DEEP LEARNING SERIES- PART 3

The previous article gave some introduction to the networks used in deep learning. This article provides more information on the different types of neural networks.

In a feed-forward neural network (FFN) all the neurons in one layer are connected to the next layer. The advantage is that all the information processed from the previous neurons is fed to the next layer hence getting clarity in the process. But the number of weights and biases significantly increases when there is a large number of input. This method is best used for text data.

In a convolutional neural network (CNN), some of the neurons are only connected to the next layer i.e. connection is partial. Batch-wise information is fed into the next layer. The advantage is that the number of parameters significantly reduces when compared to FFN. This method is best used for image data since there will be thousands of inputs.

In recurrent neural networks, the output of one neuron is fed back as an input to the neuron in the previous layer. A feed-forward and a feedback connection are established between the neurons. The advantage is that the neuron in the previous layer can perform efficiently and can update based on the output from the next neuron. This concept is similar to reinforcement learning in the brain. The brain learns an action based on punishment or reward given as feedback to the neuron corresponding to that action.

Once the final output is computed by the network, it is then compared with the original value, and their difference is taken in different forms like the difference of squares, etc. this term is known as loss function.

It will be better to explain the role of the learning algorithms here. The learning algorithm is the one that tries to find the relation between the input and output. In the case of neural networks, the output is indirectly related to input since there are some hidden layers in between them. This learning algorithm works in such a way so as to find the optimum w and b values for the loss function is minimum or ideally zero.

The algorithm in neural networks do this using a method called backpropagation. In this method, the algorithm starts tracing from the output. It then computes the values for the parameters corresponding to the neuron in that layer. It then goes back to the previous layer does the computations for the parameters of the neurons in that layer. This procedure is done till it encounters the inputs. In this way, we can find the optimum values for the parameters.

The computations made by the algorithm are based on the type of the algorithm. Most of the algorithms find the derivative of a parameter in one layer with respect to the loss function using backpropagation. This derivative is then subtracted from the original value.

Where lr is the learning rate; provided by the user. The lesser the learning rate, the better will be the results but more the time is taken. The starting value for w and b is determined using the initialization.

Method	Meaning
Zero	W and b are set to zero
Xavier	w and b indirectly proportional to root n
He	w and b indirectly proportional to root n/2

Where n; refers to the number of neurons in a layer. These depend on the activation function used.

The derivative of the loss function determines the updating of the parameters.

Value of derivative	Consequence
-ve	Increases
0	No change
+ve	Decreases

The derivative of the loss function with respect to the weight or bias in a particular layer can be determined using the chain rule used in calculus.

HAPPY READING!!

Key To Success

Success… We all aspire to it, talk about it, envy those who achieve it, we think about it, fight for it. It is really worth it. Success comes with reaching our aims and it brings us incomparable satisfaction and happiness. That gives us a unique opportunity to be happy every day, if we achieve small goals every day and step by step we will be approaching our GREAT dream.

Recollect your studies at college, when you had to combine work and study; when you had a very tense schedule, when your only solution was a custom term paper to get through the semester. But you stood it. By achieving mini goals every term, at last you reached the main aim – successful graduation. And that is why you are a successful person. But one of the qualities of a prosperous person is that he is always striving for perfection and will never rest on his laurels. So, let’s go further and develop ourselves…Close your eyes for a minute and imagine a successful person. Is he rich or poor? Surely, most of us associate success with rich people. So, success and wealth are inseparable from each other? Yes, it’s likely to be so. But wealth is not a target for a successful person. It is just one of the steps to reach a global aim.

What do you think are there any objective reasons, hindering success? It is a fact that there some outer reasons, not depending on you, for example war, flood and so on. And what about objective sound reasons? If you find one, we will debate it with you. But so far I dare say there is none!!!! All the reasons are subjective (inner) and thus – every one can get rid of these reasons, changing something in himself. We create the greatest obstacle in achieving success with our fears, complexes and diffidence. And then, what are the keys to success? Read through the following features and think which of them you have and which you still have to acquire.

1)Clear objective. Without the aim, no achievement is possible. A thoroughly equipped ship with wonderful crew will arrive nowhere if it hasn’t any course of direction.

2) Accurate strategy. Unplanned success is a planned defeat. Accurate and logical strategy helps to realize the grandest projects. A successful person fulfills a small portion of his great plan every day. If you stick to your plan, then you will be able to realize everything you want. And if you want, you have a potential.

3)Positive attitude. Positive thinking, positive attitude to the world work wonders. You live in the world you create for yourself. You want to live in a wonderful world – think about something wonderful! Stop being afraid of failures and you will reach your success.

4) Faith in success. Faith strengthens your potential, and doubts destroy it. If you have some desire, leave all your doubts behind. Just believe in the possibility of its realization and you will have not so many obstacles in your way.

5)Education and training.Being aware of your desires without any action will lead to nothing. Only actions, supported by knowledge will result in great success. Constant training, constant improvement of your professional knowledge, – these are the features that distinguish a successful person. Our world is ever changing, and only on condition of applying your new knowledge you can keep pace with time.

6) Self -improvement. It helps us to change for better, overcome our complexes and fears, get rid of diffidence. Remember, that everything depends only on you; you are master of your fate, your success and happiness. And if you don’t possess all the listed above qualities, then you will be able to develop these features improving yourself. The only thing that does not depend on you is strong desire; it is given to us by Nature.

7) Self -confidence helps us to get top results where there is no premise for it. Fighting with your complexes, the person is approaching the ideal and makes the best of the work.

This article is merely a presentation of philosophy of success. These are only words, though wise and true. But you are able to turn this philosophy into a powerful tool for improving your life from now on. And then the philosophy will revive and you will benefit from it greatly. This simple philosophy will become your strategy, your guiding thread in achieving success. I am sure it will lead you to great success.

Vinod Kambli : What went wrong with him ?

When we talk about biggest wastes of talent in Indian cricket ,Vinod Kambli is certainly one of the players that comes in our mind . and why not ? the kind of talent that he posssesesd , he had the ability to hit a 75 ball 100 in test cricket in that era .

Besides his memorable unbeaten 664 run partnership with Sachin Tendulkar in the harris shield trophy match where he scored 349 runs along with Sachin who scored 326 runs , Kambli also took 6 wickets for just 37 runs . perhaps this was the reason that Ramakant Achrekar , the guru of these two players , considered Vinod Kambli more talented than Sachin. But today ,Sachin Tendulkar is called the God of cricket , while Vinod Kambli is counted among the failed the cricketers .

After making his Test debut in `1993 , Kambli matched Don Bradman and Wally Hammond by hammering successive double test centuries , almost overshadowing Sachin Tendulkar for a brief period . having that said , he did absolutely nothing outside the Indian Subcontinent .

At a time , when he enjoyed a lot of attention , fan following and adulation , he somehow lost his head . he got himself into a lot of trouble with his off field activities and started making headlines for many wrong reasons including alcohol ,affairs and brawls . bad attitude , lack of discipline and lack of work ethic made things worse for him.

Not to mention , his technique had flaws like the high backlift where fast bowlers were able to get through the gate.

To add to his misery , this low coincided with a poor run with the bat where he was bounced out by curtly Ambrose at home , in 1994-95 season. He had played what turned out to be his last test in 1995 , aged only 23.

What happened thereafter ? He was dropped from the one day side after 1996 World cup on disciplinary grounds and since then he could never cement his place . The same world cup had also seen Kambli publically breaking down after the disgrace exit of the Indian cricket team in the semifinal and not-so-publically , allegedly, creating a showdown in the team as well .

If this wasn’t enough, he made some controversial statements against Sachin Tendulkar in a TV Show named Sach ka Samna where he alleged Sachin for not supporting him in his difficult times

After he was terminated from the national team for one last time in 2000 due to his poor form and poor record , India saw the emergence of two future greats namely Rahul Dravid and Saurav Gaunguly .

Kambli later blamed his own failures on his captain , teammates , selectors and cricket board.

To conclude , Kambli was a colossal waste of talent . he let success go to his head and was an entitled brat. I remember a comment he made after his breakthrough double tons saying something to the effect of” Sachin took the elevator and I took the stairs but we’re both here now “.

I think his cricketing journey is a perfect example of how hard work and strong ethics beats talent regardless of what anyone says.Having a lot of talent makes you complacent as it gives you the false illusion and security that you are better than everyone else.

Why are there different languages?

Researchers can only guess when humans first began forming sounds into words to communicate thoughts (there certainly weren’t any books to record the invention of language). Ancestors of the humans species possessed the mouth and throat parts necessary to pronounce words nearly two million years ago, but they likely didn’t have much to talk about until they started creating complex tools and building fires more than a milliom years later. The first system of words might have described tools and fire-making techniques. “Carl blow on fire, fire grow big,” Carl the Homo erectus – our immediate evolutionary ancestor – may have explained to this campfire pals 500,000 years ago.

No doubt the earliest members of our species – Homo sapiens – added to the conversation when they appeared around 200,000 years ago. But as they started leaving Africa to explore Asia, Europe, and eventually the rest of the world around 600,000 years ago, our human ancestors began to develop more complicated tools – and probably words to describe them – within their own tribes.Their vocabularies grew and splitt off from the languages spoken by more far-flung groups. The farther these pockets of humanity moved from southwestern Africa – the point of origin for both Homo sapiens and language – the more their languages changed. And that’s why we have nearly 7000 languages spoken around the world today.

What are the five most commonly spoken languages in the world?

And how do you say hello in them?

#1 – CHINESE “ní hâo” (nee-how)

#2 – SPANISH “Hola” (OH-lah)

#3 – ENGLISH “Hello” (hell-OH)

#4 – HINDI “Namaste” (nah-MA-stay)

#5 – ARABIC “Salaam” (sah-LOM)

Why did the U.S military deploy Native American code talkers in World War II?

Although it’s crucial in battle, communication is worthless – even dangerous – if it’s intercepted by the enemy. Even messages created by complex ‘encryption machines”, which convert plain words into secret codes, can be hacked given enough time. Native Americans, however, speak complex languages that are virtually unknown outside their tribes . Since the First World War, they have used their unique linguistic abilities in the U.S military’s signal corps as “code talkers,” translating sensitive communications into their language and transmitting them much faster than any machine. Even if enemies learned to decode Cherokee, Comanche, Navajo, Choctaw, or any of the other code-talker languages, they would still need to figure out the secret terms for words that didn’t exist in those languages. The Navajo word for “iron fish,” for instance, was used to describe submarines. A tank became “turtle” in Comanche.

The code talkers’ mission was so top secret they weren’t even allowed to share details with their loved ones. Their existence was finally made public in 1968 ( 23 years after the close of the war ), but it took several decades before they were recognised for their crucial role in winning World War II.

THE FRENCH ARMY DISCOVERED a short of “universal translator” – at least for ancient Egypt’s written language – in 1799. Uncovered near the Egyptian village of Rosetta, this slab of granite was engraved with a royal announcement from 196 B.C. written in both Greek and hieroglyphics, an ancient Egyptian script composed of pictures that represented sounds, Egyptian words, and by 1822 a French genius named Jean – François Champollion had cracked the code. Suddenly, archaeologists could make sense of the symbols scattered across Egypt. Tombs, temples, and monuments became open books.

Why do Eskimos have a hundred different words for snow?

This question has a flaw from the get go. Eskimos – a broad term for people native to frigid subarctic region in the United States, Canada,Greenland, and Russia – don’t speak a single language. They actually speak five of them, none of which has a hundred words for snow. The myth of their ice – obsessed vocabulary comes from the way their languages work. Eskimos create larger words (and full sentences) out of smaller “root” words. Their languages have only a few root terms for snow, but to those small terms they add other words to create long one-word descriptions of the snow’s conditions and uses (“the snow is icy and dangerous, “for instance, or “this wet snow is excellent for making a snowman “). The structure of Eskimo languages makes it seem like they have hundreds of words for everything, not just snow.

Save girl and educate girl

The theme save girls and educate girl was given by the our prime minister mr. Narendra modi. The purpose of this is to save the life of girl and educate them. This is known as Beti bachao beti padhao and it is launched on 22 January 2015. The aim of this to create awareness and improve the efficiency of welfare services intended for girls in India.

But the question is arising that why save girl and educate girl? Did earlier girls were not educated? Girls were educated but the graph of education dowards the girl is much lesser than the education of boys. Girls were also educated at that time but in our country there are many places were the people not educated their girls thats why government launched this.

Government wants to equal growth of child.

Why the girls should be educated?

If a girl is educated then it educate the whole family. One girl can educate their total family they educate their children. Not only they educate their families or children they also help their partner in her business. She work outside the house and make a good relationship among the people. They take a good decision about her life. She understands very well what is good or what is bed. At the poor condition of their family she can stand for their family because they have knowledge and skills through which they will help them.

It is seen that after the death of girl’s husband the girl is alone no one can help him at this situation that girl start working in other houses as a servant if the girl is educated then she can do other work and earn money for their survival.

So in this world everyone should be educated because a educated person can do anything.

Why is Earth the only planet with life?

Not so fast,Earthling ! Outer space is a big place, and one thing scientists have learnt from studying life on Earth is that organisms can thrive in all sorts of harsh environments. Meanwhile, astronomers have discovered nearly 4,000 Earth like planets beyond our solar system and are spotting more everyday. Some of these ” exoplanets ” orbit their stars in the “Goldilocks zone”, a distance that neither too hot nor too cold to support liquid water and possibly alien life. Who knows? Maybe an alien kid somewhere up there is wondering if you exist.

Why does Mars have a face on it?

When the Viking I aur picture pictures of Mars in 1976, one photo became a hit for its apparent portrayal of a mountainous Martian face resembling An Egyptian Pharaoh. Eager to set the record straight on this crowd- pleasing Mars anomaly, NASA used a satellite to re photograph the region in 1998 and 2001. The high resolution images revealed a natural geological feature rather than a monument to Martiankind.

How many exoplanets might support life?

After analysing the known exoplanets and comparing that data with what they know about the Milky Way, astronomers at Cornell University predict that as many as 100 million worlds in our galaxy could support complex life.

So why we haven’t met aliens yet?

Because space is big. The galaxy might be teeming with life, but the gulfs between stars make visiting our neighbours an impossible mission – at least for now. Remember, it would take thousands of years to travel to the closest star outside our solar system using modern spaceship technology.

What about the possibility of life closer to home?

Where? Like in London? Ah, you mean in our solar system! Mars was once considered a top candidate for alien life,but so far we haven’t found any Martians. ( Anything that lived on the red planet is most likely long dead). Astronomers seeking signs of life are now turning their attention to the solar system’s moons instead of its planets.

Why did people once think Martians lived on Mars?

Astronomers peering at mass in the 17th,18th, and 19th centuries saw signs of life everywhere. Seas ! Continents ! Canals that carried water to Martian farms ! But modern telescopes, probes, and NASA landers ruined the fun by revealing our planetary neighbor’s dry details:It’s just a lifeless ball of red rock. Early astronomers had confused Mars’s ancient seas and riverbeds for signs of civilisation.

Which of the solar system’s moons might have life?

The Frozen surface of jupiter’s moon Europa hides a liquid Ocean that might contain alien creatures. Enceladus, one of Saturn’s many moons, has a sea the size of Lake Superior under its icy surface. And Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, has vast lakes of liquid methane. If life existed here, it would be truly alien.

How are astronomers searching for alien life?

BY DIGGING: Robotic rovers are sampling Martian soils for science of ancient life.
BY VISITING: Probes are being dispatched to spots across the solar system that might harbor life today.
BY LOOKING: NASA’S Earth- and space -based telescopes have been scanning galaxy for earth like exoplanets outside our solar system capable of supporting life.
BY LISTENING: In 1960, scientists began scanning the universe with special telescope for radio signals from alien civilizations. The project is called SETI, for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. It hasn’t picked up any alien broadcast yet, but we haven’t stopped listening.

Why is the U.S government hiding evidence of alien life?

Ah, you must be thinking of the “Rosewell incident”, in which an unidentified craft crashed near the small town of Roswell, New Mexico, U.S.A., in 1947. Conspiracy theorist claim the craft was a flying saucer and that the U.S military whisked away the wreckage along with the bodies of its alien pilots. The U.S government released a report on Rosewell in the mid -1990s claiming the debris was actually a crashed balloon in its top-secret “Project Mogul,” which used high-altitude sensors to monitor for enemy nuclear-missile tests. “Likely story,” claim the conspiracy theorists.

References :

WHY? – Answers to everything, Image publications.

Secrets to becoming wealthy from Famous Billionaires

Secrets revealed by famous billionaires being successful in this or that way is what we all want to achieve from Mark Zuckerberg to Elon Musk following their simple success principles is guaranteed to change your life.

Find your goal and formulate it correctly

Steve Jobs did not want to release a phone his goal is a phone that could function as a computer but was easy to use your goal should be specific. For Example, you like to bake cakes and you would like to do it more often and give some profit out of it I want to bake cakes for money is an incorrect way to formulate your goal the right goal would be to open a bakery where my cakes will be sold if you dream of a world tour it will be wrong to set a goal I want to travel the world it’s a wish not a goal the right formulation would be I want to earn twenty thousand dollars for my travels.

Make a plan and follow it

Hypothetically if we explain the situation then it should be, How are you going to travel around the world what kind of Transportation are you going to use what will be your route when are you going to start planning short term and long term goals to help to identify weaknesses and major tasks that need to be focused on perhaps after drawing up the plan you will understand that your goal is not to earn twenty thousand dollars for a trip on a liner but to find like-minded people for hitchhiking around the world Elon Musk wants to colonize Mars having drawn up the plan he concluded that the main obstacle was the high cost of flying to the Red Planet now Elon is busy developing more economical space transport.

Don’t hold yourself back

You’ve probably heard about such a thing as emotional intelligence it is the ability not to suppress but to manage your emotions and display them where it’s appropriate also suppressed emotions are worse than physical well-being therefore do not be shy to show you true feelings and emotions at least for visiting doctors less often look at Oprah Winfrey for example that strong powerful woman always speaks up and shows how she truly feels about something that matters to her.

Love what you do

Truly loving what you do and believing in its importance if you are not obsessed with your own business or the goal you are aiming at the path to success will be long and most likely endless if you’re not in love with your job it’s difficult to change your attitude towards it if you cannot quit trying to consider your current position as a tool to achieve your goal. For example, Once Mark Zuckerberg shared his favourite story that in 1962 John Kennedy visited the NASA Space Center in one of the offices he noticed the cleaner who was so engrossed in sweeping the floor that he did not even notice him, “Hi I’m John Kennedy what are you doing here” Kennedy addressed him then the janitor answered, “I’m working so that humanity could go to the moon Mr. president”.

Do what feels right to you

There will always be people giving you advice and offering you once-in-a-lifetime opportunities they might be indeed doing it trying to help you however taking the decision only out of fear that the opportunity will be lost is wrong let your personal beliefs and inspiration move you not fear only do what feels right to you and when it feels right to you follow Warren Buffett’s advice “you don’t have to swing at everything you can wait for your pitch”.

Spent money consciously

If you are obsessed with your goal then the refusal of a dress or any other impulse purchase will be an easy task for you. For Example, If you need to buy another dress go ahead but before you do it consider how much closer this dress will bring you to your goal Steve Jobs used to say spending a dollar wisely is more difficult than earning it that’s very wise weren’t you going to travel around the world maybe it’s better to buy sneakers in which it will be more comfortable to hitchhike or to take a foreign language course without which it will be difficult to organize a budget trip

Use your time wisely

Time is a valuable resource and one should also approach it in a conscious way just like spending money Mark Zuckerberg is positive that you can’t succeed if you spend your energy on stupid and frivolous things so he is trying to cleanse his life from things that don’t have any sense choosing clothes is one of those things according to him no surprise we see him in the same great t-shirt every day we all have more significant time consumers than choosing clothes, For Example, the inability to say no to gossip social media the wish to do several tasks simultaneously and then stop halfway all these things consume the time that would be better invested in yourself just like other resources.

Set priorities

It is impossible to be successful in everything. For Example, Elon Musk believes in solar systems but understands that he doesn’t have enough strength for everything that’s why he dedicated himself to Tesla and SpaceX and the Solar City project is managed by other specialists the habit of prioritizing is useful not only in work but also in other aspects of life if you decided to spend an evening with your family do not get distracted by work and friends the desire to succeed in everything will not only lead to failure but will also consume your energy.

Say no to Stereotypes

Many of you have heard these things from other people that, “woman’s place is in the kitchen”, “real men don’t cry”, “we need children to have someone taking care of us when we are old” how often do you hear those stereotypes distort our perception of reality and also prevent us from having a good life achieving our goals and being happy it was the desire to be different from others that helped many billionaires become what they are today. Steve Jobs knew what he was talking about your time is limited that’s why you shouldn’t lose it by living other people’s lives do not fall into the trap of dogma do not let the noise of other people’s opinions beat your inner voice.

Live not only for yourself

For modern billionaires philanthropy is a spiritual priority many of them spend money to support the needy to develop art education and medicine Bill Gates and Warren Buffett started them The Giving Pledge campaign the idea of which is donating 50% of their income to charity there are more than 150 participants in this campaign including Mark Zuckerberg, George Lucas, Victor Pinchuk, and Vladimir Putin in giving someone your time attention and energy means investing in them prioritizing correctly is important children in orphanages or animals and shelters need your time.

The principles described above won’t make your billionaire overnight but success doesn’t always mean money it’s also about doing what you love and feeling happy.

Butterflies🦋

Photo by Marcos Miranda on Pexels.com
Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com
Photo by Ray Bilcliff on Pexels.com
Photo by Erik Karits on Pexels.com

Have you ever seen a baby butterfly? Me neither because they don’t exist🤭. Butterfly is the adult form of caterpillar. But who gave butterflies the right to be this beautiful🥺, they are a treat to eyes. All the colors they display with so much variety in shapes and patterns is just breathtaking. They indicate biodiversity but sadly the change in climate and the shift in weather is slowly making these creatures to go extinct. Since, they are known to react quickly on climate change and to see them struggling to survive is a serious indication and warning of global warming.

let’s look at some amazing facts about butterflies.

Butterflies can fly with a speed of 12 miles per hour.Their size can differ from as tiny as 1/8 inch to a huge 12 inches.

Their wings are made up a substance called chitin and are transparent in real. All the colors we see are a reflection of various colors through the thousands of scales present in them.

There are about 24,000 butterfly species on this earth. Antarctica is the only place to be devoid of their presence.

The Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve is located in Mexico. Millions of butterflies travel from Texas. The trees are filled with butterflies and appear orange in color. The goal of reserve is to protect the butterfly species and their habitat.

They have their taste receptors on their feet. Their legs help them in locating the best plants and are evn used by them to choose plants for laying eggs.

Photo by Quang Nguyen Vinh on Pexels.com

Their average lifespan is of a 3-4 weeks. One species of butterfly lives only upto 24 hours and some migratory butterflies can live for about 8 months.

Butterflies are cold blooded hence, require ideal settings. They can’t fly if their temperature is less than 85 degrees. Some species migrate to warm places when the temperature begins to drop.

Butterflies are health conscious and so they follow liquid diet. Lol. Actually they don’t have the necessary apparatus that helps in chewing instead they have a straw like structure that helps them in sucking nectar from flowers.

Their wings are a great defense against enemies. All the color and patterns are actually to scare predators away. And also they have 4 wings not 2. Forewings, that are close to the head and hindwings, at the back.

IF KNOWLEDGE IS POWER, WHY IGNORANCE IS BLISS ?

Knowledge means understanding of something such as facts, information, description and skills. It is the source of power to man and this distinguishes him from other creatures of the universe. However man is genuinely more vulnerable than numerous creatures, for he can’t see similar to a bird, nor can lift heavy weights as certain creatures. In any case he is the most remarkable animal on earth. This power essentially comes to him from information not from actual strength. ‘Knowledge is power’ implies that a man has instruction and a full oversight on his life by utilizing the strength of information. This means a person has the resources to express his views dynamically and make intelligent decisions based on his every day situations, awareness and understanding.

Kim Harrison Quote: “Knowledge is Power. Ignorance is Bliss. But curiosity – even if it had killed

Ignorance, nonetheless, is “an absence of information, instruction, or mindfulness”. Knowledge is amazing, indeed, however a few people think it is incredible to pick when you need to know and proficient in something. This is the reason ignorance is bliss for some individuals. While knowledge is something you can decide to have, ignorance is picking whether you need to have a specific information. In any case, having an “ignorance is bliss” mindset is like people who love to procrastinate. They realize they have a forthcoming cutoff time, yet they fear the possibility of managing it, thus they delay it until they can no longer do so. Ultimately, they’ll encounter the cutoff time. Is ignorance truly euphoria? You can decide to not know something, however sooner or later, whatever information you’re attempting to keep away from will introduce itself to you. Knowledge is genuinely power, as you have control.

In any case, we can’t deny the way that sometimes “ignorance is bliss”. For instance, imagine a situation wherein an exceptionally giant meteor will hit earth. Having the information on this you will attempt each conceivable thing to save earth. You will attempt to change the predetermination. Eventually, you will either be successful or not. Notwithstanding, in case you were totally ignorant about this reality you would have proceeded with your life or would have attended parties, not realizing the end is near. The person that have the knowledge about the incoming meteorite may have the power to change something but he or she can never experience happiness or bliss at that kind of situation knowing their impending demise. He may get miserable or cry over the way that world is reaching a end.

Gambling laws in India

Introduction

Gambling is defined as betting, gaming, or participating in an activity that is based on luck not on the skills to win a huge amount of money or any other prize by wagering some amount of money. To control gambling across the country legislation was passed in the year 1867, the Public Gaming Act of 1867, and is the most important legislation that regulates gambling in India.

Under the gambling legislation, the meaning of the act of wagering or betting for money or money worth is understood in the 2006 “jay video games and electrical v. State of Gujarat’’ case.

So here we discussed about the gambling, why it has become a more sensible topic in India and other countries, how it has come in scenario where their strict laws are must needed, why gaming skills are excluded from gambling or why Indian law classifies the games into two broad categories i.e. game of chance and game of skills. What are those games where gambling is not a big deal?

Legality

As per the status of the legality of Gambling in India, there is no unified law regarding any activities of gambling as it comes under the State list of the 7th schedule of the Constitution. So the gambling is a state subject, so the state has only the rights to regulate the law for the gambling activities in their respective territory. The state legislatures, under the Constitution of India, have been entrusted with significant regulatory flexibility to form state-specific gambling laws.

The Gambling Act is the central enactment that has been adopted by certain states in India and other states have enacted their own legislation to regulate and govern gambling activities within their territory. So some states have allowed or some have banned gambling in their state. For example, casinos are banned in the other states except for Sikkim, Goa and Daman.

As per Section 12 of the Public Gaming Act 1867, any game of mere skill will not be treated as gambling, but games of chances will be treated as gambling.

The Public Gambling Act of 1867 is a central law that prohibits running or being in charge of a public gambling house. The penalty for breach of this law is a fine of Rs. 200 or imprisonment of up to 3 months. Additionally, this Act prohibits visiting gambling houses. A fine of Rs.100 or imprisonment of up to one month is the penalty.

There is always a doubt regarding which games are covered under gambling because poker in India has very unclear significance in Indian law because it could never figure out whether it is a game of skills or a game of chance. It’s very interesting that games, such as wagering on cricket, are prohibited and while Rummy is permitted as observed by the court under Mahalakshmi Cultural Association v. The Director, Inspector General of Police, State of Tamil Nadu in 2012. Gone are the times of Matka betting and the preferences in India. These days, you can just wager on a couple of sports, that too in some states. As of now, betting on horse racing, online poker in states like Goa and Sikkim, online rummy, lottery, and a couple of gambling clubs are legal in India in accordance with the case of K .R Lakshmanan v. state of Tamil Nadu in 1996.

Not only wagering on games is illegal, visiting or working in those places is also unlawful or illegal under section 4 of the Public Gaming Act. It is likewise unlawful to visit such a place. The main problem is that the exact meaning of betting is not adequate in the legislation. As per the Act, it states Gaming as betting or wagering of money on a game which is a game of chance and not of skill except Horse Racing.

Laws on online-based betting

In the Public Gaming Act of,1867 there were no provisions related to online-based betting. There is in addition to this Act another act that could be considered to identify with web-based wagering and gaming i.e. The Information Technology Act of 2000. From this Act, it is very easy to identify the offences with online gambling and gives the government ability to check and search if required. However, this Act also does not mention online-based gambling like Public Gaming Act, 1867 does.

The laws for online gambling are enacted by several states also like Sikkim. The state of Sikkim enacted the Sikkim Online Gambling (Regulation) Act,2008, which was passed on 28th June 2008 by the Sikkim Legislative Assembly with the object of controlling and regulating through electronic and non-electronic ways in online gaming. And imposes Tax also on online gaming within its territory.

Game of chance or game of skills

Gambling is understood both under its traditional form as well as modern avatar. The traditional gambling is understood in the context of physical space, brick and mortar format, whereas modern gambling consists of computers connected offline or online, mobile phones, internet, etc. the Gambling legislations exclude the “game of skills” from the statute of gambling and hence doesn’t attract the penal provisions.

A game of chance is a game where the result is leveraged by a random number creator in which the participant may choose to bet money for that result. While in a game of skill, A person bet on the result which comes out of the skills of person or person requires them to have a degree of mental expertise to succeed, for example, Betting on Horse racing. However, in games like Poker and Rummy, many times the courts got confused about whether these are Game of Chance or Game of Skill.

Penalties

Under the Public Gaming Act,1867 any person is found playing games for money, wager, stake or something else with cards, dice, counters, shall be liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding one month and fine not exceeding one hundred rupees. As per the section 45 of the Indian Penal code 1860.

Any person found in such gaming rooms during any gaming or playing there shall be presumed, until proven, to have been there for gaming purposes.

Conclusion

Whereas there are various legislations in India, even every state has its own legislation for gambling as legal and regulated in the most appropriate ways. There is a need for a section or portion which would provide which type of gambling is legal and which is not. Apart from this, there is a need for central laws for online Gambling, we see that few States like Goa, Sikkim, and Nagaland are the only states that permit online gambling. Also, such a type of thing showed that there are no possible ways to stop or curb. At least something could be done to regulate this.

The Government, being a welfare State, acts in a manner to promote the economic and social well-being of its citizens, and therefore, it is necessary for the State to protect the sensitive sections of the society. About gambling, they can at least form a committee to survey the need for gambling and improvisation on the current legislation based on that survey. Thus, there is a need for aggressiveness to be taken from the side of the executives as well as the parliament to provide such norms which would codify the system of gambling in India.

Music As A Therapy

By Anshiki Jadia

As we say great music can mend anything. We as a whole love to listen music while working, driving, running, in exercise centers and then some. We pay attention to you that identifies with us, that we love tuning in a wide range of circumstances. Great Music is a fixation. Music can change somebody’s state of mind, can make them loose, can make them energized or can help in quieting. Music is a significant part as it is a language of feeling that addresses various sentiments and gets into soul without any limits or restrictions. It interfaces us to various pieces of the world. Individuals from various district can associate with one another by means of music. As indicated by research it has been shown that music can lessen tension, circulatory strain and torment also as it can further develop rest quality, emotional well-being and memory.

As per research, music goes about as a treatment for different emotional wellness conditions like gloom, injury, and schizophrenia. Music goes about as a medium that reflects feelings, torment, injury, and so on and can be utilized to quiet an individual, lessen their tension and cause them to feel unwind.

It’s undeniably true’s that while paying attention to music we work all the more successfully and truly appreciates it. Music is a language that is cherished by all and it interfaces us to individuals everywhere. With music we can communicate all the more viably.

Mending force of music is without a doubt the best and is applauded by everybody. Music treatment is propelling step by step and is zeroing in on in general wellbeing model. Music treatment utilizes music to further develop physical, mental and prosperity of people.

Ever, music was utilized as a treatment apparatus to fix issues identified with mind, including actual issues like sensation and development. Previously, then after the fact both the universal conflicts, heading out music bunches used to visit patients in emergency clinics and played music for them, seeing this specialists came to understand that music powerfully affects patients and can assist them with recuperating, and mentioned clinics to employ artists. This came out to be the music treatment meetings. Indeed, even in schools and universities music is incorporated as extra curricular exercises.

Music treatment can both assess and upgrade social, enthusiastic, psychological and engine working of a person. This treatment can likewise be utilized in therapy of actual sicknesses like hypertension and malignant growth. Music treatment are restricted to mental or actual issues as well as it can benefit in different circumstances or issues.

Music treatment can be coordinated face to face or with gatherings, and music can be pick by any of the party for example specialist or individual in treatment. The specialist will guarantee what sort of music the individual is picking and at what time to accomplish the objectives and answers for the issues of the person. In the start of music treatment advisors by and large prescribe music to people that matches to their present circumstance.

Music is adored by all age gatherings and that is the reason it is the most significant associating factor between individuals.

Music treatment results are practically acceptable and positive however it isn’t suggested as the last choice for genuine ailments and mental circumstances.

Impact of music in music treatment relies upon people music decision and how it will help them. To accomplish objectives and necessities in music treatment, advisors need to guarantee the people music inclinations and their present circumstances.

Let’s Communicate

By Anshiki Jadia

Have you at any point been in that abnormal circumstance with somebody where you were unable to move beyond the short discussions? Starts with the good tidings and afterward a total full stop? The underlying driver of this load of issues is ill-advised relational abilities!

WHAT EXACTLY IS COMMUNICATION?

Indeed, the course book might characterize it as “the demonstration of giving, getting, and sharing data” But it is significantly more than that, and when placed into straightforward words, it’s essentially trading thoughts and considerations, being liberal about one another’s point of view and being somewhat weak enough to trust the individual that you address.

HOW TO GET BETTER AT COMMUNICATION IN THE PROFESSIONAL SECTOR?

A few group might confront issues when they need to fire up the discussion, they are normally clear initially, don’t have the foggiest idea how to begin the discussion, however when they get into it and open up, they discover no issues in proceeding with the discussion.

Have some ‘profound’ ice breakers close by :

You can’t anticipate that topics should just snap in your psyche, so perhaps it is smarter to set yourself up ahead of time. To do that, you should initially have to accept that, the individual you are conversing with likewise coordinates with a similar excitement as yours. In any event, when uncertain, step up, it might wind up knocking your socks off!

Pose inquiries about subjects the other individual is keen on :

Extraordinary compared to other approaches to proceed with the protection is talking on the subjects the other individual is keen on, so to do that, you should essentially know something’s about him/her, which should either be possible by a little historical verification, assuming the individual you are addressing has direct impact over you, it is smarter to know things about him/her to dazzle. Else you can get by their non-verbal communication with respect to where their inclinations may lay.

Try not to push individuals to see your point of view :

We all are special in our own specific manner, likewise outlooks differ from one individual to another. At the point when you are discussing a specific subject ensure you are simply bringing up your considerations and sentiments yet not pushing them. They will have their own point of view, pay attention to it, not the entirety of our realities should be right as now and then when you go further into the subject you might understand that there is plausible to investigate the matter contrastingly as well! So rather than pushing your considerations, keep the discussion light and end with “What are your viewpoints about it?”

Try not to discuss the climate :

The subject of climate essentially implies that you are either not intrigued by the discussion or don’t have a clue what else to talk about. So I recommend you not take up this theme.

Uncover something somewhat close to home about yourself :

Rather than straightforwardly leaping direct, you can discuss your own insight with regards to why you have the assessment that you have. At the point when you disclose to them more about yourself they get a reasonable thought as well! Rather than asking them inquiries and anticipating answers, you can request their accounts, rather than posing inquiries like, “Did you have a good end of the week?” or, “What’s happening?” have a go at inquiring “What was the most amazing aspect of your end of the week?” or “What are you anticipating this week?”

Never back down, feeling that you talking or that your inflection isn’t adequate. You need to commit errors to learn! Step up and accept circumstances for what they are!

DEEP LEARNING- PART 2

The previous article gave a brief introduction to deep learning. This article deals with the networks used in deep learning. This network is known as a neural network. As the name suggests the network is made up of neurons

The networks used in artificial intelligence are a combination of blocks arranged in layers. These blocks are called an artificial neurons. They mimic the properties of a natural neuron. One of the neurons is the sigmoid neuron.

This is in general the formula for the sigmoid function. Every neural network consists of weights and biases.

Weights- The scalar quantities which get multiplied to the input

Biases- the threshold quantity above which a neuron fires

Notation	Meaning
X	Input
Y	Output
W	Weight
B	Bias

Working of a neuron

This is the simple representation of a neuron. This is similar to the biological neuron. In this neuron, the inputs are given along with some priority known as weights. The higher the value of the weights, the more prioritized is that input. This is the reason for our brain to choose one activity over the other. Activity is done only if the neuron fires. A similar situation is seen here. The particular activity is forwarded to the next layer only if this particular neuron fires. That is the output must be produced from the neuron.

Condition for the neuron to fire

The neuron will produce an output only if the inputs follow the condition.

As mentioned before, the bias is the threshold value and the neuron will fire only when the value crosses this bias. Thus the weighted sum for all the inputs must be greater than the bias in order to produce an output.

Classification of networks

Every neural network consists of three layers majorly: –

Input layer
1. Hidden layer
1. Output layer

Input layer

The input layer consists of inputs in the form of vectors. Images are converted into 1-D vectors. Input can be of any form like audio, text, video, image, etc. which get converted into vectors.

Hidden layer

This is the layer in which all the computations occur. This is generally not visible to the user hence termed as a hidden layer. This layer may be single or multiple based on the complexity of the task to be performed. Each layer processes a part of the task and it is sent to the next layer. Vectors get multiplied with the weight matrix of correct dimensions and this vector gets passed onto the next layer.

Output layer

The output layer gets information from the last layer of the hidden layer. This is the last stage in the network. This stage depends upon the task given by the user. The output will be a 1-D vector. In the case of classification, the vector will have a value high for a particular class. In the case of regression, the output vector will have numbers representing the answer to those questions posed by the user.

The next article is about the feed-forward neural network.

HAPPY LEARNING!!

DEEP LEARNING SERIES- PART 1

Have you ever wondered how the brain works? One way of understanding it is by cutting open the brain and analyzing the structures present inside it. This however can be done by researchers and doctors. Another method is by using electricity to stimulate several regions of the brain. But what if I say that it is possible to analyze and mimic the brain in our computers? Sounds quite interesting right! This particular technology is known as deep learning.

Deep learning is the technique of producing networks that process unstructured data and gives output. With the help of deep learning, it is possible to produce and use brain-like networks for various tasks in our systems. It is like using the brain without taking it out. Deep learning is advanced than machine learning and imitates the brain better than machine learning and also the networks built using deep learning consists of parts known as neurons which is similar to biological neurons. Artificial intelligence has attracted researchers in every domain for the past two decades especially in the medical field; AI is used to detect several diseases in healthcare.

Sl.no	Name	Description	Examples
1	Data	Type of data provided to input	Binary(0,1) Real
2	Task	The operation required to do on the input	Classification(binary or multi) Regression(prediction)
3	Model	The mathematical relation between input and output. This varies based on the task and complexity	MP neuron(Y=x+b) Perceptron(Y=wx+b) Sigmoid or logistic(Y=1/1+exp(wx+b)) *w and b are parameters corresponding to the model
4	Loss function	Kind of a compiler that finds errors between the output and input (how much the o/p leads or lags the i/p).	Square error= square of the difference between the predicted and actual output.
5	Algorithm	A kind of learning procedure that tries to reduce the error computed before	Gradient descent NAG AdaGrad Adam RMSProp
6	Evaluation	Finding how good the model has performed	Accuracy Mean accuracy

Every model in this deep learning can be easily understood through these six domains. Or in other words, these six domains play an important role in the construction of any model. As we require cement, sand, pebbles, and bricks to construct a house we require these six domains to construct a network.

Now it will be more understandable to tell about the general procedure for networks.

Take in the data (inputs and their corresponding outputs) from the user.
Perform the task as mentioned by the user.
Apply the specific relation to the input to compute the predicted output as declared by the user in the form of model by assigning values to parameters in the model.
Find the loss the model has made through computing the difference between the predicted and actual output.
Use a suitable learning algorithm so as to minimize the loss by finding the optimum value for parameters in the network
Run the model and evaluate its performance in order to find its efficiency and enhance it if found less.

By following these steps correctly, one can develop their own machine. In order to learn better on this, pursuing AI either through courses or opting as a major is highly recommended. The reason is that understanding those concepts requires various divisions in mathematics like statistics, probability, calculus, vectors, and matrices apart from programming.

HAPPY READING!!

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HAPPY LEARNING!!

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HAPPY READING!!

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