Category: News

Comprehensive, up-to-date news coverage, aggregated from sources all over the world by EduindexNews.

Trading Account: Definition, How To Open, Margin Requirements

 A trading account is like your personal gateway to buying and selling different things like stocks or commodities. In this guide, we’ll explore what a trading account is, how to open one, and understand an important part called margin requirements. Whether you’re new to investing or have some experience, knowing about trading accounts is crucial for making smart decisions in the ever-changing world of finance. 

What is a Trading Account?

A Trading Account is like your passport to the financial markets, serving as a digital hub where you can buy and sell various financial instruments. It’s essentially a digital ledger that allows individuals to buy and sell various financial instruments, such as stocks, bonds, commodities, and currencies. Specifically, for day traders, a Trading Account is their primary tool for engaging in the fast-paced world of short-term trading. When day traders open a Trading Account, they are essentially gaining access to a platform that allows them to execute quick and frequent transactions within the same trading day. This account is equipped with features tailored for day trading, such as real-time market data, rapid order execution, and advanced charting tools.

Moreover, a trading account extends beyond mere buying and selling. It often incorporates advanced features like margin trading, enabling users to leverage their positions by borrowing funds. This leverage amplifies both potential gains and losses, adding a layer of complexity to the trading process. Additionally, trading accounts frequently offer tools for technical and fundamental analysis, empowering users to make informed decisions based on market trends and economic indicators.

How does a Trading Account work?

A Trading Account is like your virtual workspace for navigating the financial markets, and it plays a crucial role in day trading. Imagine it as your control center where you can swiftly buy and sell financial instruments like stocks or currencies. If you’re interested in day trading forex, you would fund your Trading Account with the amount you’re comfortable investing. Let’s say you want to take advantage of short-term price movements in a particular currency pair. Using the Trading Account, you can place quick buy or sell orders in response to real-time market data, allowing you to capitalize on fluctuations throughout the trading day. Some Trading Accounts even offer features like margin trading, which lets you borrow funds to increase your buying power. However, it’s important to use this feature cautiously, as it can amplify both gains and losses. If you’re exploring how to open a forex broker, this process would typically involve selecting a reputable brokerage, completing the necessary paperwork, and funding your trading account to begin participating in the forex market.

How to Open a Trading Account

Opening a trading account involves several steps that pave the way for your participation in financial markets:

Research and Select a Brokerage: Conduct thorough research to choose a brokerage that aligns with your trading goals. Consider factors such as fees, available financial instruments, educational resources, and user interface.

Visit the Brokerage’s Website: Navigate to the official website of the chosen brokerage to start the account opening process.

Create an Account: Initiate the account creation by filling in your personal information, including your full name, contact details, and email address.

Verify Your Identity: Most brokerages have identity verification procedures. Follow the instructions to provide necessary documents, such as a copy of your ID, proof of address, and possibly a photo.

Choose an Account Type: Select the type of trading account that suits your needs. Brokerages often offer various account types, such as standard, margin, or retirement accounts.

Review and Accept Terms and Conditions: Thoroughly read and understand the terms and conditions of the brokerage. Agree to the terms if they are acceptable to you.

Deposit Funds: Fund your trading account by depositing the desired amount. Brokerages typically offer multiple funding methods, such as bank transfers or credit/debit cards.

Explore the Trading Platform: Log in to your newly created trading account and explore the platform. Familiarize yourself with features such as real-time market data, charting tools, and order execution options.

Utilize Educational Resources: Take advantage of any educational resources provided by the brokerage. Many platforms offer tutorials, webinars, and articles to help you understand the basics of trading.

Start Trading Responsibly: Once you’re comfortable, start making small trades to gain practical experience. Monitor your account regularly, stay informed about market conditions, and adjust your strategy as needed.

Margin Requirements for Trading Accounts

Overview of Maintenance Requirements

Maintenance requirements are the ongoing minimum account balances that traders must maintain to keep their leveraged positions open. Once a position is opened with borrowed funds, there is a minimum level of equity that must be maintained to prevent a margin call. Maintenance requirements act as a safeguard, ensuring traders have sufficient funds to cover potential losses. It’s important for traders to monitor their account balances regularly, as falling below the maintenance requirements could lead to the closure of positions or additional margin calls.

Day Trading Buying Power 

Day trading buying power is the amount of capital available to day traders for executing trades on a given trading day. It takes into account both the trader’s existing cash and any margin provided by the brokerage. Day traders can use this buying power to open and close multiple positions within the same day, capitalizing on short-term market movements. However, you need understand the risks associated with day trading buying power, as losses can accumulate rapidly due to the high frequency of trades. Traders should use this buying power judiciously, implementing risk management strategies to protect their capital.

Risks and Consequences of Margin Calls

Margin calls occur when a trader’s account equity falls below the required maintenance level. This triggers a demand from the brokerage for additional funds to bring the account back to the required level. Failing to meet a margin call can result in the forced liquidation of positions, potentially locking in losses. 

Traders should be aware of the risks and consequences of margin calls, as they can significantly impact their overall portfolio. Proper risk management, including setting stop-loss orders and understanding margin requirements, is essential to mitigate the risks associated with margin trading and avoid potential financial consequences.

Why You Need a Trading Account

A trading account is more than just a tool for buying and selling securities; it opens up a world of advantages for traders. Firstly, it allows traders to engage in multiple stock exchanges without needing to be physically present on a trading floor. Through online trading accounts, traders can access various stock exchanges globally, manage funds, place orders, and monitor trades conveniently from any location. 

Secondly, trading accounts provide valuable access to real-time business news and financial reports of top companies. This information empowers traders to stay updated on market happenings and assess the financial performance of companies. Armed with insights from research reports, traders can make informed decisions about potential stocks that align with their financial goals, making a trading account an indispensable tool in the dynamic realm of financial markets.

In conclusion, a trading account is the fundamental tool for engaging in financial markets, providing individuals with the means to buy and sell various securities. Understanding how to open a trading account is pivotal, involving selecting a reputable brokerage, completing necessary documentation, and funding the account. Whether for long-term investments or short-term trades, a trading account acts as a digital gateway, offering access to global markets and providing essential features like real-time data and research resources. As traders navigate the dynamic landscape of finance, a well-managed trading account becomes the cornerstone of their success.

Top 10 Sites to Design your Book Cover

 Creating an eye-catching book cover is crucial for grabbing a reader’s attention. Here are ten websites that offer tools and services to design captivating book covers:

  1. Canva: Known for its user-friendly interface and extensive design options, Canva provides templates, graphics, and tools specifically tailored for creating book covers. It’s popular among authors for its simplicity and versatility.

  2. Adobe Spark: This platform offers design tools that allow users to create professional-looking book covers using customizable templates, fonts, and images. It’s intuitive and suitable for both beginners and experienced designers.

  3. BookBrush: Designed specifically for authors, BookBrush offers templates and tools to create book covers, promotional graphics, and 3D book mockups. It focuses on catering to the needs of authors and book marketers.

  4. Cover Design Studio by Reedsy: Reedsy’s Cover Design Studio provides customizable templates created by professional designers. Authors can create and customize their book covers easily, ensuring a polished and professional look.

  5. Snappa: An easy-to-use graphic design tool that offers templates and a wide selection of images to create book covers. It’s ideal for authors seeking simplicity and a range of design options.

  6. Placeit: Known for its mockup generator, Placeit offers customizable book cover templates along with 3D mockups. It’s user-friendly and provides a variety of design options.

  7. PicMonkey: This versatile online photo editing and design tool offer templates and design elements to create book covers. It’s suitable for authors looking for a balance between simplicity and customization.

  8. PosterMyWall: While primarily a poster-making platform, PosterMyWall offers templates and tools that can be adapted for book cover design. It provides a range of customization options.

  9. Design Wizard: With an extensive library of images, graphics, and templates, Design Wizard allows users to create professional-looking book covers. It’s suitable for authors seeking a broad range of design elements.

  10. Fotor: An online photo editing and graphic design tool that provides templates and customization options for creating book covers. It offers a straightforward approach to design.

Each of these platforms has its strengths, whether it’s a wide variety of templates, user-friendly interfaces, or specialized tools for book-related design. Authors can explore these sites to find the one that best aligns with their design preferences and technical comfort level to create visually appealing book covers.

Top 10 Resources for Authors to Improve Writing

There are numerous services available to authors aiming to enhance their writing skills, refine their manuscripts, and navigate the publishing landscape. Here are ten standout services that provide valuable resources for writers seeking improvement:

  1. Grammarly: A widely used writing tool that helps authors improve grammar, punctuation, and style. It offers suggestions for clarity, tone, and conciseness, aiding in refining the overall quality of writing.

  2. Scrivener: A versatile writing software designed specifically for authors, Scrivener assists in organizing and structuring manuscripts. It offers features for outlining, note-taking, and drafting, streamlining the writing process.

  3. ProWritingAid: Similar to Grammarly, ProWritingAid is a comprehensive writing assistant that checks grammar, style, and readability. It provides in-depth reports and suggestions for improving writing quality.

  4. MasterClass: Offers online courses taught by renowned authors across various genres. These classes provide insights into the craft of writing, offering techniques, advice, and inspiration from seasoned professionals.

  5. The Writing Cooperative: A community-driven platform that offers resources, articles, and writing advice from a diverse group of authors. It fosters a supportive environment for writers to learn, share experiences, and grow.

  6. Writer’s Digest University: Provides online workshops, webinars, and courses covering different aspects of writing, including fiction, non-fiction, publishing, and marketing. These courses are taught by industry experts and offer practical knowledge for writers.

  7. Hemingway Editor: A writing tool that highlights complex sentences, passive voice, and readability issues. It aims to simplify and clarify writing, encouraging concise and impactful prose.

  8. LitReactor: Offers a variety of online workshops and courses focused on different aspects of writing, such as plot development, character creation, and genre-specific techniques. It provides a platform for writers to refine their skills.

  9. Critique Circle: An online platform where writers can receive feedback on their work from a community of fellow writers. It offers a supportive environment for critique and improvement.

  10. Your Local Writing Center or Workshops: Many cities and communities have writing centers or workshops offering in-person classes, critique groups, and resources for writers. These can provide invaluable face-to-face interaction and personalized feedback.

Each of these services caters to different facets of writing improvement, whether it’s grammar and style refinement, structuring manuscripts, gaining knowledge through courses, receiving feedback from peers, or engaging with a supportive writing community. Authors can benefit significantly by exploring these services to hone their craft and advance their writing careers.

Top Ten Free Publication Services for Authors

 There’s a wealth of publication services available for aspiring authors and seasoned writers alike, each offering distinct features and benefits. Here’s a glimpse into ten notable publication services that have made their mark in the literary world:

  1. Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP): As one of the most popular self-publishing platforms, KDP allows authors to publish and distribute eBooks and paperbacks globally. Its user-friendly interface, extensive reach, and royalty structure make it a go-to choice for many independent authors.

  2. IngramSpark: Renowned for its wide distribution network, IngramSpark enables authors to publish print and eBooks. It offers access to various distribution channels, including bookstores, libraries, and online retailers, making it a preferred choice for authors aiming for broad market reach.

  3. Smashwords: Focused on eBooks, Smashwords provides authors with a platform to publish and distribute their works across multiple retailers. It offers formatting tools, marketing options, and a broad distribution network, empowering authors to reach diverse audiences.

  4. Draft2Digital: Similar to Smashwords, Draft2Digital streamlines the eBook publishing process, providing authors with tools to format manuscripts, distribute across various platforms, and manage royalties. Its user-friendly interface and distribution options make it a convenient choice.

  5. BookBaby: Offering a comprehensive suite of services, BookBaby assists authors in self-publishing eBooks, print books, and audiobooks. It provides editing, design, and distribution services, catering to authors looking for a one-stop solution.

  6. Lulu: Lulu provides a platform for authors to self-publish print books and eBooks. It offers customizable publishing packages, printing services, and distribution options, catering to authors seeking control over the publishing process.

  7. Blurb: Known for its high-quality printing, Blurb specializes in enabling authors to create and publish print books, photo books, and magazines. It offers design tools and distribution services, emphasizing visual content and professional printing.

  8. Kobo Writing Life: Kobo Writing Life is an eBook publishing platform catering to authors interested in reaching Kobo’s global audience. It provides easy eBook creation tools, distribution options, and promotional opportunities within the Kobo ecosystem.

  9. Wattpad: Popular among writers and readers, Wattpad allows authors to publish stories serially, fostering a community-driven approach to storytelling. It provides exposure to a vast audience and engagement through reader interaction.

  10. Reedsy: More than just a publishing platform, Reedsy offers a marketplace connecting authors with professional editors, designers, marketers, and other publishing services. It provides a curated experience for authors seeking professional assistance throughout the publishing journey.

Each of these publication services caters to specific needs and preferences of authors, offering a range of tools, distribution networks, and support systems. Choosing the right service depends on an author’s goals, genre, publishing format, and desired level of control over the publishing process. Ultimately, authors benefit from exploring these options to find the service that aligns best with their vision for their work.

Significance and Art of Book Reviews

 Book reviews stand as vibrant reflections of literary critique, offering a glimpse into a reader’s interpretation, evaluation, and analysis of a written work. They serve as guiding beacons, navigating prospective readers through the labyrinth of literature, aiding in informed choices amidst a vast sea of options. These critical assessments not only illuminate the content of a book but also provoke discussions, foster connections, and contribute significantly to the literary ecosystem.

At their core, book reviews are multifaceted mirrors reflecting the myriad dimensions of a literary work. They encapsulate the essence of the narrative, delve into character depth, dissect thematic elements, and scrutinize the author’s style and craftsmanship. A well-crafted review transcends a mere synopsis; it unveils the nuances and intricacies, exposing the strengths and weaknesses while providing a comprehensive understanding of the book’s essence.

Moreover, book reviews serve as catalysts for intellectual discourse. They initiate conversations among readers, fostering a community where diverse perspectives coalesce. Readers engage in debates, share insights, and embark on journeys of intellectual exploration, amplifying the experience beyond the solitary act of reading. These discussions not only enrich individual interpretations but also contribute to a collective understanding of the literary landscape.

The art of crafting a compelling book review requires a delicate balance between objectivity and subjectivity. Reviewers navigate the terrain of personal opinion while maintaining an objective stance, offering a fair evaluation that respects both the author’s intent and the reader’s experience. A well-articulated review acknowledges the subjective nature of reading preferences while providing a reasoned analysis that aids readers in making informed choices.

Furthermore, the impact of book reviews transcends the realm of individual readership. They wield considerable influence in shaping literary trends, amplifying the visibility of authors and their works. A glowing review can catapult a book into the limelight, propelling it towards bestseller status and garnering the attention it deserves. Conversely, critical reviews, when constructive and insightful, serve as valuable feedback for authors, fostering growth and refinement in their craft.

In the digital age, the landscape of book reviews has evolved, proliferating across various platforms. From traditional print publications to online forums, social media, and dedicated book blogs, the avenues for sharing opinions have expanded exponentially. This democratization of reviewing empowers readers, allowing diverse voices to contribute to the rich tapestry of literary critique.

However, amidst this abundance of opinions, the integrity of book reviews stands as a cornerstone. Authenticity, honesty, and ethical responsibility are paramount. Reviewers bear the responsibility of offering genuine assessments, free from external influences or biases, maintaining the trust bestowed upon their insights.

In conclusion, book reviews serve as invaluable gateways into the literary universe, offering guidance, sparking discourse, and shaping the literary landscape. Their significance lies not only in elucidating the essence of a book but also in fostering a community bound by a shared love for literature. As readers, reviewers, and contributors to this vibrant tapestry of critique, we honor the diverse narratives that enrich our lives and perpetuate the timeless allure of the written word.

Send your book reviews for publication to editor@pen2print.org

Two Unique Satras of Majuli (largest river Island in the world), Assam: My Observations

This article is about two Satras (Religious places) from Majuli, a district in Assam, the most beautiful and largest river Island in the world. In this article, I intend to present cases of two Satras out of many Satras in Majuli. Satras are indigenous social institutional centres mainly associated with the Ekasarana tradition of Vaishnavism. Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardev initiated establishing Satra institutions to fulfil the religious and socio-cultural needs of the people. The word ‘Satra’ originates in the Bhagavata Purana in the Sanskrit term ‘Sattra’, meaning ‘an assembly of devotees’.
The Satra consists of a large prayer hall facing a simple shrine, surrounded by dormitories and bathing tanks for monks known as ‘Bhakats’. In many Satras, Bhakats cannot marry (strictly bachelors), known as ‘Udakhain Vaishnav’. They themselves stay on the premises of Satras and eat by self-cooking. Sometimes, one person cooks for some other ‘Udakhain Vaishnavs’. In this article, cases of two Satras are presented. Both are unique in their own ways. It is pertinent to mention that the author visited the Satras on December 13, 2023, and held discussions with the monks/Bhakats of the Satras. It is noteworthy to mention that the head of the Satra is known as Satradhikari.
Dakhsinpath Satra: This is one of the oldest Satras of Assam, established in 1654 by Satradikhar Sri Sri Banamali Dev Goswmi under the patronization of Ahom King Jayadhwaj Singha. This Satra is worth witnessing during the festival of ‘Raslila’ (associated with Bhagawan Sri Krishna). In this Satra in addition to the Puja room and Namghar (where devotees sit and chant devotional songs), there is a museum; when the author visited on December 13, 2023, came to know that many items of Ahom Kings, such as golden pots, big metallic dishes, silver utensils, beetle nut cutting instruments, etc., would be preserved in a museum under UNESCO tags (already the works have been done). The items are kept in a normal room with a lock and key. During the visit, a ‘Udakhain Vaishnav’ of Satra Sri Naren Kataky (81 years old) was contacted for the information. According to him, 80 ‘Udakhain Vaishnavs’ live on this campus, and rooms are available. More than 11 lakh disciples under the Satra live in different areas of Assam. These disciples lead normal lives by marrying, etc. Sri Kataky informed that there are four tea gardens and some lands under this Satra (a total of 7,000 acres of land). Earnings from all these sources are used for different activities of Satras, including for maintenance of 80 ‘Udakhin Vaishnavs.’ Also, he informed that the minimum age of a ‘Udakhin Vaishnav’ in the Satra was 11 years, and the maximum age was 83 years.

Chamaguri Satra: Chamaguri Satra is one of the attractions of Majuli. The Satra is considered an important centre of art and cultural and classical studies. This Satra is a leading institution where old craftsmanship, such as mask making and training in cane and bamboo items, are taught. The author had interacted with Sri Prasanna Goswami, who was one of the members of the Satra and competent to make masks, informed that in earlier days, by wearing masks, dramas were performed to educate people about the importance of religions and other issues. And still masks (made of clay) are made, which have high demand in the national and international markets. Further, Sri Goswami said anyone under the Satra need not be a bachelor, which means they can marry and lead normal lives. That is, the ‘Udhakhin Vaishnav’ concept is not applicable here.
I have shared my observations so that readers can understand the two Satras. I suggest readers visit Majuli as this is a different place with pollution-free, environmentally friendly, and amicable people. The people know English, Hindi, Assamese and the local tribal language. Further, fresh vegetables and fresh fish are available. Many of us live in the ‘Concrete jungle,’ so Majuli is different. When I visited, I found some ladies from France and Germany were also present in one Satra, and they appreciated Majuli and Satras, which were new to them.
Prof Shankar Chatterjee, Hyderabad

Dr. Nalla Bala Kalyan

Name of Scholar: Dr. Nalla Bala Kalyan
Brief About Scholar:
Name of Institution: Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, (Autonomous), Karakambadi Road, Tirupati
Published Research Papers: Research Paper Entitled “Jeopardy and Arrival Analysis of Certain Cement Securities in India”, Published in International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 3806-3820, ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST, Indexed by Scopus. Research Paper Entitled “Competitive Performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in India”, published in Asian Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. III (1), pp.128-146, Jan-June, 2011, ISSN: 0975-5942, Citations: 33. Research Paper Entitled “Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in the 21st Century”, Published in Zenith International Journal of Business Economics & Management Research, Vol.2 Issue 5, pp.23-38, May, 2012, *UGC Approved Journal, ISSN: 2249 8826, Cita tions: 28. Research Paper Entitled “A Comparative Study on Risk & Return Analysis of Selected Stocks in India”, published in International Journal of Management and Economics Invention, Volume 04, Issue 05, May 2018, pp.1730-1736, ISSN: 2395-7220, Citations: 16. Research Paper Entitled “A Study on Risk & Return Analysis of Selected Securities in India”, published in International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research, 5(4), 79-86, April 2018, Citations: 11. Research Paper Entitled “Sickness of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in India”, Published in International Journal of Business Management & Economic Research, Vol. 2 (6), pp.345-351, Nov-Dec, 2011, ISSN: 2229-6247, Citations: 10 Research Paper Entitled “A Study on Risk & Return Analysis of the Selected Mutual Funds Schemes in India”, published in International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, Vol. 8 Issue 5, May 2018, pp.212-221, ISSN: 2249-2496, *UGC Approved Journal, Citation s:9 Research Paper Entitled “Inventory Management Pattern of Steel Industry in India”, published in Organizations& Markets: Policies& Processes e journal, Vol.6, No.62, May, 2020, ISSN: 1556-5068, Citations: 6. Research Paper Entitled “Banking Sector Reforms in India”, Published in International Journal of Management and Humanities Research Script, Volume 4, Issue 4, December, 2017, pp.13-18, ISSN: 2349-7289, Citations: 7. Research Paper Entitled “Evaluation of Portfolio Analysis on Selected Securities of NSE in India”, Published in International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Volume 14, Number 4 (2019) pp. 859-868, Research India Publications, ISSN 0973-4562, , UGC Approved Journal, Citations: 5. Research Paper Entitled “Marketing Strategies and Problems of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Andhra Pradesh”, published in TIJ’s Research journal of Economics and Business Studies, Volume; 01, Number: 02, pp.58-65, December, 2011, *UGC Approved Journal , ISSN: 2251-1555, Citations: 4. Research Paper Entitled “A Case Study on Benefits for Quality of Work Life to Employees and Organizations in India”, published by (Iconic Research and Engineering Journals) IRE Journals, Volume 3, Issue 6, Dec 2019, ISSN: 2456-8880, Citations: 3. Research Paper Entitled “Problems and Prospects of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Chittoor District”, Published in Abhinav National Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, Volume 6, Issue 10, pp.113-119, October, 2017, *UGC Approved Journal, ISSN-2277-1166, Citations: 3. Research Paper Entitled “Features of Entrepreneurship in India”, Published in “International Journal of Research” Volume 5, Issue1, pp.3752-3759, January 2018, IF: 5.60, *UGC Approved Journal, ISSN: 2348-6848, Citations: 2. Research Paper Entitled “Employment and Unemployment in India”, Published in Bookman International Journal of Accounts & Business Management, Vol.1 No.1, pp.1-6, September 2012, ISSN: 2319-426X, Citations: 2. Research Paper Entitled “A Study on Financial Derivatives With reference to Tata Motors Limited, Chittoor District of AP, India”, published in Global Journal for Research Analysis, Vol. 7, Issue-4, April-2018, pp.430-433, ISSN:2277 — 8160, Citations: 2. Research Paper Entitled “An Empirical Study on Development of the MSME Sector in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India”, Information Systems e journal, Vol.3, No.48, May1, 2020, ISSN: 1556-5068, SSRN Elsevier, Citations: 2 Research Paper Entitled “Ergonomics at Work Environment in India”, published in Applied & Practicing Anthropology e Journal, Vol. 4, No. 28: Apr 16, 2019, ISSN:1556-5068, SSRN Elsevier, Citations: 1. Research Paper Entitled “An Experiential Examination of Financial Performance of Foremost Power Segment Organization — APSPDCL”, published in Energy Policy and Economics e Journal, Vol.3, No.19: July 27, 2020, ISSN:1556-5068, SSRN Elsevier, Citations:1 Research Pa per Entitled “Magnification and Performance of Various Derivatives in India”, Published by Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), July 2021, Volume 8, Issue 7, ISSN-2349-5162, UGC Approved Journal no 63975, Citations:1. Indexed by Google Scholar Research Paper Entitled “A Study on Performance of SBI Blue Chip Fund at SBI Mutual Funds in India” Published in “International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology”, Volume3, Issue6, pp.44-53, November, 2017, ISSN: 2454-132X Research Paper Entitled “Performance of Selected Stocks in Old Generation Private Sector Banks in India” published in International Journal of Management (IJM), Volume 9, Issue 2, March—April 2018, pp. 43—55, ISSN:0976-6510 Research Paper Entitled “Recital Assessment of Selected Balanced Funds of Various Companies in India” Published in IOSR Journal of Business and Management, Volume 19, Issue 11, pp.74-80, November, 2017, ISSN: 227 8-487X Research Paper Entitled “Macroeconomic Factors Influence on Stock Exchange in India” Published in International Journal for Science and Advance Research in Technology, Vol.4, Issue 6, pp.696-701, June 2018, ISSN:2395-1052 Research Paper Entitled “A Study on Performance Appraisal System in Service Sector Organizations in India” Published in “International Journal of Research in Computer Application& Management” Vol.8, Issue No.1, pp.20-24, January, 2018, ISSN: 2231-1009 Research Paper Entitled “A Study on Working Culture of Ergonomics in India” Published by International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, April 2019, Volume 5 Issue 11, ISSN: 2349-6002 Research Paper Entitled “A Study on Employment Trends in India” Published in “Global Advanced Research Journal of Management and Business Studies”, Vol.1 (6), pp.173-180, July, 2012, ISSN: 2315-5086 Research Paper Entitled “A Study on Factors Influencing Brand Switching in Telecom Industr y in India” Published in International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science, Volume VII, Issue IX, September 2018, ISSN 2278-2540 Research Paper Entitled “A Study on Leadership Styles Adopted at V-Trans in India” Published in International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, Volume-8, Issue-6, December 2018, 135-141, ISSN: 2250-0758 Research Paper Entitled “Analysis of Financial Statement of NRC Agro with Special Reference to Goods and Service Tax” Published in IJSRST, Volume 6, Issue 1, ISSN: 2395-602X Research Paper Entitled “A Study on Competency Mapping at BGR Energy in India” Published by International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, Volume2 Issue 2, Mar —Apr 2019, ISSN: 2581-7175 Research Paper Entitled “Competitive Performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in India” Published in “Asian Journal of Social Sciences”, Vol. III (1), pp.128-146, Jan-June, 2011, ISSN: 0975-5942 Research Paper Entitled “A Study on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in India” Published in “IRE Journals, Volume 1, Issue 7, pp.1-5, January, 2018, ISSN: 2456-8880 Research Paper Entitled “Marketing Management for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in India” published in Journal of Research, Extension and Development, Vol.1, No.7, March 2013, pp.69-73, ISSN:2319-1899 Research Paper Entitled “Problems and Prospects of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Chittoor District” Published in “Abhinav National Journal of Research in Commerce & Management”, Volume 6, Issue 10, pp.113-119, October, 2017ISSN-2277-1166 Research Paper Entitled “A Case Study on TQM for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in India” Published in Journal of Exclusive Management Science”, Volume 4, Issue 9, pp.1-6, September, 2015, IF: 2.78, ISSN 2277 -5684 Research Paper Entitled “A Case Study on Budding Inventive Trends in Market ing Products of Small-Scale Industries in India”, Published by International Journal of Creative and Innovative Research in All Studies, December 2019, Vol.2, Issue 7, ISSN: 2581-5334

Saroj Dayashankar jha

Name of Scholar: Saroj Dayashankar jha
Brief About Scholar:
Name of Institution: St. John College of Humanities and Sciences, Palghar.
Published Research Papers: DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS DETERMINING CONSUMER PERCEPTION REGARDING HEATH INSURANCE IN PALGHAR DISTRICT OF MAHATASHTRA: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Theory of Social Evolution :- Herbert Spencer

Evolution was in the air and developmental thinking can be found in
a variety of different fields.

The word evolution was borrowed from Latin ēvolūtiō, ēvolūtiōnis, which means , “the act of unrolling, unfolding or opening .

Evolution is a process full of complexity .
Evolution is a principle of internal growth . It shows not merely what happens to a thing but also what happens within it .

Their term evolution is borrowed from the biological science of sociology ,Frome the term ” organic evolution ” .
Whereas organic evolution is used to denote the evolution of organisms ,social evolution is used to denote the evolution of human society .

Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist famous for his hypothesis of social Darwinism.

Spencer in his essay “The Social Organism”,
stated that the social organism itself is subject to evolutionary developments as a separate entity and much of the idea that societies, like individual organisms, “spontaneously evolved” .

On passing from Humanity under its individual form, to Humanity as socially
embodied, social evolution can be exemplified .

Spencer said , “Evolution is an integration of matter and concomitant dissipation of motion, during which the matter passes from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coherent heterogeneity and during which the retained motion undergoes a parallel transformation.”

One of the most important contribution of Herbert Spencer to Sociology is the theory of evolution

His principles included physical and biological evolution in order to elaborate and explain his theory of Social evolution.
He sketches a comprehensive account of evolution of the inorganic, organic, and
human and social realms.

He stated ,
“In respect to that progress which individual organisms display
in the course of their evolution,”

He explained this course of evolution through , the development of a seed into a tree, or an ovum into an animal, constitute an
advance from homogeneity of structure to heterogeneity of structure .

He continue with, the change
from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous is displayed in the progress of civilization as a whole, as well as in the progress of every nation; and is still going
on with increasing rapidity.

Spencer adopted his principle of evolution from naturalist Charles Darwin, who developed the concept of evolution in his “Origin of Species” in 1859.

Herbert Spencer, used Darwin’s theory and applied it to how societies change and evolve .According to Spencer societies were bound to change automatically .

Spencer in his theory applied a comparison of societies with organisms that progress through changes similar to that of a living species.

He included three types of systems where societies can be compared to organisms .

The first system is the regulative system.
In animals, that would be the central nervous system and in societies, it would be a government that regulates everything.

The second system is the sustaining system.
For animals, that’s the giving and receiving of nourishment. For societies, that would be industry – jobs, money, economy and those sorts of things.

The third system would be the distribution system.
In animals, that would be the veins and arteries. In societies, it would be roads, transportation, internet – anything in which information and goods and services are exchanged.

“Survival of the fittest” expounded by Darwin was highly believed by him . According to Spencer only strong creatures survive and evolve; only strong makes progress. And that animal has to struggle to preserve its existence.

All universal phenomena-inorganic, organic, super organic—are subject to the natural law of evolution.

A definite pattern of change is followed by all the phenomena of nature—the stars and planetary systems, the earth and all terrestrial phenomena, biological organisms and the development of species, all the psychological and sociological processes of human experience.

Herbert Spencer includes physical evolution in the form of indefinite incoherent situations to definite and coherent situations.
The underlying principles of physical evolution are a movement from simple to complex and homogeneity to heterogeneity.

According to him , following the Darwin theory of ” Survival of fittest ” the biological evolution only those creatures survive in the struggle for existence who are able to make effective adjustment with changing circumstances.

Herbert Spencer utilized these two principles, physical and biological evolution in order to explain social evolution.

Spencer’s theory of social evolution points out to two stages:

1. The movement from simple to compound societies.

This movement from simple to compound societies can be seen in four types of societies in terms of evolutionary levels

• Simple Society:
• Compound societies
• Double Compound societies
• Trebly Compound societies

2. Change from militant society to industrial society.

According to Spencer, the law of evolution is the supreme law of every becoming.
From the analysis of biological evolution Spencer established the theory of evolution.
He argued that the evolution of human societies, far from being different from other evolutionary phenomena. It is a special case of a universally applicable natural law.

According to some social thinkers Herbert Spencer’s has several criticism ,
They said that theory lacks practicability and is realistic.
It also lacks uniformity.
Qualities like sympathy, sacrifice, kindness, love etc. are of much Importance in human survival . These are quite different from the struggle for existence.

Despite of several criticism Spencer Theory of Evolution is the fundamental base for understanding evolution of man and society .

1 SKILL 4 LIFE: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

1 SKILL 4 LIFE: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT, is a journey which has a great power to lift as knowing one self is the true power. Personality development is the conscious choices taken to improve one’s life to become a better person than yesterday and to grow as an individual. Life is all about growing every single day and thus it is beautifully said that the best investment one makes in life is investing on one self because it not only improves one’s own life but also improves the lives of all those people who are surrounded by you.

“PERSONALITY IS AN UNDERSTANDING OF TRUE FORM OF YOURSELF WITHOUT ANY LIMITATIONS”

Personality development is a set of qualities that makes a person distinct or unique from the rest of the crown. It is a steady journey which is highly concerned about the psychological patterns of an individual’ s thoughts, emotions and feelings. The character, attributes and the trait of the person are totally responsible for molding their personal development. It is the sum of their characteristics that constitute the mental and physical being of a person which includes their daily habit. It is the belief that you worth effort, time and energy needed to develop yourself.

 

Personality development is the bridge that carries you towards the goal you are yet to reach. The better we become in our personality the lesser time it takes us to achieve our goals. Thus the growth is the bench mark which is the great separator between those who succeed and those who do not. It is very easy to judge the mistakes of other people but difficult to recognize our own mistakes. We must take the personal responsibility to change our self , we can not change the circumstances under going but we can definitely change our personality.

1 SKILL 4 LIFE: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT BY SWAMI VIVEKANANDA

According to the Vedantic concept advocated by Swami Vivekananda the all round development of in regards with harmony and spiritual development is possible when proper attention is given to developing one’s own personality . This skill is not an overnight task it requires a sufficient amount of time and effort to groom and shape personality.

KEY FACTORS REQUIRED FOR PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

    • WILL POWER: It is the important key factor to develop as it needs to come from within , the will power is what drives us to develop our personality in a faster way. All the great men of the world who rose to a great height of success were men of strong will.
    • SELF CONFIDENCE: It is another important factor to succeed in life. A person with self confidence will never give him in the phase of difficulties. do check out my previous article on THE POWER OF PERSEVERANCE 2 SUCCESS. Failures and hardships never discourage a confident person
    • CONCENTRATION: This is yet another important ingredient for personality development as it helps us in bringing the hidden potential in human beings. It is the power of concentration which gives strength in the darkest moments of life. One must do yoga and meditation do attain concentration(do check out my previous article on YOGA AND MEDITATION: 2 PILLARS OF HEALTHY LIFE)
    • KEEP SMILING: A humorous person keeps one self always above the worries and spreads the cheerfulness in his surroundings.

do check out the learnings from the personality of great people 50 Inspiring & Great Personalities of India and the World! – Leverage Edu

1 HIDDEN SKILL WITHIN

1 HIDDEN SKILL WITHIN, it is the art of giving power to words to influence, inspire and transform the lives of the people which is none other that “PUBLIC SPEAKING”. Public speaking is where if one can speak then one can definitely influence and when they can influence they can change the lives of the entire world. The speech is power and it is the power to persuade as the skill of public speaking is highly based on the quality of their thoughts and perception.

” THEY MAY FORGET WHAT YOU SAID BUT THEY WILL DEFINETLY REMEMBER HOW YOU MADE THEM FEEL!”

One of the best skill we develop inside apart from listening, reading and writing is the skill to speak. The skill of speaking in the public is the natural fundamental skill to express our inner feelings and perception on any topic. It is the beautiful ability of people to distinguish the sounds in form of alphabets. Public speaking as the name suggests it is the skill of speaking in front of a group of people for persuasive, informative and most importantly expository purposes. Public speaking’s main objective is to stress on a idea and assert it so as to make the audience think and react over it.

1 HIDDEN SKILL WITHIN: HOW TO OVERCOME ITS FEAR

Face Everything And Rise or Forget Everything and Run , the definition of fear is completely dependent on one’s own perspective. It is often said that the fear of public speaking is a fear greater than the death for most of the people. According to research and psychiatrists the fear of this public speaking is caused by the fear of standing out, fear of ostracism, the fear of criticism, the fear of riddle and last but not the least the fear of being an outcast.

do check out how to master public speaking with these 5 simple tips:   https://www.huffpost.com/entry/confident-public-speaking_b_4058830#:~:text=5%20Secrets%20to%20Looking%20Confident%20While%20Speaking%20in,4%20Practice%2C%20practice%2C%20practice.%20…%20More%20items…%20

It is very true that we need not be pro while starting any task but we need to start to be pro in that task and also all speakers were not so good at the beginning. The best way to overcome the fear of public speaking is to speak looking at your audience straight in to their eyes with boldness and confidence. Self confidence is the key role playing and the way you express and with the ease the every single member in crowd understands tells how comfortable you are. When you speak about something you are passionate about you will be more comfortable and confident.

If you are willing to work at it you can rapidly improve the quality of every part of your life. According to research listening to music before taking can not just elevate your mood but also calms your mind do check out my previous article on MAN’S GREATEST CREATION: MUSIC

1 SKILL FOR INFINITE INTELLIGENCE

1 SKILL FOR INFINITE INTELLIGENCE, the great secret possessed by the great men of all the ages was their ability to contact and release the power of their subconscious mind. Subconscious mind is the true infinite intelligence which can make you or break you in your life. It has a wonderful capacity to reveal everything you need to know at the moment of time. Through the wisdom of your subconscious mind you can receive the new thoughts and discoveries. Moreover, the infinite intelligence in your subconscious mind can impart the amazing kinds of knowledge.

“95% OF YOUR LIFE IS DRIVEN BY SUBCONSCIOUS MIND”

The subconscious mind is the infinite riches all around you which can bring more health, more wealth and complete happiness (do check out my previous article on IKIGAI-JAPANESE SECRET 4 HAPPY LIFE)in your life.  Within our subconscious mind there is marvelous and  miracle working power. It is the one stop solution to all our questions. The subconscious mind is the builder of your body which can completely heal you. There are two levels of mind one is the conscious and the other is the subconscious or also known as the irrational level.

Conscious mind is that level of mind which is the reasoning mind on the other hand subconscious mind is the seat for emotions and is the creative mind. The process of digestion, circulation and breathing are carried by our subconscious mind. It always accepts the perceptions believed in your conscious mind. The subconscious mind is same as a soil which accepts any kind of seed no matter whether it is good or bad because it really can’t differentiate between the good or bad it blindly accepts what you believe.

1 SKILL FOR INFINITE INTELLIGENCE: HOW SCIENTISTS MADE USE OF?

Nikola tesla was a brilliant scientist who worked in the field of electricals and brought forth the most amazing innovations. When an idea for a new invention came to his mind he would always build it up in his imagination because he was very much aware of the power of this subconscious mind. He would reconstruct and reveal to his conscious mind about all the parts needed for the invention’s manufacture in a very concrete manner.

1 SKILL FOR INFINITE INTELLIGENCE: HOW TO RECEIVE THE BEST GUIDANCE

When you have the term a difficult situation or decision to make or even when you fail to see the solution to your problem begin at once to think constructively about it. Here is an absolutely easy technique which one can use to make or receive the best path on any subject. Quiet the mind and still your body. instruct your body to get relaxed it must obey you. Mobilize your attention and focus on the solution to your problem. do check out the 10 best ways to use your subconscious mind https://www.artofliving.org/in-en/lifestyle/success/power-of-subconscious-mind

Toruń – The Polish town stuck in the medieval ages

Meet Toruń, the Polish town coined by UNESCO to be a remarkably well preserved example of a medieval European trading and administrative centre. Situated on the banks of Vistula River, Toruń was founded when Christianity was being spread through Eastern Europe by the military monks of the Teutonic order and expanding trade between the countries of the Baltic Sea and Eastern Europe was being driven forward by the Hanseatic League (The Hanseatic League was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe in the 1100s). The town went on to become a leading member of the Hanseatic League in the territories ruled by the Teutonic Order.

An image of the city of Toruń on the banks of Vistula River
Toruń by the Vistula River

The town can be divided into three parts – The Teutonic Castle, the Old Town and the New Town. The combination of the castle with the two towns, surrounded by a circuit of defensive walls, represents a rare form of medieval settlement agglomeration.

The Toruń Castle

The castle was one of the pioneering ones built by the Teutonic order in the land succeeded to them by the Duke Conrad of Mazovia. The castle took a hundred years to build, since it’s conception in the 13th century. The palace’s historic value comes from the fact that it was the base for the Teutonic Knights when they began their first mission to colonize pagan Old Prussians, and subsequently the formation of the Teutonic state. The majority of the castle – which was built in a horseshoe-shaped plan in the mid-13th century as a base for the conquest and evangelization of Prussia was destroyed during an uprising in 1454, when the local townspeople revolted against the Teutonic Order. The city rebelled on 4 February, and a few days later the small Teutonic garrison negotiated a surrender. They were allowed to leave the castle and the city. Shortly afterward, on 8 February, the castle was plundered, and then the Toruń city council decided that it would be demolished to prevent the Teutonic Knights from reoccupying it. This event marked the beginning of the Thirteen Years’ War.

The ruins and the archaeological remains have been excavated and safeguarded.

A picture of the exterior of the Toruń castle
The Medieval Toruń castle

 

The Old Town and New Town

The Old Town was granted an urban charter in 1233, which swiftly led to its expansion as a major commercial trading centre. The adjacent New Town developed from 1264, mainly as a centre for crafts and handiwork. Both urban areas bear witness to the interchange and creative adaptation of artistic experience that took place among the Hanseatic towns.

An exceptionally complete picture of the medieval way of life is illustrated in the original street patterns and early buildings of Toruń. Both the Old Town and the New Town have Gothic parish churches and numerous fine medieval brick townhouses, many of which have retained their original Gothic facades, partition walls, stucco-decorated ceilings, vaulted cellars, and painted decoration. Many townhouses in Toruń were used for both residential and commercial purposes. A fine example is the house in which Nicolas Copernicus was reputedly born in 1473.

Medieval nature of the town

All the elements that sustain the Outstanding Universal Value of the Medieval Town of Toruń are located within the boundaries of the property. The property’s medieval urban layout encircled by a ring of defenses remains intact, including two market squares, Town Hall, townhouses, churches, and the Teutonic Castle. This layout and Toruń’s compact, cohesive architectural fabric are substantially of medieval origin. The historic panoramas of the town are unaltered, shaped by the monumental silhouettes of the Gothic churches and Town Hall that dominate the skyline, rising above multiple varieties of townhouses with diverse facades and various geometries of ceramic-tiled roofs. The administrative, commercial, and tourist functions of contemporary Toruń (concentrated within the Old Town) do not pose a threat to the property, which does not suffer from adverse effects of development and/or neglect.

The Medieval Town of Toruń is remarkably authentic in terms of its location and setting, forms and designs, and materials and substances. It is an original, unchanged example of medieval town planning based on a regular grid of quarters, streets, and building blocks, designed in keeping with 13th-century regulations and extant in a recognizable form. The authenticity of the Teutonic Castle, built in a horseshoe-shaped plan surrounded by a curtain wall and moats, is attested by conservation records, its structure, the functions of its rooms, and its historic fabric, even though the castle survives only in the form of ruins. Its location between two medieval towns, set on the high bank of the Vistula River, is entirely authentic. The material substance of the buildings is likewise authentic: the Gothic origins of the city walls, gates, towers, churches, walls defining building plots, and townhouses are evidenced by their structures, cellars, interior walls, elevations, architectural details, and interior decor.

The authenticity of the urban planning concept linking Toruń with Hanseatic Europe, and of the surviving architectural structures, provide evidence of the continuity of traditional construction techniques and technologies incorporating templates, forms, and colour schemes widely used throughout the city and region.

Oh, and did I mention, Toruń is a UNESCO World Heritage site, making it a must see for all wanderlusters.