A. National Highways
National Highways from the most important system of road transportation in India. These highways are running through length and breadth of the country connecting capitals of states, major ports rail junctions, industrial and tourist centers.

Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India, is responsible for the development and maintenance of National Highways in India. The longest National Highway is NH-44 which runs from Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh to kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu covering a distance of 2369 km. The shortest national highway is NH-47 A, which runs from Ernakulam to kochi port (willington Island) covering a distance of 6 km.

b) State Highways
The state highways are usually roads that link important cities, towns and district headquarters within the state and connect them with national highways or highways of neighbouring states. These roads are administered and financed by state governments.

C) District Roads
District Roads provide connectivity between the district and taluk headquarters with in state highways and national highways. District Roads are constructed and maintained by the Public Works Department of the states.

D) Rural Roads (Village Roads)
These roads are vital for providing links in the rural areas. It links the different villages with neighbouring towns. They are maintained by village panchayats.

E) Border Roads
These are the roads of strategic importance in border areas. They are constructed and maintained by Border Roads Organization. It was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas. Border Roads Organization has constructed world’s highest road joining Chandigarh and Leh in Ladakh. This road runs at an average altitude of 4,270 meters.

F) Golden Quadrilateral
Golden Quadrilateral 5,846 km long road of4/6 lanes connects, India’s four metropolitan cities: Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai-Delhi. This project was launched in 1999.

G) North-South and East-West Corridors
North-South corridor aims at connecting Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with Kanniyakumari in Tamil Nadu (including Kochi-Salem Spur) with 4,076km long road. The East-West Corridor has been planned connect silchar in Assam with 3640km of road length. The two corridors intersect at Jhansi.

H) Expressways
These are multi-lane good quality highways for high speed traffic. Some of the important expressways are;
Mumbai-Pune Road,
Kolkata-Dumdum Airport road
Durgapur-kolkata Road
Yamuna expressway between Delhi and Agra.

Pisciculture or Fish culture is the process of breeding and rearing of fishes in ponds, reservoirs (dams), lakes, rivers and paddy fields. It is the farming of economically important fishes under controlled conditions.

Types of Fish Culture

Extensive fish culture

Culture of fishes in large areas with low stocking density and natural feeding.

Intensive fish culture

Culture of fishes in small areas with high stocking density and providing artificial feed to increase production.

Monoculture

It is the culture of single type of fish in a water body. It is also called mono species culture.

Polyculture

It is the culture of more than one type of fish in a water body. It is also called composite fish culture.

Integrated fish farming

It is the culture of fishes along with agricultural crops or animal husbandry farming, Rearing of fish along with paddy, poultry, cattle, pig and ducks.

Types of Ponds for Fish Culture

Fish farm requires different types of pond for the various developmental stages of fish growth. They are given below:

Breeding pond

Healthy and sexually mature male and female fishes are collected and introduced in this pond for breeding. The eggs released by the female are fertilized by the sperm and fertilized eggs float in water as frothy mass.

Hatching pits

The fertilized eggs are transferred to hatching pits or hatching hapas for hatching.

Nursery ponds

The hatchlings are transferred from hatching pits after 2 to 7 days. The hatchlings grow into fry and are cultured in these ponds for about 60 days with proper feeding till they reach 2 – 2.5 cm in length.

Rearing ponds

Rearing ponds are used to culture the fry. The fish fry are transferred from nursery pond to rearing ponds and are maintained for about three months till they reach 10 to 15 cm in length. In these rearing ponds the fry develops into fingerlings.

Stocking pond

The stocking pond is also called as culture pond or production pond. These ponds are used to rear fingerlings upto the marketable size.

 

FROM BOOKSTORE TO SUPERSTORE

Can you believe that a little more than
two decades ago, Amazon was still one man, a light bulb idea and a home garage?

Circa 1994, Jeff Bezos began working on a
business plan (yes, in his garage) for what would eventually become the largest
internet retailer in the US. In 1995, the company made its official debut.

In those early days, Bezos and his
employees would pack books and bring them to the post office themselves, and
even after the company began to build warehouses and acquire more assets, many
investors still wrote them off as another dot-com pipedream. Of
course, even Bezos couldn’t have mapped out every twist and turn, as our
selection of key turning points in Amazon’s journey from garage to the globe
proves.

Jeff Bezos launched Amazon as an online
bookstore, and strategically chose Seattle, Washington as the home base
location. Due to Washington’s lack of sales tax, it allowed Amazon to sell
nearly all over without having to collect sales tax from its customers. Bezos finally
made the decision to go with “Amazon”, named after the largest river in the
world (his goal was to lead the company to become the largest bookstore in the
world.) He thought of the idea while looking through the dictionary,
specifically targeting names that began with “A” as he believed it would give
the company the advantage of being listed higher in alphabetized lists.
Amazon
moved into a whole new area of business as it began to allow third-party
sellers to move merchandise through the site.

In terms of revenue, Amazon is the biggest
internet-based company in the world. When it started out selling books online
in 1994, Jeff Bezos had an idea that the best way to succeed online was to grow
big and fast. Today, the company sells everything from
books to groceries to shipping container houses. It has become a one-stop-shop
and has many ambitions for its future.

Amazon was not the first company to hit on
this business strategy. Another company, Computer Literacy (a Silicon Valley
bookstore) began selling its own wares online as early as 1991.

The difference that Amazon.com had to
offer was its greater convenience. It, from the off, was based on a model of
delivering online orders directly to the customer’s address anywhere in the
world.

As we all know now, Amazon.com is about a
lot more than just books today. This was always the plan, according to Bezos.
During
an earnings call in 2005, Jeff Bezos announced a customer loyalty program that
offered free two-day shipping on any order, along with other perks and benefits
for only $79 per year. Prime has proved to be a massive success: it now has
more than 112 million members across the globe. Amazon
had been developing the Echo (and Alexa capabilities) since 2011, and finally
began selling the devices in June 2015. The idea of an in-home virtual
assistant was novel and exciting for many, but few realized just how big it
would become in such a short time.

No organisation has escaped the worldwide
impact of the Coronavirus pandemic, but few have been such prominent players as
Amazon.

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Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources.

With the growing uncertainities of global climate change and the long term impacts of management actions, the decision making will be even more difficult.

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Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down stream ecosystems.

Fresh water is any naturally occurring liquid/solid water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids.

Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include non-salty mineral rich waters such as chalybeate springs.

Fresh water may encompass frozen and meltwater in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, snowfields and icebergs, natural precipitations such as rainfall, snowfall, hail/sleet and graupel, and surface runoffs that form inland bodies of water such as wetland, ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, as well as groundwater contained in a quires, subterranean rivers and lakes.

Water is critical to the survival of all living organisms. Many organisms can thrive on salt water, but the great majority of higher plants and most insects, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds need fresh water to survive.

Fresh water is not always potable water, that is, water safe to drink by humans. Much of the earth’s fresh water on the surface and groundwater is to a substantial degree unsuitable for human consumption without some treatment. Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion.

Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns back inland as precipitation.

Locally, however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities then is naturally restored, this may results in reduced fresh water availability or water scarcity from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments.

Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water.

Lachma Shekhar Naik was born on 7 April 1986, in a nomadic Banjara Family in southern Karnataka, as the son of a farmer. He was born completely blind as his mother and other 15 members of his family suffered from visual impairment, Naik was seven when he injured his head after falling along the bank of the River he was taken to a health camp where the doctor released that the possibility of restoring sight his right eye, he was operated in Bangalore and was able to restore 60 % of his right eye vision.

He was sent to Shri Sharada Devi School for blind in Shimoga, he learned to play cricket while at school, he used to work in filed in summer holidays to save money for his cricket ambitions, his mother died when he was the age of 12, while he off from playing he used to work as sports coordinator for an NGO ‘Samarthanam’ which funds for the cricket Association for Blind people in India.
He was selected in Karnataka Team in 2000, he was called up to India national Blind Cricket Team in 2002, went to captain the team in 2010. He was the man of the match in the 2006 World cup, he also led the team to victory in the 2014 cricket world cup.
In 2017 he was honored by the country’s fourth highest Civilian honor Padma Shri by the Government of India.

Women empowerment refers towomen to make them capable of deciding for themselves. Women have suffered a lot through the years at the hands of men. In earlier centuries, they were treated as almost non-existent. As if all the rights belonged to men even something as basic as voting. As the times evolved, women realized their power. There on began the revolution for women empowerment.

As women were not allowed to decision for them, women empowerment came in like a breath of fresh air. It made them aware of their rights and how they must make their own place in society rather than depending on a man. It recognized the fact that things cannot simply work in someone’s favor because of their gender. However, we still have a long way to go when we talk about the reasons why we need it.

Need for Women Empowerment

Almost every country, no matter how progressive has a history of ill-treating women. In other words, women from all over the world have been rebellious to reach the status they have today. While the western countries are still making progress, third world countries like India still lack behind in Women Empowerment.

In India, women empowerment is needed more than ever. India is amongst the countries which are not safe for women. There are various reasons for this. Firstly, women in India are in danger of honor killings. Their family thinks its right to take their lives if they bring shame to the reputation of their legacy.

How to Empower Women?

There are various ways in how one can empower women. The individuals and government must both come together to make it happen. Education for girls must be made compulsory so that women can become illiterate to make a life for themselves.

Women must be given equal opportunities in every field, irrespective of gender. Moreover, they must also be given equal pay. We can empower women by abolishing child marriage. Various programs must be held where they can be taught skills to fend for themselves in case they face financial.

Most importantly, the shame of divorce and abuse must be thrown out of the window. Many women stay in abusive relationships because of the fear of society. Parents must teach their daughters it is okay to come home divorced rather than in a coffin.

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Printer is an output device that prints text or images on paper or other media (like transparencies). By printing you create what is known as a ‘hard copy’. There are different kinds of printers, which vary in their speed and Print quality.

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The two main types of printers are:

🔹️impact printers:
🌟 Line printer
🌟 Serial printer(Dot matrix printer)

🔹️Non-impact printers:
🌟 Thermal printer(fax)
🌟 Laser printer
🌟 Inkjet printer

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Impact printers include all printers that print by striking an ink ribbon. Impact printers use a print head containing a number of metal pins which strike an inked ribbon placed between the Print head and the paper. Line printers, dot matrix printers are some of the Impact printers.

Characteristics of Impact printers:

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🔸️In Impact printers, there is physical contact with the paper to produce an image.
🔸️Due to being robust and low cost, they are useful for bulk printing.
🔸️Impact printers are ideal for printing multiple copies (that is, carbon copies) because they can easily print through many layers of paper.
🔸️Due to its striking activity, Impact printers are very noisy.
🔸️Since they are mechanical in nature, they tend to be slow.
🔸️Impact printers do not support transparencies.

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Non-impact printers are much quieter than Impact printers as their printing head do not strike the paper. Non-impact printers include laser printers, inkjet printers and thermal printers.

Characteristics of Non-impact printers:

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🔸️Non Impact printers are faster than Impact printers because they have fewer moving parts.
🔸️They are quiet than Impact printers because there is no striking mechanism involved.
🔸️They possess the ability to change typefaces authentically.
🔸️These printers produce high-quality graphics.
🔸️These printers usually support the transparencies.
🔸️These printers cannot print multipart forms because no Impact is being made on the paper.

Line Printer:

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Line printer are high-speed printers capable of printing an entire line at a time. A line printer can print 150 lines to 3000 lines per minute. The limitations of line printer are they can print only one front, they cannot print graphics, the print quality is low and they are noisy to operate. But it can print la,large volume of text data very fast compared to the other printers. It is also used to print on multipart stationaries to prepare copies of a document.

Dot Matrix Printer:

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The most popular serial printer is a Dot matrix printer. It prints one line of 8 or 14 points at a time ,with print head moving across a line. They are similar to typewriters. They are normally slow. The printing speed is around 300 Characters per second. It uses multipart stationaries to prepare copies of a document.

Thermal Printer:

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Thermal printers are printers that produce image by pushing electrically heated pins against special heat-sensitive paper. They are inexpensive and used widely in fax machines and calculator. Thermal printer paper tends to darken over time due to exposure to sunlight and heat. So the printed matters on the paper fade after a week or two. It also produces a poor quality print.

Laser printer:

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Laser printers uses the laser beam and dry powered ink to produce a fine dot matrix pattern. It can change very good quality of graphics images. One of the chief characteristics of laser printers is their solution – how many dots per inch (dpi) that lay down. The avaliable resolution range from 300 fpi at the low end to around 1200 dpi at the high end.

Inkjet Printer:

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Inkjet printers uses color cartridges which combine magneta, yellow and cyan inks to create color tones. A black cartridge is also used for crisp monochrome output. Inkjet printers work by spraying ionizing ink at a sheet of paper. Magnetized plates in the ink’s path direct the ink onto the paper in the described shapes.

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Mahatma Gandhi was a great patriotic Indian, if not the greatest. He was a man of an unbelievably great personality. He certainly does not need anyone like me praising him. Furthermore, his efforts for Indian independence are unparalleled. Most noteworthy, there would have been a significant delay in independence without him. Consequently, the British because of his pressure left India in 1947. In this essay on Mahatma Gandhi, we will see his contribution and legacy.

Contributions of Mahatma Gandhi

First of all, Mahatma Gandhi was a notable public figure. His role in social and political reform was instrumental. Above all, he rid the society of these social evils. Hence, many oppressed people felt great relief because of his efforts. Gandhi became a famous international figure because of these efforts. Furthermore, he became the topic of discussion in many international media outlets.

Mahatma Gandhi made significant contributions to environmental sustainability. Most noteworthy, he said that each person should consume according to his needs. The main question that he raised was “How much should a person consume?”. Gandhi certainly put forward this question.

Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi has influenced many international leaders around the world. His struggle certainly became an inspiration for leaders. Such leaders are Martin Luther King Jr., James Beve, and James Lawson. Furthermore, Gandhi influenced Nelson Mandela for his freedom struggle. Also, Lanza del Vasto came to India to live with Gandhi.

The United Nations has greatly honored Mahatma Gandhi. UN has made 2nd October as “the International Day of Nonviolence.” Furthermore, many countries observe 30th January as School Day of Nonviolence and Peace.

The awards given to Mahatma Gandhi are too many to discuss. Probably only a few nations remain which have not awarded Mahatma Gandhi.

In conclusion, Mahatma Gandhi was one of the greatest political icons ever. Most noteworthy, Indians revere by describing him as the “father of the nation”. His name will certainly remain immortal for all generations.

From childhood, we have heard that trees are our best friend but in practical life, we didn’t see anyone who treats trees as their friends. Although they are the most valuable life source on the earth. They benefit every life form in a direct or indirect way. And the earth is connected to them to maintain a natural balance. In this essay on save trees, we are discussing the reason why our friends need saving.

They nourish us and protect us in many ways. Also, they keep our  green and clean. So, it becomes our responsibility to repay them for the things they do for us by saving them. Besides, large trees are more beneficial than small ones because they capture more carbon, capture more water, combat the heat, filtergreenhousegases, gives shelter from heat and sunlight, etc. So, it can be said that we depend on them more rather than they on us.

Advantages and Importance of Trees

As we have discussed the benefits of trees in short but here we are going to discuss them in detail.plants and trees fight the climatic changes that are destroying the earth. They also filter the air that we breathe and absorb all the harmful chemical gases and odors from the environment. Also, they take in the harmful carbon dioxide and gives out oxygen.

They are good for the diversity of flora and fauna. They give us food, shelter and many more things that we can’t count. Besides, they never demand anything from us and also prevent . Above all, they control and manage the effects .

Dr.APJ ABDUL KALAM is a famous name in the whole world. He is counted among the greatest scientists of the 21st century. Even more, he becomes the 11th president of India and served his country. He was the most valued person of the country as his contribution as a scientist and as a president is beyond compare. Apart from that, his contribution to the ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) is remarkable. He headed many projects that contributed to the society also he was the one who helped in the development of Agni and Prithvi missiles. For his involvement in the Nuclear power in India, he was known as “Missile Man of India”. And due to his contribution to the country, the government awarded him with the highest civilian award.

Career and Contribution of APJ Abdul Kalam

APJ Abdul Kalam was born in Tamil Nadu. At that time the financial condition of his family was poor so from an early age he started supporting his family financially. But he never gave up education. Along with supporting his family he continued his studies and completed graduation. Above all, he was a member of the Pokhran nuclear test conducted in 1998.

There is a countless contribution of Dr.APJ Abdul Kalam to the country but he was most famous for his greatest contribution that is the development of missiles that goes by the name Agni and Prithvi.

Source: sivadigitalart

Presidency Period

The great missile man becomes the President of India in 2002. During his presidency period, the army and country achieved many milestones that contributed a lot to the nation. He served the nation with an open heart that’s why he was called ‘people’s president’. But at the end of his term period, he was not satisfied with his work that’s why he wanted to be the President a second time but later on forfeited his name.

Post-presidency Period

After leaving the presidential office at the end of his term Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam again turn to his old passion which is teaching students. He worked for many renowned and prestigious institute of India located across the country. Above all, according to his the youth of the country is very talented but need the opportunity to prove their worth that’s why he supported them in their every good deed.

It is observed on 12 August every year to raise awareness about the youth and draws attention to the issues faced by the youth all across the world. For the first time, it was declared by the United Nations General Assembly.

From 1965 to 1975 an International policy on youth was emphasised and both the General Assembly and the Economic & Social Council focus on three basic themes that is participation, development, and peace in the field of youth.

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How much water should you drink?

Drink plenty of water throughout the day to avoid dehydration.

How much water should you drink a day? You probably know that it’s important to drink plenty of fluids when the temperatures soar outside. But staying hydrated is a daily necessity, no matter what the thermometer says. Unfortunately, many of us aren’t getting enough to drink, especially older adults. “Older people don’t sense thirst as much as they did when they were younger. And that could be a problem if they’re on a medication that may cause fluid loss, such as a diuretic,” says Dr. Julian Seifter, a kidney specialist and associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School.

Benefits of drinking water:

Water keeps every system in the body functioning properly. The Harvard Medical School Special Health Report 6-Week Plan for Health Eating notes that water has many important jobs, such as:

•Carrying nutrients and oxygen to your cells

•Flushing bacteria from your bladder

•Aiding digestion

•Preventing constipation

•Normalizing blood pressure

•Stabilizing the heartbeat

•Cushioning joints

•Protecting organs and tissues

•Regulating body temperature

•Maintaining electrolyte (sodium) balance.

Giving your body enough fluids to carry out those tasks means that you’re staying hydrated.

If you don’t drink enough water each day, you risk becoming dehydrated. Warning signs of dehydration include weakness, low blood pressure, dizziness, confusion, or urine that’s dark in color.

So how much water should you drink? Most people need about four to six cups of water each day.

How much water should you drink a day?

The daily four-to-six cup rule is for generally healthy people. It’s possible to take in too much water if you have certain health conditions, such as thyroid disease or kidney, liver, or heart problems; or if you’re taking medications that make you retain water, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opiate pain medications, and some antidepressants.

How much water a day should you drink if you fit into that category? There’s no one-size-fits-all answer. Dr. Seifter says water intake must be individualized, and you should check with your doctor if you are not sure about the right amount for you.

But even a healthy person’s water needs will vary, especially if you’re losing water through sweat because you’re exercising, or because you’re outside on a hot day. If you’re wondering how much water you should drink on those occasions, speak with your doctor, but a general rule of thumb for healthy people is to drink two to three cups of water per hour, or more if you’re sweating heavily.

Tips for avoiding dehydration:

It’s not just water that keeps you hydrated. All beverages containing water contribute toward your daily needs. And it’s a myth that caffeinated beverages or those containing alcohol are dehydrating because they make you urinate. They do, but over the course of the day, the water from these beverages still leads to a net positive contribution to total fluid consumption.

Of course, there are many reasons why water is still the better choice. Remember, sugary drinks can lead to weight gain and inflammation, which can increase your risk for developing diseases such as diabetes. Too much caffeine can give you the jitters or keep you from sleeping. And, alcohol intake should be limited to one drink per day for women, and 1-2 drinks per day for men.

To ward off dehydration, drink fluids gradually, throughout the day. An easy way to do this is to have a drink at each meal, as well as socially, or with medicine.

And know that you also get fluids from water-rich foods, such as salads, fruit, and applesauce.