Category: Education

Best AI Movies – part1

AI or Artificial Intelligence is becoming a major buzzword in recent years. Knowing what it is and it’s practical applications in real life, in the upcoming future, leaves us stunned. Although movies tend to exaggerate AI for dramatic effect, there is still some truth in these movies. There are AI experts who fear a super- intelligent AI could outsmart us and eventually decide to wipe us off the face of the Earth. On the other side, AI is depicted as a miracle invention. The intelligent machines can perform analytical tasks such as simulations and predictions much better than humans. So, if you are interested in AI, read this blog fully. Here we have listed top 5 AI movies that you should never miss watching in life.

Ex Machina

At no.5 we have Ex Machina. Ex Machina is one of the best examples of an AI movie. It covers all the bases, allowing the protagonist to be a proxy for the audience to explore AI’s moral arguments whilst also deploying a thriller narrative arc to keep the audience engaging. The film follows the story of a programmer who is allowed by his CEO to be a part of an experiment to evaluate the capabilities of a highly advanced humanoid called Ava. He is the first person to meet Ava and his goal will be to test whether Ava passes the Turing test. What happens next carries the storyline forward and captivates the viewers on the process. The movie focusses on how we interact with AI as humans and how a machine could, in turn, manipulate humans. This movie is phenomenal and a must watch thing for every AI enthusiast.

2001 – A Space Odyssey

At no. 4, we have the 1968 sci-fi classic movie, 2001- A Space Odyssey. This movie is the most intricate and ambiguous one in our list. A Stanley Kubrick masterpiece revolves around Time, space, human nature and evolution. And the film is narrated in a non-linear direction with inexplicable cuts to different contexts. The opening of the movie is something wierd. It opens milliions of years ago in a desert with apes discovering a giant black Monolith. Then the film transitions to a space voyage to find the origins of a mysterious Monolith in the far reaches of the galaxy. The space ship functions are controlled by an Artificial Intelligence computer names HAL, which is claimed to be full proof and impossible to make errors. However during the space mission, the ship’s crew gets double- crossed by HAL. The error free computer HAL makes an odd error. Then, the astronauts decide to disconnect it from the ship’s controls. But HAL discovers their plan and goes rougue- killing most of the crew members.

Star Birth and Death

Star Birth

Star birth is, as the physicist Heinz R. Pagels (1939–1988) wrote in 1985, a “veiled and secret event.” Today, it’s well known that star formation takes place deep inside interstellar clouds of gas and dust in stellar crèches that were once impossible for us to detect. Only after the process is complete does the light from the newborn star manage to leak out and announce to the universe that a new star has been born. It’s a process that takes place in every galaxy across the cosmos, and one that has been going on since shortly after the universe was created some 13.8 billion years ago. With the advent of infrared-enabled instruments, astronomers have been able to peek into the clouds and learn more about this once-hidden process.

 It Starts in the Dark 

Star birth begins in a region of interstellar space filled with gas and dust called a molecular cloud. This process might ignite in a dark nebula, a cloud that is so dense that light can’t pass through it. Something happens to disturb the thick, slowly moving globules of gas and dust. Perhaps a nearby supernova sends shock waves through the cloud, or another star passes nearby. The action spins the cloud and compresses it. Molecules of gas and the dust particles are crushed together, and that action causes friction heating. More and more gas and dust is pushed into this hot core, which grows more massive very quickly. As it does, its gravitational pull tugs more material in, compressing what’s already in the interior. When temperatures and pressures get high enough, conditions are right for the process of nuclear fusion to begin in the core of this protostellar object. Molecules of hydrogen begin smacking together to form helium. That process releases energy in the form of heat and light, and that’s what powers stars. The birth of the star is marked by the moment when nuclear fusion begins. After that, the newborn star continues to heat up; in the early phase of its life, it has gas jets streaming away from its polar regions. These help dissipate the tremendous heat built up as the star forms. If the stellar newborn has enough material remaining around it, it’s possible that planets can form there.

Star Death

By the standards of a human lifetime, stars seem to last forever. Even the shortest-lived ones—the massive, hot OB stars—live for a million or so years. On the other hand, dense stellar objects called white dwarfs spend tens of billions of years dwindling down to become cold cinders called black dwarfs. As they go through their lives, stars fuse elements in their cores in a process called nuclear fusion. That’s what the Sun is doing right now. It’s on the main sequence, a phase where stars spend their time fusing hydrogen in their cores. When they stop fusing hydrogen, they leave the main sequence, and that’s when things get interesting.

Stars Like the Sun

When the core runs out of hydrogen fuel, it will contract under the weight of gravity. However, some hydrogen fusion will occur in the upper layers. As the core contracts, it heats up. This heats the upper layers, causing them to expand. As the outer layers expand, the radius of the star will increase and it will become a red giant. The radius of the red giant sun will be just beyond Earth’s orbit. At some point after this, the core will become hot enough to cause the helium to fuse into carbon. When the helium fuel runs out, the core will expand and cool. The upper layers will expand and eject material that will collect around the dying star to form a planetary nebula. Finally, the core will cool into a white dwarf and then eventually into a black dwarf. This entire process will take a few billion years.

Stars More Massive Than the Sun

When the core runs out of hydrogen, these stars fuse helium into carbon just like the sun. However, after the helium is gone, their mass is enough to fuse carbon into heavier elements such as oxygen, neon, silicon, magnesium, sulfur and iron. Once the core has turned to iron, it can burn no longer. The star collapses by its own gravity and the iron core heats up. The core becomes so tightly packed that protons and electrons merge to form neutrons. In less than a second, the iron core, which is about the size of Earth, shrinks to a neutron core with a radius of about 6 miles (10 kilometers). The outer layers of the star fall inward on the neutron core, thereby crushing it further. The core heats to billions of degrees and explodes (supernova), thereby releasing large amounts of energy and material into space. The shock wave from the supernova can initiate star formation in other interstellar clouds. The remains of the core can form a neutron star or a black hole depending upon the mass of the original star.

https://www.esa.int/kids/en/learn/Our_Universe/Stars_and_galaxies/Star_death https://science.howstuffworks.com/star6.htm#:~:text=%20The%20Death%20of%20a%20Star%20%201,helium%20into%20carbon%20just%20like%20the…%20More%20

Active Galaxies

An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that has a much-higher-than-normal luminosity over at least some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with characteristics indicating that the luminosity is not produced by stars. Such excess non-stellar emission has been observed in the radio, microwave, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an “active galaxy“. The non-stellar radiation from an AGN is theorized to result from the accretion of matter by a supermassive black hole at the center of its host galaxy.

Speciality

Active galactic nuclei are the most luminous persistent sources of electromagnetic radiation in the universe, and as such can be used as a means of discovering distant objects; their evolution as a function of cosmic time also puts constraints on models of the cosmos. Many AGN lie at very large distances from us, at high redshift. In particular, the existence of very distant Seyfert galaxies giving off gamma-ray glows indicate such objects exist everywhere in the universe. 

Quasars!

 Quasars (short for “quasi-stellar radio sources”) are the most energetic and distant active galactic nuclei known. Astronomer Carl Seyfert (1911–1960) first wrote about these so-called “active galaxies” in 1943. Their strong emissions indicated something very energetic was going on the central cores. Eventually they became known as Seyfert galaxies.

Types of Active Galaxies

Active galaxies are characterized by the emissions they give off and whether or not they emit jets from their cores. Here are a few of the most common types.

Radio-quiet: very dim, quiet galaxy cores with radio quiet (for now) black holes; they may be bright and active in other wavelengths of light

Seyfert galaxies: medium-mass black holes accreting material and giving off x-rays and gamma rays 

Quasars: high-mass black holes accreting material; some emit radio emissions while others emit only optical light Blazars: high-mass black holes with a jet pointing toward Earth 

Radio galaxies: high-mass black holes with large areas that give off strong radio emissions and have massive jets streaming superheated material into space.These powerful jets appear to be moving faster than the speed of light—a property called “superluminal motion.”

Uses of Active Galaxies

X-ray emission from active galactic nuclei have given astronomers many clues about what is going on in these galaxies. Early X-ray observations of AGN showed fairly simple sources that could change brightness over fairly short timescales. Such variability pointed to emission coming from a fairly small area. The rapid changes, high energy output, and small volume all pointed to a black hole accretion powering these galaxies – it is one of the only things that can put out the amount of energy we see from AGN in such a small volume.

Since X-rays originate from very close to the central black hole, X-ray studies give us a unique view of the processes at work in the very center of the action. In some cases, higher energy X-rays have the ability to punch through gas and dust, so this is one part of the electromagnetic spectrum that lets us see into highly obscured AGN.

Like any other massive object, black holes can pull in matter that ventures too close. If there is enough infalling matter, it can form an accretion disk. This disk of matter surrounds the black hole and heats up, emitting X-rays. As matter makes its final plunge into the black hole, it is accelerated to high velocity, causing X-ray emission. Some of the infalling matter can also be funneled away from the black hole in powerful jets along the rotation axis of the disk. These jets are observed across the entire electromagnetic spectrum.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus
https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/active_galaxies2.html

Objectives of MRP

The objectives of material requirement planning in operations management are:

(a) It determines the quantity and timing of finished goods demanded.

(b) It determines the time phased requirements of the demand for materials, components and sub-assemblies over a specified planning time horizon.

(c) It computes the inventories, work-in-process batch sizes and manufacturing and packing lead times.

(d) It controls inventory by ordering materials and components in relation to orders received rather than ordering them from stock level point of view.

(e) It improves customer service by meeting delivery schedules promised and shortening the delivery lead times.

(f) It reduces inventory cost by reducing inventory levels.

(g) It improves plant operating efficiency by better use of productive resources.

Material requirements planning (MRP) is a production planning and inventory control system. An MRP integrates data from production schedules with that from inventory and the bill of materials (BOM) to calculate purchasing and shipping schedules for the parts or components required to build a product.

There are three primary functions of an MRP system. First, the system helps ensure that the appropriate materials are available for production and the necessary products are available for customers to avoid shortages. Second, MRP reduces waste by maintaining only the lowest possible materials and product levels in stock. Lastly, an MRP system helps plan manufacturing functions, delivery schedules and purchasing. When an MRP system is doing its job, it reduces material waste while also avoiding product shortages. Data integrity, however, is a major issue for successful material requirements planning. The data fed into the system must be accurate; otherwise, serious production and stock errors may occur.

MRP was developed by engineer Joseph Orlicky as a response to the Toyota Production System, the famous model for lean production. The first computerized MRP system was tested successfully by Black & Decker in 1964.

Material requirement planning

Material Requirement Planning is a special technique to plan the requirements of materials for production. For the manufacturing company to produce the end items to meet demands the availability of sufficient production capacity must be coordinated with the availability of all raw materials and purchased items from which, the end items are to be produced.

In other words, there is a need to manage the availability of dependent demand items from which the products are made. Dependent demand items are the components, i.e., materials or purchased items, fabricated parts or sub-assemblies that make up the end product.

One approach to manage the availability of dependent demand items is to keep a high stock of all the items that might be needed to procured the end items and when the on-hand stock drops below a present re-order level, the items are procured or bought as the case may be to replenish the stock to the maximum level.

However, this approach is costly due to the excessive inventory of components, fabricated parts and sub-assemblies to ensure high service level.

An alternative approach to manage these items is to plan for procurement or manufacture of the specific components that will be required to produce the required quantities of end products as per the production schedule indicated by the master production schedule (MPS). The technique is known as Material Requirement Planning (MRP) technique.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-material-management&ved=2ahUKEwj6xaWE7tPxAhUJ4zgGHQLcBEgQFjAfegQIGxAC&usg=AOvVaw3iPV9U4G6DVDyzhqrjim1W

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.toolshero.com/management/materials-management/&ved=2ahUKEwj6xaWE7tPxAhUJ4zgGHQLcBEgQFjAgegQIIhAC&usg=AOvVaw0Q0D2QED4kJwgSL82fe_XY

THE ROGAN ART

Hello guys! Today I am going to tell you guys about a 400 year old art .

Abdul Gaffur khatri’s family is ” the only family in the world” that is keeping this art alive for almost 8 generations.

This art is called “The Rogan Art”.

The palm of the hand is the essential tool for getting this painting technique just right.


These designs were once popular throughout India, but the rise of industrial textiles forced many artisans to leave the craft for more lucrative work.

“Rogan means oil in Farsi”

From:roganartnirona

This art starts with castor oil.
It’s the base of the paint.So the art is named after it .

  • In this process the oil should be heated for two days until it becomes a honey-like texture.
  • It’s a dangerous process only a few can handle.
  • After it cools they combine the oil with pigment to create the paint.The above mentioned steps are only for making the paint now comes the main thing.
  • In this art the use of the hand gives the Rogan art it’s unique nature.
  • The paint needs to be swirled in the palm which in turn creates heat to thin it out after that the thread of paint is floated over the fabric using a metal rod.
From : The Indian express

Using the other hand underneath the cloth to guiding the paint and this process is completely free hand which makes this art more peculiar as the final design is to be anticipated and not ready made before.

Before it dries, they folds the cloth to print the design’s mirror image.which is timesaving and also the design will be symmetric.

From:livemint.com

This art is said to have originated from from Persia400 years ago to India and it was once popular on bedding and ceremonial clothing here in India.

But with the rise of mass-produced textiles in the ’80s,locals lost interest in these more expensive handmade pieces.

Many artisans couldn’t compete with mass manufacturers and dropped their crafts to find other work.

This beautiful art is also going extinct and covid-19 has the greatest impact on these artisans forcing them to leave this and find some other work for their livelihood as before they used to sell their pieces to foreigners but after the pandemic even that income has come to a halt.

We have to encourage them so that the art’s legacy can carry on and our next generations can also see this beautiful art.

Thankyou.

Does Business Require Competition?

“Competition is a good thing; it forces us to do our best.”

  • Nancy Pearcey

Since every aspect in life has two angles, competition too can be considered in the positive as well as the negative sense. Mostly, competition is used in the negative sense which is the reason most of the businesses end on a short note. Thus, we will be learning a positive sense of this word in today’s article.

The term becomes negative when you resolve to imitating the procedures followed by your competition. As discussed in earlier articles, a business needs to stand out for which uniqueness is quintessential. Thus, blindly following the footsteps of your competition isn’t going to help. Also, focussing merely on your competition and their profits isn’t the right move because that diverts your attention from the possible surplus you could generate. In short, avoid opening up an encyclopaedia of services offered by your competition just so as to match their ability because that isn’t possible. All have different capabilities and varied ways of thinking. Perhaps you could do better than the competition and in order to believe yourself, lay aside continuous inspection of the competition. Let us understand this better.

For instance, a company selling electrical appliances and will of course have competition because one can’t possibly come up with a business extremely alien to all, owing to the desires of the mob. Thus, competition persists because we need to consider the needs of the population on this planet and arrange for such services that would benefit. Uniqueness must come in the way we exhibit or present those services.

Getting back to the story, you are receiving good deal traffic but are occupied in considering the competition. You’re trying to get into their good books so as to know more about their ways of introducing and presenting the services. However, while you are busy understanding your competition, you failed to comprehend over the fact that you could understand the psychology of the customers and list their desires thereby coming up with a unique form of exhibition of your services. In short, you lose access to creativity when you are busy imitating which certain businessmen term as ‘taking inspiration’. A point to be noted is, that inspiration means simply learning from the competition and coming up with your own unique form of services while imitation is looking up services provided by the competition that seem to best appeal to the mob and trying out the same! Most businessmen resort to the latter but coin their efforts as former!

Yes, there is a possibility of better inclining towards the latter because we feel that more customers would be attracted to us as well, as they do to the competition. But a point that we miss out on is, that if the customers have already tried that way out, why would they be interested in yet another company offering the same format with no particular speciality or uniqueness in its services? Also, customers remain glued to the same company for ages owing to the trust and genuineness they feel towards that brand which is the reason, they wouldn’t actually be interested in trying out a new brand with the same level of services. Why take the risk and opt for a new brand with same manner of exhibition of services when the old one does the trick? That is when uniqueness comes into the picture because your aim shouldn’t be to snatch the customers of your competition which is a tedious task and may gain no possible results. Instead, your aim should be to gain a new set of enthusiastic customers for yourself. Don’t go for Renaissance in business that is rebirth or revival of your competition. Go for something unique that people would be excited enough to try out owing to the way it functions.

Thus, competition should be taken in a positive sense. Take inspiration from them. Capture some of their bonus points that help them and develop your business with creativity on the basis of that structure. In short, use your competition as stepping stones to success! Also, competition can help you grow vividly because it helps understand updates of market trends which keep changing and are visible in your competition. By closely observing the same, you could flourish your business and step by step, move further than your competition not by imitating them but by personal creativity. The competition would neither blame you for stealing their ideas nor would you feel guilty of being a copy cat! So, be yourself and unique in business to ensure additional bonuses in the future!

Thank You For Reading!

Pomodoro Technique for productive study/work

” Time and tide wait for none”. No matter how many times we hear or see this clichéd quote, not all of us actually understand the essence of these words. Time management is an essential skill for aspirants of all kinds. In this fast-evolving world, one must keep up par with others to achieve their goal. The fact that smart work is better than hard work is of the essence. Productivity is smart work. One such method to maintain productivity in our daily life is the Pomodoro technique.

Pomodoro technique is a time management method where a timer is used to break down the work at hand into intervals, separated by short breaks. This method was developed by Francesco Cirillo in the late 1980s. Each interval is called a ‘Pomodoro’ the Italian word for tomato, the tomato-shaped kitchen timer that Cirillo used as a college student.

The original technique has 6 steps

1. Choose a task you would like to get done

No matter how small or big the task is, it deserves your full undivided attention.

2. Set the timer for 25 minutes

Keep a promise to yourself that you don’t interrupt yourself for just 25 minutes. You can use your mobile timer or a good old clock for timing your session.

3. Work on the task until the timer rings

Immerse yourself. Meanwhile, if you remember anything other than the work at hand, write it down on a sheet of paper. You can give them thought later.

4. When the timer rings, tick off your completed task

Hurray! You have given your undivided attention to the task for 25 minutes.

5. Take a short break

Take a deep breath, meditate, grab a cup of your favourite beverage go for a stroll or do something that is relaxing for your brain to reward yourself.

6. After every 4 Pomodoros take a longer break

A break of 20 to 30 minutes is good enough to rest, preview the information and prepare yourself for the next set of Pomodoros.

To make the best out of these Pomodoro sessions you can:

  • Use the first few minutes of the session to review what you have done earlier.
  • Set up a timetable and try to be devoted to it.
  • You can use airplane mode or do not disturb mode on your mobile. (Apply only if you are not accountable for not picking up calls 🙂
  • Be mindful of the shorter breaks. They might prolong at times, thus unsettling your next Pomodoro cycle.
  • Understand your body — find out which part of the day you are most productive. This can work wonders and get a lot of things done.

The rules of the Pomodoro technique are not necessarily rigid. If you are not able to pull up 4 Pomodoros continuously, opt for one or two Pomodoros in a day. At the end of the day, what matters the most is how much productive and focus you are in those sessions and how much work gets done. You can also vary the time interval as 50/10 (50 minutes of focus and 10 minutes of break) instead of the traditional 25/5 technique if you are quite confident about your focus.

This technique is useful if you feel distracted or overwhelmed to focus on what matters to you. It has worked well for me in this lockdown and has helped a lot in my exam preparations. Hope it works for you too!

Economic significance of Algae

People are mainly aware about the algae as seaweeds or algal blooms. They are the organisms with ability of photosynthesis and very much diverse community as well. But algae are important to man and their economic importance is manyfold. They are used as food, fodder and manure. They are also important in industrial field as well as agriculture.

there are 7 major types in algae
  • Chrysophytes
  • Euglenophytes
  • Pyrrophytes
  • Chlorophytes
  • Rhodophytes
  • Phaeophytes
  • Xanthophytes
these are the benificial roles of algae
  1. Algae is a food source: In different parts of the world algae have been utilized as direct source of food. They are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, oils, vitamins and minerals hence used as a diet food. They possess minerals like Cu, Fe, Zn, Co, V, Mn and Cr. About 20 different seaweeds are used as food source. Nostoc,
  2. Algae as fodder: Many seaweeds are as food for cattle, poultry and aquatic organisms. Sargassum is used as cattle feed in China. Laminaria and Fucus are also used for the same purpose. Seaweed meal increases the egg laying capacity of fowls. These eggs contain high amount of iodine and carotene.
  3. Algae in agriculture: Algae are used as green manures in agriculture. Sargassum, Laminaria, Macrocystis and Gracilaria are the most commonly used ones. Seaweed manure increases the yield of barley, potato, coconut palms, citrus etc. Many blue green algae have the ability to fix the atmospheric nitrogen into the soil. So they can be used as biofertilizers. Saline and alkaline soils can be converted into productive ones by growing some blue-green algae on soil. Anabaena, Rivularia, Spirulina are used for this purpose.
  4. Algae in Industries: In Industries many algae have been used as sources for the extraction of commercial products like agar-agar, diatomite, carrageenin and algin. Agar-agar is used as culture media for bacteria. It is also used as emulsifier in ice-cream, fruit jellies and dairy product preparation. Algin is used as painting pastes in textile industry and thickeners in cosmetics, pharmaceutical products etc. Carrageenin which is extracted from Chondrus crispus and Gigartina are used in food industry, textiles and leather industry. It is a remedy for cough.
  5. Algae in sewage disposal: Sewage water contains organic and inorganic substances which makes it low in oxygen content. But sewage finds use in agricultural practice as they are rich in salts. To decrease the foul smell algae are used. Algae are used to decompose the organic and inorganic substances.
  6. Algae and Research: Algae are used in the study of effects of pesticides, herbicides and UV light. They are used in the research for preparing biofuels.
  7. Algae as pollution indicator: Some algae grow well in polluted water as they are more tolerant towards pollution. Growth of these algae indicates the pollution and its intensity. Scenedesmus indicates copper wastes and Ulothrix zonata indicates indicates paper mill wastes.

Though many algae are useful, there are harmful algae are also there. The development of water blooms is considered to be a bad effect of algae. There are some parasitic algae cause diseases in plants. Attachment of algae tp ship retards the speed of the ship. growth of algae on cloths are also seen and they ruin the cloth.

Genetic Disorders

Pedigree Analysis

The record of occurrence of a trait in several generations of a human family is called pedigree analysis. The inheritance of a particular trait is represented in the family tree over generations.

Mendelian Disorders

Mendelian disorders are mainly determined by alteration or mutation in the single gene. Mendelian disorders can be traced in a family by the pedigree analysis.

Most common and prevalent Mendelian disorders are :

  • Haemophilia
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Sickle-cell anaemia
  • Colour blindness
  • Phenylketonuria
  • Thalesemia

Haemophilia

This sex linked recessive disease, which shows its transmission from unaffected carrier female to some of the male progeny has been widely studied. In this disease, a single protein that is a part of the cascade of proteins involved in the clotting of blood is affected. Due to this, in an affected individual a simple cut will result in non- stop bleeding.

The heterozygous female (carrier) for haemophilia may transmit the disease to sons. The possibility of a female becoming a haemophilic is extremely rare because mother of such a female has to be at last carrier and the father should be haemophilic.

Sickle-cell anaemia

This is an autosome linked recessive trait that can be transmitted from parents to the offspring when both the partners are carrier for the gene(or heterozygous). Heterozygous individuals appear apparently unaffected but they are carrier of the disease as there is 50 per cent probability of transmission of the mutant gene to the progeny, thus exhibiting sickle-cell trait.

The defect is caused by the substitution of Glutamic acid by Valine at the sixth position of the beta globin chain of the haemoglobin molecule.

Phenylketonuria

This inborn error of metabolism is also inherited as the autosomal recessive trait.the affected individual lacks an enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine. As a result of this phenylalanine is accumulated and converted into phenylpyruvic acid and other derivatives.

Accumulation of these in brain results in mental retardation. These are also excreted through urine because of its poor absorption of kidney.

Chromosomal Disorders

The chromosomal disorders on the other hand are caused due to absence or excess or abnormal arrangement of one or more chromosomes. Failure of segregation of chromatids during cell division cycle results in the rain or loss of a chromosome, called Aneuploidy. Failure of cytokinesis after telophase stage of cell division results in an increase in a whole set of chromosomes in an organism and this phenomenon is known as Polyploidy.

Down’s Syndrome

The cause of this genetic disorders is the presence of an additional copy of the chromosome number 21.

The affected individual is short statured with small round head, furrowed tongue and partially open mouth. Palm is broad with characteristic palm crease. Physical, psychomotor and mental development is retarded.

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

This genetic disorder is also caused due to the presence of an additional copy of X-chromosome resulting into a karyotype of 47, XXY. Such an individual has overall masculine development, however, the feminine development (development of breast) is also expressed. Such individuals are sterile.

Turner’s Syndrome

Such a disorder is caused due to the absence of one of the X chromosomes, i.e., 45 with X0. Such females are sterile as ovaries are rudimentary besides other features including lack of other secondary sexual characters.

Most popular programming languages in 2021

There many programming languages in this world written in many languages. Different companies uses different programming languages. What is actually a programming language ? A programming language is a set of commands, instructions and other syntaxes to computer to perform a specific task. In this blog, I am going to tell you the most popular and top programming languages in this world.

  1. PYTHON

There is no doubt that python is the number one programming language. Python is powerful and easy language to learn. It is very easy to read and understand. Python is the trending programming language in the world. It is the favorite language for many beginners. Python is used in many trending subjects like Artificial Intelligence, Data Science and Machine Learning. It has great libraries like Numpy, PyTorch, Pandas which makes machine learning very easy. In python, you can easily find bug or error in your code. It is used for scientific and computational applications like FreeCad and Abacus. The popular websites like Google, Microsoft YouTube, Pinterest, and Instagram use it. The average salary of python developer is $100,000.

2. JAVASCRIPT

JavaScript is thought to be the most consistent programming language, because it demand never goes off. You can use JavaScript to build web applications, desktop apps, mobile apps and many more. Millions of the websites in the internet depend on JavaScript. Giant tech companies like Google, Facebook, Microsoft and Uber use JavaScript. JavaScript is best option for you along with HTML and CSS. The average salary of JavaScript developer is $84,000.

3. JAVA

Java is a popular programming language since 2000’s. Java is a independent platform runs on a virtual machine(JVM). Just like python, java is also easy to learn. Java is fundamentally object-oriented. Those who want to learn android development, then java is right option for you. Java language is continuing creating new jobs in tech field. Giant companies like Google, Amazon and YouTube use java. Around 40 percent of developers use java. The average salary of java developer is $80,000.

4. C / C++

C language is considered to be the mother of all other programming languages. C is a perfect language for a beginner to learn. Comparing to the other languages c just have 32 keywords. Being one of the oldest programming language it demand hasn’t down yet. Around 23 percent of the developers use C language. Giant tech companies like Google, Apple, intel use C / C++. The average salary of a C / C++ developer is $78,000.

5. KOTLIN

Kotlin is a open source and general purpose language. Within short period of time it gained full popularity. According to a survey Kotlin is one of the five most popular language. Kotlin is best language for android development. Kotlin is designed to interoperate fully with java and JVM version of Kotlin library. Around 60 percent of the android developers are using Kotlin. Some of the most popular apps that are built using Kotlin are Tinder, Square, Evernote. Giant tech companies that use Kotlin are Google, Amazon, Netflix and many more. The average salary of a Kotlin developer is $77,000.

All these are the most popular and top programming languages. If you like my work, please like it and rate it. Thank you.

UNIX

UNIX Full Form - GeeksforGeeks

UNIX is a multi-user and multitasking operating system. in a multi-user environment. the computer can receive the commands from a number of end users programs, access files, and print documents simultaneously.

The host computer, which has a UNIX operating system, provides services to the terminal, such as file access services. four terminals are connected to one host computer and all the terminals are sharing resources from the host computer.

Features of UNIX

The general and additional features of UNIX operating system are :

  • File and Processes : file and process are two entities that are supported by UNIX. A file contains information, such as text, code or directory structure that you need to save in the computer, The file is stored in the hard disk of the computer at a particular location, which can be easily remember whereas a process is the name given to a file or a programs that is currently running . UNIX provides various tools that enable you to control a process, change the sequence of the process, and kill the process.
  • Multi-user system: UNIX supports multitasking system as the kernel is designed to handle multiple processes. A single user can run multiple process simultaneously. For example, an end user can print a file and edit another file simultaneously. The kernel handles the multiple processes as foreground and background process. The current process runs in the foreground and the other processes run in the background. This multitasking feature is an advantage for the programmers, as they do not have to close the editor and run the program; this can done simultaneously.
  • UNIX toolkit: The UNIX toolkit provides various tools that are enable you to perform different tasks in UNIX as kernel alone cannot perform every task. The tools that are included in the UNIX toolkit are:

1:- General purpose tools , such as vi editor

2:- Text manipulation utilizes filters that are used to retrieve the output from two or more commands simultaneously .

3:- Compiler and Interpreter .

4:- Network administration and system tools , such as mailx and pine.

  • Pattern Matching :- UNIX supports pattern matching feature that enables you to retrieve the output according to the required pattern . Pattern matching in UNIX can be implemented using a special characters , such as * known as metacharacter .
  • Programming Facility :- UNIX provides a programming facility known as shell that is developed specifically for programmers and not for the users .

Most important days in our history

TEACHER’S DAY

Happy teacher’s day

Teacher’s day is a special day for the appreciation of teachers,& may include celebration to honor them for their special contributions in a particular field area ,or the community in general.

5 th September is the birth anniversary of a great teacher Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan who was a staunch believer of education & was a well known diplomat,scholar,the president of India and above all a teacher.

Best teacher ever

Who are Teachers?

Teachers nourish and prepare students for their future as they are the real icon of knowledge and wisdom. They create awareness among the students and common people. They are the source of light in the world that has been darkened due to ignorance. Our teachers are the true pillars of our success. They help us garner knowledge, improve our skills, grow confidence as well as they help us to choose the right path to success. But, despite playing such a crucial role in the lives of students and in nation-building, they rarely are shown the gratitude that they deserve. So, as a student, it is our duty to thank them at least once a year and Teachers’ Day gives us an ideal opportunity to do so!.

As it is rightly said that:

Jagranjosh

In addition to their own teachers and mentors, 5th September is also a day when a person can look back, and be inspired by the life and works of Dr. S. Radhakrishnan. Dr. Radhakrishnan hailed from a small city boy and with the help of education, he became an esteemed politician and a visionary educationist.

Benefits of learning any foreign language.

In this cutting-edge World, who would mind having an extra set of skills. Having proficiency in more than one language is one of the skills needed in today’s era. Being bilingual/multilingual doesn’t mean one can only connect with the world in a more meaningful way but being bilingual/multilingual one can also stand out from the crowd, and advance their career. These are not the only benefits, let’s have a look at some of the benefits in brief. Mentioned below are some of the many benefits a bilingual/multilingual can have:–

Advance your career

Learning a second language can set you apart from your monolingual colleagues and provide you with opportunities for better employment. Companies with overseas clients and foreign customers are looking for fluent professionals in a second language, who can deal with various communities.

Improves decision-making skills 

It is found in a study by the University of Chicago that a multilingual person is better at decision making than a monolingual.

When you learn a foreign language, you try to learn native expressions and their hidden meaning, which enhances your decision-making process. It is also proved that the decision you make in a foreign language is more reasonable than the decision you make in your native language. 

Connect with people

One of the most incredible advantages of learning a foreign language is opening new windows of opportunities and meeting new people of different communities. When you learn a foreign language, you also generate a sense of better understanding and appreciation towards people from different communities. And you might end up having a lifelong connection with people from different parts of the world. Isn’t it magical?

Sharpens memory

When you learn a new language, your mind is been introduced to various rules, different grammar, and an entirely new set of vocabulary, which exercises your memory. It has also been claimed that people who are into learning a new language find it easier to remember names, facts, directions, and figures. 

Makes traveling easy

When you have fluency in more than one language, it is easier to travel to different parts of the world, as it makes it easier to connect with different cultures and native speakers. When you can talk to a native person you can get more information about the place, even the information that is not on the web. Hence, being bilingual/multilingual can make your traveling so much easier. 

Be it learning a foreign from a university or online classes. If you are planning to learn one, it will for sure provide you several benefits and will boost your career to new heights.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WOMEN ATHLETE

Lesson 6 women and sports

Over the past several decades , the role of women has changed drastically .However , gender beliefs and stereotypes still do exist across the world especially in sports . Most of the people in our society consider that sports are not meant for females but only for males .Social tradition , customs and cultures have great influence upon the psychology of women . In a male dominating society , males are expected to be aggressive , independent , dominating , robust and confident , whereas females are expected as well as considered to be emotional , sensitive , cooperative , sympathetic , loyal , etc. It is a well – known fact that participation of women in sports is increasing year after year .With this enhancement in female participation in sports , there is also renewed interest in the psychological characteristics of the female athletes and the effects of athletics on women . The various psychological traits of women athletes are stated below .

  1. Gender Role Orientation : It is an established fact that there has been an increase in the level of women’s participation in the types of sports that have been traditionally limited to only males , e.g., wrestling , weightlifting , kick boxing , body building , etc . However , many sports have been still considered inappropriate for women . For a long time it was considered that women should not take part in athletics because of the potentially harmful masculinising effects of sports .
  2. Competitiveness : It is evident that in the field of sports , both men and women are competitive in their own fields . In fact , women are more goal oriented and perform magnificently in artistic activities such as gymnastics . However , a number of research studies indicate that females who take part in sports are more competitive in comparison to the females who do not participate in sports .
  3. Confidence : As mentioned earlier , due to social pressures , women tend to have less confidence than men . Participation in sports , competitive environment , awards and recognitions increase confidence levels of sportspersons . However , a significant difference may exist between sportswomen and non- sportswomen .
  4. Self-esteem : Most of the research studies indicate that training plays a vital role in performance . Self -esteem improves with good performance . In the field of sports , intensive training helps in enhancing self-esteem . Research studies also show that those people who engage in sports have high self-esteem in comparison to non-participants .
  5. Aggression : Aggression is a forceful , goal- directed action that maybe verbal or physical . Participation in sports has many positive aspects which usually involve aggressive behavior . Various studies of aggression show that athletes who participate in contact sports , i.e., football players , judos or wrestlers are more aggressive than the athletes who participate in less contact sports . However , females who participate in contact sports show more aggression in comparison to females who do not participate in sports at all.