* Gender – Are there male jobs & female jobs? – A useful debate which can get heated. The statutory guidance states that you must promote equality of opportunity so care must be taken when guiding this debate.
* Jobs of the future – What jobs will exist in 5, 10, 20 years that don’t exist now?
* What effects are robotic workers having on the job market? Will robots be able to do jobs like journalism & legal work (yes they will, computerised copy writing and contract checking are already a reality) or will automation only affect ‘physical’ jobs?
* Transferable skills – what are they and why do we need them? – Useful question to elicit knowledge of transferable skills – you may find this definition useful in order to help your students decide which skills are transferable “Transferable skills are general skills you can use in many jobs. You gain these skills from previous jobs, projects, voluntary work, sport, your home life, hobbies, and interests. They enable you to be adaptable and flexible in case you need to change your job”
* What skills & qualities do employers want when they employ a person straight out of school/college/university?
* Employers are frequently reported as saying school leavers are not workplace ready. A discussion around what skills are needed and what they are can be structured using the following frequently cited skills:-Understanding of business world; Teamwork; Communication; Negotiation skills; Problem Solving; Leadership; Organisation; Perseverance/motivation; Ability to work under pressure; Confidence
* Why do some people try and dissuade people from taking certain jobs? – An ideal opportunity to explore the motivation behind advice from various sources. E.g. university & school leaver recruitment staff. Teachers who have been instructed to recruit for the school 6th Parents who would like to see their children achieve their parent’s dream etc.
* Can you turn a hobby into a career? – Students may wish to pursue a hobby such as photography or sport as a careers. What considerations might they need to have when doing this? E.g. need to be self-employed; the effect of training 7 days a week on enjoyment of the sport etc.
* Can work be fun? What makes work fun? Can it always be fun? What is fun?
* How many types of job can I expect to do over my lifetime? – A discussion about career paths. Not just changing jobs but changing types of job and progression. The role of lifelong learning, retraining, transferable skills. Using a story about somebody’s career journey is a good prompt for this discussion.
* What’s the difference between a job and a career?
* Is a job just to pay the bills and a career something you’re interested in?
Jobs:-
INTRODUCTION:-
God rebukes Job’s three friends and orders them to make a sacrifice. Job prays for God’s forgiveness of them and God accepts his prayer. At the end of the book, God gives Job twice as much wealth as he had before, along with seven sons and three daughters. After that, Job lived 140 more years.
A job, employment, work or occupation, is a person’s role in society. More specifically, a job is an activity, often regular and often performed in exchange for payment (“for a living”). Many people have multiple jobs (e.g., parent, homemaker, and employee). A person can begin a job by becoming an employee, volunteering, starting a business, or becoming a parent. The duration of a job may range from temporary (e.g., hourly odd jobs) to a lifetime (e.g., judges).
An activity that requires a person’s mental or physical effort is work (as in “a day’s work”). If a person is trained for a certain type of job, they may have a profession. Typically, a job would be a subset of someone’s career. The two may differ in that one usually retires from their career, versus resignation or termination from a job.
Jobs for people:-
Most people spend up to forty or more hours each week in paid employment. Some exceptions are children, retirees, and people with disabilities; however, within these groups, many will work part-time, volunteer, or work as a homemaker. From the age of 5 or so, many children’s primary role in society (and therefore their “job”) is to learn and study as a student.
Types of jobs:-
Jobs can be categorized by intensity (hours per week), by payment status, or by the level of experience required. The types of job stemming from intensity are categorized as full-time or part-time. They can also be classified into temporary, odd jobs, seasonal, self-employment, consulting, or contract employment. Regarding payment status, jobs are categorized as paid or unpaid. Examples of unpaid jobs include volunteer, homemaker, mentor, student, and sometimes intern. Finally, according to the level of experience required, jobs are usually grouped as entry level, intern, and co-op.
Some jobs require specific training or an academic degree.
Those without paid full-time employment may be categorized as unemployed or underemployed if they are seeking a full-time paid job.
A side job, also called a side hustle, side gig or moonlighting, is an additional job or jobs to supplement one’s income. A person with a side job may have little time left for sleep or leisure activities.
The Office for National Statistics in the United Kingdom lists 27,966 different job titles, within a website published 2015.
Day job:-
The expression day job is often used for a job one works in order to make ends meet rather than working in their preferred vocation. Archetypal examples of this are the actor who works as a waiter (the day job) while looking for roles, and the professional athlete who works as a laborer in the offseason because the athlete’s professional or semi-professional team does not pay a full living. The term is also applied to those who maintain a steady occupation while working as a day trader.
While many people do hold a full-time occupation, “day job” specifically refers to those who hold the position solely to pay living expenses so they can pursue the job they really want (which may also be during the day). The phrase strongly implies that the day job would be quit, if only the real vocation paid a living wage.
The phrase “don’t quit your day job” is a humorous response to a poor or mediocre performance not up to professional caliber. The phrase implies that the performer is not talented enough in that activity to be able to make a career out of it.
Getting a job:-
Further information: Job hunting and Employment
Getting a first job is an important rite of passage in many cultures. The youth may start by doing household work, odd jobs, or working for a family business. In many countries, school children get summer jobs during the longer summer vacation. Students enrolled in higher education can apply for internships or coops to further enhance the probability of securing an entry level job upon graduation.
Résumés summarize a person’s education and job experience for potential employers. Employers read job candidate résumés to decide whom to interview for an open position.
Use of the word:-
Workers often talk of “getting a job”, or “having a job”. This conceptual metaphor of a “job” as a possession has led to its use in slogans such as “money for jobs, not bombs”. Similar conceptions are that of “land” as a possession (real estate) or intellectual rights as a possession (intellectual property).
Occupation and life expectancy:-
Historically, manual work has seemed to contribute to shortening one’s lifespan.High rank(a higher position at the pecking order) has a positive effect. Professions that cause anxiety have a direct negative impact on health and lifespan.Some data is more complex to interpret due to the various reasons of long life expectancy; thus skilled professionals, employees with secure jobs and low anxiety occupants may live a long life for variant reasons.The more positive characteristics one’s job is, the more likely he or she will have a longer lifespan.Gender, country, and statistically confirmed danger are also notable parameters.
See also:-
Career and Life Planning Education
International Standard Classification of Occupations
Job analysis
Job guarantee
Job interview
Job performance
Job satisfaction
Job stress
Labour economics
Refusal of work
Unemployment
Wage labor
References:-
Citations:-
“FOI Request: List of all the occupations noted in the UK”. Office for National Statistics. The Crown. 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
Newberry, Jon (October 2000). “Night Moves: Be a day trader after hours and keep your day job, too”. ABA Journal. 86 (10): 86. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
Womack, Sarah (24 October 2007). “Why accountants live longer than builders”. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
“Living Longer, Working Longer: The Changing Landscape of the Aging Workforce – A MetLife Study” (PDF). MetLife Mature Market Institute. April 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-02.
“The Most Stressful Jobs of 2014”. CareerCast.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
Lyte, Brittany (18 March 2015). “5 Jobs Proven to Make You Live Longer”. Wise Bread. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
Lees, John (11 November 2014). “Personality test: what job would make you happiest?”. the Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
“Whistling While You Work: The 10 Most Satisfying Careers”. CareerCast.com. Archived from the original on 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
“Find out how your gender and job may affect your life expectancy”. the Guardian. 21 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
Sources:-
Davis, Steven; Haltiwanger, John; Schuh, Scott (1998), Job Creation and Destruction, MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-54093-3
Graeber, David (2018). Bullshit Jobs: A Theory. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1501143311.
Granovetter, Mark (1995), Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-30581-3
Joshel, Sandra (1992), Work, Identity, and Legal Status at Rome: A Study of the Occupational Inscriptions, University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 978-0-8061-2444-5
Kranzberg, Melvin; Gies, Joseph (1986), By the Sweat of Thy Brow: Work in the Western World, Greenwood Press, ISBN 978-0-313-25323-2
Miller, Ann Ratner; Treiman, Donald; Cain, Pamela; Roos, Pamela (1980), Work, Jobs, and Occupations: a critical review of the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, National Academy Press
Orr, Julian Edgerton (1996), Talking about Machines: An Ethnography of a Modern Job, Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8014-8390-5
Robinson, Tony; Willcock, David (2005), The Worst Jobs in History: Two Thousand Years of Miserable Employment, Pan Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-330-43857-5
Roebuck, Carl (1969), The Muses at Work: arts, crafts, and professions in ancient Greece and Rome, MIT Press
Morse, Nancy; Weiss, Robert (1955). “The Function and Meaning of Work and the Job”. American Sociological Review. 20 (2): 191–198. doi:10.2307/2088325. JSTOR 2088325.
career:-
INTRODUCTION:-
Career development is now a lifelong process, rather than a lifelong job, and involves moving laterally or upwards within an organisation or between organisations. It is the combination of your life experience, learning, and all work experience.
What is a career?
The past, the present and the future
The past:-
A typical career path in the past involved almost guaranteed job security. You obtained a “job for life” and you could expect steady progression up an organisation’s structure.
The present:-
Factors such as technological growth and consumer demand have changed the world of work. Career development is now a lifelong process, rather than a lifelong job, and involves moving laterally or upwards within an organisation or between organisations. It is the combination of your life experience, learning, and all work experience. These days, you are responsible for your own career and you have to continuously reflect on where you are, where you want to be and how you will prepare for further career opportunities.
The future:-
Change is everywhere. The world of work is constantly changing and we must rely on ourselves much more for stability and direction. In order to do this, we need to be aware of the changes that are occurring in the current world of work.
What is the world of work like?
Have I got the right information?
It’s important to make sure that your career decisions are informed by a realistic assessment of the information available rather than relying on assumptions that you or others may have.
Some of these assumptions may have gained credibility over time, especially if they have been reinforced by the media and people whose opinion you value.
The exercise below will give you the opportunity to test your own career assumptions.
Myths and realities quiz
This mini quiz gives you the opportunity to become aware of any career myths you may have accepted as realities and to possibly challenge these assumptions. Being aware of career myths that have influenced your career planning so far may open up new possibilities for exploration that you may not have considered.
Unmistakeable trends
Change is everywhere. There are no longer short periods of change followed by long periods of stability. We have to learn to live and prosper in a world of constantly changing demands and possibilities. Some of these changes include technological change, globally competitive markets, new patterns of work and higher educational requirements.
Whatever the reason, there has been a series of unmistakable trends, particularly in the world of work. These trends include:
changing social contracts between employers and labourers;
increasing contract work;
globalisation;
an increased competition for employment;
technology and its impact on all industries;
the creation of new industries;
an ageing population.
In South Africa, we are still grappling with high youth unemployment, unequal access to further education opportunities, and a widening income gap.
The results of these changes and trends are now having a major impact on our lives and we must rely on ourselves much more for stability and direction. We are constantly being reminded that we need to operate as a “company of one” and be flexible enough to respond quickly in this ever-changing environment.
Job Analysis is a systematic exploration, study, and recording of a specific job’s responsibilities, duties, skills, accountabilities, work environment, and ability requirements. It helps in establishing the job’s worth to an organization. In other words, it measures the value and contribution of a job to the growth of the organization.
It has two components- Job Description and Job Specification. A job description is a job profile that describes the contents, environment, and condition of jobs. The job specification identifies the knowledge, skills, abilities needed to perform that task effectively.
Some of the common factors considered by various HR professionals while conducting Job analysis are-
Reporting channel/Work flow: To define reporting relationships and establish organisational structure
Role and Responsibilities of the employee and its scope/expectations
Information pertaining to size of the team the incumbent has to lead, if any
Strategic role
Employee Ability and Availability
Prior Knowledge and Experience
Company culture– To determine the behavioural qualities a candidate must have to be the right fit for the organisation
Geographical location of the employee
Information pertaining to the job from previous/existing employees
Time and dynamicity- Some HR professionals also think that the factors change according to the business environment and/or goals of the organisation and Job analysis is an ‘ongoing process’ as it evolves with the expectations of the job. For instance, according to one respondent, the focus of job analysis has shifted from qualitative and quantitative aspects to employee and company-oriented factors which results in collective holistic development.
The factors mentioned above can be divided into two categories to understand the elements and processes of Job Analysis in detail: Factors considered for preparing Job Description and Job Specifications
Factors that influence the preparation of Job Description and Job Specifications are very different due to the varying nature and objectives of the two processes. As Job description is task-oriented and Job Specification is people-oriented, it is vital to separate the factors to understand the value and significance of both the concepts.
Some of the main factors considered in the preparation of Job Description are: Ergonomics, Role and responsibilities, Organisational structure, Team size, Scope of the job, Key Result Areas, Size of the team under the employee, if any. All task-oriented factors considered during job analysis are utilised to prepare a concise and accurate job description to have a deeper understanding of the job and its significance and role in achieving the organisational roles.
However, all people-oriented factors like qualifications, prior knowledge and experience, geographical location, behavioural traits that are compatible with the work/company culture and ethic, soft skills, Training, values, special skills depending on the nature of the job, personality traits etc are considered while preparing Job specification. Job specifications are heavily dependent on the nature of the job and hence, differs from job to job. Therefore, Job Description influences the job specifications of the ideal employee required for the job.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be observed that the factors considered are either people-oriented or task-oriented depending on the dimensions or objectives of the job analysis. Moreover, one of the many factors considered while preparing Job Specifications also includes the Job Description.
Presently, most organisations tend to depend on job analysis to establish working relationships and organisation structure, define job responsibilities, compensate employees and to find and recruit the right fit in accordance with the employees’ and organisation’s goals and expectations.
Digital marketing refers to advertising delivered through digital channels such as search engines, websites, social media, email, and mobile apps. Using these online media channels, digital marketing is the method by which companies endorse goods, services, and brands.
Nowadays, Digital Marketing is the most commonly used way of advertising and promoting goods and services and for good reason. Social Media has completely changed the A-Zs of Advertising. Digital Marketing offers it all- from insights into the customer’s engagement with the post, decrease in costs compared to traditional ways of marketing (tv, radio ads, billboards) and the ‘trend’ and ‘viral’ factor which, once taken advantage of, can help boost the sales of the company by a huge margin. Targeted emails and personalised ads to the target audience according to their taste and preferences compared to one ad designed for the general public (published in newspapers or played on tv/radio) is much more efficient and effective.
Moreover, as social media platforms gain more popularity and attracts more and more people, it guarantees more reach and views for the digital content/media, making it more efficient than traditional means.
There are three major types of digital media channels which are Owned, Paid and Earned media.
Owned media channel is controlled by the brand itself. For example, Instagram account of Netflix India. All the media shared on this channel is owned and developed by the company itself which is why it is not trusted and considered credible. There are no guarantees that it will attract consumers because communication from the company about its own products is not trustworthy.
However, some of its benefits include- It gives control over the content consumed and shared with the target audience. It is cost efficient because the company does not have to pay a third party to do the same. It is a long-term plan since its not based on time duration-based contract with any third party and it is not feedback or word of mouth that dies down with time.
Paid media channel is controlled by a third party who is paid to share content for the company. For example, Ads on Instagram, paid searches on google etc. This channel is in demand as social media platforms become business friendly day by day and this also gives control as the company approves and knows what is being shared and consumed by its target audience.
Some of its challenges are- This channel has a declining response rate as consumers are becoming more aware of such tactics and do not trust paid sources. Moreover, it has poor credibility because the third party is being paid to publish catchy and engaging content and it does not say anything about the quality of the product or service.
Earned media channel is the channel controlled by the customers. For example, Word of mouth, recommendations to friends and family, Trends and buzz etc. All media and feedback shared by customers publicly which can be positive or negative. The main benefit is that this channel is the most credible because these are the genuine feedbacks from customers who have used the product or service. If positive, it can also boost sales and increase market share by attracting new customers due to word of mouth. However, it does not give the company any control as it can be negative and damaging to the company’s reputation in that case.
John D. Rockefeller was born July 8, 1839, in Richford, New York, about midway between Binghamton and Ithaca. His father, William Avery Rockefeller, was a “pitch man” — a “doctor” who claimed he could cure cancers and charged up to $25 a treatment. He was gone for months at a time traveling around the West from town to town and would return to wherever the family was living with substantial sums of cash. His mother, Eliza Davison Rockefeller, was very religious and very disciplined. She taught John to work, to save, and to give to charities. From 1852 Rockefeller attended Owego Academy in Owego, New York, where the family had moved in 1851. Rockefeller excelled at mental arithmetic and was able to solve difficult arithmetic problems in his head — a talent that would be very useful to him throughout his business career. In other subjects Rockefeller was an average student but the quality of the education was very high. In 1853, the Rockefellers moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and John attended high school from 1853 to 1855. He was very good at math and was on the debating team. The school encouraged public speaking and even though Rockefeller was only average, it was a skill that would prove to useful to him. Early Business Career: 1855-1863 In the spring of 1855 Rockefeller spent 10 weeks at Folsom’s Commercial College — a “chain College” — where he learned single- and double-entry bookkeeping, penmanship, commercial history, mercantile customs, banking, and exchange. From his father he had learned how to draw up notes and other business papers. His father was very meticulous in matters of business and believed in the sacredness of contracts. In August of 1855, at the age of 16, Rockefeller began looking for work in Cleveland as a bookkeeper or clerk. Business was bad in Cleveland at the time and Rockefeller had problems finding a job. He was always neatly dressed in a dark suit and black tie. Cleveland was not a large city in 1855 and Rockefeller could easily visit every business in under a week’s time. He returned to many businesses three times. Finally, on September 26, 1855, he got a job as an assistant bookkeeper with Hewitt & Tuttle, commission merchants and produce shippers. Rockefeller soon impressed his employers with his seriousness and diligence. He was very exacting and scrupulously honest. For example, he would not write out a false bill of lading under any circumstances. He went to great lengths to collect overdue accounts. He was pleasant, persistent, and patient, and he got the company’s money from the delinquents. During the Civil War their business expanded rapidly. Grain prices went up and so did their commissions. Most of their selling was done on commission, so Clark & Rockefeller took no risks from price fluctuations. Rockefeller’s style was very precise and calculated. He was not a gambler but a planner. He avoided speculation and refused to make advances or loans. Rockefeller was extremely hard working. He traveled extensively, drumming up business throughout Ohio, and then would go to the banks and borrow large sums of money to handle the shipments. This aggressive style built the business up every year.
However, by the early 1860s, Rockefeller realized that the future of the commission merchant business in Cleveland was going to be limited. He had become convinced that the railroads were going to become the primary means of transportation for agricultural commodities. This would be to the disadvantage of Cleveland, because its position as an important Lake Erie port was its primary transportation advantage. He saw that the rising grain output of the Midwest and the Northwest of J. J. Hill would change the nature of the business for good. The huge elevators on Lake Michigan and the flour-millers of Minneapolis would be the dominant players in the business. Rockefeller came to believe that the future of Cleveland lay in the collection and shipment of raw industrial materials — not agricultural commodities. This would allow Cleveland to exploit its geographical advantages — mid-way between the Eastern seaboard and Chicago — and accessible to both rail and water transportation. He saw his chance in 1863 — Rockefeller Exits: 1892-1897 During 1891-92 all the evidence suggests that Rockefeller had a partial nervous breakdown from overwork. He lost all of his hair, including his eyebrows, and suffered from ill health in the early 1890s. During this period Rockefeller’s wealth had increased to such an extent that his major problem was what to do with it all. He solved this problem by hiring Frederick T. Gates in September of 1891 as a full-time manager of his fortune. By this time, Rockefeller was literally inundated with appeals from individuals and charities for funds. Gates not only removed this burden; he also oversaw all of Rockefeller’s investments, which were becoming huge in their own right. For example, by 1897 Rockefeller owned large holdings of the Missabe iron range in Minnesota, a railroad to carry the ore to Lake Superior, and a fleet of huge ore-carrying lake steamers. In 1901 Rockefeller sold his iron ore-related business to J.P. Morgan for $80,000,000 with an estimated profit of at least $50,000,000 — a huge fortune in its own right, but it was just one of his investments. Morgan added the Rockefeller properties to the U.S. Steel Corporation. By 1896, Rockefeller stopped going to his office daily and in 1897 he retired, at the age of 58. He took part in some management activity until 1899 but none to speak of thereafter. John Archbold ran Standard Oil from the mid-1890s onward. Archbold disliked prominence and asked Rockefeller to remain as the nominal president of Standard. Not publicly announcing his retirement was a great mistake on Rockefeller’s part. Rockefeller had resisted the temptation to exploit the Standard’s near-monopoly position by raising prices “too” much. Although Rockefeller’s pricing policies did result in some “monopoly profits” for the Standard, they were fairly mild. Not so Archbold. He raised prices aggressively, and the dividends rolled in. The consequence was that Rockefeller got all the blame for the policies even though he had almost no further role in management. Retirement and Philanthropy From the mid-1890s until his death in 1937, Rockefeller’s activities were philanthropic. Rockefeller’s fortune peaked in 1912 at almost $900,000,000, but by that time he had already given away hundreds of millions of dollars. His son, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. in 1897 joined Gates in the full time management of the fortune. The University of Chicago — which Rockefeller was largely responsible for creating — alone received $75,000,000 by 1932. He set up, at the urging of his son, the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University) and his gifts to it totaled $50,000,000 by the 1930s. He founded the General Education Board in 1903 (later the Rockefeller Foundation). The General Education Board helped to establish high schools throughout the South by providing free professional advice on improving instruction and education. The effort was a cooperative one, and local money was used to build the high schools. In 1919, Rockefeller donated $50,000,000 to the Board to raise academic salaries, which were very low in the wake of WWI. The Rockefeller Foundation was officially established in 1913 and Rockefeller transferred $235,000,000 to it by 1929. In 1909, Rockefeller established the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission which was largely responsible for eradicating hookworm in the South by 1927. When Rockefeller died, on May 23, 1937, his estate totaled only $26,410,837. He had given most of his property to his philanthropies and to his son and other heirs. Rockefeller was a Schumpeteran entrepreneur. He clearly changed “the stream of the allocation of resources over time by introducing new departures into the flow of economic life” by creating the modern oil industry.
Last, but not least, he set the standard for philanthropy. Just the eradication of hookworm in the South alone would merit his place as one of the great humanitarians of the 20th Century. But his reputation was so sullied that he never received the credit that he was due for this great act on behalf of humankind.
“Don’t be afraid to give up the good to go for the great.”
A computer is a machine that performs tasks and calculations according to a series of instructions or program operations (circuits, etc.) and software (OS, the underlying software that controls the hardware when the user issues instructions).
Programming
You don’t need a car, its function is the same as a jukebox that keeps playing tracks. For example, they want to tell the music box to play different music every time. They want to program the music box so that it can play different music. This part of the history of computers is called “the history of programmable machines.” “This is a concise sentence in the history of machines. When I speak their language, I can order to do different things.”
The role of computers in daily life
Today’s computers are fast, small and small. Powerful. Computers can save money, time and labor; otherwise it would take months or years to complete in a few seconds with computers. Launch satellites using a simple application on our desktop. According to the requirements, the storage capacity and speed of the computer will be different. For example, NASA and other companies that use high-speed supercomputers, because speed is an important part of your business. Computers are cheaper than smart phones. The essence is in hand. At home, computers provide opportunities to access social networks, read books, or work from home.In the office, they are the most important because they are the most important form of work. Although computers can help with almost everything from shopping to work to taking notes or playing games, people rely heavily on computers for almost everything. Computers make life easier and faster than ever. Large storage rooms are of great help to today’s business. The data received from different systems is stored on the computer for later use. In addition, previous shopping, reading, work, arithmetic, calling appointments and events or activating alarms all occurred in different places. Now everything can be done with our smart phone. If the book is bulky, it would be great to bring ten books. Now; millions of books are within reach. There is no need to check calendars anymore, because they have been replaced by reminders that automatically remind us of important events and clocks that only need to be activated once. These are some basic tasks that are performed daily, and it is difficult to work without a computer. Computers are no longer a luxury, they can be used in different forms on different platforms, for example as smart phones. Computers are also very helpful in medicine and have undergone extensive development in the past decade. Addictive.All in all, we can say that computers have profoundly affected our lives, and changes are no longer associated with ease, habit, and popularity.
The above is a small example of computers, but as far as modern technology is concerned, computers have changed our way of life. Computers are not only used for arithmetic but are now active in teaching, industrial purposes, automated processes, data management, analysis, personal and group entertainment, Music synthesis, professional photo and video editing, hardcore games, research goals, creating new software and applications to make life easier, shopping, banking, marketing, and even participating in the artificial creation of intelligent creatures with deep learning concepts and machine learning.
With Service business gaining popularity every day and changing the way business is done, more and more entrepreneurs are starting service-oriented businesses. Be it cloud storage, entertainment channels like Netflix, Prime, Hotstar etc, multi-service platforms like UrbanClap, now known as Urban Company which offers almost all services you could possibly need or even food and grocery delivery apps (Zomato, Big Basket), Service Business has made its way into every industry.
A decade ago, Service Business was limited to services like consultations, tuitions, banking services, financial services (agent, brokers and consultants), after-sale services, real estate, event management, etc. But with the advancement in technology and skills of new entrepreneurs over time, it has expanded tremendously.
However, the nature of service business and its operations, compared to manufacturing or other kinds of businesses is very different. For example, in a manufacturing business, the manufacturer or any employee of the company, does not have any relationship or direct contact with its customer (except customer care and salespeople). However, in most service businesses, communication and maintaining a direct relationship with the customer is very important.
Dimensions of Service
In order to successfully establish and grow a service-oriented business, it is necessary to understand its dimensions and analyse where your business lies in terms of the three dimensions- Service Package, Service Customisation and Customer contact.
a) Service Package (Nature)
Service Package refers to the nature of the service and the value it adds. This tells us which part of the operation/service requires more attention. For example, if a service is dependent on tangible activities like in the case of food/grocery delivery apps, more attention is paid to spend money on tangible assets. However, if the service is dependent on intangible activities like salon beauty services, training and retention of skilled employees and development of firm’s knowledge assets is more important.
b)Service Customization
Service Customization refers to the level of customization or standardization of the service. This gives us an insight into the kind of human resources required and the nature of operations to be followed. For example, if the service is more or less standardised like in the case of plumbing, employees/workers with more narrow skills can be hired and a standardised step by step approach can be followed.
However, if the service is customised according to the needs and demands of every customer like in case of a bakery that makes customised cakes, the operation becomes less predictable and more variable so the company needs highly skilled employees/workers. Such organisations compete on the degree of customisation offered instead of cost.
c) Customer Contact
Customer contact refers to the degree of contact the employees have with the customer which depends on the nature of the service. The degree of customer contact is divided into- Front-room and Back-room operations.
Front-room operations refer to the part of the service where the customer interfaces directly with the service organisation. Back-room operations refer to the part of the service where there’s no contact with the customer.
For example, getting a Netflix/Prime subscription is a back-room oriented service. So, the company does not need employees with people skills since there is no direct contact or communication involved in the service. On the other hand, any service available on Urban Company requires direct contact (front-room) with the customer and hence, the employees hired should know how to be pleasant and cater to the needs of the customer.
With the help of these dimensions of service business, one must analyse the position of their service business and make its human resources and operations related decisions accordingly.
When it comes to knowing about a particular word it is better to break it and understand the half-half syntax to get the whole picture. So content marketing which seems a complex term to get, turns out to be a simple one. Content is any written form of piece and marketing is selling of a particular commodity therefore when we talk about content marketing we refer to writing valuable and relevant content for a good which depicts its value and give entire information about it.
It is not as straightforward as it seems as writing content that attracts the reader is very important. Simple tips to write a good content for a product and for making content marketing successful:
Answer your audience questions and write according to giving every answer possible. providing them something of value keeping them wanting more.
Do audience segmentation to divide different goals people considering their interests and write accordingly.
Content writing goals are of four categories- entertain, inspire, educate, convence
Think for which media are you writing for, types of media- owned, earned, and paid. Write the necessary information required for the three.
Optimize list content- The featured snippets for listicles show a bulleted or numbered list on the results page. They are great for “best” and “how-to” searches. With a list, searchers get a quick and easy-to-understand answer.
Read value-added materials like books, magazines, newspapers to enhance your vocabulary and to come across new styles of writing.
There are many more things you can do just reseach, get aware, take your thoughts and pen and get started.
It seems difficult and vast until the beginning so doesn’t worry if you like writing and can think of innovative lines this field is for you, you can do wonders!
Leadership is the ability to motivate a group to focus on a particular goal to achieve it. In an organisation, managers have a right to do managerial task and not all managers have ability to lead effectively. Leader is an important person he can manage tasks as well as influence or motivate other members to achieve the goal.
Importance of Leadership
Commencement of work: Leader initiates or starts the work by explaining plans and regulations to subordinates who all are working together in a team.
Counselling: It is the duty of leader not to only supervise his subordinates but also counsel and guide them about their work, so that they can perform their work effectively and efficiently.
Motivation: Leader also plays a role of motivator. He motivates his subordinates by giving then opportunities and rewards based on their performance.
Developing confidence: It is important for every employee to be confident about their work, and leader is the person who can boost their confidence by encouraging them.
Coordination: For achieving any organisational goal, coordination is very important amongst employees and leader can maintain synchronisation through effective coordination.
Establish work environment: In every organisation it is important to maintain effective work environment. Employees are human resource for any organisation, it is necessary that leader should have personal contact with every subordinate and listen their concerns.
Qualities of leaders
A leader has special or unique trait which distinguish them from others. There are various qualities in a leader which enhances his work ability and which effectively motivates other to work hard.
Neutral: Leader should be neutral towards every individual. He should not be bias on any basis towards his subordinates, rather be logical and make fair decision.
Physical Characteristics: Physical appearance is important for every leader. Physique and health are necessary for leader so that subordinates can focus on what he wants to convey.
Communication ability: Good leader must have this quality because communication is the way to explain what he wants from his subordinates. With good communication skills leader can explain the policies and procedure to subordinates easily.
Responsible: Leader must be responsible towards his authority then only he can maximize his skills and capabilities in performing his role. Before motivating others he should himself feel motivated and give his best in performing each task.
Intelligence: Leader must be intelligent along with responsible then only he can find out solution for every problem faced by a team and he can analyze the advantages and disadvantages of a situation arise in an organization.
Leadership Styles
Leadership style is a way or attribute in which leader works in a group with other group member or perform in a team. There are various leadership styles which prevail in an organization:
Authoritarian Leadership
In this type of leadership, autocratic leader have full authority and responsibility of the work. He gives instructions and explains duties to his subordinates without consulting with them. He holds the power and has authority of decision making. This style of leadership has negative effect as leader himself takes all decisions, and doesn’t concern for his subordinates opinion. In autocratic leadership, less time is consumed in taking action because here leader is the one person who decides, give orders and employees do work accordingly. But somewhere, it have a negative impact on employees because may be they feel that their opinions and suggestions are of no use. Basically, in this type of leadership there is no delegation of authority by leader.
Autocratic Leadership
2. Democratic Leadership
In this type of leadership, leader includes every individual in decision making process or any policy formulation. He consults with his subordinate before taking any decision and let them influence his decision sometimes as per the requirements of management. He decentralise his authority by doing so. Leader himself forces his subordinates to give their input or ideas which will be beneficial for the management. It also helps in boosting morale or motivating employees, they feel that their participation is also important in decision-making process.
Democratic Leadership
3. Free-rein Leadership
This style of leadership is different from above two style of leadership in many ways. Here, leader delegate his responsibility to subordinates for decision making and he himself doesn’t intervene. He gives no order or direction to his subordinates and permits the group to work as per their opinion or ideas. He wants that each individual gives his best and take all efforts to achieve the set goals.
Learning lessons of management from business books is not the only option to gain knowledge about business but we can gain similar knowledge by exploring our Indian street markets where we encounter a wide variety of businesses and street vendors. We can learn something new point from every interaction on streets.
WHY INDIAN UNORGANIZED SECTOR GOT THAT MUCH POPULARITY IN MAKING ECONOMY?
The street markets (or) small businesses comes under unorganized or non-corporated sector. This sector has loin share in national income, manufacturing activities, employment, forex earnings etc.. Only unorganized sector itself comprises 92 percent of Indian workforce.
Street vendors every day thrive through many difficulties. The environment where they operate is dynamic and constantly changing. They used to adopt different strategies to sell their limited sources to the customers. Most of the small businesses or street vendors do not have permanent shops. Street vendors should set up shops every day and close them by evening.
For Example: When we come across a street markets, we can observe the prices of commodities cheaper when compared to the marts. This is because, they do not have to pay rent or electricity bills or fees to the government and there will be a large number of shops which sell the same goods. If some trader charge high on a particular commodity then people would move to the other shop where they can get same commodity under low price or where the buyer can bargain and bring the price down.
The above stated example shows us the scenario of the street markets and make us to understand the hectic competetive situation of the vendors.
THE TECHNIQUES THAT WE CAN LEARN FROM THE STREET VENDORS ARE:
1) Most of the street vendors “work with limited resources” . They doesn’t any office setup to sell their products. They only look about how to sell their products using less resources.
2) Street vendors used to be customer centric: Yes, most of the street vendors truly apply the fact that ” customer is the king”. They take the initiative step to interact with the customers instead of waiting for the customers. Not only that most of the street vendors like to set up their shop where they can get the potential customers to sell their products.
3) Discipline and Consistency: Street vendors used to be focused to wards their work. They have to wake up early in the morning in order to get the stocks for that day and will return to their stay after every one has gone. They should maintain the same routine through out the year. This shows that discipline and consistency are the virtues that should be possessed by every entrepreneur in order to see profits in their business.
4) Symbiotic co-existence with customers : Street vendors possess a good collaborative skills with their competitors also. Though they sit next to each other and sell the same products also they used to help each other. This is one of the best thing that we can learn from vendors.
5)Adaptive nature: Street vendors used adapt different strategies to sell their goods as per the demand. At the same time they used to manage their business by changing the products to sell according to the season and demand.
CONCLUSTION:
Finally, when we start understanding the street markets or small businesses they teach us the other side of the coin. The one, who really want to get succeed as an entrepreneur (or) who want to learn tactics of the business then try to visit your local market places where you can learn many new principles that you can’t even get from your academics to execute your business wisely.
” THE KEY TO LEARN SOMETHING NEW IS TO OBSERVE THE THINGS AROUND YOU “
The 2019 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo, who currently work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Michael Kremer of Harvard University. The Prize committee noted that these economists “introduced a new approach to obtaining reliable answers about the best ways to fight global poverty.” The new Nobel laureates are considered to be instrumental in using randomised controlled trials to test the effectiveness of various policy interventions to alleviate poverty.
So what is randomised control trial?
A randomised controlled trial is an experiment that is designed to isolate the influence that a certain intervention or variable has on an outcome or event. A social science researcher who wants to find the effect that employing more teachers in schools has on children’s learning outcomes, for instance, can conduct a randomised controlled trial to find the answer. The use of randomised controlled trials as a research tool was largely limited to fields such as biomedical sciences where the effectiveness of various drugs was gauged using this technique. Mr. Banerjee, Ms. Duflo and Mr. Kremer, however, applied RCT to the field of economics beginning in the 1990s. Mr. Kremer first used the technique to study the impact that free meals and books had on learning in Kenyan schools. Mr. Banerjee and Ms. Duflo later conducted similar experiments in India.
Why is randomised controlled trial so popular?
At any point in time, there are multiple factors that work in tandem to influence various social events. RCTs allow economists and other social science researchers to isolate the individual impact that a certain factor alone has on the overall event. For instance, to measure the impact that hiring more teachers can have on children’s learning, researchers must control for the effect that other factors such as intelligence, nutrition, climate, economic and social status etc., which may also influence learning outcomes to various degrees, have on the final event.Randomised controlled trials promise to overcome this problem through the use of randomly picked samples. Using these random samples researchers can then conduct experiments by carefully varying appropriate variables to find out the impact of these individual variables on the final event.
What are some criticisms of randomised controlled trials?
A popular critic of randomised controlled trials is economist Angus Deaton, who won the economics Nobel Prize in 2015. Mr. Deaton has contended in his works, including a paper titled “Understanding and misunderstanding randomised control trials” that simply choosing samples for an RCT experiment in a random manner does not really make these samples identical in their many characteristics.
While two randomly chosen samples might turn out to be similar in some cases, he argued, there are greater chances that most samples are not really similar to each other. Other economists have also contended that randomised controlled trials are more suited for research in the physical sciences where it may be easier to carry out controlled experiments. They argue that social science research, including research in the field of development economics, may be inherently unsuited for such controlled research since it may be humanly impossible to control for multiple factors that may influence social events.
The ability to build real relationships is one of the most important aspects of social media and a key factor in attracting people of all ages, genders and nationalities. It is an important part of developing healthy social networks and powerful social network tools. People can share their business, products and services with the world as long as they stay connected and use social media. Social networks allow people to communicate, and everyone can update and report at any time. Companies make full use of social media to improve your online reputation and greatly help increase sales and personal income.
You need to make sure to use all social media platforms to gain insight into the needs of your customers. To make the most of social media for your business, make sure you have a content marketing plan. If you need content on any social media platform, you can use social media asset management tools to create high-quality content.
You can also use social media to track what people say on social media. Although social media is mainly used by the public, the government also uses it to raise public awareness.
Although the use of social media for teaching can be distracting, educators can do everything they can to guide students to develop good habits and practices, Benefit. Regarding the advantages provided by social networks.
If you consistently and continuously invest time and effort, you will see the real benefits of social media marketing. Social media can give your business a huge advantage by helping you connect with your target audience. It can cover a large number of people, but for social media, it is also a media sharing network.
Social media advertising is one of the two components used together to attract potential customers and spread information and brand awareness. Different from classic ads. When you actively post on social media pages, social media marketing is easy.
SOCIAL MEDIA AS A BLESSING
There are some people who actually make a good or can say the best use of the social media. Like if we talk about the young entrepreneurs who have just begun with a start up but is lacking in public attraction and funding so they create a short 30seconds advertisement and attach it with the trending apps which work through network connection . Talking about the awareness ;both the social media and mass media have been playing their roles very well by keeping their viewers updated with the latest screamers , exposing the Scams ,scandals , and even the worse parts of humanity .
So we all know about OYO Rooms, also known as OYO Hotels and Homes, which is an Indian multinational chain of hospitality leased and franchised hotels, homes, and living spaces. But what many of us don’t know about OYO is; the man behind the idea- Ritesh Agarwal.
Ritesh Agarwal was born in Bisham Cuttak, Rayagada(district), Odisha. Ritesh Agarwal is the Founder and CEO of OYO Rooms. In 2020, he is known as the 2nd youngest billionaire in the world. Also, he received awards such as the Business World Young Entrepreneur award and Thiel Fellowship.
From where did he got this idea? For the answer let us look into his past life.
Ritesh always has a keen interest in software. He started coding when he was just 8yrs old. After 10th grade, in 2009, he decided to go to Kota for IIT. In no time he figured out that Kota was anything but a place where one could learn coding. So he puts his dream of coding in the backseat and started attending classes at Bansal tutorials. In his free time, he used to chill and travel around a lot.
Ritesh also has written a book called India. Engineering Colleges: A Complete Encyclopedia of Top 100 Engineering Colleges. That book was a great success on Flipkart and sold out in a while.
At the age of 16, he was selected to be a part of the Asian Science Camp held at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in Mumbai.
During that time; Ritesh used to travel a lot and stayed in budget hotels and PG. He also used to travel to Dehli so often to attend events and conferences to meet entrepreneurs because at that time he couldn’t afford the registration cost.
In 2011, he moved to Delhi to start up something of his own and also to prepare for SAT for further studies in the U.S.
Sat never happened. And that time, he used to meet and read about entrepreneurs, start-ups, business ideas, and especially AirBnB.
When he used to travel, he had seen that the budget hotels in India didn’t meet the basics of budget travelers. So in 2012, he started his first venture- Oravel Stays. It was an aggregator of beds and breakfast stays all over India. He secured his funding of 30 lakhs from VentureNursey.
He also presented his idea at Thiel Fellowship. He was listed among the top ten winners who received a sum of $100,000 and as well as guidance and other resources.
Unfortunately, due to hard luck, the company was not able to pick the pace in the market.
This is when Ritesh thought that the biggest problem of traveling is to find good, affordable, and most importantly available rooms. This idea motivated him to create an online platform where one can find all the information available about good, and budget places.
In 2013, after tweaking his business model, he relaunched Oravel Stays as OYO Rooms. In which OYO stands for On Your Own.
At present OYO has over 13,000 franchised and leased hotels, and over 450,000 rooms, adding 64,000 rooms every month, globally.
OYO App has been downloaded over 50 million-plus times and rated amongst the best-rated apps on the Google play store.
In 2020, the market valuation of OYO was 8 billion dollars.
A strait is a naturally formed passage connecting two large water bodies. Canal too connects two large water bodies but are man-made i.e. intentionally constructed for faster connectivity. We can call it a man-made strait. Canals such as the Panama Canal(connecting Pacific and Atlantic) and Suez Canal(connecting Red sea and the Mediterranean) have drastically reduced the time required for inter Continental connectivity and are of massive economic value. Recently when the Suez Canal was blocked it costed dearly in economic terms an estimated loss of $ 54 billion in trade. The enormous dependence on Straits and canals also means it is of tremendous strategic importance to countries, total control over one of the busiest choke points gives a country immense bargaining power and will be an obvious member in any global trade-related groupings.
Suez Canal
Some of the world’s busiest Straits include Malacca Strait, Strait of Hormuz, Dover Strait, Bosphorus Strait, The Danish Straits, Sunda Strait among others that connect prominent continents. Malacca strait is the shortest shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Among artificial shipping routes, Germany’s Kiel Canal is the world’s busiest canal which accommodates more ships than the Suez and Panama Canal combined.
In today’s highly globalized world imports and exports are a necessary part of daily commercial business. Trade with other countries is one of the ways how countries can establish their presence for profitability or goodwill(or both)in a foreign land. All of these in turn for their faster functionality are dependent on Straits and Canals. Any obstruction or blockage of one of these chokepoints can have a vast and far-reaching cascading effect.
Lifestyle (sociology), the way a person lives Otium, ancient Roman concept of a lifestyle Style of life, dealing with the dynamics of personality.
Lifestyle is the interests, opinions, behaviours, and behavioural orientations of an individual, group, or culture. The term was introduced by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler in his 1929 book, The Case of Miss R., with the meaning of “a person’s basic character as established early in childhood”. The broader sense of lifestyle as a “way or style of living” has been documented since 1961. Lifestyle is a combination of determining intangible or tangible factors. Tangible factors relate specifically to demographic variables, i.e. an individual’s demographic profile, whereas intangible factors concern the psychological aspects of an individual such as personal values, preferences, and outlooks.
But why does everyone wants a good standard of living life. As in this is a mental tandancy human wants are unlimited. And the resources are scarce but that doesn’t matter the thing is lifestyle as all of us want to live a good life eat what we want Live where we want and spend the whole money where we want to the best.
Lifestyle may also refer to:
*Lifestyle business, a business that is set up and run with the aim of sustaining a particular level of income. *Lifestyle center, a shopping center or mixed-used commercial development that combines the traditional retail functions of a shopping mall with leisure amenities. *Lifestyle (department store), a retail fashion brand which is part of the Dubai-based Landmark Group.
And many more, but all this centers, businesses offers the best for an individual’s lifestyle.
Virtual Reality has a brief yet rich history with many ups and downs. Even though the formal name was defined much later, there had been many attempts that resembled the Virtual Reality that we know it as today. Let’s first define the goal of Virtual Reality. It is to trick the brain to believe that something is real with the help of virtual elements, these elements can be auditory (sound) or visual (sight). But there are many parallel definitions of VR but one of the essential differentiating factors of Virtual Reality compared to other forms of media is that VR has some sort of interactivity. Unlike Movies or 3D movies where a person can only view but not interact, VR facilitates the freedom to touch, interact and control what a person sees on their screen.
History of VR
The fascination with VR goes way back to the 1930s when science fiction writer Stanley G. Weinbaum wrote a story where he mentions about Pygmalion’s spectacles. The wearer would be able to experience the virtual world. VR was further popularized by the popular Sci-fi movie, Star Trek: The Next Generation and its Holodeck.
One of the first examples of VR HMD (Head Mounted Display) was ‘Sword of Damocles’ developed by Ivan Sutherland and his student Bob Sproull. The HMD was connected to a computer. The contraption setup was intimidating, cumbersome, and heavy. The graphics that were shown if the HMD were quite simplistic and trivial, but it was a convincing step towards the VR we know today. The term ‘VR’ was popularized in the 1980s by Jaron Lanier. By the end of the 1980s, NASA with the assistance of Crystal River Engineering, created Project VIEW. It was a VR simulator that was developed to train the astronauts. The 1990s saw the use of VR in multimedia and mainstream commercial spaces. Numerous virtual reality arcades were introduced in the public spaces where players could play games with immersive stereoscopic 3D visuals. The mid-1990s saw the VR foray by console manufacturers. Nintendo and SEGA both showcased their VR gaming headsets but both were a commercial failure due to technical limitations and lack of software support.
In 2012 Oculus Kickstarter had raised 2.5 million dollars and this gave the startup a monetary jumpstart that previous VR projects were not able to attain. In 2014 Facebook bought the Oculus and this ensured that the VR startup would be adequately funded in their VR developments. 2014 also saw the launch of numerous other VR developments like Google cardboard, Sony PSVR and Samsung Gear VR. In 2016 HTC released its advanced VR headset, HTC Vive. Now the focus was to make VR truly standalone free from the assistance of a dedicated computer or a smartphone.
The Future
The Future of VR looks bright, there are many factors for this but one of the major factors is the price of VR has significantly gone down. There are continual developments in the sphere of VR and various new technological innovations are attempting to make the adoption of VR much more seamless, comfortable and intuitive to use. The use of VR is not just limited to gaming but now VR is also used for many commercial and business purposes. Recently Microsoft signed an agreement with the US government to supply 120,000 semi-custom versions of Hololens VR/AR headsets. VR is increasingly used in the health and manufacturing sectors as well. With a compound annual growth of 21.6% from 2020 to 2027, it seems that VR is only going to get more mainstream in the future.
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