Data Privacy Issue is not restricted to Chinese applications: MeitY has blocked applications from reporting and sending unauthorized user data to servers located outside of India.
However, data privacy and data security concerns are not limited to Chinese applications.
Injuries Already Done: Banned apps were very popular in India and the blockchain move comes after these apps have already collected hundreds of millions of users in India.
India’s Economic Downturn in China: The ban on China’s mobile applications is a soft target, as India remains dependent on Chinese products in a number of critical and technological sectors.
From semiconductors and active pharmaceutical ingredients to the telecom industry, Chinese retailers are involved not only in India’s 4G network but also in ongoing 5G tests.
Also, China’s finances are currently important in supporting India’s start-up economy. Many Indian Unicorns such as Paytm, Zomato, Byju have Chinese shareholders.

The Way Forward: Strengthening Data Security Building
Releases Expired Rules: India’s digital applications are governed by obsolete, unsuitable rules in today’s digital environment.
The Information Technology Act, 2000 (20-year law) is intended for the business process of cleaning up the environment, not modern applications or platforms.
Similarly, copyright law, which provides incentives and protection for much of the content that resides at the heart of the digital economy, was last amended in 2012.
Therefore, there is a strong case for reviving important laws and for their adaptation to change the digital environment.
The Need for a Data Protection Act: Data privacy and security remains a major challenge from the ever-changing digital revolution. Therefore, data protection law was enacted for a long time.
In this regard, the Indian parliament must expedite the enactment of the Data Protection Bill (PDP), 2019.
The Need for Development Alternatives: The Indian government’s ban on access to citizen data is nothing new.
Similar steps have been taken by China, as mobile apps like Whatsapp, Facebook have been banned in China for years. However, the Chinese government was quick to relocate billions of its users.
Even today, with the same Chinese services like WeChat, Weibo is competing for a prestigious competition to establish digital global players.
Therefore, the recent ban is a good opportunity for Indian intervention.

You can reduce your chances of becoming infected or spreading COVID-19 by taking simple safety measures:

Always wash your hands with alcohol-based soap or wash them with soap and water. Why? Washing your hands with soap and water or using an alcohol-based rub can kill germs on your hands.

Keep at least 1 meter (3 meters) between you and others. Why? When a person coughs, whispers, or speaks, they spray small droplets on the nose or mouth that may be infected. If you are too close, you can breathe droplets, including the COVID-19 virus if a person has the disease.

Avoid crowded places. Why? When people gather in crowds, you are more likely to meet someone with COVID-19 and it is very difficult to maintain a physical distance of 1 meter (3 meters).

Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth. Why? Hands touch many places and can get germs. When contaminated, hands can transmit the virus to your eyes, nose, or mouth. From there, the virus can enter your body and infect you.

Make sure you and the people closest to you, follow good breathing hygiene. This means covering your mouth and nose with elle or your curved tissue when you cough or sneeze. Then immediately dispose of used tissue and wash your hands. Why? The droplets spread the virus. By following good respiratory hygiene, you protect people around you from infections such as colds, flu and COVID-19.

Stay at home and isolate yourself from even minor symptoms such as a cough, headache, mild fever, until you recover. Ask someone to bring you the goods. If you need to get out of your house, wear a mask to avoid infecting others. Why? Avoiding contact with others will prevent them from potentially COVID-19 and other viruses.

If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical help, but call ahead if possible and follow the directions of local health authorities. Why? National and local authorities will keep up-to-date on this situation in your area. Calling early will allow your healthcare provider to direct you to the appropriate health facility. This will protect you and help prevent the spread of germs and other diseases.

Keep up to date with the latest information from trusted sources, such as the WHO or your local and national health authorities. Why? Local and national authorities are best advised on what people in your area should do to protect themselves.

Safe use of alcohol-based cleaners
To protect yourself and others from COVID-19, wash your hands often. Use an alcohol-based sanitizer or wash your hands with soap and water. If you use an alcohol-based sanitizer, be sure to use it and store it carefully.

Keep alcohol-abuse barriers out of the reach of children. Teach them how to use the sanitizer and monitor its use.
Put the amount of money in your hands. There is no need to use a large amount of product.
Avoid touching your eyes, mouth and nose immediately after using an alcohol-based sanitizer, as it may cause irritation.

Hand sanitizers are recommended for the protective protection of COVID-19 from alcohol and therefore can be flammable. Do not use before handling fire or cooking.
In any case, drink or allow children to swallow an alcohol-based sanitizer. It can be toxic.
Remember that washing your hands with soap and water is also effective against COVID-19.

Effectiveness in the firm just can’t be limited to the efficiency with which an association is able to meet its objectives and needs but also the new A game of organizations is based on its productivity. Effective contributions of individual employees and groups results in organizational effectiveness. The whole smart game in the tactics depends upon individual’s additional contributions like strategic choice , technological units , stocked up structure , processed date and organizational culture. Commitment to involvement in each of the firm’s business activities and tasks assigned results in productive hours of group or individual work which is captivatingly appealing to the coworkers under the chief subordinates. The whole subject of organizational effectiveness can be summed up as the degree of congruence between two ends of inputs and outputs that a firm has.

Mode of approach – Regardless of goal or system resource approach the firm needs more than just a resourcing aspect to it , which also entitles to the acknowledgement of small and unnoticed firms which are trying to collaborate with the reputed firms in order to share the limelight on business levels of management. The rational goal or goal attainment approach is the key to change any confused atmosphere in the organization irrespective of conditions applied. Since alternating between all the considerable and jotted down approached in a firm the organizations should start to work their A game in businesses.

Indian Democracy

• India is a vibrant democracy with people electing their representatives at several levels beginning from local bodies & panchayats to the Parliament.
  • India has Parliamentary system of governance which is based on Britain’s Westminster model of constitutional democracy.

India is the largest democracy in the world. Elections are the most integral and important part of politics in a democratic system of governance. True democracy can function only when elections to the offices of power are held in a free and fair manner.

However, corrupt politicians with criminal records, caste- and religion-based politics, and allegations of vote-buying, have defeated the very purpose of such democratic process.

Issues in Electoral Politics in India

There are multiple issues plaguing the electoral process in India. Some of the most prominent ones are mentioned below.

Money Power

In every constituency, candidates have to spend crores of rupees for campaigning, publicity, etc. Most candidates far exceed the permissible limit of expenses.

_{Muscle Power}

In certain parts of the country, there are widespread reports of illegal and untoward incidents during polling such as the use of violence, intimidation, booth capturing, etc.

Criminalisation of Politics and Politicization of Criminals

Criminals enter into politics and ensure that money and muscle power wins them elections, so that the cases against them are not proceeded with. Political parties are also happy as long as they have winnable candidates. Political parties field criminals in elections for funds and in return provide them with political patronage and protection.

Vote-buying: 

The rise of illegitimate expenditure on vote-buying has become a matter of great concern as it is making only the rich to be more qualified to become an MP (Member of Parliament) or an MLA (Member of the Legislative Assembly) over a well-qualified public-spirited person.

• As can be seen, out of 533 candidates elected to the 17^th Lok Sabha (2019-present), 475 Parliamentarians (accounting for 88%) are ‘crorepatis’. This reflects the paradoxical situation of poor India with rich Parliamentarians raising concerns about the growing role of money power in politics.

Casteism

There are cases of certain caste groups lending strong support to particular political parties. Thus, political parties make offers to win over different caste groups, and caste groups also try to pressurize parties to offer tickets for their members’ elections. Voting on caste lines is prevalent in the country and this is a serious blotch on democracy and equality. This also creates rifts in the country.

Communalism 

Communal polarization poses a serious threat to the Indian political ethos of pluralism, parliamentarianism, secularism and federalism.

Flaws in the Criminal Justice System

• In India, an accused is presumed to be innocent unless pronounced guilty by the Courts. The rate of conviction for politicians is abysmally low, with just 6% in criminal cases. This implies that a large number of accused politicians with criminal background actually go unpunished from a Court of law, and are not disqualified from contesting elections further.

Measures by ECI:

• Political Parties Registration Tracking Management System (PPRTMS): To allow an applicant to track the progress of his/her application.
• Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation Programme (SVEEP): ECI organizes voter awareness campaigns in order to educate the voters.

Measures by Judiciary

Supreme Court in following cases recommended various reforms:

• In Union of India versus Association of Democratic Reforms 2002 case: Contesting candidates need to disclose all their assets and liabilities, criminal convictions, etc. at the time of filing their nomination paper.
• In Ramesh Dalal versus Union of India 2005 case: A legislator is disqualified from contesting elections if, on the day of filing the nomination papers, he/she stands convicted in a Court of law.
• In Lily Thomas versus Union of India 2013 case: The nature of disqualification for being a member of the House as provided under Article 101(3) & 190(3) is automatic and takes place with immediate effect.
• In People’s Union of Civil Liberties versus Union of India 2013 case: Voters enjoy “Right to Negative Vote” in the election process and directed the ECI to include the choice of “NOTA” in the ballot paper.

Following are the Constitutional articles related to electoral reforms:

1. Article 324-329 deals with elections and electoral reforms.

2. Article 324 deals with the Superintendence, direction, and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.

3. Article 325 states that no person to be ineligible for inclusion in or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.

4. Article 326 deals with the Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.

5. Article 327 provides power to the Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.

6. Article 328 provides power to Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.

7. Article 329 provides to create a bar on the court to make any interference by courts relating to electoral matters.

Reforms needed:

• Law Commission in its 255^th Report on Electoral Reforms inter-alia recommended strengthening of the office of the ECI in order to provide more independence and tooth to the institution.
• The ‘First Past the Post System’, in which a person with the highest votes (even with one extra vote) is declared winner, needs to be changed. Rather, a minimum percentage of total votes polled can be fixed for declaring a candidate as the winner. This could restrict the criminals from getting elected as not everybody in a constituency votes on party lines.

At Party Level

• Limit on Party Expenditure: There must be a limit on the expenditure of the party. A time frame must be set for accounting the expenditure of parties and must be made public before the actual date of elections so that the voters and the concerned authorities could be priorly informed.
  • Consequently, audit of political parties accounts must be conducted in order to make them accountable.
• Political parties need to be brought under the ambit of Right to Information Act (RTI) Act, 2005.
• All parties should be given equal media space or air time so as to provide a level playing field.

At Voter’s Level: 

Voters need to be educated regarding the significance of their vote. They should be made aware & well-informed about the candidate they seek to vote, thereby rejecting those who try to entice them with freebies.

Conclusion

In conclusion it can be said that the Election Commission of India needs to be stricter regarding the implementation of the election reforms. It is observed that the Election Commission is working on a “Chalta hai Attitude” which is not good for the development of the healthy democracy in the country.