The Victoria Memorial is a large marble building in Kolkata, which was built between 1906 and 1921. It is dedicated to the memory of Empress Victoria, and is now a museum under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture. The memorial lies on the Maidan and is one of the famous monuments of Kolkata .The Victoria Memorial’s architect was William Emerson (1843–1924).The design is in the Indo-Saracenic revivalist style which uses a mixture of British and Mughal elements with Venetian, Egyptian, Deccani architectural influences .The building is 338 by 228 feet (103 by 69 m) and rises to a height of 184 feet (56 m). It is constructed of white Makrana marble.

he gardens of the Victoria Memorial were designed by Lord Redesdale and David Prain. Emerson’s assistant, Vincent Jerome Esch, designed the bridge of the north aspect and the garden gates. In 1902, Emerson engaged Esch to sketch his original design for the Victoria Memorial. Angel of Kolkata atop Victoria Memorial

Atop the central dome of the Victoria Memorial is the 16 ft (4.9 m) figure of the Angel of Victory. Surrounding the dome are allegorical sculptures including Art, Architecture, Justice, and Charity and above the North Porch are Motherhood, Prudence and Learning.

The Victoria Memorial is built of white Makrana marble. In design it echoes the Taj Mahal with its dome, four subsidiaries, octagonal-domed chattris, high portals, terrace, and domed corner towers.

Belur Math

The design of the temple was envisaged by Swami Vivekananda, and the responsibility of the architecture was laid in his hands. The architecture and design of the temple ‘celebrate the diversity of Indian Religions’. When seen from different angles, the monument resembles a temple, a church and a mosque. The incorporation of architectural styles from different religions conveys the universal faith in which the movement believes in.

The main entrance of the temple is heavily influenced by the Buddhist styles of the Sanchi Stupa and the entry of the Ajanta Caves. The windows and the balconies draw from the Rajput and Mughal styles of architectural designs, while the central dome is derived from European architecture. Also, the ground plan is in the shape of a Christian cross. Mainly built out of chunar stone, the 112.5 feet high temple has images of Lord Ganesha and Hanuman, who represent success and power respectively, carved above the pillars of the entrance doors.

Fort William

The Fort is built of brick and mortar in the shape of an irregular octagon with an area of 5 km² (1.9 sq mi). Five of its sides face landward, and three towards the Hooghly River. The design is that of a star fort, suited to defence against cannon firing solid shot, and dates from before the advent of explosive shells. A dry moat 9 metres (30 ft) deep and 15 m (49 ft) broad surrounds the fort. The moat can be flooded but is designed as an area in which to use enfilade (or flanking) fire against any attackers reaching the walls. There are six gates: Chowringhee, Plassey, Calcutta, Water Gate, St Georges and the Treasury Gate. There are similar forts at places like Thalassery in Kerala.

Dakshineswar Kali Temple

Built in the navaratna or nine spires style of Bengal architecture, the three-storeyed south-facing temple has nine spires distributed in the upper two storeys, and stands on a high platform with a flight of stairs, overall it measures 46 feet (14 m) square and rises over 100 feet (30 m) high.

The garbha griha (sanctum sanctorum) houses an idol of goddess Kali, known as Bhavatarini, standing on the chest of a supine Shiva, and the two idols are placed on a thousand-petaled lotus throne made of silver.

Close to the main temple are the row of twelve identical Shiva temples built facing the east in the typical aat-chala Bengal architecture, they are built on either side of the ghat on the Hooghly river. To the North east of the Temple Complex is the Vishnu Temple or the Radha Kanta Temple. A flight of steps lead to the columned verandah and into the temple where a silver throne rests with a 21+¹⁄₂-inch (550 mm) idol of Lord Krishna and a 16-inch (410 mm) idol of Radha.

Veteran writer- Lyricist Javed Akhtar trolled for inventing neutral words for Gender equality

By Sapnanil konwar, 11th July, 2021

India is facing gender equality since ancient times. Many women can’t work because of patriarchy mindset of Indian society. Indian poet javed akhter who is big advocate for gender equality tried to invent tow gender neutral word . He tweeted “In any speech article or conversation to give equal respect to both the genders we constantly say and write he / she and Him or her . Why can’t we invent two words like for he/she – HESH and for him/ her – SHIM. “
Many people Retweeted trolling him for mentioning about only two gender . Undoubtedly Twitter can be a strong platform to discuss evil norms of Indian society but changing he/she or him/her won’t minimize problem although it creats an environment to discuss gender equality.

The cause of rape includes military conquest, socioeconomics, anger, power, sadism, traits, ethical standards, laws, and evolutionary pressures that lend some explanation to the causes of sexual violence. No single facet explains the thought process of perpetrator for rape of a particular individual as the underlying motives of the rapist can have many sides.

• Many people consider sexual aggression as a masculine identity characteristic of manhood. In many male groups it is significantly correlated to the desire to be held higher in esteem among male peers. Sexually aggressive behaviour among young men has been correlated with gang or group as well as having other delinquent peers.
• People’s obsession with sex often leads to rape. There have been instances where people rape their own mother, sister, minors, infants, old and aged women, women suffering from unsoundness of mind, women in comma or those hospitalized with severe ailments.
• Men’s desire to control women. More men are tend to boast about their sexual encounters equating them with conquests. People believe that sex requires a man to be aggressive, he feels superior and in control. Husbands rape their wives and seek to justify it as a means of punishment to her or to put her in her place or simply to vent out their frustrations. All those people who believe that woman cannot take no for an answer and force sex to punish or avenge.  People rape their girlfriends, live-in partners, friends and acquaintances.
• Lack Of Sex Education. Many adolescent boys have an urge to explore. A skewed sex ratio, lack of accessibility and negligible interaction with people of the opposite gender play havoc on impressionable minds now fed with easy access to porn. There are item numbers where the woman is projected as no more than an object of desire. This causes women to be viewed as commodities, meant to be consumed and ravished. Sexually obsessed perpetrators don’t even consider women as human beings but as an object that can be violated with impunity.

Those having more than two children will be debarred from contesting local bodies polls, applying for government jobs or receiving any kind of subsidy, says a draft of a population control bill put up on the UP Law Commission website.

The draft bill, for which suggestions have been invited from the public till July 19, also debars people from getting promotion in government job.

The move has drawn flak from the opposition parties, with the Congress describing it as a “political agenda” ahead of the Assembly elections next year. The Samajwadi Party said the move meant the “murder of democracy”.

The UPSLC website says, “The State Law Commission, UP, is working on control, stabilisation and welfare of the population of the state and has prepared a draft bill.”

If implemented, the provisions of the draft titled The Uttar Pradesh Population (Control, Stabilization and Welfare) Bill, 2021 will come into force after one year from the date of publication in the Gazette.

The provision of this Act shall apply to a married couple where the boy is not less than 21 years of age and the girl is not less than 18.

Suggestions have been invited from the public to improve the draft bill and July 19 is the last date for it.

Listing incentives, the draft bill says, “Public servants who adopt the two-child norm will get two additional increments during the entire service, maternity or as the case may be, paternity leave of 12 months, with full salary and allowances and three per cent increase in the employer’s contribution fund under the National Pension Scheme.”

A state population fund will be constituted for its implementation. Listing the government duties, the draft bill says that maternity centres will be set up at all primary health centres.

Every year, July 11 is observe as World Population Day. It is celebrated to raise awareness about various population issues like Gender Equality, Poverty, maternal health and Human rights. This year the theme is “Rights and choices are the Answer: whether baby boom or bust, the solution to shifting fertility rates lies in priortising all people’s reproductive health and rights”.

Today, the world population is approximately 7.7 billion and anticipating 10 billion by 2100. India alone accounts for 17% of world’s total population and soon will become the top populated country surpassing China. With this population explosion, the third world countries are suffering the most because of limited resouces.

India is the second most populated country in the world with 1.3 billion approximate population which is larger in size. Some of the populated cities are Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Kolkata and Chennai. Population has a major impact on the nation’s holistic development. As a result, overpopulation needs to be controlled.

Low literacy rate is one of the top reason for population explosion. Many people in villages don’t know about the birth controlling methods and keep reproducing, further leads to population growth. This factor largely contributes to the population explosion. Another reason can be child marriage which is still a common practice following in many parts of the country. Girls are getting pregnant at a very young age and this process continues for a long time. Government is also not emphasising on population control methods and there are still very less strict laws unlike the other countries.

Growing population is exhausting the national resources. This jeopardising the upcoming generation because it is tough to get an equal share of resources now.  Not only affecting the human beings but also influencing the wildlife. Deforestation for urban living and industrialization is leading to extinction of many spices. Pollution is another crucial reason caused by it. India is now tackling the pollution and global warming problem too.

Even though Government is trying hard to control the population by introducing schemes like two-children policy. It should emphasis on education of people and educate them about the ill effects of population explosion. Also providing them knowledge about birth control methods can do the needful.

Growing population only do harm to us and we should not forget that how much we are suffering due to rising population. And soon it will become difficult to live if these numbers keep rising. People should understand this that it is a significant problem. Also governing bodies should come up with strong laws and practical solutions to control this situation.

Judicial review is the doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to
review (and possible invalidation) by the judiciary. Specific courts with judicial review power must
annul the acts of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher authority (such as the terms
of a written constitution). Judicial review is an example of the separation of powers in a modern
governmental system (where the judiciary is one of three branches of government). This principle is
interpreted differently in different jurisdictions, which also have differing views on the different
hierarchy of governmental norms. As a result, the procedure and scope of judicial review differs from
country to country and state to state.

Police Commissions at the National and State levels have made several suggestions ‘
to make the police efficient, responsive and responsible. But unfortunately on one
consideration or the other they have not been seriously considered. This indicates
that police reform is a low priority area in the country. Whatever reforms were
implemented they were done half-heartedly without understanding the socio￾political milieu within which the police has to operate. Because of the adhoc and
piecemeal nature of the reforms they did not have the intended effect. The reforms
are required not only in organisation, personnel. procedures but also in the attitudes
of the people and the police officials. Still colonial attitude pervades the minds of the
police personnel. Reform should be continuous because no adhoc approach will give
the intended results.
The police behaviour like rudeness, non-registration of FIR, maltreatment in lock￾ups and so on, are forbidden in the Police Regulations. Mohit Bhattacharya
explained the problem areas in the field of human rights. In his words “(a) General
feeling that the ground realities – how crime and criminals have actually to be dealt
with – are not appreciated by “human rights” protagonists, (b) the balance seems to
be tilting towards criminals, leading to police discomfiture; (c) human rights are, no
doubt, of great value; at the same time, police discretion is necessary to deal with
the ground situation”. The major problems faced by police functionaries and Police
Stations are intra-organisational issues related to human resource like insufficient
manpower, low motivation, lack of promotion opportunities, lack of proper training
etc. Infrastructure related problems such as shortage of vehicles and fuel, poor

Union Public Service Commission is one of the most important institutions of democratic
governance and has been instrumental in ensuring the constitutional provision of Equality of
Opportunity to all the citizens by adhering to the standards of fairness and honesty in the
administration of its competitive exams. It is abundantly obvious by looking at the back ground of
the candidates who succeed at this exam. It has always given hope to millions of aspirants who come
from poorest to richest of the backgrounds. It wont be wrong to say that UPSC has been a beacon of
bright light in the dark sea of failing institutions of governance in India.
The functions of the UPSC as described in the Constitution are :
(i) To advise the government on all matters relating to the methods of recruitment
and norms to be followed in making apointments to civil services either directly or by
promotion.
(ii) To advise on the suitability of candidates for appointment, promotion and transfer.
(iii) To conduct examinations for appointment to All India services.
(iv) To advise on disciplinary matters affecting government servants.
(v) To advise on claims of legal proceedings instituted against a government servant and on
the claims in respect of injuries sustained by a government servant while on duty.
(vi) To advise on any other matter specifically referred by the President.

The most significant change is probably the way Prime Ministers have become more
interventionist in the running of Departments and their individual policies. Rather than intervening
only on major issues of policy or strategy, or where Departments were in disagreement, the Prime
Minister (or those acting in his or her name) routinely comment on or change policies that are
solely matters for a single Department. Several units have been set up over the years to carry out
intervention and scrutiny ion different forms (Policy Unit, Delivery Unit, Strategic
Communications Unit, and so on) but these remain unaccountable, overlap with the Cabinet Office
and Treasury and collectively risk undermining the effectiveness of individual Departments.
Another significant change has been the growing willingness under successive Prime Ministers to use
a majority in the House of Commons to over-ride checks and balances established by constitutional
convention; for example, successive moves to curtail the independence of local government since the
1980s, or changes to civil liberties such as detention without trial. This links to the UK’s lack of a
written constitution: such fundamental changes can be carried by a simple majority in the Commons,
while countries with a written constitution would usually require a higher threshold for
‘constitutional’ changes. Combined with the extreme concentration of power in the hands of the
Prime Minister, this creates the risk – and in some cases the reality – of a dictatorship of the majority.
A further change has been the role of the Prime Minister in party fund-raising, particularly from major
donors, as elections have become more expensive and income from ‘rank and file’ members has
become a smaller proportion of the total. Though hard to measure (for obvious reasons), it appears
that this role has become more significant since the 1980s and could perhaps be compared to the
situation prior to the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925. The risk of this development is that
the decisions of the Prime Minister are, or are seen to be, influenced by donors.

An organizational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and
supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. It can also be
considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its
environment. Organizations are a variant of clustered entities. An organization can be structured in
many different ways, depending on their objectives. The structure of an organization will determine
the modes in which it operates and performs. Organizational structure allows the expressed allocation
of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch,
department, workgroup and individual. Organizational structure affects organizational action in two
big ways. First, it provides the foundation on which standard operating procedures and routines rest.
Second, it determines which individuals get to participate in which decision-making processes, and
thus to what extent their views shape the organization’s action
Role of Planning Commission in Planning Process:
The vision of the Planning Commission is to focus on socio-economic policy formulation and analysis
as well as on strategic planning. The Planning Commission is expected to be a center of excellence
and chief advisor to Government in matters of day to day economic management as well as medium
and long term socio-economic development.The role of the Planning Commission is basically
facilitation and stimulation of economic activities through analysis and articulation of policies to
promote and guide the participation of economic agents.The mission of the Planning Commission is
to promote sustainable and equitable economic growth and improve social welfare through proper
management and guidance of the national economy.
Role of Planning Commission:
Analysis and design of overall macro-economic policy.
Analysis and formulation of external sector policies.
Identification and planning of strategic public investments.
Articulation of policies and strategies for sectoral development.
Designing and carrying out studies and research focusing on aspects of economic
development deemed to need special attention – particularly on a long-term perspective.
Initiation and design of policies for human resources development.
Formulation/articulation of strategies for employment creation.
Facilitation and promotion of the involvement of private economic agents in the
economy. Formulation of policies and strategies for rural development.
Collection, processing, storage and dissemination of statistics.