Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits. He recognized the mathematical patterns of inheritance from one generation to the next. Mendel’s Laws of Heredity are usually stated as-
The Law of Segregation: Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair. Parental genes are randomly separated into the sex cells so that sex cells contain only one gene of the pair. Offspring, therefore, inherit one genetic allele from each parent when sex cells unite in fertilization. In the case of flower colour, the Mendel Pea Experiment showed that a cross between a purple flower plant and a white flower plant produced only purple flower plants for the F1 generation. It appeared that the white flower characteristic had disappeared. However, the F2 generation threw up a surprising result; the white flower variant appeared in a quarter of this generation.
The Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another. Mendel examined two different traits, seed colour and seed shape. Two alleles at the locus controlling seed shape were studied, the dominant round (R) and recessive wrinkled (r) alleles. Mendel crossed one parent that was homozygous for the dominant alleles of these two different genes (round yellow RRYY) with another parent that was homozygous for the recessive alleles of those two genes (wrinkled green rryy). Re-stating the basic question, do the alleles at each locus always stay together (i.e. round with yellow, wrinkled with green) or do they appear in new combinations in the progeny? As expected from the 1st law, the F1 generation shows a uniform round yellow phenotype, since one dominant and one recessive allele was inherited from the parents. When the F2 progeny are obtained by crossing the F1 generation, the parental phenotypes reappear (as expected from the first law), but two nonparental phenotypes also appear that differ from the parents: wrinkled yellow and round green! The results can be explained by the alleles of each different gene assorting into gametes independently. For example, in the gametes from the F1 generation, R can assort with Y or y, and r can assort with Y or y, so that four types of gametes form: RY, Ry, rY, and ry. These can rejoin randomly with other gametes from the F1 generation.
The Law of Dominance: An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the dominant form. The genetic experiments Mendel did with pea plants took him eight years (1856-1863) and he published his results in 1865. During this time, Mendel grew over 10,000 pea plants, keeping track of progeny number and type. Mendel’s work and his Laws of Inheritance were not appreciated in his time. It wasn’t until 1900, after the rediscovery of his Laws, that his experimental results were understood.
Single gene disorders are caused by DNA changes in one particular gene and often have predictable inheritance patterns. Over 10,000 human disorders are caused by a change, known as a mutation, in a single gene. These are known as single-gene disorders. The mutated version of the gene responsible for the disorder is known as a mutant, or disease, allele. Individually, single-gene disorders are very rare, but as a whole, they affect about one per cent of the population. Since only a single gene is involved, these disorders can be easily tracked through families and the risk of them occurring in later generations can be predicted. Single gene disorders can be divided into different categories: dominant, recessive and X-linked.
Dominant diseases – Dominant diseases are single-gene disorders that occur in the heterozygous state –when an individual has one mutant copy of the relevant gene and one healthy copy. The effects of the mutant version of the gene (allele) override the effects of the healthy version of the gene. So, the mutant allele causes disease symptoms even though a healthy allele is present. Dominant disorders tend to crop up in every generation of an affected family because very one carrying a dominant mutant allele shows the symptoms of the disease. Dominant disorders spread vertically down family trees, from parent to child. In rare cases when an individual has two copies of the mutant gene (also known as being homozygous), the disorder symptoms are generally more severe. An example of a dominant single gene disorder is Huntington’s disease, which is a disease of the nervous system.
Recessive diseases – Recessive diseases are single-gene disorders that only occur in the homozygous state – when an individual carries two mutant versions (alleles) of the relevant gene. The effects of the healthy allele can compensate for the effects of the mutant allele. The mutant allele does not cause disease symptoms when a healthy allele is also present. However, if a parent inherits two mutant alleles, there are no healthy alleles, so the mutant allele can exert its effect. As shown in the diagram below, affected individuals arise when both of their parents carry a single mutated allele and each pass on that mutated copy to the child so the child then has two mutated copies. In this diagram, the mother of the affected grandson has inherited a mutated copy from the grandmother, and the father has inherited a mutated copy from his family. Recessive diseases are more difficult to trace through family trees because carriers of a mutant allele do not show symptoms of the disease. It, therefore, appears that the disease has skipped a generation when it is seen in groups of children within a family. The risk of an individual having a recessive disorder increases when two closely related people have a child together (consanguinity). This is because there is a much greater chance that the same mutant allele will be present in related parents.
X-linked disorders – X-linked disorders are single-gene disorders that result from the presence of a mutated gene on the X chromosome. Because females (XX) have two copies of the X chromosome, but males (XY) only have one copy, X-linked disorders are more common in males. If a male’s single copy on the X chromosome is mutated, he has no healthy copy to restore healthy function. The inheritance patterns of X-linked diseases are simplified by the fact that males always pass their X chromosome to their daughters but never to their sons. Like other single-gene disorders, X-linked disorders can be either recessive or dominant.
X-linked recessive diseases – Examples of X-linked recessive disorders include red-green color blindness, hemophilia and the Duchenne and Becker forms of muscular dystrophy. X-linked recessive disorders are much more common in males than females because two copies of the mutant allele are required for the disorder to occur in females, while only one copy is required in males. The inheritance patterns of X-linked recessive disorders are as follows: The overall pattern of the disease is characterized by the transmission of the disease from a carrier mother, who inherited a copy of the mutant gene from her affected father.
When we think about how we should prevent and punish criminals on the question of whether criminals are born or made. We first should understand the behaviour traits of criminals because personality is the major factor in many kinds of behaviour, one of which is criminal behaviour. To determine what makes a criminal to become as “a criminal,” we must understand his/her personality.
Are criminals born or made? This question has been crushed the brains of psychologists, sociologists, and criminologists for many years at several incidents and efforts have been made to establish the nature of criminality. The born or made argument, known as the “nature versus nurture” debate, arises the question, whether criminality is due to genetic factors, and therefore unavoidable, or whether it is the product of social, situational, environmental surroundings, and other external factors.
Criminal behaviour has been increasing virtually throughout the every part of the world because such behaviour may be passed on from father to son and the genetically deprived criminal under class is breeding faster than the rest of society, he argues. Majorly, the psychological factors which inhibit criminal behaviour are fear and conscience.
Psychologists after many experiments they came up with an opinion that criminal behaviour lie in genetics and as well as environmental situations but it doesn’t mean that every criminal will posses with same type of behavioural traits. According to the population census of India the children who were born to thug is used to be recorded as a thug, this was registered under the criminal tribe act(1870). This act resembles that there is a chance of getting criminal behaviour if the child was born to a thug.
In these days we are observing that even some of the common people are also becoming criminals with out having any past crime background. So, this is the point where we have to think about the impact of society or the environment on the criminal. Guys, a criminal is also a human who posses all the common things as we all have but the only difference is that the perspective and the surrounding where a criminal has risen.
Most of the teenagers and children has a high tendencies to learn from their surroundings. Petty crimes committed by children may appear to be a tale to friends who may also be involved the same for pleasurable. Over duration of time, this behaviour may prove to become a permanent thing. Peer pressure is mainly clear in the slums where houses close to one another. Among other factors, this explains why crime rate is on the higher on average in poor vicinity.
According to study, families in inner cities are facing many challenges. There is extremely huge number of single parent families where mostly the father is missing. This impacts the children in those families a lot especially boys need a father figure in the family to help them grow and learn how to control their manhood. Surroundings around a person influences a person a lot as like an old proverb says that wicked group damage decent principles. There are several reasons behind a person to become as a criminal that may be because of his financial standards or because of family issues or sometimes because of being as victim also.
Now a days we see many people who are at higher positions in their career are also becoming as a criminals. This type of scenarios clearly show us that having lots of degrees in hand can’t stop the people in turning them as a criminals. The main reason behind these scenarios are lack of essential values and ethics which are missing in todays education system and this effect is adversely creating a negative roots on society.
“Albert Einstein” is the father of “Modern Physics”. He was born in Ulm Kingdom of Wurttemberg, German empire on March 14, 1879. His father name was Hermann Einstein and Mother’s name was Pauline Koch. He was born into a Jewish family his father was a scientific utility salesman electrician and mother was a housekeeper in 1880 the family moved to Monica in 1894.
When Einstein was 15 and his family moved to Italy first to Milan and a few months later to Pavia. Albert attended a Catholic elementary school in Munich from the age of 5, for three years. At the age of 8, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium, where he received advanced primary and secondary school education. The twelve year old Einstein taught himself algebra and Euclidean geometry. After Graduation, Einstein spent two years in search a teaching job but didn’t find finally he got to a job as an assistant examiner at the Federal office for intellectual property the patent office. Einstein and Mileva Maric married in January 1930. They had three children Lieseri Einstein, Hans Albert Einstein, and Eduard Einstein. In 1905, he completed twelve-year-olds which was entitled “A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions”. For the work, he was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Zurich. In 1905, he came up with his revolutionary works, which were focused on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the special theory of relativity, and the equivalent of matter and energy. In 1945 he published his groundbreaking papers the paper provided information on the photoelectric effect Brownian motion Special, Relativity, the equivalence of matter and energy this papers doubt Einstein to the Limelight and he became instantly famous and was recognized as the leading scientist.
In 1988 he was appointed as a lecturer at the University of Bern. How were Einstein quit this position as well as the one he was holding at the patent office to take up profile of docent at the University of Zurich. In 1911 he become a full-time Professor at the Kari-Ferdinand University in Prague.
Einstein separated from his wife Mileva. In 1915 Einstein applies need as the President of the Golf german physical society that he held two years during this time Einstein also attended membership at the Prussian Academy of Sciences their divorce was final on 14 February 1919 he married Elsa Lowenthal, in 2nd June 1919. He invited officially by the mayor of New York in April 2 1921 and delivered several lecturers at the Columbia and Princeton University. Then he moved to Washington DC after that he visited in many countries including Singapore, Caylon, Japan, America, Belgium to serve his Lecture. Suddenly a new law had been set in Germany according to which Jews could not hold any official positions including teaching at the universities not only was Einstein’s work targeted he himself was on the list of assassination targets of the Nazis with a $5,000 bounty on his head. Einstein found his temporary shelter in England. Then he made the decision to permanently stay in the United States and does applied for citizenship Einstein gained citizenship in the US in the year 1940 Einstein in his later years was even offered the position of president of Israel but he declined the same stating that he had neither the attitude nor the experience in 1921 he received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1929 Einstein was presented with the Max Planck medal of the German physical society in Berlin. The chemical element Einstein was named for him. He died at Princeton New Jersey, United States on 18 April 1955, at the age of 76. “ A PERSON WHO NEVER MADE A MISTAKE NEVER TRIED ANYTHING NEW”.
Plastic bags are harming our environment. Plastics are non biodegradable product which means that they will not degrade in the soil for thousands and thousands of years. Plastic harms our environment in all the ways it can.
How plastic degrades our environment?
Land pollution from plastics…
Firstly, let’s talk about land pollution so if we throw plastic bags on for example, soil, it will not degrade easily and it will degrade may be after thousand years but the chemicals which are used to make the plastic bag degrade the fertility of the soil. Plastic bags are made from poisonous chemicals and if we will throw it in soil firstly it will degrade the fertility of the soil and secondly it will make the crop poisonous and if we will eat that food crops that will grow on such soil we can even die so it deplete the fertility of soil and at the same time makes our food poisonous. Please ,Please ,Please never throw plastic bags on soil or some land area where crops are grown. This way it causes land pollution.
How plastics causes animals death?
Sometimes animals eat plastic bags which causes them to choke. We should never throw plastic bags in garbages because in our country especially in India cows and many other animals like dogs eat from garbages and if by mistake they eat plastic it will let them to die so please never throw garbage inside plastic bags.
Water pollution from plastics…
Plastic bags also causes water pollution. Let’s see how. So when plastics are thrown inside water, the Marine animals which used to live inside the water bodies , by mistake eat that plastic or even a part of the plastic bag which made them to die. The plastic bags are made from poisonous chemicals so please remember never to throw plastic bags anywhere.
In these above-mentioned ways and many more ways plastics destroys our environment.
Measures taken against plastics by different countries…
Some Countries banned plastic totally while some other countries levied taxes on it. But a country is made by its countrymen and we are the country man of India and it is our national duty to stop using plastic bags and save our environment. In our country today also people are using plastic bags even after knowing that they are not good for our environment and causes so many problems.
Why still using plastic bags?
The question is why we are not stopping ourselves from using the plastic bags even if we know that it causes harmful effects on environment. So, there are a lot of reasons behind it. Let’s discuss them one by one.
The first reason is that we are used to it. We habitual of using plastic bags.
The second reason is that it is very convenient to use plastic bags. Plastic bags are lightweight and are very small in size so it becomes very easy for us to carry them . On the other hand cloth or jute bags are not lightweight and are big also, which makes them inconvenient or less convenient than plastic bags.
The third reason is that plastic bags are very cheap. So it’s easy to buy them.
So there are many more reasons but these are the main reasons which make plastic bags very common in use.
Conclusion
We should today take the oath that we have to never use plastic bags and this is not a rule that you have to follow against your will but this is your duty to never never never use plastic bags because it’s our Earth we can make it a better place to live for everybody else.We always want to change our society and the world. But let me tell you very clearly that you can’t.
You can just change yourself and you know what that will make the world change.
“If you can change yourself, you can change the world and if you can’t change yourself ,you will never be able to change the world.”
Science is a systematic way which involves observation and experimentation in order to get knowledge and improve skill; whereas, technology is the practical application of science which helps in improving the quality of life.
New inventions in the field of science and technology play great role in the daily lives of people and making their life style advance. In order to keep students up-do-date and check their general knowledge about new inventions, they are given this topic to write essay on science and technology. Here we have provided some simple science and technology essay to help students to do better in their essay writing competition.
Science and technology are important parts of our day to day life. We get up in the morning from the ringing of our alarm clocks and go to bed at night after switching our lights off. All these luxuries that we are able to afford are a resultant of science and technology. Most importantly, how we can do all this in a short time are because of the advancement of science and technology only. It is hard to imagine our life now without science and technology. Indeed our existence itself depends on it now. Every day new technologies are coming up which are making human life easier and more comfortable. Thus, we live in an era of science and technology.
Essentially, Science and Technology have introduced us to the establishment of modern civilization. This development contributes greatly to almost every aspect of our daily life. Hence, people get the chance to enjoy these results, which make our lives more relaxed and pleasurable.
Benefits of Science and TechnologyIf we think about it, there are numerous benefits of science and technology. They range from the little things to the big ones. For instance, the morning paper which we read that delivers us reliable information is a result of scientific progress. In addition, the electrical devices without which life is hard to imagine like a refrigerator, AC, microwave and more are a result of technological advancement.Furthermore, if we look at the transport scenario, we notice how science and technology play a major role here as well.
We can quickly reach the other part of the earth within hours, all thanks to advancing technology.In addition, science and technology have enabled man to look further than our planet. The discovery of new planets and the establishment of satellites in space is because of the very same science and technology.Similarly, science and technology have also made an impact on the medical and agricultural fields. The various cures being discovered for diseases have saved millions of lives through science. Moreover, technology has enhanced the production of different crops benefitting the farmers largely.
India and Science and TechnologyEver since British rule, India has been in talks all over the world. After gaining independence, it is science and technology which helped India advance through times. Now, it has become an essential source of creative and foundational scientific developments all over the world. In other words, all the incredible scientific and technological advancements of our country have enhanced the Indian economy.Subsequently, science and technology have assisted in advancing various fields including Mathematics, Astrophysics, Space technology, Nuclear energy and more. Some fine examples of these developments are the railway system, smartphones, the metro system, and many more.
“Disorganisation is a disturbance of the balance existing in the functioning of parts . The criterion of disorganisation is the function of what is done or not done …”
Ogburn and Nimkoff
Human are part of nature and just like nature
Humans have their own order . The orderliness depends on its internal strength to maintain its equilibrium . Society is said to be in equilibrium or orderliness as long as all the orders are functioned properly .
Whenever social equilibrium a severely disturbed ” social disorganisation ” sets in .Thus ” social disorganisation ” can be understood as nothing but the state of social disequilibrium in which the smooth functioning of various parts of society gets disturbed .
Disruption or breakdown of the students of social relations and values resulting in the loss of social controls over individual and group behaviour is disorganisation .
Concept of Disorganisation
The concept of ” disorganisation ” occupies a prominent place in modern sociological literature.
The concept was developed by Thomas and Zanaiecki in their famous book , ” The Polish Peasant in Europe and America .”
According to them the term ” social disorganisation” refers to the decrease in the influence of the existing social rules of behaviour upon individual members .
Social Disorganisation is the process opposed to social organisation . Social organisation concept in an orderly relationship of parts .
Stuart A. Queen , Walter B Bolenjafter and Ernest B. Harper described social disorganisation in their book , ” Social Organisation and Disorganisation” as the counterpart of social organisation.
The term social organisation and social disorganisation are relative terms . They represent two aspects of the whole functioning of the social system
Comparing social disorganisation with social organisation Queen & Harper writes ,
” If social organisation means the development of relationships which persons and groups find mutually satisfactory , disorganisation means their replacement by relationships which are disappointed, thwarted ,wishes , irritation and unhappiness. “
Hence , When the social equilibrium is disturbed and society gets out of gear i.e get disorganized.
Definitions:-
Emile Durkheim defined social disorganisation as ,
“a state of disequilibrium and lack of social solidarity or consensus among the members of society.”
According to Mowever , social disorganisation is ” the process by which the relationships between members of a group are shaken “
Robert Eolofairs states , ” social disorganisation is a disturbance in the pattern and mechanism of human relations .”
According to Elliot and Merrill , ” Social disorganisation represents a breakdown in the equilibrium of forces , a decay in the social structure , so that old habits and forms of social control no longer function effectively.”
Thus , social organisation implies a breakdown in bonds of relationship , coordination , teamwork and morale among groups and interrelated persons so as to impair the functions of the society or smaller social organisation. ___________________________________________
Characteristics of Social Disorganisation
• Conflicts of Mores and of Institutions :- Mores and institutions are part of every society which regulate the social life of members .
The urge to innovate and liberalise with the passage of time makes old mores and institutions less effective and leads to the rise of new ideas and institutions according to new needs .
This leads to an unwanted conflict disturbing the social order and causing social consensus.
Many social practices , ideals and institutions relating to female education , patriarchal family , widow marriage , dowry system , sati system etc are examples of such conflicts .
• Individuation :- Man is more prone to think of himself and in terms of his own pleasure and leisure. The modern system has a great impact on individuation or individualistic aspects . The individuation affects the group behaviour of the society . Important issues such as education , marriage , occupation , etc , have become matters of individual decisions which are caused by the changing social values . This causes disturbance in social organisation and states towards disorganisation.
• Inconsistency between expectations and achievements :- In disorganised society considerable inconsistency is visible between the expectations embodied in the social role and the extent to which these expectations can be realised by most persons.
When a large number of people in the society try to achieve goals in and anti – social manner there is a clear indication of the society being in a state of social disorganisation .
• Transfer of functions from one group to another :- Society undergoes many changes of social groups time to time due to its dynamic nature . These changes result in social disorganisation as many do not respond well with changing the group pattern or functions of group in the society .
• Inconsistency between status and rule :– Status and role of each individual are well defined . Changing social values and norms conditions may bring the possibility of a conflict taking place between statuses of individuals and their roles .
Hence , disorganisation is characterized by an extreme uncertainty of social rules .
Types of Disorganisation
Elliot and Merrill stated three types of disorganisation which are interrelated to each other .
Three types of disorganisation are :-
• Personal Disorganisation
He stated ,
the symptoms of persons disorganisation includes juvenile delinquency , various types of crime , Insanity , drunkenness , suicide and gambling.
• Family disorganisation
It includes divorce , illegitimate births , desertion , venereal disease.
• Community Disorganisation.
It includes poverty, unemployment, overpopulation , lawlessness , and political corruption .
____________________________________________
Causes of Disorganisation
Social disorganisation is a complex process. To face challenges of social disorganisation it is necessary to study the nature of its causes . There are a number of factors that cause social disorganisation .
According to Sorokin , social disorganisation is the result of cultural degeneration of values in various spheres like arts , religion , law , family , economy , etc.
Hence , the change from Idealistic and ideational culture to sensate culture is the main cause of disorganisation.
Elliot and Merril mentioned four major causes of disorganisation, ( •) the process under the three main heads :- cultural , political and economical.
(•) cultural Lag (•) conflicting attitudes and values (•) social crisis.
G.R. Madan has listed few factors that causes disorganisation such as
• psychological factors
• physical and geographical factors.
• biological factors
• ecological factors
• Social problems
• degeneration of Values
Social disorganisation has been and is always present in every society. Society is in equilibrium as long as its parts are properly adjusted and fulfilled .Social Disorganisation breaks down the normal functioning of the parts and disturbances leading to some other kind of problems . Disorganisation leads to functional imbalance between various elements of social structure.
The remedies of social disorganisation can be taken after understanding the true nature of that particular social control caused due to disorganisation.
Hello readers in this article I will be taking you around some beautiful towns of my state Maharashtra.
Being the Arabian Sea on the western coast and the Sahyadri mountains around it, Maharashtra state is said to be heavenly mesmerising. From absolute, sand beach of white colour towns with classical and immemorial temples, to hill stations with greenery and free from pollution, here are some most beautiful towns gives you the reason to visit the second most populous state of India, Maharashtra.
Nighoj:
Nighoj a small village, which had been recovered near Kukadi river in one of the District of Maharashtra, Ahmednagar, has fascinated many geologists from all around the world because of its blissfully created region – or depressions – in the boulder made by the water of river. People who are less curious about the procedure behind its genesis, the spot is still a treat for eyes a glimpse not to miss. The Malganga temple located by the riverside is a worth to visit.
Ganpatipule:
The village situated facing the beach with one cleanest, white-sand beaches in the Maharashtra. The 400-year-old Ganpati temple situated at the beach and people living there mostly locals believe the Ganesha temple have sprung up from the soil. Even though the population is not more than 500, the village also have few resorts for the hospitality purpose for tourists and pilgrims seeking to visit the temple.
Matheran:
Matheran, is just a distance of two hours outside Mumbai, gives you the sight of one of the purest forms of nature, considering the town with no-engine vehicles and pollution free policy. The town’s iconic toy train, and the spots for hikes has attracted the attention of many tourists travelling there. It is observed as the best place for Mumbaikar’s to take break from the city life.
Diveagar:
Representing the unique beauty of Maharashtra, this small village is located adjacent to beach surrounded by orchards, showing the best combination of sea and nature. This town is also residence to the Roopnarayan Temple, were there is a 900-year-old idol temple of Lord Vishnu. The town is observed to be small, but lively, markets with eco-friendly products are also a sight to have a look.
Khandala:
Khandala a well-known favourite place for Maharashtra people to visit, and also observed as one of the most popular destiny during the weekend period from Mumbai and Pune. Enclosed in the Sahyadri mountains, this town is lush, green, and flourishing with flora and fauna. It also offers plenty of spot for trekking.
Aurangabad:
This town will definitely make you to stop during your tour to have the glimpses of the historic Ajanta and Ellora caves, but the peculiar Mughal architecture and deep historical significance makes Aurangabad one of the most beautiful town offered by the Maharashtra. Bibi Ka Maqbara, built by Azam Shah, son of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, in memory of his mother, Dilras Banu Begum these epic architects made Aurangabad the home of many historical monuments. The Maqbara – or mausoleum – is observed to be a replica to the Taj in Agra.
Rajmachi:
This small village nested in the Sahyadri mountains with not more than 300 population is the location to one of the most beautiful forts in Maharashtra. The Rajmachi fort – shows the importance in history of Maratha – is also well-known destination for trekking, particularly among Mumbaikars seeking a weekend holiday.
There is no denial that college life is one of the most exciting phases of life and it is an adventure on its own since it would be the first time many of you would live away from your family and friends. There will be many challenges in your way but first is taking your bedroom and fitting it in a small dorm room without overdoing it. To make your life a little easier I would list the things that you really need for college, and of-course this list would be economical!
Even if you are sharing the washroom with others you have to carry your own toiletries for personal hygiene and make sure you carry a good supply of them which is enough to last for few months.
Day- Planners and sticky Notes ( keeps your work organised)
Notebooks
pens , pencils and highlighters
tapes
scissors
staplers
paperclips
files and organizers
college bag
These pretty much sum up all the things that you should pack before going to college. Do remember, find out if there are any objections to bring certain things to the dorms before-hand so that it saves you some slack. Co-ordinate with your room-mate and other neighbors and share things when necessary and most of all carry your essentials bag always with you. With this said , happy freshman year!
According to the World Health Organisation(WHO), air pollution kills an estimated seven million people worldwide every year. The same data shows that 9 out of 10 people breathe air that exceeds WHO guideline limits that contains high levels of pollutants. These deaths occur as a result of increased mortality from stroke, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and acute respiratory infections.
India faces a severe Pollution problem. According to a World Air Quality report from Bloomberg, 6 of the top 10 most polluted cities in the World are in India. The report also stated that New Delhi has the worst air pollution of any capital city, a damning indictment of the country’s problems with pollution.
Air pollution is a big problem in India – researchers say it kills more than 1 million in the country each year. On average its cities exceed World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the amount of particulate pollution (PM2.5) in the atmosphere by a whopping 500%, according to the report.
New Delhi’s problems are caused by fumes from its sclerotic traffic and worsened by diesel generators and the burning of fossil fuels in cooking by the less-well-off families. Industry plays its part too, as does the burning of waste and farmers setting fields alight after crops are harvested.
Future
On the bright side, country is making some progress, thanks to its National Clean Air Program which is aiming to reduce its air pollution levels by up to 30% by 2024. India is also planning the world’s largest expansion of renewable energy by 2022.
1. Gold/Money clingeth to the protection of the cautious owner who invest it under the advice of men wise in its handling. Therefore while investing your money take the advice of a wise man.
2. Gold/Money sleeps away from the man who invest it in business or which are not approved by those skilled in its keeping simply don’t invest things unknown to you or first learn about them and then invest.
3. Gold/Money goes away from the man who would force it to impossible earning or who follows the alluring advice of tricksters and schemers or who trusts it to his own inexperience and romantic desires in investment
4. Gold/Money will come gladly and in increasing quantity to any man who will put by not less than one tenth of his earnings to create an estate for his future and that of his family.
How will you feel when you’ll be made fun of based on your gender? or How will you feel when your family will abandon you because of your gender? These are the most basic challenges faced by transgenders in India. They’re insulted for their appearance knowing that it’s natural and not their choice. They also face other problems such as physical and sexual violence, false arrest. They also face difficulties in getting their share in ancestral property. Due to lack of proper education, begging on the streets and sex work was their only option for survival. After years of hard work and struggle, they’ve got their stand in society. Many transgender across the country have made their own identity and have inspired many.
Here are some well-known transgenders all over India
Manabi Bandopadhyay
Isn’t she charming? She is Manabi Bandopadhyay, the first transgender college principal. She is the first transgender who has completed a Ph.D. She adopted a son too. She has inspired many transgenders by taking a stand for herself and completing her studies and becoming successful.
Laxmi Narayan Tripathi
Laxmi Narayan Tripathi is a transgender rights activist. She is also seen in various movies and is also a Bharatnatyam dancer, choreographer, and also motivational speaker. She is the first transgender individual to represent Asia – Pacific at a UN task meeting in 2008. She has also worked for many NGOs including Astitva Trust.
Joyita Mondal
Joyita Mondal is a first transgender judge of a civil court. She is also a social worker in West Bengal, India. She suffered a lot during her childhood but despite the difficulties, she finished her studies. She also started an organization, Dinajpur Notun Alo.
Gauri Sawant
Gauri Sawant is a transgender activist from Mumbai, India. She left her house when she was 18 and started her journey from there. She is the director of Sakhi Char Chowghi who supports transgender people and also helps people who have AIDS/HIV. She also has an adopted daughter.
Naaz Joshi
Naaz Joshi is India’s first transgender beauty queen. She is as beautiful as any other woman on this planet.
Transgenders have never failed to impress us. They shine in their way and it’s time for us to accept them and give them the respect they deserve because, in the end, we all are human beings.
Windows 11 is arriving to deliver you the best experience that Microsoft has designed this year. The new operating system is promised to start rolling out as a free upgrade to Windows 10 users later this year. But if you can’t wait and are looking for a way to download Windows 11 right away, you can certainly take a short route and download the Insider Preview build of the latest operating system on your system today. This will let you experience Windows 11 ahead of its public debut.
Microsoft has not given any exact timeline on when we will get Windows 11 as an upgrade on our Windows 10 machines. Nonetheless, the Redmond, Washington-based company is expected to roll it out by as early as October. This means that you would be able to get the new Windows version on your machine sometime later this year — or next year — depending on the rollout process.
How to download Windows 11 on your PC
Before beginning with the steps on how you can download Windows 11 Insider Preview on your PC, it is important to note that Insider Preview builds are specifically designed for testing purposes and are not meant to be installed on your primary PC. You would also experience some bugs and errors, and some of the features that Microsoft showcased last month are not a part of the Insider build. Still eager to get started?
You can follow the steps below.
Sign up for the Windows Insider Program by going to Settings > Update & Security > Windows Insider Program. And then, press Register and Sign Up. If you’re already a part of the Windows Insider community, you can sign in to your account and click Start flighting.
Review the Privacy Statement and terms appearing on your screen and click Submit.
Select Dev Channel from the Insider settings to download and install the current Windows 11 build meant for Windows Insider Preview and hit the Confirm button.
Your machine will now ask you to Read the Microsoft Insider Privacy Statement and Agreement. Once you have reviewed the statement and terms, click on Confirm.
Now, press Restart Now to restart your machine to get the Insider Preview build.
After restarting, make sure you are connected to an active Internet connection. You can then go to Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update and click the Check for updates button.
Your PC will start downloading the latest build from a Microsoft server.
Notably, Windows 11 has certain minimum hardware requirements that must be met to download the Insider Preview build. You can check out those requirements from the Microsoft website.
Before learning the programming language, let’s understand what is language?
What is Language?
Language is a mode of communication that is used to share ideas, opinions with each other. For example, if we want to teach someone, we need a language that is understandable by both communicators.
What is a Programming Language?
A programming language is a computer language that is used by programmers (developers) to communicate with computers. It is a set of instructions written in any specific language ( C, C++, Java, Python) to perform a specific task.
A programming language is mainly used to develop desktop applications, websites, and mobile applications.
Types of programming language
1. Low-level programming language
Low-level language is machine-dependent (0s and 1s) programming language. The processor runs low- level programs directly without the need of a compiler or interpreter, so the programs written in low-level language can be run very fast.
Low-level language is further divided into two parts –
i. Machine Language
Machine language is a type of low-level programming language. It is also called as machine code or object code. Machine language is easier to read because it is normally displayed in binary or hexadecimal form (base 16) form. It does not require a translator to convert the programs because computers directly understand the machine language programs.
The advantage of machine language is that it helps the programmer to execute the programs faster than the high-level programming language.
ii. Assembly Language
Assembly language (ASM) is also a type of low-level programming language that is designed for specific processors. It represents the set of instructions in a symbolic and human-understandable form. It uses an assembler to convert the assembly language to machine language.
The advantage of assembly language is that it requires less memory and less execution time to execute a program.
2. High-level programming language
High-level programming language (HLL) is designed for developing user-friendly software programs and websites. This programming language requires a compiler or interpreter to translate the program into machine language (execute the program).
The main advantage of a high-level language is that it is easy to read, write, and maintain.
High-level programming language includes Python, Java, JavaScript, PHP, C#, C++, Objective C, Cobol, Perl, Pascal, LISP, FORTRAN, and Swift programming language.
A high-level language is further divided into three parts –
i. Procedural Oriented programming language
Procedural Oriented Programming (POP) language is derived from structured programming and based upon the procedure call concept. It divides a program into small procedures called routines or functions.
Procedural Oriented programming language is used by a software programmer to create a program that can be accomplished by using a programming editor like IDE, Adobe Dreamweaver, or Microsoft Visual Studio.
The advantage of POP language is that it helps programmers to easily track the program flow and code can be reused in different parts of the program.
The advantage of POP language is that it helps programmers to easily track the program flow and code can be reused in different parts of the program.
Example: C, FORTRAN, Basic, Pascal, etc.
ii. Object-Oriented Programming language
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) language is based upon the objects. In this programming language, programs are divided into small parts called objects. It is used to implement real-world entities like inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, etc in the program to makes the program resusable, efficient, and easy-to-use.
The main advantage of object-oriented programming is that OOP is faster and easier to execute, maintain, modify, as well as debug.
Note: Object-Oriented Programming language follows a bottom-up approach.
Example: C++, Java, Python, C#, etc.
iii. Natural language
Natural language is a part of human languages such as English, Russian, German, and Japanese. It is used by machines to understand, manipulate, and interpret human’s language. It is used by developers to perform tasks such as translation, automatic summarization, Named Entity Recognition (NER), relationship extraction, and topic segmentation.
The main advantage of natural language is that it helps users to ask questions in any subject and directly respond within seconds.
3. Middle-level programming language
Middle-level programming language lies between the low-level programming language and high-level programming language. It is also known as the intermediate programming language and pseudo-language.
A middle-level programming language’s advantages are that it supports the features of high-level programming, it is a user-friendly language, and closely related to machine language and human language.
Example: C, C++, language
Most commonly used Programming Language
As we all know, the programming language makes our life simpler. Currently, all sectors (like education, hospitals, banks, automobiles, and more ) completely depend upon the programming language.
There are dozens of programming languages used by the industries. Some most widely used programming languages are given below –
Although many people are fascinated by the idea of changing the past or seeing the future before it’s due, no person has ever demonstrated the kind of back-and-forth time travel seen in science fiction, or proposed a method of sending a person through significant periods of time that wouldn’t destroy them on the way.
But Ron Mallett built a machine that illustrates time machine
Ron Mallett has a dream: He wants to travel in time.Mallett is a respected professor of physics.Ron’s father, a heavy smoker, died of a heart attack at the age of 33 – when Prof Mallett was just 10 years of age. Ron was devastated and withdrew into his books.Prof Mallett explains: “If I could build a time machine, then I could go back into the past and see my father again and maybe save his life and change everything.”
Albert Einstein thought the three dimensions of space were linked to time – which serves as a fourth dimension. Einstein also thought it was possible to fold space-time, creating a shortcut between two distant locations. This phenomenon is called a wormhole, and it can be visualised as a tunnel with two openings, each emerging at different points in space-time.
Wormholes might exist naturally in the cosmos.The nearest ones could be many light-years away. And even if you could get to them and then survive the journey through them, there’s no guarantee where you’d end up.A wormhole will only work for time travel if its “mouth” can be held open for long enough that it allows something to travel through it. That requires something called negative energy, which doesn’t really exist in the everyday world.
So, as for now we only know to that it is possible to time travel but more proper examination should be done before doing it .Hope in future we will find a way regarding this.
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