Category: Education

Star Wars V: Explained

The story picks up 3 years after the events of the last movie. With the Death Star destroyed the imperials are frantically looking for rebels bases. Dark Lord of the Sith Darth Vader commands one such fleet aboard his imperial star Destroyer, Vader is looking for the any signs of the rebel alliance lead by his daughter Leia Organa. Leia and Luke don’t know about their relationship to each other or the true identity of Darth Vader, they were separated at birth to keep them safe. Luke was sent to Tatooine and Leia was sent to Alderran. In the last movie Luke learns about his connection to the Force and uses it in order to destroy the Death star, but with no one around to help him learn his abelites he doesn’t reach his full potential.

The rebels are staioned on the ice planet of Hoth, Luke sets out to investigate a probe that landed on the planet. While investigating the probe, Luke is captured by a yeti like creature known as a Wampa. Luke defeats the Wampa using the Force but is about to succumb to Hypothermia, the Force ghost of his former mentor Oni-Wan Kenobi instructs Luke to go to Dagobah. Worried about Luke Han Solo sets out to locate Luke, he finds and saves Luke before he could die of Hypothermia. On returning to the base they are alerted about an incoming large scale attack.

The attack consists of large AT-AT walkers and a few TIE fighters, overwhelmed the rebels begin to evacuate. Luke defeats a squadron of AT-AT which help the other rebels escape. Han, Leia, Chewie and C3-PO escape aboard the Millennium Falcon but are forced to hide in an asteroid field due to a malfunctioning hyperdrive. Luke decides to seek out Grand Master Yoda on Dagobah along with R2-D2. Upon reaching the swampy planet of Dagobah Luke finds Yoda who refuses to accept Luke as an apprentice, this reluctance maybe due to how his previous apprentice Count Dooku turned out. After conferring with the Force ghost of Obi-Wan, Yoda accepts Luke as his apprentice and begins training him in the way of the Force.

Solos group manages to evade the imperial fleet and they decide to go to the cloud city of the planet Bespin for repairs. On touch down they are greeted by Han’s old friend and the previous owner of the Millennium Falcon Lando Calrissian. Unbeknownst to the group they were tailed by infamous bounty hunter Boba Fett, son to Jango Fett who served as the template for the clone armies. Fett relays the Falcons location to Darth Vader who then arrives and forces Lando to handover the rebels to guarantee the safety of his people. Vader intends to use the group as bait for Luke Skywalker, he intends to turn Luke to the dark side and fight the emperor for supremacy.

On Dagobah Luke has a premonition of Leia and others being in trouble, he abandons his training against the wishes of Yoda and Obi-Wan to go save his friends.

Vader intends to freeze Luke in carbonite if Luke doesn’t accept his offer to join him. Vader tests his method by freezing Han Solo in carbonite, the frozen Han is taken into custody by Fett on the behalf of mobster Jabba the Hut. Lando saves Leia and Chewie and they get onboard the Falcon to escape the city. Luke arrives on the planet and engages Vader in a duel, Vader being the stronger duelist easily defeats Luke and severs his right hand. Vader tries to convince Luke to join him but Luke persists thinking Vader to be his fathers murderer. Vader tells Luke the truth about himself which Luke refuses to believe, Luke jumps down the air shaft and hangs beneath the floating city.

Luke reaches out to Leia using the Force which prompts Leia to come back to the floating city and save Luke. The group escapes a squadron of TIE fighters when R2 repairs the Falcons Hyperrdrive. They join a rebel fleet for assistance. Luke is outfitted with a prosthetic hand to replace the one he lost, the severed hand is considered an irony by most. Anakin lost his right arm in a similar fashion, fighting the apprentice of Darth Sidious at that time Count Dooku or Darth Tyranus. Luke lost his arm fighting the current apprentice of Darth Sidious Darth Vader or Anakin Skywalker. Lando sets out with Chewie to find Han Solo, promising to right his wrongs.

This wraps the story of Episode V we shall pick up the next chapter soon. Until then may the Force be with you.

ALL ABOUT YOUR ZODIAC SIGNS

1) ARIES:

CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. More energetic than any other zodiac sign.
  2. They never fails to grab attention because of their magnetic aura.
  3. They are headstrong , strong-willed and straightforward.
  4. Don’t hesitate to take risk.
  5. Popular in social circle.
  6. They were stubborn and Impatient makes it difficult to deal with them.

2)TAURUS:

CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. They are reliable, persistent, and stable.
  2. They are very generous and down to earth.
  3. They are very dependable and patient.
  4. If they do not feel motivated, they are very laid-back and lazy.
  5.  Bulls can be huge perfectionists. If something or someone isn’t absolutely perfect, Taureans are known to turn up their noses and walk away.
  6. They are hardworking persistent in their efforts.

3) gemini:

CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. Geminis are easy-going and adjustable. 
  2. They are extremely knowledgeable, Intelligent and filled with loads of enthusiasm.
  3. They’re also very flexible and able to change according to situations.
  4. They have sharp wit and sense of humor.
  5. The people born under this sign are very restless and anxious.
  6. Lack of consistency and decision-making ability.

4) CANCER:

CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. Cancerians are intense, incredibly charismatic and attractive.
  2. Crabs are very intuitive and rely greatly on their intuition for taking important decisions. 
  3. Cancerians are very emotional people
  4. They may seem a bit isolated and distant.
  5. Suspicious and take time to trust people.
  6. Possessive and over emotional in their relationships.

5)LEO:

CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. Leos are warm and loyal people.
  2. They are confident,passionate and generous.
  3. The presence of a Leo cannot be ignored in a gathering.
  4. They are usually dominating , headstrong and Egoistic.
  5. They often feel unhappy because they care too much about how others think of them.
  6. Leos are very kind and helpful to people around them.

6)virgo:

CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. They are very practical beings and do not believe in whims or fantasies. 
  2. virgos are very watchful, cautious and analytical in their approach.
  3. They are reliable and trustworthy friends.
  4. Virgos do not like sugar coating their words and thus can get too harsh sometimes.
  5. Very conservative and like to do things in old-fashioned ways.
  6. Virgos are also humble and affectionate.

7)libra:

CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. Librans are very loving and romantic souls
  2. They are diplomatic but very charming people.
  3. Decision-making can be a tedious task for the Librans.
  4. They are very tactful and know how to get things done by people. 
  5. They have sense of fairness and an outgoing nature.
  6. You may find a Libra taking selfies everywhere they go.

8)scorpio:

CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. The Scorpions are highly ambitious and focused people.
  2. They are very intuitive and can guess what is going on in somebody’s mind.
  3. They are brave and can deal with most difficult situations with utmost ease.
  4. Sometimes , Scorpions can hurt people with their words and actions.
  5. If a Scorpio is committed to someone or something, they stick with it.
  6. Their trust is hard to earn, but once they do trust someone, they dedicate their whole self to that person.

9) sagittarius:

CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. Sagittarians are optimistic,freedom Lovers, hilarious, honest and intellectual.
  2. They like truth, nothing but the truth
  3. They are very generous and love to help everyone.
  4. They cannot be consistent in anything they do and thus get bored easily. 
  5. They are straightforward in their dealings too. 
  6. They are spontaneous ,fun and best conversationalists.

10)CAPRICORN:

CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. Highly ambitious and driven, the Capricorns have big goals in life.
  2. Capricorn sign is pessimistic, work-obsessed, and stubborn.
  3. They are loyal and true friends.
  4. They are very practical and disciplined in their approach towards life. 
  5. They are friendly, but they like to be in the company of a few selected people.
  6. Capricorns are one of the most serious, diligent signs of the zodiac.

11)Aquarius:

CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. They are very friendly and generally have a large circle of friends.
  2. Once committed in any relationship, Aquarians will remain faithful till the end.
  3. They like to be financially and emotionally independent.
  4. They sometimes become distant or aloof for no reason.
  5. Aquarians are future-oriented people, often described as visionaries.
  6. because of visionary nature they may become dissatisfied, frustrated, and even depressed.

12) pisces:

CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. Pisceans are very affectionate,oversensitive and gentle souls.
  2. They are great thinkers and can come up with great ideas.
  3. They greatly rely on their intuition when in doubt.
  4. They are lazy beings and often opt for escape.
  5. Pisces are extremely generous and known for putting others needs before their own.
  6. Pisces are empathetic and in tune with the emotions of others.

Deserts

In the world we find varied geographical regions which includes mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus all with their own physical features. Desert is basically a piece of barren land which is filled with sand and lacks water bodies and have dry weather all along. In day time deserts are extremely heated up and at night it becomes chilling cold at the same place. In the Indian subcontinent we find desert in the western part of the subcontinent in the state of Rajasthan.

The animals and plants in the deserts have their own adaptations, among plants we find a variety of cactus, cactus plants have special adaptations to survive in the desert, they have fleshy stem which holds water in them which turns out to be useful when there is scarcity of water also they have very long roots which can penetrate deep inside the soil in search of water also they don’t have leaves and have thorns in place of them in cactus the food is prepared in the step as it contains chlorophyll and is green in color. Also, we find camel in desert their feet have adaptation to walk on the sand also they can survive with less water and they have long eyelashes to protect their eyes from dust storms.

Types of Deserts :

1. Coastal Deserts :

Coastal deserts occur in cool to warm areas along the coast. They have cool winters and long, warm summers. Coastal deserts are located on the west coasts of continents between 20° to 30° lattitude. Winds off the coast blows in an easterly pattern and prevents the moisture from moving onto the land. The Namib desert in Africa and the Atacama desert in chile are coastal deserts.

2. Subtropical Deserts :

Subtropical deserts the hottest deserts. They are found in Asia, Australia, Africa and North and south America. In the united states, the chilhuahuan, sonoran and Mojave are all subtropical deserts. Subtropical deserts are very hot and dry in the summner and cooler but still dry in the winter. Rainfall happens in short bursts. The air is so hot and dry in these deserts that sometimes rain evaportaes before it even has a chance to hit the ground. The soil in subtropical deserts is usually either sandy or coarse and rocky.

Plants and animals in subtropical deserts must be able to withstand the hot temperatures and lack of moisture. Shrubs and small trees in the subtropical desert usually have leaves adapted to retain moisture. Animals in sbtropical deserts are usually active at night, when it is cooler.

3. Cold wintet Deserts :

Cold winter deserts are also known as semiarid deserts . They have long, dry summers and cold winters with low rain or snowfall. In the united states the Great basin, the colorado plateau and the Red Desert are all cold winter deserts. Other cold winter deserts include the Gobi desert in china and Mongolia and the patagonian desert in Argentina. The lack of rainfall in cloud winter deserts is often caused by the rainshadow effect. The rainshadow effect happens when a high mountain range stops moisture from reaching an area. The Himalayan Mountain prevent rainfall from reaching the Gobi desert.

4. Ploar Deserts :

Polar deserts are found in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Like warmer deserts, they also get very little precipitation.polar deserts are cold year- round.

Largest Desert in the world :

The antarctic polar Desert, which makes up the vast majority of Antarctica, is the largest desert in the world. In fact this single desert is larger than the combined size of the Gobi Desert, the Arabian Desert, and the sahara Desert.

* The driest desert of the world Atacama is surely the most dangerous desert of all.

The strongest animal in the Desert :

Based on strength to weight ratio, the dung beetle of the scarab is the strongest creature on earth. They can lift 1141 times their own body weight. It helps them a lot in finding the mate and food. The dung beetles also constitute a large percentage of scarab family.

The 7 hardest Animals to Hunt :

* Leopards

* Mountain Goats.

* Elk

* Eland.

* cape Buffalo

* Roan and sable

* Bears.

what can kill you in the Desert?

Aside from the oppressive heat and lack of water, the desert is also full of critters that can bite and sting. Some of these guys can even kill you if you aren’t able to find medical help. Spiders, scorpions, centipedes, and snakes are all found in dark places , abandoned builidings and under rocks.

Most Famous Deserts :

* Namib Desert – Africa

* Atacama Desert – South Americs.

* sahara Desert – Africa

* Gobi Desert – china

* Mojave Desert – Nevada

* Antarctic Desert – Antarctica

* Sonoran Desert – USA

* Thar Desert – India

* Rub’al khali – saudi Arabia

* Tabernas Desert – spain

* Taklamakan Desert – central Asia

* pinnacles Desert – Australia

* Salar de uyuni Desert – Bolivia

* Dasht- e kavir – Iran

* Chihuahuan Desert –New Mexico

* White Desert, Farafra – Egypt

Saving Biodiversity

We have lost 7% of intact forests since 2000 globally. Climate change along with pandemic exerts an additional stress on ecosystem. Focusing on maintaining a healthy ecosystem concept of “ONE HEALTH” for all organisms should needed to be in cooperated everywhere. In 2018 India, PM’s science and tech and innovation advisory council in consultation with MO environment, forest, climate change, approved a National mission on biodiversity and human well being. Banglore based biodiversity working in prepare road maps on same. This will strengthen science of restoring, conserving, and sustainably utilizing India’s natural heritage and target. India will emerge as a leader linking conservation of natural assets and socialist well-being.

Important framework: Mission offers a holistic framework, integrated approaches, and widespread societal participation and empower India to restore, our natural assets by millions of crores of rupees, mitigation programs, biodiversity-based agriculture while also creating millions of green jobs in restoration of degraded lands (1/3 of total land) and nature tourism, helps to meet convention on biological diversity, generate a strong national community committed to sustaining biodiversity, Scientific inputs, especially related to geospatial informatics and policy, can guide the development of strategies for conservation and ecosystem management.

Need for a cadre:

  • We need a strong and extensive cadre of human resources required to meet the enormous and complex environmental challenges of the 21st century.
  •  It needs training professionals of the in sustainability and biodiversity science, along with an investment in civil society outreach.
  • Public engagement, whether it is in the policymaking arena, or in exploration, restoration and conservation of biodiversity, is a critical component of the planned Mission.

5 new skills you should learn this 2021

In today’s world, regardless of the field we’re currently working in, everyone should learn these 5 skills listed below or atleast have a basic understanding of each of them. And one of the best ways to leverage your spare time is by trying on new things.
At the current rate downfall of economy, unemployment is also increasing rapidly. As learning skills are undoubtedly helpful to all of us, and we should always keep on learning new skills.

What can be a better way to celebrate World youth skills day other than learning new skills?

So, here’s a list of 5 new skills to learn this 2021

Basic Writing

This includes all kind of writing like : Creative writing, email writing, Research papers, or be it Personal Bio
No doubt, one of the most significant skill among all. Take one step at a time. Start with journaling and maybe then push your creative standards to higher levels. This skill improves not only communication but also thinking skills. Also, the creativity helps in academic and professional life.
The resources that’ll help you in your this journey are :

  • Grammarly
  • Read
  • Thesaurus

Data Management & Analytics

This skill helps you analyse, interpret and communicate data with confidence and can be done by visualization, business analysis, reading trends or sorting & management. Anyway recognizing patterns, collecting, sorting, & data visualization skills always come in handy.
The resources where you’ll find more about it :

  • Google Analytics
  • Google Trends
  • Excel
  • Youtube

Tech Fundamentals

This includes basic knowledge of Cloud computing, AI, Machine learning, Block chain, Virtual and Augmented reality, Big data, etc. Even if you’re not in the IT field, it is good to know the basics of these fundamentals. The resources are as follows:

  • Coursera
  • MOOC.org
  • Udacity
  • edX
  • YouTube

Editing

This includes basic video editing, Video and audio production and basic presentation skills. Creative exercises like editing help build our problem-solving skills and finding a new method of completing an old task is generating something new. The resources are as follows:

  • iMovie
  • Openshot
  • Canva
  • GarbageBand
  • YouTube

Foreign Language

Practise the 4 core skills – Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening
This helps us to get a better concept formation, mental flexibility, multitasking, listening skills, problem-solving skills, and also improves our social interaction. The resources to learn from are as follows:

  • YouTube/ Podcast
  • Alliance François
  • Coursera
  • Max Muller

By this, I don’t mean you have to expertise any of them, just have a basic understanding.

Job roles and responsibilities are ever- changing and becoming interdependent. Knowing these skills will make your future employer know that you can help with other tasks rather then the ones mentioned in your profile.

Learning and living go hand in hand. So the more you learn, the better you live

Personal Software Process (PSP) – In Short

What is PSP ?

 PSP (Personal Software Process) provide a standard personal process structure for software developers.
 PSP consists of a set of methods, tables, scripts etc. that serve as a guideline for software developers to
plan, measure and manage their work, including how to define their processes and measure quality and productivity.
 PSP provides software engineers disciplined methods for improving personal software development process.

PSP helps software engineers to –

 Improve their estimating and planning skill.
 Make commitment they can keep.
 Manage the quality of their product.
 Reduce the number of defects in their work.
 PSP represents metrics based approach to software engineering.
 PSP deals with software engineers to identify the errors early and to understand the types of errors.

  1. PSP Activities
  1. Planning: This activity isolates requirements and specifications to be decided prior to the development
    and estimates the size and the cost of the project. Defect estimation is also made. Development tasks
    are identified and scheduled is created.
  2. High-Level Design: External specifications and requirements for each component to be constructed
    and developed. Component design is also created. Prototypes are developed if requirements are
    complex.
  3. High Level Design Review: Formal verification methods are applied to uncover errors in the design.
  4. Development: The component level design is reviewed and refined. The code is generated, reviewed,
    compiled and tested.
  5. Postmortem: Using Metrics and measures the effectiveness of the process is determined. It provides
    guidance for modification of process and its improvement.

2. Goal of PSP

The goal of PSP is to provide software engineers with disciplined methods for improving personal
software development.

3. Advantages of PSP

  1. PSP represents a disciplined, metrics-based approach to software engineering.
  2. PSP resulting improvement in software engineering productivity and software quality are significant.
  1. It helps the software engineers in developing high quality software products.
  2. It guides the engineer for personal improvement.
  3. It gives the confidence to do the job the way you know you should.
  4. The PSP gives the command over your work.

4. Disadvantages of PSP

  1. PSP is intellectually challenging and demands a level of commitment which is always not possible
    to obtain.
  1. Training for PSP is lengthy and costs for the training are high.
  2. Required level of measurement is culturally difficult.

Plastic bags

We human beings are the one who is responsible for polluting our nature and thus in turn nature also takes its revenge through various calamities, diseases, pandemic and so on. We all know that pollution is mainly caused by non-biodegradable wastes and plastic is such a non-biodegradable product which we human beings use very frequently in our everyday life, starting from plastic bags to toys, containers, food packaging almost everything has the use of plastic in it and thus is also generates a lot of waste daily. Plastic being a non-biodegradable waste stays into the soil or water for years and does not decompose rather they choke animal and water creatures also restricts plant growth and leads even to their death sometimes when the roots get entangled into them. Non-biodegradable plastic waste if burnt emits toxic fumes which in turn causes severe air pollution and is extremely harmful for living beings. We have got so much use of plastic that we cannot completely stop the use of plastic we can reduce it to some extent. To save the nature and environment from pollution we can follow the 3R’s i.e., Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Recycling plastic is a great method which is even sustainable and can help us save our nature.

Package :

Several design options and features are available. Some bags have gussets to allow a higher volume of contents, special standup pouches have the ability to stand up on a shelf or a refrigerator, and some have easy opening or reclosable options. Handles are cut into or added into some. Bags can be made with a variety of plastics films. Polyethylene is the most common. Other forms, including laminates and co- extrusions can be used when the physical properties are needed. Plastics to create single use bags are primarly made with Fossil fuels. International plastic bag free day is celebrated on july 3.

Medical uses :

Plastic bags are used for many medical purposes. The non purpose quality of plastic film means that they are usefu for isolating infections body fluids ; other porous bags made of nonwoven plastics can be sterilized by gas and maintain this sterility. Bags can be made under regulated sterile manufactoring conditions ,so they can be used when the infection is a health risk. They are lightweight and flexiblr, so they can be carried by or laid next to patients without making the patients as uncomfortable as a heavy glass bottle would be. They are less expensive than re- usable options, such as glass bottles.

Flexible intermediate bulk container :

Flexible intermediate bulk containers are large industrial containers, usually used for bulk powders or flwables. They are usually constructed of women heavy-duty plastic fibers.

Plastic shopping bags :

Open bags with carrying handles are used in large numbers. Stores often provide them as a convience to shoppers. Some stores charge a nominal fee for a bag. Heavy duty reuseable shopping bags are often considered environmentally better than single use paper or plastic shopping bags. Because of envirpnmental a little problems, some locations are working toward a phase- out of lightweight plastic bags.

Danger to children :

Thin, comfortable plastic bags, especially dry cleaning bags, have the potential to cause suffocation. Because of this about 25 children in the united states suffocate each year due to plastic bags, almost nine- tenth of whom are under the age of one. This had led to voluntary warning lables on some bags posing a hazard to small children.

Uses :

Plastic bags are used for diverse applications. Bags of crisps, gardening supplies, bagging vegetables, blood platelets, inner bladder for bag-in – box , pastry bag with convenience closure, ostomy bag, bin bag, string bag made of plastic fibers, porous bag for cooking rice, Intravenous therapy, evidence bag, travel toiletries in a reclosable plastic bag, woven plastic fiber bags used for sand, A plastic body bag.

Different Types of plastic Bags :

* High Density polyethylene (HDPE)

* Low Density polyethylene ( LDPE)

* Linear Low Density Polyethylene ( LLDPE)

* Medium Density polyethylene (MDPE)

* polypropylene ( pp)

* The problem with plastic bags. Plastic bags start out as fossil fuels and end up as deadly waste in landfills and the ocean. Birds often mistakes shredded plastic bags for food, filling their stomachs with toxic debris.

” SUGAR HAS A VERY BAD REPUTAION”, IS IT SO ?

Sugar has a very bad reputation when it comes to creating a nutritious & balanced diet . Too much sugar can cause a range of serious health problems, including diabetes, dementia, and obesity. BUT DO YOU KNOW?

Sugar is the form of carbohydrate. The body breaks down this carbohydrates into sugar. The body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, which enters the bloodstream and acts as a source of energy . Some sugars, such as glucose, fructose, and lactose, occur naturally in foods and drinks. Added sugars refer to any sugars in foods that are not naturally occurring, such as sugar in baked goods. Foods or drinks may also contain highly processed sugars, such as high fructose corn syrup.

Naturally occurring sugars come with a variety of Naturally occurring sugars come with a variety of nutrients that the body needs to stay healthy. For example, alongside fructose, fruit contains fiber and various vitamins and minerals. Most foods and drinks that contain added sugars, such as chocolate and soda, lack these nutrients. Nutrients that the body needs to stay healthy. For example, alongside fructose, fruit contains fiber and various vitamins and minerals. Most foods and drinks that contain added sugars, such as chocolate and soda, lack these nutrients.

HEALTHIER SUGAR

You think sugar is not healthy ? It is ! Fruits contain natural sugar , which is a healthy source of sugar for our body . Eating a serving of fruit, such as a banana, apple, peach, plum or handful of grapes, is a nutritious and low-calorie snack that can boost the sugars in your body before exercise or help replenish them after exercise. Fructose is a simple sugar, so it can give you a quick burst of energy. Sugars in dairy foods, such as milk and yogurt, are healthy choices, too, because the foods provide other nutrients, such as protein and calcium, in your diet. Complex carbs contain beneficial sugars, as well, so include whole grains and starchy vegetables in your diet.

UNHEALTHIER SUGAR

Added sugar is the sugar which is unhealthy & it leads to storage of fats in you body which leads to health problems. Added sugar is generally present in cold drinks , soda , backed food , etc. This type of sugar may give you quick energy but doesn’t provide you with healthy nutrients , which leads to storage of it in our body .

All in all we can say that it depends on us , which is our preference , added sugar or natural sugar , & our preference will decide our health .

Types of Software

Software categories are groups of software. They allow software to be understood in terms of those categories, instead of the particularities of each package. Different classification schemes consider different aspects of software. 

  1. System Software

 System software is a collection of programs written to service other programs.
 Ex. Compilers, Editor, operating system, drivers etc

2. Real – Time Software

 Software that monitors or analyzes or controls real-world events as they occur is called real time.
 Elements of real-time software include a data gathering component that collects and formats
information from an external environment, an analysis component that transforms information as
required by the application.
 A control/output component that responds to the external environment and a monitoring component
that coordinates all other components so that real-time response can be maintained.
 Ex. Weather Forecasting

3. Application Software

 Application software consists of standalone programs that solve a specific business need.
 Application software is used to control the business function in real-time.
 Application software processes business or technical data.

 Ex. Transaction Processing, Sales Processing, Manufacturing Software etc.

4. Engineering/Scientific Software

 Characterized by “number crunching” algorithms.
 Application software is set of programs designed for engineering and scientific purposes.
 Applications range from astronomy to volcano logy, from automotive stress analysis to space shuttle
orbital dynamics, and from molecular biology to automated manufacturing.
 Ex. Computer Aided Design (CAD), system stimulation etc.

5. Embedded Software

 Intelligent products have become common place in nearly every consumer and industrial market.
 Embedded Software resides within product and is used to control products and systems for the
consumer.
 Embedded software can perform limited and esoteric functions.
 Ex. Keypad control for a microwave oven, digital functions in an automobile such as fuel control,
dashboard displays, and braking systems.

6. Product line Software

 Designed to provide a specific capability for use by many different customers.
 Product line software can focus on a limited and esoteric marketplace.
 Ex. Word processing, spreadsheet, CG, multimedia, etc.

7. Web Based Software

 The Web pages retrieved by a browser are software that incorporates executable instructions and data.
 Web apps can be little more than a set of linked hypertext files.
 It evolves into sophisticated computing environments that not only provide standalone features,
functions but also integrated with corporate database and business applications.

8. Artificial Intelligence Software

 AI software makes use of non-numerical algorithms to solve complex problems that are not amenable
to computation or straightforward analysis
 Ex. Robotics, expert system, game playing, pattern recognition, theorem providing etc.

What is Social Conformity ?

The society maintains its order by means of the Normative system .
Normativity is the phenomenon in human societies of designating some actions or outcomes as good or desirable or permissible and others as bad or undesirable or impermissible. A norm in this normative sense means a standard for evaluating or making judgments about behavior or outcomes.

Normative system refers to the system of rules which the people are expected to accept , obey and appreciate .

When the people act in consonance with the norms they become “Conformists “.

People often choose to conform to society rather than to pursue personal desires – because it is often easier to follow the path others have made already, rather than forging a new one.

Norms which are implicit, specific rules, shared by a group of individuals .
Conformity is action that is oriented to social norms and falls within the range of behaviour permitted by the norms .

Hence , conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms.
Unwillingness to conform carries the risk of social rejection. Conformity strongly affects humans of all ages.

Conformity implies behaving in accordance with the norms .
It implies that the individual consciously approves of a particular behaviour and is presented to follow the same .


___________________________________________

Types of Conformity :-


Kelman stated three different types of conformity:

• Compliance (or group acceptance)

According to Kelman, , this occurs
“when an individual accepts influence because he hopes to achieve a favorable reaction from another person or group. He adopts the induced behavior because….he expects to gain specific rewards or approval and avoid specific punishment or disapproval by conformity “

Compliance stops when there are no group pressures to conform, and is therefore a temporary behavior change.

• Internalization (genuine acceptance of group norms)
According to Kelman , this occurs ‘

“when an individual accepts influence because the content of the induced behavior – the ideas and actions of which it is composed – is intrinsically rewarding. He adopts the induced behavior because it is congruent [consistent] with his value system”


This is the deepest level of conformity where the beliefs of the group become part of the individual’s own belief system. This means the change in behavior is permanent. Internalization always involves public and private conformity. A person publicly changes their behavior to fit in with the group, while also agreeing with them privately.


• Identification (or group membership)

According to Kelman , this occurs

” when an individual accepts influence because he wants to establish or maintain a satisfying self-defining relationship with another person or group.”

Individuals conform to the expectations of a social role, e.g.doctorsv, lawyers , nurses, police officers. It is similar to compliance as there does not have to be a change in private opinion.
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Causes of Conformity:-

Harry Johnson established a few causes of Conformity to the social norms .
Some of them are :-

• Socialisation :- it is through the process of socialisation that social norms are internalised by the individuals. Hence , norms become an inseparable part of their personality . Proper social training always supports conformity.

• Hierarchy of Norms :- Norms are ranked in order of precedence . The hierarchy of norms as well their time and place aspect is part of culture .
For instance , a soldier may be put to such a conflicting situation in which either he will have to attend to the needs of the ailing mother who is on the deathbed or rush to the battle ground to attend to the urgent call of the army .
The hierarchy values and norms of his society help the soldier to make the appropriate decision.

It is through the socialisation hierarchy aspects of the norms are learnt . If the different aspects of the culture system are properly integrated an individual will have no difficulty in following the expected forms of behaviour .

• Social Control :- Various formal as well as Informal means of social control help the socialised actor to imagine and anticipate what would happen to him if he violated the norms . Thus sanctions lead to conformity even though they are not actually applied .

• Ideology :- People’s conformity to group norms depends to some extent upon the ideas and ideology that they hold . The norms partly express broader values that are more purely and precisely emphasized in ideology . Ideology strengthens faith in the existing system. Ideology adds to the norms themselves a kind of an “Intellectual ” support . Hence helps to motivate people to conform to its norms.

• Vested Interest :- Conformity to social norms does not always depend upon idealistic motives alone . Sometimes , due to vested interest or self – interest also people conform to them . Norms define rights as well as obligations . They protect our rights also .
Some of the rights protect the exclusion of other members . Those who enjoy such advantages are likely to be satisfied with the norms that protect them . Hence , they support these norms with a greater sense of conviction than the disadvantaged persons . Property rights are a good example in this regard.

Other causes

Robert Bierstedt gives four causes for the question – ” why we conform to the norms “
Some causes are :-

• Indoctrination :- We conform to the norms simply because we have been indoctrinated to do so . Indoctrinated refers to the process of injecting into the personality of the child the group norms . The norms that are indoctrinated become a part and parcel of the personality of the individual. Conformity to the norms becomes very natural because of indoctrination.

• Habituation :- What is customary is likely to become habitual in many cases . Some norms are indoctrinated in the beginning , but they become habitual practices afterwards.
We are taught to wash our hands and mouth before and after meals but after a while it becomes a matter of habit . Repetition makes a practice a habit and most of the folkways come to be rooted in the individual in this way .
Habituation reinforces the norms and guarantees the regularity of conformity.

• Utility :- Norms help us interact with others with much comfort and ease . We appreciate the unity of norms and hence we conform to them . In many social situations we realised the utility of the norms to which we conform.

• Group Identification :– We conform to the norms of our own social groups rather than to those of groups to which we do not belong . We thus conform to the norms because conformity is a means of group identification . By conformity to the norms we express our identification with the groups .
Sometimes , some groups even conform to some irritating folkways because they are their own and they identify them with their society and their own social groups.

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Social Control and Conformity

“ Social control ” refers to various ways and means by which a group or society attempts to achieve social order . Social Order could be achieved by making the people accept and follow the group norms . Behaving in accordance with norms or rules can be referred to as Conformity.

Thus , one of the main purposes of social control is conformity . Social control also involves the processes and means whereby deviations from social norms are limited by the group.

Conformity to institutionalised norms is ,of course , ‘normal ‘. The individual having internalised the norms , feels something like to need to conform.

Both internalised need and sanctions are effective in bringing about conformity .
Conformity is achieved by two different ways –
: Immediate conformity which is the result of social pressure or control
: Long term result of conformity which is the product of socialisation .

Social factors constrain the individual to follow the group pattern . The reason an individual greatly values group life is because the group provides us many advantages and satisfaction.

The social control towards conformity is always in terms of the prevailing norms .
Many individuals who don’t agree with certain norms accept and conform to them outwardly . Those who are not convinced of them lack the power to resist them .

Thus in conformity we find two factors which may or may not be consistent :compliance and conviction .

“Conformity without conviction occurs when the individual cannot withdraw from the group or values much his membership in the group and does not wish to offend or is afraid of the consequences of non Conformity. “

Group norms are actually group standards which the members are encouraged to imitate or follow . But some deviation is bound to be there in every group.

“ As the deviation from the norm becomes greater the more serious the offence becomes in the eyes of the group and the more serves becomes the penalty .”

Conformity influences the formation and maintenance of social norms, and helps societies function smoothly and predictably by the self-elimination of behaviors seen as contrary to unwritten rules.

Hence, for social control it’s important to have social conformity where deviations from social norms are limited by the group .

Why mental health is important?

Photo by cottonbro on Pexels.com

Mental health is very interesting and underrated topic. People always care and think about their physical illness and usually cares about physical health. but mental health is as important as any other health issue. because without a good mental health, no one can be happy in their life.

According to WHO,” Mental health is state of well being in which the indivisual realizes his/her abilities”.it includes our emotional and social well being . it affects our thinking and how we react to a particular situation. but if these health issues are not taken seriously they can led to many serious diseases, such as depression. Any other person cannot predict or realize about your mental health because he cannot know what is going on in our mind, and the best way to overcome this problem is to share that problems with others. We can share it with our parents, brother ,sister or even friends ,if we are not comfortable with family members .

Factors that cause mental health problems

There can be many factors that are responsible for our mental health problem such as:-

1.Loneliness -it can be a factor of mental illness. neglecting a particular person , feeling him lonely everywhere can be a cause of mental illness.

2.Trauma or any bad experience of childhood: if a person has suffered a huge loss or have experienced any abuse or something else, it is very difficult for him to forgot it and move on. some move on with it but some are not able to forget it which led to mental illness.

3.genetics: mental illness can also be passed through genes. If a family member like father , grandfather or any other member has already experienced mental health problem, it can be passed into others.

4. Due to poverty or employment: mental problems can be also due to poverty in ones’ house or unemployment like if a young man has responsibility to feed his family members but he is not able to find a descent job, it can led to mental illness of that man.

5. a person having a long term physical health problem since many years can be affected by mental illness.

There are many other reasons of people having mental illness , one more reason nowadays is experienced by students due to studies and exam pressure. they are not able to cop up with that stress.

Different ways to overcome mental health issue:-

there are several ways to fight against mental illness some of the mare:-

1. Meditation : it is considered as a very powerful weapon against mental illness.

2.We should learn how to response to particular situation:- we should make our mind ready for any situation without panicking much. it will make our mind strong.

3. We should act wisely wherever our patience is tested and we should always avoid self criticism because it will have a adverse effect in our process to overcome mental health issue.

4. We should always surround ourselves with good people who understands us to whom we ca share our life problems and other things.

5. But if we are not able to cop up with it, we should immediately talk to family members and consult a doctor.

Nepal Issue

Nepal’s president, Bidya Devi Bhandari, dissolved the country’s parliament on 22nd July 2021 and called for fresh elections in November. Bhandari’s office said that the decision was made on the recommendation of the cabinet headed by caretaker Prime Minister K.P Sharma Oli. Bhandari rejected bids for the prime ministerial post from Oli and opposition leader, Sher Bahadur Deuba from the Nepali Congress party, after both leaders failed to muster support to form a new government by the deadline. This is the second time in six months that the country’s parliament has been dissolved. The parliament was last dissolved in December 2020 by Oli following a feud with the ruling Nepal Communist party. The parliament was reinstated in February after the Supreme Court said that it was a breach of the constitution. The latest dissolution is expected to be challenged in court like the previous one. Oli became prime minister in 2017 with support from the Nepal Communist party. However, Oli lost support after a split in the party. He came to power this month as the head of a minority government, but needed the support of half of the parliament to continue. He had already lost a vote of confidence in early May after a faction of the Nepal Communist party refused to support him.

Critics say that Oli has been preoccupied with planning rallies and political meetings to muster support. Since the dissolution of the parliament in December, hundreds of political rallies have been organized by both the ruling and opposition parties. 14 petitions were submitted by opposition parties to court clamming that this is unconstitutional and unethical action by current PM, Oli.

Nepal’s Supreme Court on Monday reinstated its parliament, which was dissolved by caretaker Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli in May, and ordered that his rival Sher Bahadur Deuba be appointed as prime minister. It also ordered that Sher Bahadur Deuba, who has previously served four terms as prime minister, be re-appointed as prime minister by 5 p.m. local time on Tuesday.

WHAT IF 1RUPPEE IS EQUAL TO 1 DOLLAR ?

Before we get to that point we need to know the contrast between the two currencies. Dollar is considered as the strongest currency in the World. Each country in this World needs to have their cash as solid as Dollar since it is accepted that Stronger money = Stronger Economy. Be that as it may, is it in every case valid ? Since Countries like Japan and China have lower cash yet they are checked under nations with Strongest Economy.

So how is that conceivable that notwithstanding having the more fragile cash they have solid economy ? Fundamentally it relies upon , regardless of whether a nation is trade(export) orientated or import orientated ? The nations which purchases items or work from different nations are called import situated nations and these nations like to keep their money esteem higher so they can purchase merchandise from different nations at modest expense. Then again , nations which offer merchandise to different nations are called send out(export) orientated nations and these nations like to keep their cash esteem low so different nations purchase more and their creation builds which befits the economy. Nations like USA are import orientated while nations like China are trade orientated.

Currency - Overview, Origin, Foreign Exchange Trading

So what kind of nation is India is it import orientated or trade orientated ? India purchases products from different nations so it is significantly import orientated, yet larger part of India’s economy comes from exportation. India gives best specialists to I.T Sectors . At the point when organizations of different nations visit India they employ our people to work for them which consequently offers advantage to our economy. Numerous financial analyst accept that our economy ought to be more lower , while some accept that it ought to be higher.

india gdp growth: Indian economy to contract by 7 pc in FY21: SBI Research - The Economic Times

PROS OF THE SITUATION:

*With more grounded rupee imports would be less expensive; you could now get the most recent iPhone for only 1000 INR. So everybody would claim an iPhone if 1 USD rises to 1 INR.

*Purchasing products from different nations in a global market will be less expensive which is advantageous for a non-industrial nation.

*Unrefined petroleum costs would go down significantly which we import the most, in this way the cost of petroleum and diesel will fall making the transportation cost modest if 1 USD approaches 1 INR.

*As the transportation cost would diminish the items that are made in India would be less expensive and effectively accessible to purchase.

*One would not travel abroad for a task. For instance, in the event that they get 3000$ abroad that will simply be equivalent to 3000 INR. So why bother voyaging? Yet, there is another side to it as well.

CONS OF THE SITUATION:

*Full stop on sends out we can trade merchandise due to the money contrast. The fares will become costly and on the off chance that we contrast Indian items if and other cutthroat nations, we will turn out to be far more costly and this will hamper our fares which isn’t useful for our economy.

*No unfamiliar venture: unfamiliar organizations put resources into India because of modest work now if an organization used to pay the laborer Rs20000 that is 300$ now they need to pay them 20000$ so they would begin putting resources into different nations as opposed to in our own if 1 USD approaches 1 INR.

*We will confront financial closure and expansion in joblessness for instance if my organization beneficiaries a designer from India for Rs75000 that is around 1000$ and if 1INR = 1 $ for what reason will I pay quite a lot more to the Indian specialist when I have choices. In this way, the Indian laborers need to deal with less expense or leave the work. The equivalent would occur with different callings too.

*In case they are chipping away at such a lot of lower compensation how might they pay their EMI? They proved unable. Joblessness will influence the banks as advances would be left neglected.

*We will confront financial log jam as cash would not be exchanged at a similar speed if 1 USD approaches 1 INR.

RESOUCES:

  1. https://infokoala.com/what-if-1-usd-equals-1-inr/
  2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfLd329ovRI

Health and Fitness

Staying healthy and fit are directly proportional to each other. In order to lead a healthy and fit life we need to focus on some prime practices which will not only make us physically fit but will also provide us with peace of mind. Staying heathy and fit keeps us away from diseases and thus its medications and side effects. A healthy body homes a healthy mind, and a healthy mind boosts the productive thoughts help us to deal life with positivity in a healthy way. But staying healthy and fit requires discipline, one must have a balanced diet, eating less never makes someone healthy and fit whereas eating the right nutritious food in the right quantity does so. A healthy diet must constitute of all the five nutrients as well as water and roughage. Starving is highly not recommended, giving the body the required nutrients is important. In order to stay fit and healthy one must also regularly practice yoga and physical exercise; these enables movement of each and every part of the body and thus ensures its flexibility also ensures growth and increases stamina. Staying away from negative environment and people is another major practice which is encouraged in order to ensure a healthy and fit body.

If you want to start your journey a having a better body to feel great, here are some tips :

* Exercise daily for at least an hour

* Eat the Right foods and portion each meal.

* keep track of calories and food intake per day.

* Be sure to get sleep.

* Stay motivated.

5 components of physical Fitness :

* cardiovascular Endurance.

* Musular strength.

* Muscular endurance.

* Flexibility

* Body composition.

* The difference between fitness and health is Health is defined as a state of complete mental, physical and social well- being, not merely the absence of illness or infirmity. Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment.

* The connection between health and fitness is physical fitness, by its very nature, significantly strengthens the bod’s immune system. Therefore, it may substantially reduce the likelihood of liness and disesase, and well as improve the way the body copes with illnesses when they occur.

* The three categories of health fitness and wellbeing is physical, emotional and social wellbeing.

Why is health and fitness so important?

Regular exercise and physical activity promotes strong muscles and bones. It improves respiratory, cardiovascular health, and overall health. Staying active can also help you maintain a healthy weight reduce your risk for type 2 diabetes heart disease and reduce your risk for some cancers.

* There are six skill- related fitness components: agility, balance, coordination speed, power and reaction time. skilled athletes typically excel in all six areas. Agility is the ability to rapidly and accurately change the direction of the body

* The principles of specificity, progression, overload, adaption, and reversibility are why practising frequently and consistenly are so important if you want to improve your performance.

The health benifits of exercise :

* helps you contro your weight.

* Reduce your risk of heart disease.

* Help your body manage blood sugar and insulin levels.

* Help you quiet smoking

* Improve your mental helath and mood.

* Help keep your thinking , learning and judgement skills sharp as your age.

* Exercise prescription is based on 5 priniciples are type, duration, frequency, intensity and volume.

So stay healthy and stay safe . This pandemic days wants more food to our bodies to get more immunity. Be fit and Be happy . We fight with this covid with our lifes . Be strong these are all will helps to us.

THE NAME YOU KNOW, THE STORY YOU DON’T

ARUNIMA SINHA

An Indian mount climber and a sportswoman ARUNIMA SINHA is the first female amputee to climb Mount Everest. She is also former seven times Volleyball national player.

As usual she was travelling in local, soon after this some robbers came to her and asked her to give her gold chain, but she refused and after she refused the robbers got vigorous and pushed her from that running rain in the year. This incident resulted in the damaged, in her both legs, she got her left leg amputated below the knee, and got rods in her right leg and her spinal cord got multiple factures.

Climbing each of the continents highest peaks and hoisting the tricolour flag of India was her aim. She has already done climbing seven peaks till 2014. In January 2019 she completed her final summit of Mount Vinson in Antarctica.

She was also honoured with Padma Shri by the government of Indian in 2015, the fourth highest civilian award of India.

EARLY AND CAREER LIFE

Arunima was born on 20 July 1989 in Ambedkar Nagar near Lucknow in U.P. Her father was in the Indian Army and her mother was a supervisor in the health department. She also had an elder sister and a younger brother. After the death of her father, her mother burgeons to look after her family.

Arunima liked to play football and she was a national volleyball player. She always wanted to join paramilitary forces. She also got a call letter from Central Industrial Security Forces (CIFS) but her life did injustice to her and she faced her life-changing accident while she was traveling to Delhi in its response.

THE TARIN ACCIDENT

The former national volleyball and football player Arunima was travelling from Lucknow to Delhi on 12 April 2011 in Padmavati Express, to attend the examination to join the CIFS. She was pushed by the robbers who wanted to snatch her gold chain and bag out of a general coach of the train. Portraying the incident, she said:

“I resisted and they pushed me out of the train. I could not move. I remember seeing a train coming towards me. I tried getting up. By then, the train had run over my leg. I don’t remember anything after that”.

Instantly, she fell on the railway track, a train from the same track crushed her leg below the knee. Due to late at night there were no one to help her at that current situation. Next morning, she was taken to the hospital, with serious leg and genital injuries and with this she lost her leg after doctors amputated her legs it to save her life.

She was brought to the All-Indian Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) for further treatment. She was provided a prosthetic leg after spending four months at the Institute free of cost by a private Delhi-based Indian company.

An inquiry by the police highlighted the version of the accident turned this in doubt. According to the police, they said was either attempting suicide or met with an accident while crossing the railway tracks. Arunima claimed that the police were lying. With this the Indian Railways paid Arunima a compensation of ₹500,000.

THE MOUNT EVEREST SCALING

At the time of her treatment in the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences, she determined to climb the highest mountain above the sea the Mount Everest. Yuvraj Singh battle with cancer has inspired her in climbing the Everest. She completed her in basic mountaineering course from the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, Uttarkashi, and her mother supported her to climb the Everest. She did her climbing to Mount Everest with a prosthetic leg. 

After all her efforts and struggles hard of 17 hours, she reached the summit of Mt. Everest on 21 May 2013 on 10:55 am, With this, Arunima became the first amputee female to climb Everest. It took 52 days to reach the summit. She also wrote a small thank you note to Almighty on a wrapped cloth and pressed it in the snow. Recalling the incident, she said:

“It was my tribute to Shankara Bhagawan, and Swami Vivekananda who has been an inspiration throughout my life”.