India and its neighborhood- relations

India shares geographical boundary with eight countries namely Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Since the inception of our foreign policy, India has aimed at building trust with its neighbors. It aims at peaceful friendly relations and mutual economic development by enhanced trade and investments.

•Pakistan: Improving relations with Pakistan has been among top priorities in Indian foreign policy. After the visit of Pakistan former Prime Minister Parvez Musharaff in 2004, there has been a vacuum in our talks. It seems that radical groups in Pakistan took undue advantage of this vacuum and consequently there has been increased reports of cross-border terrorism activities. 26/11 attack is an unwashable strain on the fabric of friendship between India and Pakistan. But as it is said that ‘time heals all wounds’. The recently elected Narendra Modi led National Democratic alliance government’s attitude is worth appreciation. Indian Prime minister invited his Pakistani counterpart in his swearing in ceremony in New Delhi. This is a clear indication that both Nations are willing to take their relations on newer heights. In this aspect changed outlook India should try to adopt a sustainable foreign policy towards Pakistan. Smaller initiatives like Indo-Pak trade fair at Jalandhar, Punjab (India) needs to be encouraged. Healthy trade relations will help both sides equally.

•Nepal: Since the birth of democratic institution in Nepal, India has increasingly tried to have good relations with Nepal. Currently a joint hydro power project is being built on Sharda River. This power plant is thought to mutually help both India and Nepal with respect to electricity production and irrigation facilities. From the environmental perspective, there are a number of Tiger reserves along Indo-Nepal border. Both countries have identified their importance and are helping each other to sustain the existing ones and creating new ones. •China: China being manufacturing hub of world, is strategically very important to India. In fact China has become a role model for development. India needs to build strong trade relations with China. Increasing Foreign Direct Investment caps in various sectors has been one such step of India to invite investors from abroad.Apart from these bilateral relations, India has been active on various other forums as well which provides for greater engagement with its neighbors. For example India has been one of the pioneering advocate of TAPI (Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India). This project aimed at bringing gas from Gulf countries and distribute it in TAPI countries.

India is an active member in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India China and South Africa). BRICS is emerging a one of the significant union in world. BRICS nations represent 40 per cent of world population and has approximately sixteen trillion dollars as its Nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP). BRICS nation contributes around eighteen per cent of world economy. The recent BRICS summit held at Brazil in July 2014.
One of the German intellectual has rightly said that ‘For economic development of a nation, peace with its neighbors is a pre-requisite’. India not only recognizes this statement but also conforms to it. Going by the mood of current Indian government in India, Union government too knows the importance of its neighbors. If India wants to be a super-power then maintaining friendly relations with its neighbors is a first step of ladder in this direction.

India has always wanted friendly ties with its neighbours, there can be no debate around it. We want to live in harmony and peace.
-Narendra Modi

Role of civil services in a democracy .

In the process of governance, which involves several sets of activities to deliver effective services to people, civil services play a pivotal role in providing shape to policies that reflect people’s needs and put their suggestive, analytical and informative roles to implement the
policies. It is recognized that civil services play a crucial role in all societies. In the modern administrative state, public administration has become so significant that our development, upliftment and progress depend mainly upon the efficient functioning of civil services that are
the bedrock of public administration. Civil services have assumed more important role in democracy to ensure good governance, both in developing and developed countries. Civil Services form a part of bureaucracy, wherein the roles of civil servants are determined by
written rules. It’s an impersonal system operating on the basis of calculable rules and staffed by full time appointed officials. Usually, the civil servants are selected on basis of their technical
qualifications, receive fixed salaries, have a defined sphere of competence and work under a clearly defined hierarchy of offices.

The role of Civil Servants across the domains of policy making and policy implementation is critical to the development process. They assist in identifying major policy areas such as preparing major policy proposals, analyzing various alternatives and solutions to societal problems requiring urgent attention, dividing the major policies into sub-policies, determining
program of action and suggesting modification in the existing policy on the basis of its experience on the implementation front.Civil services carry on the governance when governments change due to elections etc. Ramsay
Muir has remarked that while governments may come and go, ministers may rise and fall, the administration of a country goes on forever. It is needless to say that civil services form the backbone of administration. E.g. In India, when the President’s Rule is imposed in a state, the
Governor runs the state through the Chief Secretary and other civil servants.The civil servants are responsible to the ministers of the departments in which they serve. The ministers are accountable to the people through the Parliament or State Legislatures, and the civil servants are accountable to the ministers. They should ideally serve the elected government of the day, as government policies are the functions of the civil services. However, an impartial civil servant is also accountable to the Constitution of India on which he has taken an oath of allegiance.

In India, bureaucracy or civil services is permanent and does not change with the government. The recruitment is based on merit and through competitive exams. This is in contrast to the system followed in the US, where civil servants, especially in the higher echelons, change with the government. This is called the spoils system where people who are close to the government of the day get posts.

With bad laws and good civil servants it’s still possible to govern. But with bad civil servants even the best laws can’t help.
-Otto von Bismarck.

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is defined as fabrication of devices with atomic or molecular scale precision. Devices with minimum feature sizes less than 100 nanometers (nm) are considered to be products of nanotechnology. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter (10-9 m) and is the unit of length that is generally most appropriate for describing the size of single molecules.The nanoscale marks the nebulous boundary between the classical and quantum mechanical worlds; thus, realization of nanotechnology promises to bring revolutionary capabilities. Fabrication of nanomachines, nanoelectronics and other nanodevices will undoubtedly solve an enormous amount of the problems faced by mankind today.Nanotechnology is currently in a very infantile stage. However, we now have the ability to organize matter on the atomic scale and there are already numerous products available as a direct result of our rapidly increasing ability to fabricate and characterize feature sizes less than 100 nm. Mirrors that don’t fog, biomimetic paint with a contact angle near 180°, gene chips and fat soluble vitamins in aqueous beverages are some of the first manifestations of nanotechnology. However, immenant breakthroughs in computer science and medicine will be where the real potential of nanotechnology will first be achieved.

Nanoscience is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to bring about mature nanotechnology. Focusing on the nanoscale intersection of fields such as physics, biology, engineering, chemistry, computer science and more, nanoscience is rapidly expanding. Nanotechnology centers are popping up around the world as more funding is provided and nanotechnology market share increases. The rapid progress is apparent by the increasing appearance of the prefix “nano” in scientific journals and the news. Thus, as we increase our ability to fabricate computer chips with smaller features and improve our ability to cure disease at the molecular level, nanotechnology is herestorage (or other uses) is enormous. As first described in a lecture titled, ‘There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom’ in 1959 by Richard P. Feynman, there is nothing besides our clumsy size that keeps us from using this space. In his time, it was not possible for us to manipulate single atoms or molecules because they were far too small for our tools. Thus, his
speech was completely theoretical and seemingly fantastic. He described how the laws of physics do not limit our ability to manipulate single atoms and molecules. Instead, it was our lack of the appropriate methods for doing so. However, he correctly predicted that the time would come in which atomically precise manipulation of matter would inevitably arrive.Nanomachines can also be incorporated into various materials to make those materials respond to their environment, or to outside commands. Examples of such materials would be “smart” fabrics that respond to the environment to become warmer or cooler, or walls and furniture that can move or change shape on command. Nanomachines could also be used as tools both in industry and by consumers. Such tools could cut apart or glue together material far more efficiently than anything large-scale that is used today. Nanomachines could also repair cars, furniture, applicances, or almost anything else quickly and efficiently. Or these objects could be designed with nanomachines to repair themselves should the need arise. Life would be greatly simplified by relieving people of the need to repair objects at home or at work.

In thinking about nanotecnolog today, what’s most important is understanding where it leads, what nanotechnology will look like after we reach the assembler breakthrough.
-Eric Drexler

Business Software and Types.

Software is a generic term, used to refer to a set of algorithms, instructions, or programs which instruct a computer to complete specific tasks.

Business software (or a business application) is any software or set of computer programs used by business users to perform various business functions. These business applications are used to increase productivity, to measure productivity and to perform other business functions accurately.

Popular types of business software are :

Accounting Software

Accounting is, as everyone knows, an integral part of operating any business. Choosing the best accounting software for your business needs is highly important. But there are many types of accounting software which cater to a variety of different needs.

Payroll Software

One of the best accounting software options for small businesses to use is payroll software. Easy to use payroll software can be a lifesaver for over encumbered small business owners, allowing smooth daily operation of business activities and making sure that employee satisfaction and morale is kept high through competent pay management.

Tax Software

A comprehensive, easy to use and easily implemented tax software application can provide exactly what business owners need in order to navigate the complexities of any nation’s tax framework. It is well known that fulfilling legal tax obligations and calculating the best tax outcome for your business is one of the most important aspects of maintaining business integrity.

Book-keeping Software

Streamlined and easy to understand bookkeeping software programs are the lifeblood of any successful business of any size. When it comes to accounting software for small businesses, the ability for layman business owners to have important accounting information delivered in an easy to use, easy to understand format can be absolutely essential, allowing business owners to focus less on understanding complex accounting mechanics and more on running their business.

Communication Software

Effective and efficient communication, both internally within the business and externally towards customers, is vitally important to the successful operation of any small business. It is important to identify and make use of competent workflow software in order to maximise the efficiency of your business communications.

Customer Relationship Management Software

One of the best ways to better understand relationship with customers and to drive business growth is to use a CRM software tool in order to better analyse the ways in which your business interacts with its customer base. Small businesses are able to successfully manage customer relationships through the best CRM for small businesses.

Business Software and Types.

Software is a generic term, used to refer to a set of algorithms, instructions, or programs which instruct a computer to complete specific tasks.

Popular types of business software are :

Accounting Software

Payroll Software

Tax Software

Book-keeping Software

Communication Software

Customer Relationship Management Software

Business Software and its Types

Business Software

While running the business a lot of things are required to perform a business function. Business software is one of them. It is a software or group of a computer programs used by business users to perform business functions. It helps to make the functioning of a business easy to create, promote, sell, market, manage and scale the business. It’s become a mandatory part of the business because it helps to increase productivity, reduce operational costs, bring innovation and solve customer problems faster.

Earlier, business operations were performed manually, which operation was not as accurate, fast, flexible, productive, and cheaper as compared to computer software. But today we can see, with the help of business software the operation and management of the business are fast, cheaper, and automatic. The speed of innovation is fast now due to new technology and the internet, that’s why almost every company launches new products and services every week or month.

Tasks can be performed without any human resources, as several operations can be managed by a single person using technical software without the help of labor. It helps the companies to save the cost of operation and fasten productivity.

Each business software is created on the bases of the uses and goals of the business. The software is designed in such a way that it is focused, structured, or programmed on solving complexities and challenges of the present and future. It helps to manage the bills, stocks, accounts, sales and purchases, profit and loss statements, tax, cost, etc., of business.

There is various business software that is categorized by various business needs like account management, billing, customer support, employee management, marketing, research, and development, sells, etc.

Various types of business software

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Software

While running a business it is very important to listen to your customers. You can easily do this through CRM software by analyzing how your business interacts with your customers. It helps to reach potential customers, which is very useful to grow your business.

Accounting Software

Accounting software helps to monitor business performance by tracking real-time expenses, revenue, and the bottom line. With this, accountants can ensure books contain relevant data, and the business remains profitable.

Human Resource Information Software

As HR is one of the most essential parts of any business, implementing a human resources software program can help to monitor several tasks like Recruitment, employee onboarding, record keeping, training, and payroll, by digital documentation.

Communication Software

Effective internal and external communication is a key to growing your business. This can be done by communication software, which helps the employees to collaborate with others. It helps to engage with customers, partners, teams, and others involved in operations, from any part of the world. This software is useful to expand market reach and get in touch with other businesses.

Schedule Management Software

It allows business managers to access employees’ schedules from anywhere at any time. It helps to identify top performers and is useful to control payroll.

Project Management Software

It is very difficult to organize complex tasks in an organization. This software helps to keep an eye on a detailed overview of the entire project and who is assigned to which task. This help to find where your resources are used and useful to manage each step of the project.

Sales, Marketing, and PR Software

This software is very useful to analyze sales, marketing, and PR. This helps you to analyze which area of your marketing needs to improve and help to study sales data.

Thus, we came across various types of business software and it depends on the particular business which software is useful for them and how they can use them to grow their firm.

How To Optimize Images For Better Search Engine Rankings

When search engines start indexing the pages on your site, they don’t just focus on the writing. Web crawlers employed by services like Google and Bing shuffle through your site’s structural code looking for any relevant information that they might offer to their customers. Some of the information includes things like backlinks, tags and even images.

Images make up a big part of any website. They help to excite the visual senses of readers and offer a little extra entertainment value. What most blog owners don’t realize is that all of the photos that they upload to their site aren’t confined to their site alone. Crawlers make sure that these images also show up within their respective search engines sites.

Image searches can have the effect of drawing in large numbers of new readers that were just looking through content in Google images. You can benefit from this traffic and increase your average subscriber by practicing image optimization.

Image Optimization Tip #1: Alt Tags & File Names

Visitors may love images, but computers don’t. Computers are designed to do what you tell them without violating any of the parameters. When web crawlers come across images on a website, they really don’t know what to do with it because they are made to collect information, not interpret it. The solution to this problem is to optimize images and appropriately label your alt tags so that they display the correct content when someone goes to look for it.

For example, let’s say you upload a picture of your dog, and label the “alt” tag by the dog’s name, ‘Frank’. The web crawler is going to read the alt tag without ever realizing it’s a picture of a dog; therefore, the crawler will come to the conclusion that it needs to display the image when someone run a search for ‘Frank’.

The minor word choice mistakes may not affect the operations of your website, or how your image is displayed, but it will affect the search results of others and the traffic that comes into your website. Whereas you may have been able to attract the dog lovers in the world using image optimization of your dog tagged ‘dog’, you are now drawing in crowds searching for their uncle “Frank”.

To include the alt tag, simply add alt=”this is your alt text” to your image tag. Here’s an example:

<img src="pug-dog.jpg" alt=”frank dog” />

But you don’t have to touch the html code of the image. Once the picture is uploaded, click on it and you will see the “Properties” setting. Add the alt text inside the box and hit OK:

This goes the same for file names on a website. You need to optimize images and file names on everything that you decide to save to your website directory so that this information can be appropriately indexed and be used as a search term. You could name the file of your dog Frank, “pug-dog.jpg”, which would encourage the search engine to add Frank into searches being performed with the phrase ‘pug dog’. Alt tags and file names play an important interpretation role between you and the machine that makes your blog possible.

Image Optimization Tip #2: Add A Caption

After uploading your images, you should always add a caption to the image, so that average browser understands what they’re looking at. This gives your website a more professional appearance and will help to keep people on your page.

Not everyone that comes across your picture using a Google Image search is looking for your blog. Maybe they just want to download the image, and that’s all you’ll ever get from them. The important thing is that they found your photo relevant to their search, and decided to navigate to your site in order to save it for their own use.

The longer those users stay on the site, the better it looks for you because it plays a role in the “bounce rate”. Bounce rate refers to when someone clicks on a link, realizes it’s not what they’re looking for, and then immediately goes back to the search engine. If you can reduce the number of times that this happens by providing captions and intriguing content that will make people want to stick around, your SEO ranking will improve.

Image caption and SEO

Image Optimization Tip #3: File Size

Improving your bounce rate can be tough because the attention span of the everyday Internet user is incredibly short. It may be as short as 8 seconds. High bounce back rates and slow loading sites can be the death of most blogs because no one wants to wait for the content to load. By the time your website finally loads with the content that you need, they could have easily visited two or more sites and found what they need from someone who was better prepared to handle their traffic.

Optimize images so that you are able to keep the file size as small as possible while retaining the quality of the photo. Images taken from DSLR camera – although they may look great – can be up to 1.4 MB in size if you take them directly off your camera and upload them on your blog. This type of space is massive for any everyday blog, and will hurt your SEO ratings.

Use Photoshop or one of the many online services like Google Picasa to rescale your images or reduce the file size. One service that can perform this ability for free and do a great job is Kraken. When you access Kraken site, it will allow you to upload the picture and download the new image optimization versions to use on your Blogger site.

Putting It All Together

At the end of the day, the quality of your site and overall SEO ranking isn’t just about what you have to say. It’s the entire package of what you have to offer. Optimize images every chance you get and use the strategies discussed above. Now that you know that you might have been neglecting images all along, you can make necessary adjustments and start to see even better results from all your hard work.

Academic Degrees in India.

An academic degree is a college or university diploma, often associated with a title and sometimes associated with an academic position, which is usually awarded in recognition of the recipient having either satisfactorily completed a prescribed course of study or having conducted a scholarly endeavour deemed worthy of his or her admission to the degree. It is a qualification awarded to students upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university. These institutions commonly offer degrees at various levels, usually including bachelor’s, master’s and doctorates, often alongside other academic certificates and professional degrees. The most common degrees awarded today are associate, bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees.

Some of the popular academic degrees pursued in India are:

Bachelor of Arts (BA)

A BA represents the completion of an undergraduate program that focuses on a discipline in the arts or humanities. What distinguishes a BA from other types of bachelor’s degrees is that it tends to emphasize each student’s exploration of a given subject.

Bachelor of Commerce(B.Com)

B.Com stands for Bachelor of Commerce which is a three year undergraduate program. B Com subjects impart Analytical skills, Financial Literacy, Business Acumen, Business Laws, Taxation knowledge etc, with aim to make the student job ready in the field of Banking, Accounting, Insurance and Finance.

Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech)

B.Tech or Bachelor of Technology is one of the prestigious and most popular courses opted by science students. It is a 4-year full-time undergraduate course and is offered in various disciplines such as Computer Science, Civil, Mechanical, Electronics, and Information Technology.

Master of Business Administration (MBA)

The Master of Business Administration (MBA) is an internationally-recognized graduate-level degree that develops the skills required for careers in business and management. The value of the MBA, however, is not limited strictly to the business world. An MBA can also be useful for those pursuing a managerial career in the public sector, as well as government and the nonprofit sectors.

Bachelor of Science (BSc)

BSc or Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate degree of three years duration which is universally offered across institutes and universities across India. BSc is one of the most popular courses opted by students who have a flair for scientific aptitude and zeal for research-oriented and calculative approaches based on a proven systematic method. Science is all about experimentation, research and discovery. A BSc degree is a culmination of both theoretical and practical ways of learning.

7 Winning Content Writing Tips

Effective Content Writing

Although there is no secret formula for writing high-quality content, these are several tips that can help improve the quality and quantity of your written material:

Write a Head-Turning Headline. The headline determines whether audiences will read the rest of your work. If the headline doesn’t spark interest, stir an emotion or make the reader want to learn more about the topic, you simply won’t achieve the desired results with your content. Walker Sands’ professional copywriting services take the guesswork out of generating effective headlines by using proven techniques and traffic-driving strategies.
Create a Hook That Grabs Their Attention. You have three seconds to keep readers hooked after the headline. The first sentence also plays a role in determining whether they read the rest of your content. As a result, it should capture the reader’s attention and smoothly lead them into your first point.
Do Your Research. You must have extensive knowledge on the topic you’re writing about, especially in the B2B market. Include statistics, data and metrics to establish credibility and support your claims.
Focus on a Single Purpose. You should identify at least one key message you’d like to convey before you create your content. Keep this in mind when writing and tie your content back to the main point as much as possible.
Write in a Unique Voice. The content you publish is the voice of your company and it should be unique to your company’s personality. It’s important to align the tone of your writing to your target audience, business goals and brand persona.
Optimize Digital Content. The best digital content often consists of short paragraphs, short sentences and bulleted lists. Digital content should also be optimized for search using SEO best practices and the latest SEO content strategies.
Edit Your Work. After you have created a first draft, go back and consider how you might polish the rough edges of your writing. In most cases, writing improves as it goes through a round or two of edits—even when it has been drafted by experienced content creators.

Effective content writing is critical in turning site visitors into satisfied customers. It’s not just about getting content out there—it’s also important to produce high-quality content. Search engines crawl website content and reward websites with well-written articles by ranking them higher in search results.

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Academic degrees and their types.

As we all know that academic degrees are important for this generation, we all get the jobs by showing our degrees . It shows that we qualify for that particular jobs .

Each and every degree has their own significance.

Some students are from science stream, some are from commerce stream and some are from arts streams . They all have their own values in their perspective fields.

Academic degrees is a qualification awarded to students upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university.

By taking academic degrees student are eligible for the job by their specific degrees .

Types of degrees

There are basically 5 types of degrees .

1. Associate degree

2. Bachelor’s degree

3. Master’s degree

4. Doctoral degree

5. Professional degree

1) Associate degree –

Associate degree is of short time degree. It takes 2 years to complete the associate degree . Many student take advantage of the flexibility and affordability of an associate degree.

Students willingly do associate degree as it takes only 2 years of time to complete.

Associate have 2 types 1) Associate of Arts ( AA) 2) Associate of science ( AS)

They often serve to help students transfer their education into a bachelor’s degree to further their studies and enter the workforce.

2) Bachelor’s degree –

It takes generally 4 years to complete bachelor’s degree. Bachelor’s degree programs are the most common form of post – secondary education in the United States.

In bachelor’s degree student cover a broad range of specialization that divide degree program into majors .

Some bachelor’s degree are given below.

1) Bachelor of science –

Those students who are taken science after 10 they generally pursuing bachelor of science. In bachelor of science student often learn about the science subject that is physics , chemistry and biology.

2) Bachelor of arts –

Bachelor of arts are pursuing by those students who is interested in the history of the world and the surrounding environment.

Students who are generally wants to go with UPSC are basically do bachelor of arts as in bachelor of arts student learn about the history of the world.

3) Bachelor of commerce –

Bachelor of commerce is generally pursuing by the students who are taken commerce after 10 . Bachelor of commerce gives the knowledge mainly about accounts and finance.

4) Bachelor of business administration –

Bachelor of business administration is generally pursuing by the students who was taken commerce after 10 but anyone can pursue this course because in bachelor of business administration students learn about the business start ups .

3) Master’s degree –

This is 2 year long academic program that requires a student to have earned their bachelor’s degree. Master’s degree generally focus on a specific subject and it gives mainly focus on practical knowledge.

It gives deep knowledge about particular subject.

Some of the most common master’s degree programs are –

1) Master’s of science –

This is 2 year course which covered the particular topics and try to make it practical. Topics that would have been covered in a bachelor of science are usually covered in master of science.

2) Master’s of arts –

This is 2 year course which covered the particular topics. Those topics which had covered in bachelor of arts is covered in master of arts but in broad terms .

3) Master’s of commerce –

Those topics which had been covered in bachelor of commerce is same covered in master of commerce but in broad terms.

4) Master’s of business administration –

Master of business administration gives the practical knowledge of business and focuses on specific topic which also covered in bachelor of business administration.

4) Doctoral Degree –

Doctoral degree is the highest possible academic degree attainable, and doctoral programs are designed to provide a student with the tools and training to become professionally involved with academic research to expand upon a field of study.

5) Professional Degree –

A professional degree is an advanced education designed to prepare you to work in a specific field, such as medicine or law .

It is done generally in 5 to 7 years.

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Business Software and its Types

Business Software

Various types of business software

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Software

Accounting Software

Human Resource Information Software

Communication Software

Schedule Management Software

Project Management Software

Sales, Marketing, and PR Software

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Image Optimization Tip #1: Alt Tags & File Names

Image Optimization Tip #2: Add A Caption

Image Optimization Tip #3: File Size

Putting It All Together

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Academic degrees and their types.

Types of degrees

1. Associate degree

2. Bachelor’s degree

3. Master’s degree

4. Doctoral degree

5. Professional degree

1) Associate degree –

2) Bachelor’s degree –

1) Bachelor of science –

2) Bachelor of arts –

3) Bachelor of commerce –

4) Bachelor of business administration –

3) Master’s degree –

1) Master’s of science –

2) Master’s of arts –

3) Master’s of commerce –

4) Master’s of business administration –

4) Doctoral Degree –

5) Professional Degree –

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