MANAGING MONEY AND INCREASING SAVING

“Before Money becomes Wealth, it’s just Money. And for making Wealth from Money, we need to MANAGE it.”

Money Management is the broad concept which incorporates the key principles required for developing wealth and for preserving and protecting that wealth. It teaches about investing, budgeting, banking, tracking your expenses and assess the tax liabilities. This can also be called as Investment Management. Thus, Money Management is a technique where high interest output is delivered with any amount invested for money.

Spending money for satisfying needs, wishes and cravings regardless of whether they are justifies and included in a budget. can be seen in every human and is a very natural tendency and phenomenon and this idea of money management is especially developed to make the people, institutions and firms understand how to channelize and reduce the amount of money spent on different items and values which care not significant and which do not have any contribution in enhancing their living standards, long term asset or benefit. Money gives you the sense of self fulfilment and this sense of self fulfillment doesn’t come from rigorous spending of money or buying wealth but from having an amount of money which will not get outlived while fulfilling their lives needs, ambitions and providing a meaning livelihood which is convenient for them.

Thus, for money management it is also important to properly analyze the behavioral aspect of individuals or firms. Money Management also focuses on the behavioral attributes which influence the decision made by investors or organizations or individuals. And this decision making phenomena can severely affect the outcomes of long term strategies. In fact, everyone battles against the powerful elements like taxes, debt or inflation etc. which have the power to destroy and take away the wealth that we have attained by working hard. And a single wrong decision can affect and ensure our defeat.

8 Tips for Money Management:

CREATING A COMPREHENSIVE BUDGET PLAN (Listing the amount of money you receive and planning how to manage your expenses by using that amount and what will be your savings.)
TRIMMING UNNECESSARY DAY TO DAY COSTS (Identify different ways to save and start from small scale. Eliminate day to day unnecessary costs and avoid penalty charges and fines)
FIND WAYS TO PAY LESS INTEREST ON YOUR DEBTS
MAKE GOALS FOR EFFECTIVE SAVINGS AND ACCELARATE THE SAVINGS
AVOID PAYING MORE TAX THAN NEEDED
USE ONLINE BANKING (because they help in setting up payment reminders, scheduling future bills and help in reviewing and analyzing the amount of money spent.)
SAVE FOR RETIREMENT AND PLAN ACCORDINGLY
WORK WITH AN ADVISOR (To reduce financial stress and feel secured. They help in analyzing your financial status and set up goals.)

NEED OF MONEY MANAGEMENT

Money and Finance Management is a vital part of personal and business life. Hence, it is hard to ignore and needs to be planned with proper vision, career, finances, goals etc. and these will drive your future. Proper financial knowledge is important for starting any successful business and it is the ability to manage one’s money.
It develops the ability of a person to understand financial concepts which will help him in managing money better. And ensures financial well being.
Money Management and Financial literacy is one of the major life skill and it increases the financial ability of a person. One can start investing in his 50s also but starting early has its own benefits.
Today, the rich is getting richer, poor is getting poorer and the middle class people are getting indebted. The reason is the lack of knowledge of money management. People learn about money management from their parents and families and not in school. What will the children of poor people learn about money management for them? The only thing that they know is to study hard for getting a job. That’s why even after having proper knowledge, skills and expertise they don’t get proper job and don’t get enough savings.

We were Liars: A book review

Cadence is a girl born to rich family that owns large estates and an island. Her best friends are her cousins and the son of the manager. This group together is called the liars. The liars are the best of friends, and enjoy each other more than their families which are bound quite unlovingly in threads of race and economic dependencies. One day Cadence is found unconscious near the shore and is not allowed to visit the island again for the next couple of years. The worst part is she remembers nothing of what happened to her. Her mother even forces her to improve relationships with her estranged father. She returns however to the island only to find the liars living in a far end of the island and her family broken down and her once strong headed and commanding grandfather suffering from dementia.

She roams around the island and is saddened that the liars do not want to get very close to her. She discovers not only the ugly relationships and secrets of her family but also slowly comes to remember and accept the fate that she has given to her friends and her family.

Awarded the Good Reads Book of the year in young adult literature in 2015, We were liars is a book that deals with love, romance, a decaying aristocracy and the decaying state of mind within it, not to forget issues like mental health and defenses.

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Happy Reading!!!

ENRON SCANDAL : VOILATION OF BUSINESS ETHICS

Business ethics is the study of appropriate business policies and practices regarding potentially controversial subjects including corporate governance, insider trading, bribery, discrimination, corporate social responsibility, and fiduciary responsibilities. The law often guides business ethics, but at other times business ethics provide a basic guideline that businesses can choose to follow to gain public approval.

ENRON corporation was an American energy commodities & service company based in Houston , Texas . It was a merger between Houston natural gas & inter north . Founder of ENRON was Jeffrey Skilling & Kenneth Lay . Earlier they used historical cost accounting method , A historical cost is a measure of value used in accounting in which the value of an asset on the balance sheet is recorded at its original cost when acquired by the company. But in 1992 , this company started using Mark to market method , Mark to market (MTM) is a method of measuring the fair value of accounts that can fluctuate over time, such as assets and liabilities. Mark to market aims to provide a realistic appraisal of an institution’s or company’s current financial situation based on current market conditions , with the help of this method only they did the whole scandal . The fraud was , they took loan from banks & other corporations , but didn’t show them in their books of accounts . They bought a MEDIATIOR , SFS ( special purpose vehicles ). They sold their assets to SFS & in return SFS asked loan from the banks . But they didn’t showed that they sold their assets in their books of accounts . They took loans , raised their capital & did the fraud of billion dollars .The value of shares of ENRON raised from 20$ to 90$ . The whole scandal was they hide the losses , showed fake revenues & profits , used complex accounting methods & did unethical things with the books of accounts by manipulating them .

But in 2001 , scandal burst , ENRON suffered a loss of 618 billion $ . Company did the scandal of 70 billion $ . Many investors , general public & employees suffered huge losses . Company’s one time Chief Jeffrey Shilling was sentenced to 24 to 24 years in prison in 2011 . Business ethics enhances the law by outlining acceptable behaviors beyond government control. Corporations establish business ethics to promote integrity among their employees and gain trust from key stakeholders, such as investors and consumers.

Amidst growing scrutiny of business practices, it’s more important than ever for companies to carry out work the right way. Ethics programs are an exceptional tool for promoting moral conduct. Organizations also need employees dedicated to ethical decision-making.

WORLD’S LARGEST SHIP BREAKING YARD: ALANG, GUJARAT

Alang is the biggest ship breaking yard in the world and is situated in Gujarat, India. Hundreds of ships get scrapped here every year. With the increasing popularity of the yard, the number of ships getting scrapped here is also increasing steeply. With this the number of threats on the health of the workers working there and the marine environment is also increasing. There is a steep increase in threats on them. Unlike other countries, India had lacks strict policies and regulations for protecting and preserving the marine environment. This leads to irreversible harm on the surrounding flora and fauna as well as the health of the laborer’s. Indian coasts have coral reefs and due to the unregulated practice of ship breaking activity, the coral reef of the coast has vanished and destroyed completely. It is having serious impacts on the marine life. Alang has now become the storage of toxic wastes, radioactive elements, poisonous gases and waste, unusable oil which have now entered into the marine food chain and and are also affecting the health of the workers working there. The laborer’s work in dilapidated condition with least safety measures and poor health care facilities.

EXISTING SHIP RECYCLING CAPACITY OF ALANG

Currently the ship breaking yard has 153 plots or ship breaking yards on 10 kilometer long coast in Bhavnagar District of the state. Out of these 131 plots practice ship breaking activities and just 80 plots have ships for breaking. So, 48 per cent of the ship breaking capacity is laying idle in the site. In the year 2011 -12, 415 ships with a total 3.85 million Light Displacement Tonnage (LDT or weight of a vessel without fuel, cargo, etc.) came to the site and the capacity of the site was almost full. And after that there was a decrease in the number of ships coming. In 2021, only 199 ships came to the site.

In this entire process of ship breaking, there are numerous factors and aspects which are not being considered and are neglected. The protection of health, safety and sanitation of the workers is not considered, the negative impacts of the practice on the marine ecosystem and the surrounding environment is not being considered properly and the potential threats on the flora and fauna are not considered properly. Some of the regulations and rights of the workers which are being violated are:

Violation of Legal Frameworks for Adequate Health Facilities: One of the major problems in the ship breaking site is the absence of proper health care facilities for the workers. The region as 2 hospitals only which are under staffed and don’t possess necessary health care infrastructure for treating fatal emergencies. There is no ambulance facility in the area as well. Regulations Violated: the International Labor Organization (ILO) guideline of 2003, which outlined detailed provisions for the safety and health of workers in ship-breaking industries etc.
Violation of Regulations provided for secured employment of laborer’s: The ship breaking yard of Alang is labor intensive and does not use modern technologies like China and Japan. Thousands of people migrants migrate from different parts of the state (especially Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar etc.) to Alang Sosiya for getting employment but there is no employment security here. A number of workers are Alang Sosiya Ship Breaking YARD (ASSBY) have also said that there is a always a delay in payment of wages and they do not receive any financial benefits as laid down by different labor laws of India. The workers are not even paid for extra work on Sundays and when they are on leave. Regulations Violated: The Workmen’s Compensation Act 1923; the Payment of Wages Act 1936; the Factories Act 1948; the Employees’ State Insurance (ESI) Act 1948; The Minimum Wages Act 1948; the Employees’ Provident Funds Act 1952; the Payment of Bonus Act 1965 etc.
Absence of database providing details of migrant workers: The District Authority does not maintain any database regarding the number of migrant workers working in the ship – breaking yard. Regulations Violated: Chapter II of the Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979, specifies that the state government shall appoint a registering officer for the purpose of registering interstate migrant workmen. Ship-breaking industries continue to recruit migrant workers without registering under this Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act.

WHAT IS TRAGEDY?

Drama presents fiction or fact in a form that could be acted before an audience. It is imitation by action and speech. A play has a plot, characters, atmosphere and conflict. Unlike a novel, which is read in private, a play is intended to be performed in public. Traditionally drama is divided into two categories tragedy and comedy. Tragedy deals with the dark side of the life and the other with its light side. In tragedy the characters are involved in circumstances and situations that force them towards an unhappy end. Thus a tragedy usually ends in happiness for the central characters and sometimes in their death.

HOW TRAGEDY WAS ORIGINATED:

In ancient Greece both tragedy and comedy originated in the rustic festivals which were held in honour of the nature-god Dionysus. Tragedy dealt with the more somber aspects of life exemplified by the stories and legends chosen from mythology. In ancient Greece, Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripedes composed tragedies. Traditionally a tragedy required an exposition and complication or conflict, a climax or crisis, a denouement or resolution and a catastrophe at the end.

ARISTOTLE ABOUT TRAGEDY:

Aristotle thought that tragedy was the noblest form of literature. He laid down certain percepts to be followed by the tragic poet. They form the basis of the classical approach to tragedy. According to this a tragedy should have a plot, characters, structure and spectacle, catastrophe and catharsis. Only lives of famous and powerful men like kings and warriors were fit subjects for tragedy. The sufferings and death of such characters raves about their common plane evoked pitty and terror in the mind of the spectators. Aristotle spoke of the effect of tragedy as the evocation of pity and awe and the achievement of catharsis or cleansing of our emotions. However in the great tragedies of Marlowe and Shakespeare the insistence on great themes and illustrious persons was often violated. In modern times we have several tragedies of low and humble life.

HOW TRAGEDY AND COMEDY ARE SAME?

Like comedy, tragedy also aims giving pleasure. The pleasure tragedy provides is of a lofty order. The spectacle of a noble character caught in the cause of circumstances presented with artistrt of language raise higher passions in the spectators. The effect is rather exalted and enabled rather than distressing.

TYPES OF TRAGEDY:

Tragedy can be divided into two types the classical and romantic.

The Classical tragedy: It was based on Greek inventions like the observance of the unity of time, unity of action and unity of place and the employment of the chorus. The classical tragedy dealt with the great legends of mythical age, its chief characters were majestic heroes. An ideal tragic which was maintained in the dialogue and the rendering was marked by a stateliness and nobility of expression.

The Romantic tragedy: it reach its perfection in Shakespeare was not always limited by the observance of the three unities. It also dispensed with the chorus. In the romantic tragedy the plot may stretch over a long period of time there; may be subplots and there is usually mixing up of tragic and comic elements. That Romantic tragedy is generally concerned with matters remote from ordinary life. It is both a idealistic and realistic. It is not written to a set pattern and is never didactic. On the basis of themes there were several types of tragedy is like the horror and revenge tragedy of Kyd and Webster, heroic tragedies of Dryden and the domestic tragedies of George Lillo.

The Elizabethan Romantic tragedy was essentially poetic. However in the 18th century poetry give place to prose. In the 20th century poetic drama has been revived in the plays of W.B. Yeats, T.S. Eliot and Christopher Fry.

THE LYRIC

Introduction:

The Lyric is the most delightful and pleasing form of poetry. It is generally subjective. Lyric poetry, in its original meaning, was poetry composed to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre. The lyre was a simple Greek musical instrument. The Greek idea of the lyric suggests its intimate connection with music.

A lyric is defined as a poem that Expresses a single emotion. Over elaboration of emotion results in the loss of effectiveness. So a lyric is generally short. In a lyric the quality of emotion is important. It must embody emotion and it must impress us by the sincerity of its utterance. The language and imagery of a lyric must be characterized by beauty, propriety, and harmony.

Personal poetry touches almost all aspects of experience. As a result, there are various types of lyric poetry such as the love lyric, the lyric of patriotism, the lyrics of religious emotion, the lyric of joy, and so on. The essence of a lyric is the personality of a poet, the majority of the world’s good lyrics express also what is typically human. The reader finds in them the expression of experiences that he can share with the poet. The reader finds this experience in the poetry of Keats, Shelley, and the metaphysical poets like Donne and Marvell

In lyric poetry, the poet is occupied with himself. His thoughts, feelings, and emotions constitute the subject matter of his lyric. The lyric becomes a mirror to his personality. Even the titles of poems are no indication as to their themes. “Ode to a Nightingale” and “An ode to a skylark” are not about birds. In highly composite poetry it is difficult to distinguish between subjective and objective. So it is generally said that the Epic, The ballad and dramatic poetry are objective and lyric is subjective. Some forms of lyrics lead us to meditative and philosophic modes as in them the elements of thought and reflection or dominant.

Another trait of a lyric is its unity. A lyric is self-contained and everything in it it is related to the central idea or emotion. So there is hardly any place for descriptions or elaborations in a lyric. Since the lyric is a unified experience, generally, it is not very long. Edgar Allen Poe said, “a long poem does not exist” this is true of a lyric.

It is difficult to identify the I in a lyric poem. Through the poet express his own emotions and feelings, they are also universal. Thus, Wordsworth Tintern Abbey lines or Milton’s Sonnet on his blindness, express universal emotion. Most of the Elizabethan songs, poems of the metaphysical like Donne and the short poems and the dramatic monologues of Browning and Tennyson come under the category of lyric.

Three parts of Lyric:

Structurally, a lyric can be divided into three parts.

Motive:

The first is the motive. It states the emotion and comprises the first few lines. The motive is the sudden provocation for the poet to compose. It may be Nightingale’s song as in the case of kids are the song of reaper girl as in the case of Wordsworth. The motive is only an excuse for the poet to express his own emotions and feelings.

Statements:

The second part of the lyric consists of the poet’s emotions and feelings. These may be termed as statements. In “the ode to the west wind” Shelley muses over evolution. In “The Ode to Nightingale” Keats meditates over the weariness of life and the ease of death.

Conclusion:

The third part of the lyric is the conclusion that comes when the emotions subside. It is a conclusion, reflection, or resolution. Keats reflects on beauty at the end of the famous Ode on a Grecian urn” Herrick reflects on the fragility of beauty and power of death towards the close of “To blossoms”.

Much of the beauty of a lyric depends on its expression. So the poet has to choose words and their arrangements with great care. The combination of lines, rhyme scheme, and rhythm are important. Each stanza should correspond to the mood expressed. Smoothness or hardness of the words, slowness or rapidity of the movements, alliteration, rhyme, rhythm, melody, and even some irregularities get hold upon the reader’s imagination and intensify his enjoyment of the lyric. Every lyric poet must be conscious of this fact.

What is a short story?

Traits of an Epic

East India Company

East India Company also known as Honorable East India Company or East Trading Company was an English stock company founded in 1600. This company was formed to trade in Indian region and then later in other Asian parts. East India Company had dominated trade in large Indian subcontinent, parts of Hong Kong and southeast Asia.

This company was responsible for half of world’s trades in 1700s and 1800’s. They traded primarily in goods that included silk, cotton, spices, tea, sugar and many others. Later, it went onto rule India which led to the beginning of British Empire.

Company initially started to trade in eastern part of India and gradually began to conquer various parts of India with advanced military defense. In 1757, was the start of British rule.

Origin Of East India Company

Francis Drake in 1577 went on an expedition to Spanish in search of gold and silver. He sailed through Pacific Ocean which was discovered only by Spanish and Portuguese. Sailing across East Indies, he came across the spice island known as Moluccas. When he met Sultan Babullah of that island, in exchange of gold and silver, he got cloves and nutmeg. British did not understand the value of these spices and how much that could benefit them. This idea was celebrated by English people.

Spanish and Portuguese were defeated and their ships were captured to travel the world. To sail around the Indian Ocean, Queen Elizabeth I had given permission. The objective behind the sail around Indian Ocean was to gain monopoly in Eastern Trade that was acquired by Spanish and Portuguese for a long time. Portuguese sailing ship, Madre de Dues was captured. The ship had cargo consisted of cloth, pepper, cloves, gold, silver, jewels, pearls, nutmeg, dye and cinnamon. The ship had hidden information of trades of India, Japan and China. Ships sailed east could not be found but a year after Ralph Filtch, a merchant had returned back after a fifteen-year long expedition. He had travelled across Indian Ocean, Mesopotamia, Southeast Asia and Persian Gulf. Since, he had known so much about Indian Subcontinent, he was consulted on Indian affairs. He gave entire information to James Lancaster, who commanded first East India Company voyage.

Formation and Expansion

On 22^nd September, 1599, a large group of merchants ventured on to East Indies. The first adventure was not a success, they still went on a second adventure a year later and this adventure was successful. East India Company was formed on 31^st December, 1600 with the success of second adventure. This trading company was governed by one governor and 24 directors. These directors had to report to the Court of Proprietors.

Western part of India was majorly traded by Portuguese. Goa and Bombay were the operational bases. East India Company attacked trading operations in China and created trading power. Bombay was given in form of dowry to Company by Portuguese when King Charles II married to Catherine of Braganza. Company expanded their trading bases to Surat, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. They had 23 factories in India of cotton, silk, tea and dye. With growing trade in India, they soon gained power over Indian states by defeating the Dutch and Portuguese. They created an overall power over India and other neighboring parts. In India, the company was abolished by the government and taken over by the Crown in 1858.

Raigad Fort

Raigard fort is the strongest fort situated in Raigad district of Maharashtra. Raigad was built by Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and later turned into the capital of Maratha Empire after he was crowned the king. The fort was named Rairi by Chandraraoji More. It was then expanded and refurbished into a huge and strong fort. Shivaji Maharaj renamed it Raigad. Raigad and the villages surrounding it were considered extremely important. Panchad village lies beneath the fort is the start to the climb of Raigad. When Raigad was captured by Aurangzeb, he named it as Islamgad. But the name was for short period until Maratha Empire recaptured it.

Raigad is well-engineered and strong. The chief architect of Raigad Hiroji Indulkar. It was mainly built of wood. The main palace contains a queens chamber, six other chambers with private restrooms. Raigad fort has ruins of a market that was convenient for the horse riders. Maha Darwaja is the only way pathway to the fort. This Darwaja used to be closed after sunsets. Bastions on the sides of the door are huge to about 60-70 feet in height. An artificial lake called Ganga Sagar Lake can be seen from the fort. Mena Darwaja was the second entrance which was private for the women in the fort. This entrance was lead to the queens chamber. Palkhi Darwaja was used by the king and the guards. It is believed that there were granaries.

The fort also has an execution place Takmak Tok. It is a cliff where the prisoners pushed off for wrongdoings. Where the market was situated, statue of Shivaji Maharaj was built followed by Jadhishwar Mandir, temple in devotion to Lord Jadhishwar and his own Samadhi and Waghya’s, his dog. Samadhi of Jijabai, Shivaji Maharaj’s mother is is placed in the village of Panchad. Other tourist attraction can be seen in Raigad like Nane Darwaja, Hatti Talav. Raigad is a popular tourist spot because of its spectacular view of Sahyadri Hills.

Story of Harkini is well known, even today. A film was made based on her story. The importance of this name in Maratha Empire is her courage and unconditional mother’s love. Hirkini was a woman from a nearby village who used to come to sell milk. Gates used to close after sunset and one day was locked inside the fort. She heard her son cry after dusk she could not resist herself and climbed the dangerous cliff for her child. She was awarded by Shivaji Maharaj after he saw repeat the same feat. This award was in honor of her courage and bravery that she showed. To climb a steep cliff like the one of Raigad fort was not easy. She could not have done it if it wasn’t for the sake her liitle one.

The strong Raigad fort was destroyed by cannons in 1818. This fort was later handed over to the British East India Company on 9^th May, 1818. Though, the structure may not be of the same sound but the history of courage of Martha Empire is reflected in its tall standing. It is a must visit to Raigad to witness the authenticity of the rich empire.

Is voodoo practices still exist ?

Voodoo is animism or spiritism. That is, all aspects of the natural world are seen as having spiritual identity immune to physical death. Animism includes belief in a person’s spirit surviving the death of the body. Ancestors’ ‘spirits’ are called upon for inspiration, protection or other influences over the material world. The roots of voodoo in the Americas come from the Fon, Ewe, and Yoruba people of Africa.. The word vodún is the Fon-Ewe word for spirit.

where does it all started to know that we have to travel back to our old ages where they believed they could summon god or demon . we cant fully deny the truth there are some proof that they actually summoned the god or demon with sacrifices .Although its origins are not completely clear, the Voodoo doll originated in people of present-day Benin. The Voodoo religion was created in slave quarters in Haiti and Louisiana, when the faiths of various peoples began to intermingle.

The ceremony begins with a Roman Catholic prayer. Then three drummers begin to play syncopated rhythms. The attendees begin to dance around a tree in the center of the yard, moving faster and harder with the rising pulse of the beat. The priest draws sacred symbols in the dust with cornmeal, and rum is poured on the ground to honor the spirits.

One woman falls to the ground, convulsing for a moment before she is helped back to her feet. She resumes the dance, moving differently now, and continues dancing for hours. It is perhaps no longer she who is dancing: She is in a trance, apparently possessed by Erzuli, the great mother spirit.

It is an honor to be entered and “ridden” by a Loa, or spirit. In Haiti these rituals are commonplace: Voodoo is the dominant religion.

“One common saying is that Haitians are 70 percent Catholic, 30 percent Protestant, and 100 percent voodoo,” said Lynne Warberg, a photographer who has documented Haitian voodoo for over a decade.

In April 2003 an executive decree by then president Jean-Bertrand Aristide sanctioned voodoo as an officially recognized religion.

“It is a religion in the same way Judaism or Christianity is,” said Bob Corbett, professor emeritus of philosophy at Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri. “Voodoo doesn’t have a sacred text, a church, or a hierarchical structure of leaders, but it is very similar culturally.”

Today an estimated 60 million people practice voodoo worldwide has this became a fashion , does they really know how to do it, is still a big doubt…..

Women’s Rights During and After Divorce in India

INTRODUCTION

In India, women are assumed to be reliant on their husbands at the moment of marriage. After their divorce, they have no access to work or any other means of gaining independence. Some of these limitations are alleviated by the rights they can assert following their divorce.

RIGHT TO ALIMONY AND MAINTENANCE

After marriage, women have the right to alimony. If women are not granted an adequate amount of alimony, they can petition the court for maintenance. Alimony is a lump sum payment made after a divorce, while maintenance is when the payment is made on a regular basis on a set date. If alimony is insufficient to cover her needs, the wife may request maintenance until she remarries.

Women’s rights in divorce include the fundamental right to request an allowance in order to support oneself. Maintenance is a certain payment paid by the husband to the wife after their divorce to make it easier for her to support herself. Maintenance refers to the requirements for self-sufficiency. Women may not be able to support themselves after a divorce, therefore they may be able to claim maintenance. Women in India have access to this right. If the spouse violates this right, the woman can seek redress under Section 125 of the Cr. P.C.

However, section 125(4) states that if both spouses are not living together by mutual consent, the women cannot seek support. However, if a divorce decision allows them to live apart, the wife might file a claim for support. Some personal laws, such as Parsi and Christian laws, provide provisions for support. Section 125 Cr. P.C. is a criminal claim in the event that the wife is refused support, and it applies equally to all laws.

Women may be granted maintenance on a variety of grounds, including:

Her husband has been nasty to her.
Her husband has either purposefully ignored her or abandoned her.
The husband has a severe leprosy or a venereal illness.
At the time, the husband had another wife living with him.
The husband maintains a concubine in the house or lives elsewhere with that woman.
The husband has left Hinduism and converted to another faith.
The husband has a mental illness ( mental state and unsound mind)
If the woman hasn’t heard from her spouse in at least seven years, the husband is presumed dead.
Any other legal reason for the husband and wife’s separation.

RIGHT TO RESIDENCE

After her divorce, the lady is entitled to a place to live. The marital home in which the couple dwelt belongs to both husband and wife; she can assert her right to residence even if the house is in the hands of the husband or is a rental or ancestral property.

RIGHT OF STREEDHAN

Streedhan refers to the presents of riches, jewels, property, and so on that are presented to the bride at the time of her marriage. She has exclusive ownership of the Streedhan, which differs from dowry in that it is given to the bride freely. The wife is free to keep her Streedhan because she is the only owner of it. She might use her Stree Dhan to alienate, sell, or give as she pleased. Women’s rights are guaranteed in Section 27 of the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, as well as Section 14 of the Hindu Succession Act. There are no conditions linked to the wife’s ability to keep her Streedhan after the divorce.

CHILD CUSTODY RIGHTS

The youngster suffers as a result of the couple’s separation. When a marriage falls apart, it separates every aspect that is linked to it. The children are also forced to pick a side and stay with either of their parents.

The guardian and wards legislation of 1890 and the Hindu minority and guardianship act of 1956 govern child custody rights. The mother has custody of a kid under the age of five years under the Hindu minority and guardianship legislation of 1956.

The natural guardian of a child is generally considered as a father otherwise mother. In case the child’s custody is not suitable for the father in that case or if it is not better than that of the mother’s then any indefeasible right can be claimed. Depending upon the welfare and security of the child, the custody can be shifted on either of father or mother.

Categories of child custody:

Physical custody
Joint custody
Legal custody
Third-party custody

Both parents have the right to custody of their children because they are the primary caretakers for them. However, the court makes this judgement with the child’s safety and well-being in mind. When deciding on child custody, the idea of ‘the best interest of the kid’ is applied, and custody of the child is awarded as a result.

RIGHT TO ANCESTRAL PROPERTY

If the woman is part of the joint family property she will have the right over the property even after divorce. This right to retain her property cannot be taken from her.

CONCLUSION

Women are free even after divorce and are not constrained by any boundaries when it comes to enforcing their rights. Maintenance, child custody, property, retaining her gifts, and other rights are all accessible to her. Some of these rights have evolved through time, and law has been interpreted differently, paving the door for women to seek justice. The law guarantees that their rights are provided to them and that they are safeguarded if they seek redress.

FLOATING NEIGHBORHOODS OF AMSTERDAM: A STEP TO COMBAT SEA LEVEL RISE

“Floating Neighborhood” is a water-based solution for the problem for Holland’s housing needs. This neighborhood floats, freezes, tilts on the water of Lake Eimer. The goal is to “make a circular, resilient, floating neighborhood”. The floating houses have similar architecture to that of the land homes and each house is connected to the floor of Lake Eimer. The building elements of the houses are: wood, plastic and glass. The architecture of the neighborhood is based on water environment and each house have individual water jetties for getting connected with land. Running below the jetties, cables and pipes generate gas, electricity, water, cable, and provide a sewage drainage system for each floating home. The community of the water dwellers have the facility where when one resident is short on electrical power, another neighbor can offer some of theirs if they’ve got any leftover current. The Municipal Authority along with other innovators, planners and architects developed a draft for sustainability master plan for the floating development with maximum priority on sustainability.

The main aim of “Floating Neighborhood” is to build sustainable neighborhood capable of addressing the challenges of an aquatic environment and harness the unique synergies it offers to residents. The neighborhood has adopted many approaches for solving environmental issues and rising sea level.

Adopted Approaches:

Sustainability of Floating Neighborhoods

Sustainable Solutions: The neighborhood relies on carbon intensive gas heating, well-insulated homes and passive solar heating through designs which make maximum utilization of natural sunlight, along with pumps which harvest warmth from the canal water even in winter. Solar boilers provide hot water, and water-recycling showers are equipped with technologies that recover heat that would otherwise go down the drain.
Harvesting waste water: The wastewater is transported to a nearby floating biorefinery which recovers nutrients and energy from the organic waste streams. Houses have vacuum toilets which are linked with decentralized sanitation facility and use anaerobic digester for producing energy using biogas, phosphorous and nitrates.
Usage of Sustainable Building Materials: The neighborhood uses sustainable building materials only which are light in weight and buoyant (bamboo is mostly preferred). The neighborhood has a community center which serves as a hub of neighborhood wide sustainability initiatives.
Smart Microgrid on Water: With the help of smart microgrid system on water, the residents have special permission that provides them the ownership of their own grid as well as energy sourcing and billing. Each house as installed large solar PV array and heat which with battery storage systems. The households have connections with energy management system which intelligently coordinates supply and demand of power within the community and allows the residents to trade energy with each other.
Replicable Blueprint for Green Building: The homes have green roofs where the residents can grow foods and plants. They can also collect rainwater and use it for different purposes. The rainwater can also be used for flushing the ultra-efficient toilets. The homes have solar hot water collector which connects to fixtures like recirculating shower, which cleans water in a water loop and saves both water and energy.

National gallery of modern art

A virtual tour

During the pandemic, our department arranged a virtual tour of the National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi, India. Mr. Ganguly S took us to the virtual tour of the NGMA. He discussed the aim and objective of the NGMA. The art is preserved in the gallery from the 1850s. He also discussed how they develop and maintain the gallery art. He also shared information about a specialized library of books, periodicals, photographs and other audio visual materials. NGMA has also organized lectures, seminars and conference. They also encourage higher studies and research in the field of art and its different areas such as art criticism, art appreciation, museology and the inter-relation of visual and performing arts. NGMA helps people to understand the work of our great artists, their works and share the story of their arts.

The NGMA was inaugurated by the late former vice- President of India Dr. S Radhakrishanan in the presence of former Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and artist and art lover of the city on March 29, 1954. NAGMA’s inauguration was marked by an exhibition of sculptures. Debi Parsad Roy Chowdhary, Ramkinkar Baji, Sankho chaudhari, Dhanraj Bhagat, Sarbari Roy chowdhary and others were present at the time of inauguration.

The art collection of the NGMA is vast and eclectic. The 17,000 works within it testify to a rich and resplendent past even as they pay tribute to the present. Much care was lavished in the building up of a modern and contemporary collection. The collection of Raja Ravi Verma, Abanindranath Tagore (old master), amrita sher-gil and Rabindranath tagore and et ul (modernists artists) are displayed here. The contemporary art is also included in the gallery by different artists. Landmark paintings of M.F hussain, tyeb mehta’s santiniketan triptych were entered in the NGEMA’s collection in the 90s. The art work of NGMA was obtained through purchase, permanent loans and gifts.

The virtual tour were really interesting and informative. We learn so much about modern art, artists and preservation of art material for a long time. It was really interesting to know about the facts of NGMA. We learn about the preservation of painting and the story behind the painting. The whole museum is divided according to the themes. The arrangement of the showcase was so allegiant. There is also a library which consists of the written works and sculptures there. It was really good to see how long the journey of our art is. The beauty is innate in the painting and also speaks of the evolution in painting and storage. The gallery had many paintings there for such a long time. The storage techniques are different with the needs of the arts. They also offer diplomas and courses in the gallery. Many PhD students and professors arranged seminars there.

The experience of the virtual tour was really useful. During the pandemic we missed our real tour but it was also work. It gives us ideas to work with the online mood. Hope, so we are going to have an actual walk of NGMA soon.

21.5 million lost jobs in tourism sector, says Centre

Significant job loss due to lockdown, Tourism Minister tells Rajya Sabha.

With the tourism industry among the hardest hit due to the pandemic, it is estimated that about 21.5 million people working in the sector lost their jobs during the nine-month period from April 2020-December 2020, as per the data shared by the government recently.

In a written reply to the Rajya Sabha, Tourism Minister G. Kishan Reddy said a significant number of jobs were lost in the tourism sector once the lockdown was implemented.

“About 14.5 million jobs during Q1, 5.2 million during Q2 and 1.8 million jobs during Q3 were expected to have been lost as compared to estimated 34.8 million jobs in the pre-pandemic period of 2019-20,” the Minister said.

Mr. Reddy said this was one of the key findings of the study done by the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) for the Ministry of Tourism to assess the extent of losses to the sector.

As per the report, due to overall economic slowdown during 2020-21, tourism economy or tourism direct gross value added (TDGVA) saw a fall of 42.8% in April-June 2020, 15.5% in July-September 2020 and fall of 1.1% in October-December 2020.

“Due to significant drop in tourist arrivals and hence tourism expenditure, during the pandemic, it is estimated that TDGVA plummeted by as much as 93.3% in Q1 of 2020-21 over its level in the same quarter of previous year,” the Minister stated, adding that it picked up slightly to post a decline of 79.5% and 64.3% in second quarter and third quarter respectively.

However, Mr. Reddy added that the Tourism Ministry did not maintain data on revenue generated from tourism.

Replying to another query, the Minister said no formal study had been instituted by the Ministry to assess whether the movement of people from all States increased at tourist places, which might raise fears of the increase in COVID-19 positive cases after the second wave.

Further, Mr. Reddy said that as per the Bureau of Immigration, the number of foreign tourist arrivals in India stood at 10.93 million in 2019, declining to 2.74 million in 2020 and about 0.42 million till June 2021.

According to the data compiled by the Ministry of Tourism, domestic tourist visits during the calendar year 2019 stood at 2321.98 million and in 2020 at 610.21 million.

Penpals – Digitalized to be rediscovered!

Letters are probably the most graceful way of communication between people. It probably was the most common way of distant communication for more than 3000 years of our recorded history. Until very recently, letters were used by professionals and by common folks alike. You pick up a culture – Indian, English, American, Japanese etc. – all of them have a dedicated space for letter writing – often considered an art. However, mobile phones, instant messaging and e-mails changed the way in which communication was carried out between people forever. It is not that instant messaging is bad. It is better than what was, but certainly fails to have the element of gracefulness that was imbibed in the culture of letter writing.

However, until very recently, letters were also used for the tradition of penpals. Wikipedia defines penpals as – “Pen pals (or penpals, pen-pals, penfriends or pen friends) are people who regularly write to each other, particularly via postal mail. Pen pals are usually strangers whose relationship is based primarily, or even solely, on their exchange of letters. Occasionally pen pals may already have a relationship that is not regularly conducted in person.” And this was a very flourishing tradition between cultures. But of course, life becomes faster with technology and the social changes that come with it.

However, the ones who love and the ones who adore find more ways to hold on to things than the ways in which the others discard the same. There are several penpal clubs that run through magazines. But COVID has certainly put a halt on a large number of them. However, a better thing happened because of this – the innovation of digital letters. For instance, the 2019 Google Apps winner app Slowly built by a Hong Kong Based firm facilitates letter writing online. The time taken by a letter to reach the recipient is proportional to the distance the letter needs to travel geographically, essentially emulating a real-life letter experience. Several other websites that do not necessarily work on the letter based penpal format i.e. they work more like a chat between strangers erupted in market due to the pandemic. The most famous of them is perhaps Omegle which also offers face-time options.

While many may lament that the smell of paper and ink and the post man coming and delivering letters meant a lot to them, a reality is that our realities have changed. The present generation, mostly people born after 2004 might not have many recollections of letters at all in India- thanks to the massive cell-phone boom that has occurred since. However, letters are a good thing. Because the slow modality ensures that a person works upon his language and choice of words. If that isn’t training for soft skills and practicing writing, one may wonder what is. So, the author wishes the ones now planning to write to new people across the world, all the best!

WATER POLLUTION

Water pollution is a global problem, affecting every continent and occurring in every type of ecosystem. It can be caused by industrial, agricultural and sewage systems, as well as by natural processes.

Water pollution does not respect political boundaries (or rivers), and can be managed at the international, national and local level. Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—often chemicals or microorganisms that contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment. Water pollution can come from a number of different sources. If the pollution comes from a single source, such as an oil spill, it is called point-source pollution. If the pollution comes from many sources, it is called nonpoint-source pollution. Most types of pollution affect the immediate area surrounding the source. Sometimes the pollution may affect the environment hundreds of miles away from the source, such as nuclear waste, this is called transboundary pollution.

550+ Water Pollution Pictures | Download Free Images on Unsplash

Water pollution is estimated to cause over 4 billion lost human lives per year. The global costs of water pollution exceed more than $1 trillion per year, making it the most costly environmental health hazard.Globally more than 2.5 billion people lack adequate drinking water, and another 1.8 billion lack adequate sanitation. More than 40% of the world’s population lives in water-stressed areas. The majority of this population lives in developing countries. In developing countries, water pollution is almost wholly due to point source pollution. The majority of the global burden of disease, injury, and premature mortality is estimated to be due to diseases caused by contaminated drinking water, sanitation, and unsafe sewage. Such major pollution events account for about 40 percent of the world’s total estimated disease burden.

It is well known that there are a number of ways in which water pollution can occur.

TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION

Industrial water pollution results when materials that are harmful to humans or the environment are dumped into water. Often industry will be negligent in ensuring that harmful wastes are managed safely.

Agricultural pollution derives from the discharge of chemicals to increase crop yields, or pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers to grow food.
Wastewater pollution results from the discharge of human waste, sewage and industrial wastewater.
Nonpoint or diffuse pollution is pollution that occurs when substances diffuse into the water from a variety of sources.
Point source pollution is the damaging flow of a substance that originates from a single location that can be easily identified, contained or cleaned up.

Water Pollution: The Invisible Threat The World Is Ignoring

EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION

Virtually all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humans and animals. Water pollution may not damage our health immediately but can be harmful after long term exposure.
Heavy metals from industrial processes are toxic to marine life such as fish and subsequently to the humans who eat them.They can cause immune suppression, reproductive failure or acute poisoning.
Microbial water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infant mortality.

Water pollution - latest news, breaking stories and comment - The Independent

These are just few effects of water pollution. If you wanna know more do research and know about it.

There are many ways to prevent water pollution and to avoid contaminating the water. Yes, there are various treatment plans to treat polluted water. For example, Sewage treatment plans, denitrification etc. The one thing we can do with the waste water is, Kitchen water can be directed to garden to save water as well as pollution. The things I said today are limited but there are many meaning in it. Hope you know more about it.

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