Category: Culture and History

Cultural history brings to life a past time and place. In this search, cultural historians study beliefs and ideas, much as intellectual historians do. … These are reflected in the products of deliberately artistic culture, but also include the objects and experiences of everyday life, such as clothing or cuisine.

5 Writs in Indian Constitution

Know about how to voice for your rights, legal bounds, and solve wrong conducts or mistakes by legal officials.

Writs! What do you mean by writs?

In common law, a writ is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction; in modern usage, this body is generally a court. Warrants, prerogative writs, and subpoenas are common types of writ, but many forms exist and have existed.

Why are Writs needed?

It is a constitutional remedy available to a person to bring his complaint or grievance against any administrative action to the notice of the court.

Types of Writs:

  • Writ of Habeas Corpus
  • Writ of Mandamus
  • Writ of Certiora
  • Writ of Prohibition
  • Writ of Quo-Warranto,

WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

It is also known as the “great writ”

Habeas Corpus means “Let us have the body.”. In other words, it means “you may have the body” which means that a person under arrest is to be brought before a judge or into court. It is an important writ for personal liberty. A person, who is arrested, can move the Court for the issue of Habeas Corpus. 

It is an order by a Court to the detaining authority to produce the arrested person before it so that it may examine whether the person has been detained lawfully or not. It ensures that a prisoner can be released from detention if the Court is convinced that the person is illegally detained—that is, detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence.

The person under arrest or any another person on his behalf can file a writ in this. Formal and informal applications in respect of the writ is accepted by the Courts. It is only a procedural remedy and does not necessarily protect other rights, such as the entitlement to a fair trial. A person cannot make the application for the Writ successively to different judges of the same court. 

In India, writs are issued by the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution of India and by the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India.

Writ of Mandamus:

Mandamus means “We Command”. Mandamus is an order from a superior court to a lower court or tribunal or public authority to perform an act, within its duty. In short, it is an order to perform a duty which should have done but failed to do so.  It is the discretionary power of a court. It is simply to ensure rights are ensured and the Government Authorities perform their duties.

The writ of mandamus can be granted when there is right to compel the performance of some duty cast upon the authority. It can also be issued to public authority to restrain it from acting under a law which has been declared unconstitutional. The petitioner has a right recognized by law.

The writ cannot be granted when

  • Duty is not compulsory.
  • Against a private individual, private organization since they are not entrusted with public duty. 
  • To enforce an obligation arising out of contract.
  • Where the right of the petitioner has lapsed

Writ of Certiora

Certiorari means to be certified. The Writ of Certiorari can be issued by the Supreme Court or any High Court for retracting the order which is already passed by an inferior court and to properly investigate the matter and opinions objectively. A writ of certiorari is only granted when a Court has acted without or in excess of its jurisdiction and For correcting error of law. It cannot lie to remove merely ministerial act or to remove/cancel executive administrative acts. It is corrective in nature which means the purpose of this Writ is to correct an error.

When there is an error apparent on the record, it becomes a valid ground for issuing the Writ of Certiorari.

Certiorari can be resorted to only after the order or decision has been announced.

Writ of Prohibition

Writ of prohibition means to cease or to stop. it is also known as a ‘Stay Order’. When a lower court or a body tries to perform an action outside its jurisdiction, This Writ issued by a superior court to lower court or a tribunal to prohibit or forbidden it to do so. The Supreme Court can issue this Writ only where a fundamental right is affected.

In cases where the court is partly acting within its jurisdiction and partly outside it, the Writ will be issued against the act which is partly outside its jurisdiction. This Writ can be issued only when the proceedings are pending in the inferior court and not when an order has already been passed by that court. The Writ of Certiorari can be issued only when the order has passed.

Writ of Quo-Warranto

The word Quo-Warranto literally means “by what warrants?” and ‘by what authority’. It is issued restraining a person from acting in a public office to which is out of bounds. The business or the office in question is public office. The issue of summon is followed by legal proceedings, during which an individual’s right to hold an office or governmental privilege is challenged. 

Grounds on what it is issued.

The nature of the duties which arises from this office is public. The person against whom the Writ is sought to be issued is in actual possession of the office and is using such office.

Must Stop-By Places in Pune.

Sinhagad

Sinhagad is a hill fortress located at around 35 km southwest of the city of Pune, India. Some of the information available at this fort suggests that the fort could have been built 2000 years ago. The caves and the carvings in the Kaundinyeshwar temple stand as proofs for the same.

The trek is tricky but invigorating and quite easy, You can the eeriness of the fort and have a really good time being at the top, engulfed by breeze and pure nature vibes.

Adrress:

https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d3786.583371710238!2d73.75368901545694!3d18.366282078666774!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x3bc293e6861118d9%3A0xcbb4d589c7d4e90b!2sSinhagad%20Fort!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sin!4v1628790294088!5m2!1sen!2sin

Para Plateau

  • Ramparts, Lohagad Fort, Malavali near Pune Pune India
PICS BY: Divya Nagavi

Situated near Wagholi, Para plateau is one of the uncongested places in the list. It serves as a great sunset and sunrise points with its ever so cooling breeze and the greenery that envelops one into ease. The trekking can be done by anyone so if u r looking for a family picnic spot this might be it.

 Address:

https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d3781.3480671845623!2d73.96724451545875!3d18.60340787148969!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x3bc2c5fd361c90d9%3A0x91959927403dbfcc!2sPara%20Plateau!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sin!4v1628789954942!5m2!1sen!2sin

Baner Hills:

  • Ramparts, Lohagad Fort, Malavali near Pune Pune India

Baner Hill is a hill that separates two suburbs of Pashan and Baner in the city of Pune. Serving as the 3rd highest point in the city of Pune, one can view the whole of Pashan and Baner on opposite sides of the hill. On the Northen of the hill, a small temple is located.

Address:

https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d3782.535588503265!2d73.78400831545831!3d18.54987727311747!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x3bc2bedc55ca452d%3A0x7bf269ca6a072573!2sBaner%20Hills!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sin!4v1628790003411!5m2!1sen!2sin

Kavdi Pat bird point

  • Ramparts, Lohagad Fort, Malavali near Pune Pune India

Kavdi Pat is the small bird watching place near Pune, Maharashtra which have many water birds in the month winter season. A significant place must visit for photograher and bird lovers. Many types of birds have been spoted and some of the rare ones are listed below

Lookout for:

White-throated kingfisher
Black drongo
Indian spot billed Duck

Address:

https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d1590.7823864687048!2d73.99996841019062!3d18.50450842538169!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x3bc2c2997fe383c5%3A0x735325b07af7fcf6!2sKavdi%20Pat%20Bird%20Watching%20Point!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sin!4v1628789808015!5m2!1sen!2sin

Visapur fort / Malavali Hills

  • Ramparts, Lohagad Fort, Malavali near Pune Pune India

Visapur Fort is a hill fort near Visapur village in Maharashtra, India. It is a part of the Lohagad-Visapur fortification.

Built during 1713 CE by Balaji Vishwanath(the 1st Peshwa) it has become a famous tourist location in Pune.
Unlike the inner structure, majority of its wall is still intact. At a moderate pace, it takes two hours to walk along the winding Visapoor walls.

Address: Malavli, Maharashtra 410406.

https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d3778.7521872659013!2d73.48578061545963!3d18.71990966793178!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x3bc2a9f33a03e021%3A0x55e8ec720b03556f!2sVisapur%20Killa!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sin!4v1628790074090!5m2!1sen!2sin

Dighi Hills

  • Ramparts, Lohagad Fort, Malavali near Pune Pune India


Dighi Hills Rd,
Pune 411015 India

Dighi hill lies between Pune city And Pimpri-Chinchwad. There’s parking area for bikes at the base of hill for free. Once you reach the base of hill you can go to hill top by walking. Trekking time will take approximately 30 minutes. On the top of hill there’s a temple Of Shankar and a Dargah of a Muslim Saint.

A perfect place for hiking and photography with friends and family followed by excellent views and greenery.

Address:

https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d3780.895772972906!2d73.88090486545893!3d18.623757170869588!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x3bc2c700ac310f3d%3A0x8aec0b67d7deb35d!2sDighi%20Hills!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sin!4v1628790139448!5m2!1sen!2sin

Vetal Tekdi (Hills)

  • Ramparts, Lohagad Fort, Malavali near Pune Pune India

Vetal Hill is popularly known as Vetal Tekdi is in the city limits of Pune, India. The hill is the highest point within the city limits, with an elevation of 2600 ft. There is a temple of Vetala located on the top of the hill from which the hill derives its name.

The hill is dotted with chirping birds, peacock, rabbits, falcons and colourful butterflies. Apart from the famous Vetal temple the Chaturshringi temple too finds its place here.

Address: Vetal Tekdi, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411038

https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d3783.1734151172527!2d73.8194524154581!3d18.52106397399169!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x3bc2bfa63ce4d6bf%3A0xe1cb329390a70481!2sVetal%20Hill!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sin!4v1628790182288!5m2!1sen!2sin

GREEDINESS – A HEART ISSUE!!!

Greediness is the path of destruction of people. When people are greedy, they are blinded by the wrong actions and never be able to come of from that without a constant effort. To make you understand easier, I brought you a story written by C. Rajagopalachari who is was the last Governor-General of India.

Quotes about Being Greedy (39 quotes)

The protagonist of the story is Rammaya. He is a simple man living with his wife in a nice house made of tiled roof in a small town. Though he is not rich, he could take care of this family well. There lived two sparrows in the nice spot of the tiled roof of Rammaya’s house adn the mother bird has laid its eggs in the nest.

The male sparrow asked the female why Ramaya’s wife often quarrel with Rammaya. The female replied how could I know and told the male to mind its own business. Then the male sparrow said, you are always self-centered and also asked whether thy could help Rammaya. The female sparrow replied aggressively “don’t talk about the matter that does’nt concern us. It is enough for us if the cat doesn’t come to us”. Here comes the main twist.

The male sparrow picked a diamond nose-jewel somewhere from the land. As soon as picking it, went to its nest and asked the female bird ” Do you like it?” The female replied, what could I do with this diamond jewel. It scolded the male to bring food for the young ones. this male bird dropped the diamond jewel in the house and went to search food for the young ones.

Rammaya’s wife noticed the stud while sweeping the floor. She didn’t think of anything and with delight she wore it. Ramaya became angry and asked her how did she get that diamond stud. She replied causally that she found it and so she wore it. Rammaya insisted her to hand it over to the village magistrate. He also said, if police come and search for it, it will be a disgrace for us.

In the neighbourhood, the talk begun about the lost diamond-stud. The owner of the stud is Meenakshi Ammal’s daughter. She consoled the little girl and also said not to tell her father. If he knows he would in rage, said Meenakshi Ammal. But this talk was heard by the little girl’s father and it has to be admitted. The suspect was the maid-servant Kuppayi. The police searched her but could find nothing. After hearing this, Rammaya was very timid and his wife put the diamond ring in a safe place. Soon after that she had severe fever and was kept in the bed. So no one searched their house.

The male sparrow said, the lady of the house is scared and is down with fever. Replied the female sparrow, it is solely due to your doing. THe male answered bravely, “Did I ask her to steal it?” THis is because the humans are bound to be greedy. The female appreciated the male and said that we should never be greedy for what belongs to others.

The story came to an end by, Rammaya and his wife lived their whole life with the fear of being caught. THe diamond-stud may be with them but the fear of getting caught is more than that.

The thing I understand from the story is, We humans have six sense yet we don’t have conscience. We are greedy and not being truthful and helpful to others. We know birds have only five senses. Do think about the birds and humans. The birds aren’t greedy forwhat doesn’t belong to them. But the humans are greedy.

Even if you don’t help otherrs, try not to be greedy!!!

Harmful Effects of Junk Food

The term “junk” refers to something that should be discarded due to its negative consequences. Despite its negative consequences and low nutritional value, it is quite popular among the urban population. Junk food’s huge appeal is purely due to its flavour. Because the flavour is addicting, individuals consume it on a daily basis without recognising that these forms of junk food are destroying their health. We shall examine the impact of junk food and strategies to reduce it in this essay about the detrimental consequences of junk food in English.

13 Disadvantages Of Junk Foods - Boldsky.com

Below is a long article on the negative effects of junk food and a short essay on the bad effects of junk food to help you grasp the topic. You can compose an essay on this topic after going over the issues mentioned in the following essays and rephrasing them in your own words.

Short Harmful Effects of Junk Food Essay

In this short essay on harmful effects of junk food, a brief account of the impact of junk food on our health and how important it is to avoid junk food are discussed.

We are all aware that how we treat our bodies reflects the state of our minds and the way we live our lives. The food we eat has a direct impact on our mental state, therefore when we eat good and nutritious foods, we are happier, more happy, and more positive in life. Despite this, we do not take care of our bodies and eat junk food that damages them. Unfortunately, nowadays, children want everything to be provided promptly, and fast food meets this goal admirably.

Junk and fast food manufacturing is at an all-time high. The increased demand has resulted in an increase in supply. It contains very few nutrients and has little nutritional value. It’s oily, greasy, and high in fats and carbohydrates. Obesity and high blood pressure have increased as a result of the high calorie intake. It has also made the digestive system and appetite worse. When this is paired with today’s comfortable and sluggish lifestyle. It also leads to children’s insufficient growth and development. They are also more vulnerable to mental health disorders such as depression at a young age. Such intake has only negative consequences. When the world is trying to normalize conversations about such problems we should also be doing our bit in taking care of our health and life.

Long Harmful Effects of Junk Food Essay

It is critical to care for one’s body since it is our vehicle, the most crucial instrument that allows us to navigate through life and accomplish our everyday tasks. When we treat our bodies well, they respond with the same enthusiasm and resolve that we demand.

The first and most essential method to take care of our bodies is to exercise or work out in any manner, whether it’s yoga, pilates, functional training, or weight training. All of this will help us stay in shape. Even if we work out every day, we will not achieve our fitness goals if we do not eat correctly. The most essential trigger for living a healthy life is a decent diet.

A healthy diet comprises a decent mix of calories, fats, proteins, fibres, and nutritionally dense foods. All of these nutritional qualities may be found in foods such as green leafy vegetables, fruits, and rice for carbs. It is beneficial to both the body and the psyche.

Fast meals such as french fries, fried foods such as churros, pastries, pizzas, cookies, sweets, burgers, and chips are examples of junk foods. All of this has a high salt level, as well as cheese, sugar, and oils with little nutritious benefit. It is not a healthy source of nourishment and does not benefit our bodies in any manner.

It only satisfies our taste buds because all junk foods taste good. But we must realize, in order to satisfy the cravings of our tongue we are ruining our body and depriving it of a healthy lifestyle. This short-term fulfillment of mere cravings can have long-term impacts on our health, with life-threatening diseases that will leave a lasting negative impact on our bodies. It results in the following:-

  1. On the Brain and Mental Health – the sodium content in junk food leads to headaches which will help lose focus and motivation even for mundane tasks. The risk of depression and other mental illnesses increases with increased consumption of processed foods.
  2. On the Respiratory System – due to heavy and oily foods the children are consuming these days and leading a lazy lifestyle they are at high risks of shortness of breath and according to the studies it is also found that such children also suffer from asthma even to their adult and old age.
  3. On the Cardiovascular System – Cholesterol consumption blocks the blood flow to and from the heart because of the deposition of fats and leads to blood pressure-related issues. There is also the risk of premature heart diseases like heart failure, arrhythmia, etc. A weak heart results in many other bodily diseases due to improper and inadequate supply of blood to others.
  4. On the Digestive Tract – When such processed food is consumed it is very difficult to digest because our bodies are not designed to do so. When digestion is slowed, the metabolism also becomes slower and it results in weight gain and obesity. Other such problems are food poisoning, acid reflux, constipation, and indigestion and in severe cases may also lead to kidney failure.
  5. On the Skin – Processed food contains very high levels of sugar eventually leading to obesity. In such conditions, the blood sugar level also sees a spike and this causes the outbreak of acne in the skin and face.

Curbing the intake of Junk food:- It is important to have healthy food due to the aforementioned reasons but surely one is attracted to junk food regardless. In such a case we must reduce the intake of junk and processed foods and have it less often rather than making it a habit. Incorporating healthy food will allow you to have an active lifestyle and lead a fulfilling life. It will keep the heart in check, and energy levels will always soar high which is the optimal way of living.

Conclusion

Being mindful of your own health and the potentially negative effects that junk foods may have on our bodies can be quite beneficial. This insight will assist one in making healthier choices. A healthy workout is incomplete without a balanced meal, therefore it is critical to attend to the body’s demands while also satisfying your desires and taste preferences. Long-term consequences endure a lifetime and rob you of your childhood and youth, therefore it is never too late to begin a healthy diet for a better living.

HARYANA

Haryana is a state in India located in the northern part of the country. It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis. It is ranked 22nd in terms of area, with less than 1.4% of India’s land area. Chandigarh is the state capital, Faridabad in National Capital Region (NCR) is the most populous city of the state, and Gurgaon is a leading financial hub of the NCR, with major Fortune 500 companies located in it. Haryana has 6 administrative divisions, 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 revenue tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 community development blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,848 villages, and 6,222 villages panchayats.

Music Edit
Main article: Music of Haryana
Haryana has its own unique traditional folk music, folk dances, saang (folk theatre), cinema, belief system such as Jathera (ancestral worship), and arts such as Phulkari and Shisha embroidery.

Folk theatre and dances Edit
Folk music and dances of Haryana are based on satisfying cultural needs of primarily agrarian and martial natures of Haryanavi tribes.

Haryanvi musical folk theatre main types are Saang, Rasa lila and Ragini. The Saang and Ragini form of theatre was popularised by Lakhmi Chand.

Haryanvi folk dances and music have fast energetic movements. Three popular categories of dance are: festive-seasonal, devotional, and ceremonial-recreational. The festive-seasonal dances and songs are Gogaji/Gugga, Holi, Phaag, Sawan, Teej. The devotional dances and songs are Chaupaiya, Holi, Manjira, Ras Leela, Raginis). The ceremonial-recreational dances and songs are of following types: legendary bravery (Kissa and Ragini of male warriors and female Satis), love and romance (Been and its variant Nāginī dance, and Ragini), ceremonial (Dhamal Dance, Ghoomar, Jhoomar (male), Khoria, Loor, and Ragini).

Folk music and songs Edit
Haryanvi folk music is based on day to day themes and injecting earthly humour enlivens the feel of the songs. Haryanvi music takes two main forms: “Classical folk music” and “Desi Folk music” (Country Music of Haryana), and sung in the form of ballads and love, valor and bravery, harvest, happiness and pangs of parting of lovers.

Classical Haryanvi folk music Edit
Classical Haryanvi folk music is based on Indian classical music. Hindustani classical ragas, learnt in gharana parampara of guru–shishya tradition, are used to sing songs of heroic bravery about the bravery of Alha and Udal, Jaimal and Patta of Maharana Udai Singh II), Brahmas worship and festive seasonal songs (such as Teej, Holi and Phaag songs of Phalgun month near Holi). Bravery songs are sung in high pitch.

5 top places to visit in Bhubaneshwar

Lingaraja Temple

The 54m-high Lingaraj Mandir dedicated to Shiva dates from 1090 to 1104 – though some parts are more than 1400 years old–and is surrounded by several smaller temples and shrines. The granite block within, representing Tribhubaneswar (Lord of Three Worlds), is bathed daily with water, milk and bhang (marijuana). The main gate, guarded by two mustachioed yellow lions, is a spectacle in itself as lines of pilgrims approach with offerings in hand. The temple is closed to non-Hindus.

Given the high compound wall, foreigners can view the temple’s interiors only from a viewing platform (this may also include Hindu foreigners). Face the main entrance, walk right, then follow the wall around to the left and find the viewing platform on your left, just before you reach Chitrakarini Temple. There is occasional aggressive hassling for ‘donations’ at the viewing platform. The money will not go to the temple, so stand your ground and do not pay.

Location: Lingaraj Road, Old Town Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Timings: 5:00 AM to 9:00 PM
Entry Fees: No entry fee

Nandankanan Zoological Park

Spread over 400 hectares in the Chandaka forest lies the impressive Nandankanan Zoological Park. Located on the banks of Kanjia Lake, this zoo is home to over 67 kinds of mammals, 81 species of birds and 18 varieties of reptiles. It was the first zoo in India to join the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) and also houses a botanical garden. Visitors can see black panthers, white tigers, gharial crocodiles and many other animals, birds and reptiles in an attempt to maintain the natural balance of nature against the growing urbanisation of Bhubaneswar.

Price: Budget

Opening hours: 7.30am-5.30pm (April–September), 8am-5pm (October–March); Closed Monday.

Odisha State Museum

Wondering what to do in Bhubaneswar? Visit Odisha State Museum, which houses a treasure trove of artifacts emphasizing the magnificent history of the state and the families which ruled it for centuries. The museum, established in the year 1948, houses the best collection of erratic palm-leaf manuscripts, scroll paintings, folk musical instruments, and Bronze Age tools.

Location: Near Lewis Road, Kalpana Square, BJB Nagar Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Timings: 10 AM to 5.00 PM
Entry Fees: INR 10 for Indians and INR 50 for foreigners

Pathani Samanta Planetarium 

The Pathani Samanta Planetarium was recognized to create awareness of astrophysics, astronomy, and space science. Multiple shows, workshops, regular conferences about outer space are organized here. There is an extensive library with an impressive number of books from the field of astronomy, science and technology are there.

Location: Sachivalaya Marg Acharya Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Timings: 1.00 PM to 5:45 PM
Entry Fees: INR 30

Udayagiri & Khandagiri Caves

Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves are located six kilometres to the west of Bhubaneswar. These caves offer a brief look into the history of Jain religion and Kalinga Empire. The names of these caves were derived from the hills on which they are located. The caves have been numbered according to the Archaeological Survey of India, Hatigumpha, and Ganesha Gumpha are the most popular in the area. Cave 1 is decked out by sculptural wall painting with carved figures of athletes, women, elephants, and geese carrying flowers.

Location: Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Timings: 9.00 AM to 6.00 PM
Entry Fees: INR 15 for Indians and INR 200 for foreigners

Emily Dickinson – An intellectually Rebellious and the most memorable poet of all time.

About Emily Dickinson, her writing style, favorite works and Amazing facts about her. Dickinson Series- Apple TV

Emily DIckinson

Birth, inspirations, and how her works were saved.

Emily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830, in Amherst, Massachusetts. She attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley for one year. Dickinson’s poetry was influenced by the Metaphysical poets of seventeenth-century England. She also read Book of Revelation, admired the poetry of Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and John Keats. She was dissuaded from reading the verses of Walt Whitman (Due to his daring writeups). Yet Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson ending up being two of the most famous poets from the time period who revolutionized both the subject and style of American poetry. The first volume of her work was published posthumously in 1890 and the last in 1955. She died in Amherst in 1886. Dickinson’s family found forty volumes of nearly 1,800 poems (or “fascicles”).

Dickinson assembled these booklets by folding and sewing five or six sheets of stationery paper, what seem to be final versions of poems. The original order of the poems was not restored until 1981, when Ralph W. Franklin used the physical evidence of the paper itself to restore her intended order. He relied on smudge marks, needle punctures, and other clues to reassemble the packets.

The Manuscript Books of Emily Dickinson (Belknap Press, 1981) is the only volume that keeps the order intact.

Her Writing Style:

Her features were of verse forms suggesting hymns and ballads, with lines of three or four stresses. Her unusual off-rhymes have been seen as influenced by the 18th-century hymnist Isaac Watts. The intellectual content of her work amazed many and her writings were exceptionally and beautifully bold and original. Her verses has distinct quality by their epigrammatic compression, haunting personal voice, enigmatic brilliance, and lack of high polish.

Her major themes include nature, law, music, commerce, medicine, fashion, finding oneself, death and immortality, and love. She had a unique usage of Capitalization. She is best known for her use of slant rhyme.

Facts:

  • Unconventional approach to poetry, she interspersed her writing with many dashes of varying lengths and orientations (horizontal and vertical)
  • She could play piano.
  • She called herself a pagan.
  • She had an older brother named William Austin and a younger sister called Lavinia.
  • She wrote about the benefits of science over religion.
  • She lived with her family throughout her life. She shared her poems via letters to Susan, her alleged love interest. Who became her sister-in-law later.
  • She sent 250 poems.
  • Dickinson was a fan of the book ‘Jane Eyre’.
  • Her sister and Mabel Loomis Todd (An alleged mistress) published her works after Dickinson’s death.
  • Her second Tombstone reads “Called Back”, reference to an 1880 novel by Hugh Conway called “Called Back” that Dickinson enjoyed loved. This was the idea of Martha Dickinson Bianchi, her niece. The reason could be that she wrote a letter to her cousins before her death to her cousins which had only “Called Back” written.

Emily Dickinson’s well-known must-reads!!

  1. I’m Nobody! Who are you?
  2. Because I could not stop for Death
  3. Success is Counted sweetest
  4. Wild nights – Wild nights!
  5. I taste a liquor never brewed
  6. I Felt a Funeral, in my Brain
  7. Hope” is the thing with feather
  8. Tell all the truth but tell it slant
  9. My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun
  10. ‘Hope’ is the thing with feathers

Emily Dickinson and Susan Gilbert

Ps… Dickinson is believed to have a lifelong love affair with her childhood friend Susan Gilbert, who agonizingly became her sister-in-law. Emily had written many letters to Susan till the end. The letters are believed to be indirect confession and expression of love. Austin’s mistress Mabel Loomis Todd -Editor and publisher- erased references to Susan from Emily’s letter, but the fact that the Mysterious “Master” poem – letters (Alleged love interest of Emily) were sent to Susan, doesn’t hide much. But, well historians will still call them “Best Friends”, right?

There’s a book called “Emily Dickinson’s Intimate Letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson”

Summary: For the first time, selections from Emily Dickinson’s thirty-six year correspondence to her neighbor and sister-in-law, Susan Huntington Dickinson, are compiled in a single volume. Open Me Carefully invites a dramatic new understanding of Emily Dickinson’s life and work, overcoming a century of censorship and misinterpretation.

MY FOREVER FAVOURITE FAVOURITE POTRAYAL OF EMILY DICKINSON.

Dickinson (2019) : SEASON 1 AND 2!!

An American comedy streaming television series about Emily Dickinson, created by Alena Smith and produced for Apple TV+.

Hailee Steinfeld as Emily Dickinson and Ella Hunt as Susan and many more !! Their acting is top-notch and the series will hold you till the end and leave you wanting for more.

It is a must-watch.

References:

https://poets.org/poet/emily-dickinson

Indian museum

A VIRTUAL TOUR 

Let go on a virtual tour of the Indian museum which is situated in Kolkata. Due to pandemic, it is not possible to go there for a visit. The Indian museum was founded in 1814 at the Kolkata. Indian museum is the earliest and largest multipurpose museum not only in the Indian subcontinent but also in Asia-Pacific region of the world. With the foundation of the Indian museum in 1814, the museum movement started roiling in India and through the years from then got a new fillip and great momentum.

The history of the origin and the growth of the Indian Museum is one of the remarkable events towards the development of heritages and culture of India.

The museum has rare collection of antiques, armour and ornaments, fossils, skeleton, mummies and Mughal painting.

Lamp tradition in India 

Lamp tradition is an important part of Indian tradition. It is identified as the Deepam in southern and diya in north. The Indian museum consist different types of lamps which belongs to different region, culture, tradition and countries. The lamp could be made up of clay, metal, glass, brass, gold and other material. Their designs varies and each lamp had own signature size, pattern and shapes.

Bhudha early life stages, mediation and the last stage of his life

The museum is also consists the masterpieces of the Bhuddhist Art from different part of the Indian sub-continent. The exhibition traveled different countries such as japan, china, Singapore and New Delhi and had a great success. The objects showed in the exhibition are related to life of the Bhuddha early stage. The museum had stupas or pillars of the Bhuddha’s early life. The whole scenes depicted on the pillars by the carving methods. The pillars showed how was devi  Maya gives birth to Bhudha with the help of sala tree. The people around are craved. The sculpture is a fine specimen of the late Gandhara art and a superbly graphic representation of the legend. During the mediation different mudras are beautifully craved with the name and introduction.

The bhudha is seated in the attiude of the meditation. There is a prominent urnaon his forehead and a large nimbus behind. The person who made this masterpiece might be had very fine skills about hid art. It worked over each and every sense of art. 

In the last stage of his life Bhudha spend his time in u.p and it is last sculpture of the bhudh where he is surrounded by the five people. This masterpiece is known as the Mahaparinirvana. 

Virtual exhibition 

Saktirupena- It is an exposition on mother goddess in Indian art. This art showed the value of women in the Indian culture. I thought the exhibition showed the different form of the women somewhere they are fully covered and on other they are without clothes (yakishs). They also craved and draw goddess with lotus and killing asuras. The sculpture made up of metal (gold, silver), wooden, brass, and rocks. They are mainly craved over the materials. They have different types of coins with the expression on goddess which made up by the different king at their ruling times. Faces & Masks of Devi Durga, bhudhhist  goddess (Tara), figures of jamuna, Anupurana, gajalakshmi and many more godsess. 

Textile traditions in India: North Eastern Region

Here we learnt about the different group and their textile of the north eastern region.  Their motifs, methods of weaving, materials and design are related to the culture, belifes and the environment.  Wrapper, coat, moona bag, pani gamcha, headdress, kakat-Bandha, phalli, reshwa and others are the products which is the made up by them. The colors they mostly used their creation are black, white, red, yellow, green and blue.

Ananya 

It was celebration on the occasion of the women day. It is significant the role of women in various fields from the remote past. Coinage was the one of medium of propagating the ruling authority example kumaradevi coinage. The sync show that how the powerful women rules their dynasties and position or the love of her husband to her example – nurjahnan with jhangir. Painting is another field where women artist also owned their position such as mrs. Sunayani devi.  Their painting are always had relevance with the epic or religious book because they read that books and they might be not allowed to go outside so they paint what they known. The bronze busts are also included in this collection. The busts are related to different women who worked for the society at their regions or the ladies who belong to different places.

The virtual tour was quite interesting and learning bases. We learnt many of the things. It would be help us in developing our pedagogy skills. I wish to visit manually in the museum.

ARUNACHAL PRADESH

The land of dawn-lit mountains

Arunachal Pradesh is an Indian state in Northeast India. It was formed from the erstwhile North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and became a state on 20 February 1987. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south. It shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east, and a disputed border with China in the north at the McMahon Line. Itanagar is the state capital of Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh is the largest of the Seven Sister States of Northeast India by area. Arunachal Pradesh shares a 1,129 km border with China’s Tibet Autonomous Region.

Arunachal Pradesh, meaning ‘the land of the rising sun’ is a state comprising of 24 districts with 26 major tribes including various sub tribes. It is equally rich and diverse in both cultural and ecological aspects, however for a long time much of the world remained elusive to this richness because of the state’s remote location.
An exploration of the cultural roots of Arunachal Pradesh therefore, takes us on a fascinating anthropological journey.

PEOPLE –
A place brimming with tremendous anthropological richness, Arunachal Pradesh is home to several groups of indigenous people. Broadly speaking there are three cultural groups; first being Monpas and Sherdukpen of Tawang and West Kameng districts who are followers of the tradition of Mahayana Buddhism. The second group comprising of Apatanis, Adis, Galos, Mishmis, Nyishis, Tagins, Akas etc worship the Sun and Moon God while the third group including Noctes, Wanchos and Khampti (tribal communities of TLCN – Tirap, Longding, Changlang, Namsai) follow basic Vaishnavism and Buddhism respectively and are ruled by a hereditary chief. Additionally there are the Galo, Nyishi, Tagin, Apatani and Adi communities who are commonly known as Tani clans due to their connection with Abotani (abu/abo-father, tani-tribes) – from whom the mythical heritage of mankind’s origin is associated.

LANGUAGE –
The people’s languages are mostly derived from Tibeto-Burman language with more than 50 dialects spoken by specific tribes. The Tani clans have similarities within each other’s social languages. Assamese is spoken by most people since prolonged influence of the Ahom dynasty era. Hindi and English are currently the most widely spoken languages for people across the state, besides their own tribe’s language.

CULTURE AND TRADITION –
living in close proximity with nature since centuries, people were depended on Mother Nature for everything. From traditional handicrafts, fishing and hunting tools etc – the people developed many unique skills over the years and even today many of these skills are passed down. Apong (rice/millet wine) is the prominent drink induced by the people, especially in festivals. People used to drink it to honor the spirit guardians. Dance is an important element of the people’s heritage and traditional dancing along with priest/priestess chants, war dance and ritual dance with Buddhist connection etc are mostly performed by men. Ponu is performed in groups by both men and women for the celebration of joyous and fortunate events in the future. A rich oral collection of folklores and chants, usually in a ballad tone, have been passed down from centuries about the historical events, myths, power of spirits and calling of deities.

Something about India

Photo by Still Pixels on Pexels.com

India is in her 75th year of independence and about to enter the 76th year. India- the 7th largest country by size, the 2nd most populous country and the world’s largest democracy. Celebrating our 75th Independence day, let us have a brief look on some interesting facts about India.

  1. India has, in the last 100000 years, not once invaded any country. She truly imbibes the spirit of ‘ Vasudhav Kutumbakam’ (‘The whole world is a family’).
  2. Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus – prominent fields of study in mathematics finding their uses even in physics and all related fields, originated in India.
  3. The Baily Bridge- the highest bridge in the world,  located in the Ladakh valley between the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan mountains, was built by the the Indian Army in August 1982.
  4.  Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, followed by 25 percent of the world’s population, find their roots of origin in India.
  5. Jews and Christians have lived in India since 200 B.C. and 52 A.D. respectively. “Unity in diversity” forms the very foundation of India.
  6. The value of “pi” was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana. He gave the concept of the Pythagorean Theorem in the 6th century, long before the European mathematicians.
  7. Quadratic Equations were used by Sridharacharya( 11th century). The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10*53 (i.e. 10 to the power of 53) (as early as 5000 BC- Vedic period)
  8. Ayurveda is the oldest school of medicine known to the whole world (founded by the father of medicine, Charaka, 2500 years ago.) , chess originated in India about 1500 years ago and yoga about 5,000 years ago.
  9. Bhaskaracharya had calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the Sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. (predicting it to be around 365.258756484 days.)
  10. India has the third highest number of billionaires (140 billionaires), after USA and China.
  11. India has the oldest cuisine in human history and the Indian tea dates back to 750 BCE.
  12. Shampooing is an Indian concept. (earlier herbs were used as shampoo)

Source: https://knowindia.gov.in/my-india-my-pride/interesting-facts-about-india.php

Custody of Children to Grandparents

Custody is included within the notion of Guardianship, and it happens as a result of the parents’ divorce. Divorce may be harmful to both parents and children, and children are often subjected to significant emotional trauma as a result of their parents’ divorce. The question of custody comes after the divorce is finalised, and it is a pertinent subject that must be resolved by the court. Custody refers to the privilege granted by the court to either of the parents in favour of the kid who is under the age of eighteen. The parent who is given the custodial right has to look after the financial, emotional, medical, and all other necessary needs of the child.

Custody of Children to Grandparents

Types of Custody in India

Physical Custody-

The kid will be under the guardianship of one of the parents in this custody, and the other parent will have the ability to visit the child from time to time. This is the most common type of custody, and it ensures that the kid receives all of the advantages of the family as well as the finest possible upbringing. Both parents’ love and devotion are intended for the kid.

Joint Custody- 

In this custody, both parents are allowed the right to keep their kid with them, but only in turn. Joint custody is one of the greatest alternatives to the post-divorce custody struggle. No parent feels deprived under this custody arrangement since both parents have the opportunity to be with the kid and have a major role in their upbringing. The major advantage of this custody arrangement is that the kid receives the love, care, and attention of both parents equally, and both parents have the right to make decisions about the child’s future.

Third-Party Custody-

In this custody, neither of the parents gets the custodial right. This is because the court believes that both parents are incapable of parenting a child and that granting the child’s rights to any of them would be detrimental to the child. In such cases, a third party is appointed and the custody of the child is given in his favor for the benefit of the child. This is mainly done in cases when both the parents re-marry after divorce then the custody of the child is given to grandparents. 

Sole Custody-

In this case, the custody of the child is given to either mother or father and the other parent has no right over the child. This is usually done because of the abusive or immoral nature of the non-custodial parent. Under such cases, the court passes an order that non-custodian parents will not be granted the right to visit or meet the child once in a while.

Custody of Children to Grandparents

In some circumstances, the court may give grandparents custody of the kid. When giving custody of a child, the court takes various factors into account. The minor’s well-being takes precedence over a specific party’s legal rights. If the youngster is mature enough to choose who he wants to live with, the court will take it into account while deciding on final custody. The court must consider the following Acid test while determining custodial rights:

  • Education, health, and maintenance of the child are the relevant factors while determining the custody of the child.
  • The priority of the custody of the child is given to their biological parents. However, if they do not promote the welfare of the child, custody can be granted to the grandparents.
  • Financial stability cannot be the sole ground for deciding the custody of the child, the welfare of the child is of paramount consideration. 
  • The child’s moral and ethical well-being, as well as its bodily well-being, must be considered by the Court.
  • Love of the parents towards their children cannot be a ground for deciding the custody in their favor. 
  • The physical and mental conditions of the parents along with their professional life are taken into consideration while deciding the custody. In such cases in which both the parents are professionally working and are not able to look after the child properly, custody will be granted to the grandparents. 
  • The wish of the child with whom he/she wants to stay is of utmost importance while deciding the custody.
  • The ‘character’ of the proposed guardian is one of the issues that must be examined by a court of law.
  • When dealing with custody disputes, a court is not bound by legislation, rigorous standards of evidence or process, or precedents. When choosing a competent guardian for a minor, the most important factor should be the child’s welfare and well-being.
  • Custody disputes cannot be determined only based on papers, oral evidence, or precedents; the human touch is the most important factor for the minor’s wellbeing, since the other materials may be generated by the parties themselves or on the advice of counsel to fit their needs.

In Jai Prakash Khadria v. Shyan Sunder Agarwalla and Anr, the appellant was the child’s maternal grandfather, while the respondent was the child’s paternal grandparents. Because the kid’s school was close to their house, the court gave paternal grandparents custody of the youngster. The paternal grandpa became overly close to the youngster and gave all of his property to him. The court also argued that because the maternal grandfather was living alone and there was no one at his house to care for the kid, custody would be given to the paternal grandparents.

Conclusion 

Child custody is one of the most sensitive and difficult problems that arises following a parent’s divorce. Custody of the kid is always granted to the person considered by the court to be the best alternative for the child. The welfare of the children is the most important consideration when determining custody. Courts will award custody of the kid to the party who can demonstrate that the child’s best interests are served by them. In some instances, if the court deems it appropriate, custody of the children might be assigned to grandparents.

Benefits of Travelling

The benefits of traveling are not just a one-time thing: traveling changes you physically and psychologically. Having little time or money isn’t a valid excuse.

Here are some of the main benefits of traveling, in case you need convincing. And I’m sure that once you get started, you’ll find some more yourself!

1. Traveling Improves Your Health!

From cutting down on stress, to lowering your chances of developing a heart disease, the health benefits of traveling are huge.

2.Traveling Makes You Smarter!

Even more than just languages, traveling helps you learn about yourself. You might run into challenging situations where you need to be resourceful and think differently.

3.Traveling Improves Your Understanding Of Other Cultures!

Travelling always develop empathy and a deeper understanding of other cultures.
Being more understanding and tolerant about a culture different than ours is part of being smarter.

4.Traveling Makes You More Interesting!

Mentioning something that most people aren’t familiar with or bring a new perspective is always a good way to shine in a social situation.

5.Travel Makes You Happier!

Sure, a travel experience easily makes you happier by getting you away from your daily grind.

6.Travel Lets You Disconnect & Recharge!

One of the best things you can do for your mental health every now and again

7.Travel Makes You Physically Healthier!

If you’re an active individual and asking why is travel important, there are some great benefits of traveling in store for you!

8.Traveling Can Boost Your Creativity!

Traveling can help! If you’re looking to reignite your creativity,

Heart break

we hear about this heart breaks everyday it maybe our friend or family member or it can be self experienced but is it common to get heart breaks ?. Mostly teenagers goes through this stuff a lot and do many bad decisions during this period even they show their emotion by taking their own life away but is it really worth it. Its not only teenagers goes through this stuff even aged person gets divorce or breakup which is worse but they handle the situation better so this is only to know about teenage heart breaks.

Before finding the reason we can see some facts about these Only 12% say they never think about it and 20% say they rarely do. Not surprisingly, the number is much higher among unhappy couples, where 87% of partners contemplate leaving their relationships. But even 34% of extremely happy partners think about breaking up from time to time. I cant totally agree with is because there will still a part of everyone looking forward to meet his long gone girl friend if the breakup is all about misunderstanding and situation. There are some breakups which happens when he/she cheats which makes us more broken.

A study say women is the one who are more likely to do more breakups but they are the one who feels more broken after the breakup but the thing is a majority of people move in relationship without having a idea of it a relationship its not just a thing which you can go through easily but no one realizes that but the worst case is they do this again and again even though it hurts.

So is it okay to be broken ?. yeah you can be broken its completely normal but we have to handle the situation better without making he/she suffer we hear many things about a boy killing a girl for not accepting his love its not healthy for this society. Each and every parents has a responsibility of avoiding this situation by talking about this with their childerns who is going through a rough phase

The ESSENCE OF INCREDIBLE INDIA

Andhra Pradesh is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of 162,975 km^2 and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the north-west, Chhattisgarh to the north, Odisha to the north-east, Tamil Nadu to the south, Karnataka to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east. It has the second longest coastline in India after Gujarat, of about 974 km. Andhra Pradesh is the first state to be formed on a linguistic basis in India on 1 October 1953. The state was once a major Buddhist pilgrimage site in the country and a Buddhist learning center which can be seen in many sites in the state in the form of ruins, chaityas and stupas. It is also known as the land of the world-famous diamond Koh-i-Noor and many other globally known diamonds due to their source in its Kollur Mine. It is also known as the “rice bowl of India” for being a major producer of rice in India. Its official language is Telugu; one of the classical languages of India, the fourth most spoken language in India and the 11th-most spoken language in the world.

CULTURE –


Kuchipudi, the cultural dance recognized as the official dance form of the state of Andhra Pradesh, originated in the village of Kuchipudi in Krishna district. It entered the Guinness World Records for performing Mahabrinda Natyam with a total of 6,117 dancers in Vijayawada.

Andhra Pradesh has thirteen geographical indications in categories of agricultural handicrafts, foodstuff and textiles as per Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. It increased to fifteen with the addition of Banaganapalle Mangoes and Bandar laddu. The other GI tagged goods are, Bobbili Veena, Budithi Bell and Brass Craft, Dharmavaram Handloom Pattu Sarees and Paavadas, Guntur Sannam, Kondapalli Toys, Machilipatnam Kalamkari, Mangalagiri Sarees and Fabrics, Srikalahasti Kalamkari, Tirupati Laddu, Uppada Jamdani Sari and Venkatagiri Sari.

ARTS AND CRAFTS –
Kondapalli Toys at a house in Vijayawada
Machilipatnam and Srikalahasti Kalamkari are the two unique textile art forms practised in India. There are also other notable handicrafts present in the state, like the soft limestone idol carvings of Durgi. Etikoppaka in Visakhapatnam district is notable for its lac industry, producing lacquered wooden.

The state has many museums, which features a varied collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery, and inscriptions, and religious artifacts such as the Amaravati Archaeological Museum, Visakha Museum and Telugu Cultural Museum in Visakhapatnam displays the history of the pre-independence and the Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada with a large collection of artifacts.

CUISINE –
Telugu people’s traditional sweet Pootharekulu originated from Atreyapuram village of East Godavari district.

TOURISM –
Undavalli Caves, is a monolithic example of Indian rock-cut architecture and one of the finest testimonials to ancient viswakarma sthapathis.
The state has several beaches in its coastal districts such as Rushikonda, Mypadu, Suryalanka etc.; caves such as, Borra Caves, Indian rock-cut architecture depicting Undavalli Caves and the country’s second longest caves- the Belum Caves. The valleys and hills include, Araku Valley, Horsley Hills, Papi Hills etc. Arma Konda peak located in Visakhapatnam district is the highest peak in Eastern Ghats.

The state is home to various religious pilgrim destinations such as, Tirumala Temple, Simhachalam Temple, Annavaram temple, Srisailam temple, Kanaka Durga Temple, Amaravati, Srikalahasti, Shahi Jamia Masjid in Adoni, Gunadala Church in Vijayawada, Buddhist centres at Amaravati, and Nagarjuna Konda.

KERALA , GOD’S OWN COUNTRY

Kerala is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South Canara, and Travancore. Spread over 38,863 km ^2, Kerala is the twenty-first largest Indian state by area. It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea[16] to the west. With 33 million inhabitants as per the 2011 census, Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population. It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.



CULTURE –

The culture of Kerala is composite and cosmopolitan in nature and it is an integral part of Indian culture. It is a synthesis of Aryan, Dravidian, Arab, and European cultures, developed over millennia, under influences from other parts of India and abroad. It is defined by its antiquity and the organic continuity sustained by the Malayali people. It was elaborated through centuries of contact with neighbouring and overseas cultures. However, the geographical insularity of Kerala from the rest of the country has resulted in the development of a distinctive lifestyle, art, architecture, language, literature and social institutions. Over 10,000 festivals are celebrated in the state every year. The Malayalam calendar, a solar sidereal calendar started from 825 CE in Kerala, finds common usage in planning agricultural and religious activities. Malayalam, one of the classical languages in India, is Kerala’s official language. Over a dozen other scheduled and unscheduled languages are also spoken. Kerala has the greatest consumption of alcohol in India.

MUSIC –
The development of classical music in Kerala is attributed to the contributions it received from the traditional performance arts associated with the temple culture of Kerala. The development of the indigenous classical music form, Sopana Sangeetham, illustrates the rich contribution that temple culture has made to the arts of Kerala. Carnatic music dominates Keralite traditional music. This was the result of Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma’s popularisation of the genre in the 19th century. Raga-based renditions known as sopanam accompany kathakali performances. Melam; including the paandi and panchari variants, is a more percussive style of music: it is performed at Kshetram-centered festivals using the chenda. Panchavadyam is a form of percussion ensemble, in which artists use five types of percussion instrument. Kerala’s visual arts range from traditional murals to the works of Raja Ravi Varma, the state’s most renowned painter. Most of the castes and communities in Kerala have rich collections of folk songs and ballads associated with a variety of themes; Vadakkan Pattukal (Northern Ballads), Thekkan pattukal (Southern Ballads), Vanchi pattukal (Boat Songs), Mappila Pattukal (Muslim songs) and Pallipattukal (Church songs) are a few of them.

DANCE – Kerala is home to a number of performance arts. These include five classical dance forms: Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Koodiyattom, Thullal and Krishnanattam, which originated and developed in the temple theatres during the classical period under the patronage of royal houses. Kerala natanam, Thirayattam, Kaliyattam, Theyyam, Koothu and Padayani are other dance forms associated with the temple culture of the region. Some traditional dance forms such as Oppana and Duffmuttu were popular among the Muslims of the state, while Margamkali and Parichamuttukali are popular among the Syrian Christians and Chavittu nadakom is popular among the Latin Christians.

TOURISM –
Kerala’s culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demographics, have made the state one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. In 2012, National Geographic’s Traveller magazine named Kerala as one of the “ten paradises of the world” and “50 must see destinations of a lifetime”. Travel and Leisure also described Kerala as “One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century”. In 2012, it overtook the Taj Mahal to be the number one travel destination in Google’s search trends for India. CNN Travel listed Kerala amongst its ’19 best places to visit in 2019′.

Kerala’s beaches, backwaters, lakes, mountain ranges, waterfalls, ancient ports, palaces, religious institutions and wildlife sanctuaries are major attractions for both domestic and international tourists. The city of Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala. Until the early 1980s, Kerala was a relatively unknown destination compared to other states in the country. In 1986 the government of Kerala declared tourism an important industry and it was the first state in India to do so. Marketing campaigns launched by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation, the government agency that oversees the tourism prospects of the state, resulted in the growth of the tourism industry.