Category: Science

What is Bioluminescence?

In the branch of aquatic science, we are yet to discover so much, though the things we have already discovered are so fascinating, it’s amazing how nature still manages to surprise us! Bioluminescence? What does this giant word mean? Let’s see!

  • Etymology

What does etymology mean? Well, etymology means the origin of words through history. For eg. Probiotic word comes from Greek and Latin meaning ‘for life.’ This is used because, English composes of many different and ancient languages. So, the etymology of Bioluminescence comes from two Greek words, bios- which means living, and lumen- means light. 

  • Explanation

Okay! Now let’s get to our topic. Bioluminescence.Have you ever seen fireflies? That is some wonderful sight to see! But have you ever wondered what causes it to glow? Due to a certain kind of chemical reaction, makes the abdomens to glow. These are insects, but do you know the Bioluminescence in the oceans…?

Source: Pinterest

  • Ocean Bioluminescence

Many organisms living in the ocean have the property of bioluminescence. Bioluminescence can be found in bacteria ( living in the ocean), algae,jellyfish, worms,crustaceans(a sea animal), seastars, and some species of sharks. Mind you, these are comparatively just a few listed. For the organism to produce light, it must contain a compound called Luciferin – meaning light bearer in Latin. Now, when this compound(luciferin) comes in contact with oxygen, it reacts with the gas, converting into light energy. An organism must contain luciferin in order to become bioluminescent. There are many types and varieties of this  compound present in different creatures. But generally, most of the organisms produce luciferin catalysts. This sight is more prominent in the deep sea region but the most breathtaking scene is on the surface of the oceans when tiny micro organisms grow making it seem..just magical. According to a research ,  fishes of about 1500 known species have the ability to produce this light through luciferin. Bioluminescence are wonderful sights to look at. From the study of 2018, scientists discovered that the ray finned fishes have evolved about 27 on the basis of this property .Amazing,isn’t it?

Source: By Smit Patil from unsplash

•Use

Now, the question might come into your mind that ‘ what is the actual use of bioluminescence?’ Well, for us it might be just a great scene to look at but for the sea animals, it’s likely a vital property. 

  1. Prey- These animals use their light to lure their prey to come near them, making it easy and convinient to hunt. This technique can also fool larger animals.For example. The cookie cutter shark(weird name) attracts squids and sharks from its light and when they are close enough, it bites on them.
  2. Communicate- For the bioluminescent animals, they have to be safe from being eaten or getting hurt. So they use these methods, maybe to communicate.
  3. To attract mates- Females usually use bioluminescence to attract male species to come to them.(Pretty sneaky, aren’t they?)
  4. Protection- Animals can potentially hide themselves through the surface of ocean, when using bioluminescence.  It helps them to survive and make themselves invisible
  5. Confuse- Some species of squids splash bioluminescent liquid rather than ink, simply to confuse their predators.
  6.  Vision-  Many seaanimals live on the  lower surfaces of the ocean. Bioluminescence helps the organisms to see clearly.
  • Is it dangerous?

 No, not necessarily every bioluminescent organism is toxic. But yes, they do exist. The dinoflagellates  a microbe which is found in the Matsu islands of  Taiwan,China. The microbe is also called China’s ‘blue tears.’ It is because the organism has an eerie glow to it. Many tourists come here to observe this phenomenon . But these dinoflagellates  are toxic. But why? Well, dinoflagellates is an algae which is harmful to many sea organisms and humans as well. What makes them toxic is, when they eat, they release ammonia particles in the sea. Not only that, but also, they take up all the oxygen available for the atmosphere, leaving nothing for the other sea animals,hence causing them to die. And what is more disastrous,that their numbers are increasing by every year. It is also known as harmful algal blooms(HAB’s).Some say that it is romantic to look at, but I really wouldn’t  think choking myself to death as romantic..

A Hawaiian bobtail squid actually has an organ which is practically filled with bioluminescent bacteria just after hours of its birth. But it usually contains the chemicals needed within its body.

  • How many colours..?

We all know that light travels in the form of something called ‘wavelenghts’. Some wavelengths are short, whereas others are big. The visible spectrum of  light is VIBGYOR (violet, indigo,blue,green,yellow,red) and all the shades from the mixture of them. Light cannot travel in the deep sea as the wavelengths are unable to travel that far. Hence, most of the colours in bioluminescence are blue-green. Infact, only some animals living in the deep sea have the vision to see the colours of greater wavelength like red. 

Source:<span>Photo by <a href=”https://unsplash.com/@bigmck56?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText”>Trevor McKinnon</a> on <a href=”https://unsplash.com/s/photos/bioluminescence?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText“>Unsplash</a></span>

Bioluminescence is also used to solve the vast mysteries of den in the oceans. According to a site, Edie Widder- specialising in bioluminescence made some very mind boggling facts about squid etc.

This phenomenon is really beautiful and magnetic to see and can be spotted from even far away. Unfortunately, only some sea surfaces have the bioluminescent property, maybe due to some climatic conditions, or maybe they are everywhere, we just can’t see them !!

SCIENCE BEHIND CONSPIRACY THEORIES….

Despite an unparalleled proliferation of information (or perhaps because of it), many people continue to believe in myths or false narratives that exaggerate, idealize, or misconstrue reality. Indeed, recent surveys have suggested that many people in different parts of the world subscribe to ‘conspiracy theories’.

The Moon Landing Hoax

From NASA: Apollo 12 commander Charles “Pete” Conrad unfurls the United States flag on the lunar surface during the first extravehicular activity on Nov. 19, 1969.



In the 1978 film Capricorn One, American astronauts and NASA faked a Mars landing. Though a mediocre film, it was an interesting idea, and one that would endure for decades. In 2001, Fox television aired the program “Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?,” which rehashed many discredited “discrepancies” between the official version of the moon landing and photographs of the landing. (Curiously, they never explain why NASA would distribute photographs that would “prove” that they had faked the moon landing.) Websites such as BadAstronomy.com have pages and pages of point-by-point, detailed refutations of the Fox claims.

Of course, even if there was some credible evidence showing that the 1969 Apollo moon landing was a hoax, conspiracy theorists must also account for later moon missions, involving a dozen astronauts. And there’s the issue of the hundreds of pounds of moon rocks that have been studied around the world and verified as of extraterrestrial origin… how did NASA get the rocks if not during a moon landing? Many astronauts have been offended by the implication that they faked their accomplishments. In fact in 2002, when conspiracy theorist Bart Sibrel confronted Buzz Aldrin and called him a “coward and a liar” for faking the moon landings, the 72-year-old punched Sibrel in the jaw.

The 9/11 Conspiracies


The evidence is overwhelming that the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, were indeed the result of a conspiracy. There’s no doubt about it: A close (or even cursory) look at the evidence makes it clear that it was carefully planned and executed by conspirators. The question, of course, is who those conspirators were. Osama bin Laden and the crew of (mostly Saudi) hijackers were part of the conspiracy, but what about President Bush and Vice-President Dick Cheney? Did top Bush advisors, including Paul Wolfowitz and Donald Rumsfeld, either collaborate with bin Laden, or intentionally allow the attacks to happen?

Put another way, was it an inside job? Conspiracy theorists believe so, and point to a catalog of supposed inconsistencies in the “official version” of the attacks. Many of the technical conspiracy claims were debunked by Popular Mechanics magazine in March 2005, while other claims are refuted by simple logic: If a hijacked airplane did not crash into the Pentagon, as is often claimed, then where is Flight 77 and its passengers? Are they with the Roswell aliens at Hangar 18? In many conspiracy theories, bureaucratic incompetence is often mistaken for conspiracy. Our government is so efficient, knowledgeable, and capable—so the reasoning goes—that it could not possibly have botched the job so badly in detecting the plot ahead of time or responding to the attacks. I find that hard to believe.

Blaming 5G

This conspiracy theory should be easy to debunk: it is biologically impossible for viruses to spread using the electromagnetic spectrum. The latter are waves/photons, while the former are biological particles composed of proteins and nucleic acids. But that isn’t really the point — conspiracy theories are enticing because they often link two things which at first might appear be correlated; in this case, the rapid roll out of 5G networks was taking place at the same time the pandemic hit. Cue a viral meme linking the two, avidly promoted by anti-vaccine activists who have long been spreading fears about electromagnetic radiation, egged on by the Kremlin.

It’s worth repeating, as the World Health Organization (WHO) points out, that viruses cannot travel on mobile networks, and that COVID-19 is spreading rapidly in many countries that do not have 5G networks. Even so, this conspiracy theory — after being spread by celebrities with big social media followings — has led to cellphone towers being set on fire in the UK and elsewhere.

BUT WHY?

Why are people drawn to conspiracy theories?

There’s been a lot of recent work in psychology attempting to figure out why some people are particularly drawn to conspiracy theories. For example, research has found that people who believe in conspiracy theories tend to have a greater need for cognitive closure (the desire to find an explanation when explanations are lacking) and to be unique. They’re more likely to have a cognitive bias called hypersensitive agency detection or tele logic thinking (whereby events are over attributed to hidden forces, purposes, and motives). Some research has also found that conspiracy beliefs are associated with lower levels of education and analytic thinking.

That said, studies have also revealed that half of the US population believes in at least one political or medical conspiracy theory.So belief in conspiracy theories is far more “normal” than many of us might think. 

The popularity of films like JFK, The Manchurian Candidate, and Conspiracy Theory illustrates how many of us can be drawn to a good conspiracy theory. Over the two past years, half of the country has been anxiously expecting that the Mueller report would reveal one of the biggest conspiracy plots in American history, while the other half believes that the conspiracy was the Mueller investigation itself. And of course, occasionally conspiracy theories turn out to be true! 

SCIENCE BEHIND

CURIOSITY

Yes, Human brain is the most powerful super computer and an idea emerging from is the most powerful weapon (Eg: Nuclear Bomb). The brain is always trying to connect the dots around us to make a pattern and when it successfully connected the dots the dopamine that released by it feels pleasurable.

END

Interesting Microbes

In the world of biology,there are many fascinating things to learn and tour. Many of them, we have experienced or heard but are not aware about. Nature is the most captivating thing in the world, be it the aquatic nature, terrestrial, and microbiological…..

  • Introduction

In the branch of Microbiology ,botulinum is a micro organism(bacterium) called Clostridium botulinum. It is gram positive. Gram positive basically means that the bacteria has a thick cell wall( ‘cell wall’ of a bacteria is called peptidoglycan).It is a rod shaped bacteria and is anerobic( meaning it survives without oxygen.In fact oxygen makes the cell to die.But, it does live in some situation where it has a chemical called superoxide dismutase.) It belongs to the class Clostridia.It is a pathogen(diseases causing micro organism).The organism being anerobic, can breed in canned food foodstuffs.It is the most dangerous toxin producer known to mankind.The microbe can sustain the most adverse conditions of nature. It is commonly found in soil. This organism occur at various place in larger quantities, for eg. North America, Europe etc.

  • What makes it special?

Phew! That was a lot of scientific explanation, wasn’t it? Now, what does makes this organism shine in the limelight? Well, as toxic as this organism is, it also it’s good side. Which makes it weirdly special. We will not go too deep into the concept because this organism has literally 180 different species and…let me get this straight, that would be not be….so interesting. No offence, but remembering all the names is ridiculously hard. So ya,but the fact is that this microbe is also used in medical purposes. According to a site, Clostridium botulinum has been used for following reasons

  1. Chronic migraine
  2. Blepharospasm( have a great time pronouncing it ;).  – it means uncontrollable blinking)
  3. Strabismus ( means misaligned eyes)

And the list goes on and on but what is the most exceptional thing about it is Botox

  • What is Botox?

Botox is said to be a ‘neurotoxic protein’ which is produced by the bacteria itself. Botox is an enzyme and not the organism itself. The chemical formula of Botox is pretty big.    Formula: C6760H10447N1743O2010S32

( I know you didn’t read the formula fully)

Anyways, one must understand that the bacteria is produced by botulinum and and careless doses can cause infections from the bacteria. One can describe Botox to be a drug which makes the facial  wrinkles and frown lines to smoothen temporarily. There are some side effects of this treatment leading as far as

  • Muscle weakness 
  • Trouble in swallowing after the treatment
  •  Dry mouth
  • Headaches and fatigue
  • Blurred vision
  • Stiffness on limbs etc.

Botox is also used to check neck spasms etc. Botox treatments are temporary and usually last for about 3 to 6 months. Many celebrities go under Botox treatments. In fact, a few years ago, Botox treatments was a trend and literally everyone was going to the dermatologist ( the one who studies and cures patients from skin disorders). Ironic isn’t it that such a toxic substance is so eagerly taken by so many people. But honestly, you don’t need to feel bad about your wrinkles. Now you might get agitated, because your next question might be if those celebrities can, why can’t I? The thing is, celebrities have to maintain a particular composure, a particular face, how they carry themselves, to be recognised and remembered. Their face matters in their career. This makes the post extremely difficult as one has to go through various differenciations,for makeup,outfits, crowd work etc. This usually means that they need to have a really strong mental composure and deal with every kind of criticism. Breakdowns in their cases are so common that almost half of them get closed down towards socializing. And thus need great amount of confidence to stand,facing such a big crowd. And therefore, they have to go through many things. But we, as a normal human, must not be ashamed of afraid of wrinkles. It’s just a part of or personality. Sometimes, people persuade us by aiming our insecurities, but that’s when we need to stand up for ourselves. We all are beautiful within our soul. These external factors often influence us and make us go through these pains. Every person is gifted with something distinctive about them,we just don’t recognise it until someone points it out to us ,because for us it may be normal, but for others, as some like to call it ‘god’s gift.’ Yes, we all have our insecurities but that doesn’t mean that we give in so easily ,does it?

But at the end of the day, it all just boils down to our own choices and decisions. If one does a Botox treatment, there’s nothing wrong in it. One should not judge someone based on those factors. Because we don’t know what they have gone through, felt every decision they take aand we are no one to exploit them..

There are many fascinating organisms like that heavenly, mouthwatering(admit it!) scent of soil when wet. Actually the scent can only be smelled when a dry soil is splashed with water. The scent , called petrichor is actually a smell released by Streptomyces bacteria. Sorry if I ruined it but that’s just a fact that it is released by this bacteria which is actually a soil molecule!

Nature and so many  engrossing and captivating things, it’s hard to grasp it all at once while still exploring for more!!

Note: This article was never meant to offend someone. If so, I sincerely apologise for it.

The Characteristics Of A Dolphin

Marine life is pretty vast and mysterious. We have only yet discovered about 3 percent of our oceans. So there is a large space left to our imaginations. Many species of aquatic life reside in the oceans. There are phytoplankton for trees, oxygen mixed with water for inhalation, sharks and whales for predators, small fishes for prey and many more. One of the curious things is….How do dolphins breathe?Well for that first we have to see what makes us,humans different from dolphins in the race of respiration

  • Human respiration

Now, we are terrestrial animals and mammals. Our breathing when we sleep is slightly different from dolphins. We humans have our reflexes which makes us continue breathing even when we are unconscious (sleeping).Yes, the breathing is just 15 percent of when we are actually awake but the breathing process is automatic and continuous.

Source: Nursecepts

  • Dolphins

Now, dolphins are some interesting creatures.They are mammals, like us. So they don’t really have any bills like fishes do. Meaning they can’t breathe the oxygen which is dissolved in water but completely depend on atmospheric oxygen .Which is why they have to come up regularly, from the water to breathe in the oxygen. But the actual problem and the question arises when dolphins want to sleep! How does a dolphin breathe when it’s asleep? Anyways it has to breathe for his functions to work properly…

From: Pexels

  • When they are asleep

When dolphins sleep, they do something very interesting. For that we have to see the body structure of a dolphin. We all agree that a brain has 2 parts. So what happens is, dolphins have their left brain connected to the right eye and the right brain connected to the left eye. Basically, it allows one half of a brain to sleep at a time. So, only half of the brain is unconscious while the other remains awake. So, if the left brain is resting, and the right eye is closed, is the left eye still open? Yes! As the left brain is still awake,the right eye remains open. Don’t get confused:1. Left eye- connected to the right brain.  2. Right eye- connected to the left brain.

From: Jeremy Bishop

So if one pair of the brain and eye are sleeping, the other part remains awake and continues to do the normal activities like breathing. Sometimes, they can even be seen swimming gently and steadily while the other part remains unconscious. The dolphins cannot sleep in complete unconsciousness because then they will drown because they constantly need oxygen for staying alive. This process continues periodically until both the parts have rested and the dolphin continues to do it’s normal work.This process also has a name – unihemispheric sleep because they sleep with semi- unconsciousness. Meaning, only one brain sleeps at a time. Sometimes, it sleeps on the sea bed and arise constantly for air to breathe. Now, you never mess with a sleeping dolphin, because they are never completely unconscious and when you are disturbing them, the conscious part of Their brain and the unconscious  part awakens , starting to chase you, and that will not be pleasant. According to EEG at average, a dolphin sleeps for probably 8 hours. That can be under water for about 8 to 10 minutes, maximum- 15 minutes.

Their nostrils are called blow holes which are present just top of their heads. They also have the ability to alter their surroundings.

Source:Photo by HAMID ELBAZ 

Fun fact- After humans, dolphins come second in the property of the development of brain because they have complex abilities like problem solving, forming social groups etc.

Blow holes are closed when underwater. Hence, preventing the dolphins surviving, underwater. But haven’t they adapted themselves to grow gills and breathe? No, they adapted themselves to survive with this procedure. Well, good for us isn’t it?

But one should know that dolphins which are untrained (wild) are not to be played with. Cases can go up to lacerations (deep cuts) and broken bones as well. This is because wild dolphins like to kill just for fun. In fact, it’s in their emotions which have a property to kill or harm without any particular reason. It is advised that one must not act carelessly with Dolphins.  

As usual, being precautions can be the only solution  in front of a  dolphin🐬

The Story Of A Dead Whale

Ever heard of whales bursting? These are some nasty creatures to deal with. A dead whale can,that too washed on a shore can create some devastating scenarios. So, dive in! (  one of the worst puns ever!)

  • Cause of death

Now, no animal can be immortal, can they? So even whales die.Most of the reasons being dehydration, collapsing under their own massive weights, drowning, tides,washed up on the shore etc.   

Photo by Elianne Dipp on Pexels.com
  • The discovery

On the lands of Florence,Oregon, the people discover a dead sperm whale on the beach in Central Oregon Coast. The navy thus, decided to blast the dead whale using a dynamite as it was taking a lot of place.The person in-charge for the project was George Thornton who was an engineer. He described in an interview that he was not sure about the amount of dynamite they were going to need. Apparently, he was chosen for the particular project due to the supervisor who went hunting. Finally, a charge dynamite of approximately 450kg was selected to blast the whale. A veteran had previously warned about the vast amount was not necessarily needed, but his advice fell to deaf ears. The event of detonating the dynamite took place on Nov 12, precisely at 3:45pm. The whole event was recorded by Doug Brazil, for the famous show of Paul Linnman from a channel called KATU TV. Basically, what they thought was, by blasting the dead whale with a dynamite, the whale would disintegrate into smaller pieces and scavengers could feed on it. Seemed like a fair theory,didn’t it. But theoretical explanations are far more different compared to practical explanations, which are too unpredictable. What they didn’t think was that the whale could possibly…blast.

  • Explanation

So the thing is, when any living organism dies, it produces gases like methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2).This gas gradually keeps developing. So your question might be….but why is this related with the whales? What happens is, even whales develop these kinds of gases inside their body. Now a whale’s body is pretty big. A typical blue whale’s height would be around 3.96 to 4.88. So the place is pretty spacious. Now , what happens is, a whale’s body produces admittedly large amounts of these gases. Even if gases are comparatively more compressible than other states, so the pressure inside the whale is very high. Now, gases are something you should not play around with. Methane is extremely flammable. In fact- Ch4 is what we also call  ‘natural gas’ used as fuels. So yeah, if it is so flammable,  accordingly, it becomes very dangerous as well. The only thing which keeps it from exploding is the blubber,which is a layer inside the body of the whale. Also, the outer  skin prevents the gas from coming out. But one should keep in mind that the blubber and the skin would eventually give in. What actually happened in 1970 Florence case was, they did  nothing but trigger the explosion  of the whale. How? Suppose you got hurt for reason. So , what happens? Well, you bleed. Yes, but one more thing that also happens is that the skin becomes a little damaged. Same is with the skin of whales. It has some weak spots as well. Even poking it with your hand( that would be disgusting) would do nothing but trigger the pressure of gases, which will just cause the explosion tobe sooner. What the navy did was nothing but trigger the explosion. It causes a massive explosion. The weird thing was, the crew expected the whale to disintegrate but ironically, most of the parts stayed intact. What must have happened was , the part where the skin was damaged, must have released all the gases at once. And the fire just made it more lethal. The scavenger didn’t even come to feed on the dead body, predictably due to the sound of the explosion.The whole mess was left to be cleaned by the workers of Oregon National highway. 

Photo by Elianne Dipp on Pexels.com

When a whale dies, two things can happen,

  1.  The whale sinks into the bottom of the sea
  2.  Or, the body is washed up on the seashore due to tides.

From these two, the second situation is the most common. After the incident, the people prefered to just burn the whale the moment they resided on the seashore to avoid such circumstances.

Many such incidents had occurred similar to these, the Taiwan incident for example.

This is nothing but one of the fascinating things nature has. No one can particularly make the happenings lessen but can only be cautious. The situation though, is not much common. Because the average lifespan of a whale is 70 to 80 years. So, the circumstances are not that common but it’s there. So the next time you find a dead whale…….run!!!!

The Power of Meditation

Our life is a race, we chase money, career, happiness experiences. We were constantly thinking about the next thing we need to do and worrying about our future. We have so many tasks, worries, responsibilities and needs, meditation is a powerful tool that helps us slow down and take a break. It has a long history of thousands of years evolved from many different cultures and traditions.
Meditation is a state of awareness, we stop the life race and observe with awareness inside ourselves and outside it here and now this is called mindfulness. While meditating we are mindful to the present moment we pay attention to things we usually ignore like the current atmosphere in our body’s processes. Meditation has many benefits; it reduces negativity, stress, anxiety, depression, tension and anger at the same time it increases positivity, self-awareness, calmness, focus, tolerance and creativity. Meditation refreshes our mind and recharges our batteries, it is like a mental restart button which lets us have a fresh point of view. More clearly we can look as it is an inner bath for our mind and soul. Scientifically, meditating prevents and lowers the risk of diseases usually those which relate to stress and blood pressure like a heart attack. Less stress means more health. People who meditate on a regular basis have higher levels of alpha waves which reduce negative emotions. Meditating over time has positive impacts on our brain, body and soul. There are many ways to practice meditation. The most common one being mindful to your breath; sit right where you are no matter if it is at work, home or any other place and start paying attention to your breath, inhale and exhale without effort, you can focus on different parts of your body and imagine our breadth moving towards them. And another recommended way is listening to guided meditation and following the instructions. Adopting meditation as a habit will help us upgrade our lifestyle and add more value to our life. Meditation can change our brain patterns and increase the performance of cognitive functions which are needed for thinking, remembering, learning, problem solving etc. Meditation really helps in managing pain, depression and anxiety of people all around the world. Even mindfulness meditation classes are being offered in schools and hospitals because of their effectiveness. The focus of mindfulness meditation is to practice the brain in staying and focusing solely in the moments, which is why the meditator is encouraged to think of nothing but his or her breathing and to have a mantra. The aim is to let go of the regrets of the past as well as anxieties of the future to have a relaxing line in the present meditation as food for the soul. It nourishes our minds and values, qualities like compassion, responsibility, peacefulness, truthfulness and forbearing temptations. It helps in making and keeping good relationships with others and most especially with ourselves. The calmness and tranquillity we get from this experience give us a sense of comfort and stability. Allowing us to stay positive in life and be resilient to any negativity. Throwing out meditation is not just a mere activity for relaxation, it is the world’s greatest therapy. So, why not give it a try when we are feeling stressed out and angry at someone. Just take a deep breath and relax at the moment. Clear your mind and be grateful for all these life experiences that can help you improve. After all, we want to improve the world, we have to first start with ourselves. So take time every day to keep clear and bring that clarity to those around you.

One Rule…can end up corruption by 70%


There are many people who talks about it , and few screams and fight to end it…………but since ages, it’s not being possible to make a difference, and still have not got independence from it’s foul smell, where someone dwelling in it , without sense. But, should we live in this rut forever ?…And to accept ourselves as incapable of destroying it, and to live like a looser.


I have a one brilliant rule, if it comes into play that undoubtedly changes the fate of the country. Before i reveal it, let us know why this rule works besides many measures being taken were failing since decades.
The main feasible condition for corruption, is lack of surveillance and awareness among people,and how it greatly damages our standard of living. So,creating awareness among all the people might sometimes work, but most of the time it rewards us with great disappointment. because, India has biggest population, it’s hard to make all of us to bring on to one platform with one voice.


But, there was no dearth of solution, if we think and the first said idea is………….
This idea works with collection of students, professors, university bodies, govt anti corruption and adminstrative bodies , police.
You may wonder that how, could you connect students, professors with police?
The bitter fact is, about 90% of indian passouts graduates are unskilled according to the several esteemed surveys. The main reason for it is, not having a platform to access practical knowledge, we have severe shortage of internship opportunities and real time project works. This problem can also be indirectly solved by our main idea.

The govt should make project works mandatory and give them more importance in their course, some may refrain with this idea…but if we couldn’t able to perform on projects itself, how can we able to sustain after getting to global market; initially it might be hard, but with support of our peer and lecturers we can excel gradually.
Now, we all should be assigned project works by our colleges in collaboration with national education body (now MHRD), only on all governmental assets and organisations….here comes a game changing shot. But, how is it possible?

The government must allow all the students to study governmental organisations, properties, and projects build by them.(let’s say a dam, hospital etc…). This helps to make an assessment for the quality of work being done in various govt fields and organisations.The reports submitted by students can be used by anti corruption agencies and help them to understand the situation at very ground level. As it’s not possible for anti corruption agencies to keep an eye over every inch of the whole country, they can use this student community as a strongest trustworthy network as they don’t provide false reports, if in case; the professor and the whole college who guided him will be felt guilt, and leads to their lack of reputation in society. so, this locking system can help students ro not provide false reports.

All the students must be allotted some projects on live aspects(like dams, hospitals ,industries built and being run by govt) in their respective fields, and we have to start analyzing their maintenance and prepare and submit the report of it’s quality and working efficiency. Here itself, we get an opportunity to dig up the flaws went up and to make a change by preparing efficient reports of the atrocities made and corruption that underwent.

For say, i’m a student of civil engineering, got a project to understand about kaleshwaram dam and have to submit report on it. I started by when it has built, and how much cost it took, what are the materials used in it, what are the technologies use in it, why does the walls of the dam is being getting cracks just after 5 years of its inauguration, what is the reason for recent fire accident……..when i submit the detail report to the college, I am gonna get my marks
The above said will be the work of every student in every field, not only engineering also health,law, agriculture,finance and every field.
Instead the anti corruption bureau working on intensive ground level, they can collect all the project reports form all colleges and will be easier for them to take action, by using the information.
As, it is a real time project, the professor of individual group must take care of no flaws and genuinity of information, as it will be a major source for higher govt authorities to take action.
In simple, students has to set on to study the past govt projects and organisations; and the detailed project reports and student community acts as a strong surveillance framework and it bring out the corruptions of the past as well as prevents the corruptions of the future. This idea, if it honed by the bright minds of our country, it can surely be an influential act.

Space Opera: A Virtual World

Science fiction is for real, space opera is for fun – Brian W. Aldiss

SPACE OPERA is a subtype of science fiction which is colourful, dramatic, large-scale and full of scientific adventures, which usually focuses on unreal imagination that has a heroic central character and plot action. It is usually set in the relatively distant future, in space or on other planets. It often involves war, piracy, military virtues, and a very large scale action. In space opera, characters are displayed with powerful energy weapons and other advanced technology. There is a difference between Science Fiction and Space Opera. Science Fiction is generic literature which involves a generalization of scientific, engineering or social theories in futuristic ways in terms of settings, science and technology, space and time travel, parallel universe etc. whereas space opera is simply convectional drama in a futuristic or otherwise science-fiction-like setting. Some popular space opera includes THE MASSIVE FRANCHISE, STAR WARS and other films such as BATTLESTAR GALACTICA and BATTLEFIELD EARTH. Space Opera is a story in which science fiction elements are not critical to the plot and could be replaced by planetary equivalents. It usually emphasizes the effect of progress and inventions where the settings are carefully worked out to obey the laws of Physics, Cosmology, Mathematics, Astronomy and Biology. The thrilling experience of space opera with full of space adventures is stupendous for every sci-fi lover. The most famous representatives of space opera are:

E.E. “Doc” Smith

Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson

Isaac Asimov

C.J. Cherryh

Orson Scott Card

Dan Simmons

Kevin J. Anderson

Michael F. Flynn

Ann Leckie etc.

Current conventions of space opera:

“there is no general agreement as to what [space opera] is, which writers are the best examples, or even which works are space opera”

what used to be science fantasy is now a space opera is entirely forgotten.”

-Hartwell and Kramer

The conventions of space opera have changed quite dramatically over time, and its audience has expanded enormously, peaking with video media like Star Trek and Star Wars.

Apart from the only imagination, we might be surprised that we are also living in a space opera World that does exist without realising it. The best example of it could be none other than the concept of ‘Aliens’, ‘UFOs’ and other supernatural powers that we are not aware of. It’s been for years since we’ve been hearing about UFOs entering our planet, about Aliens and moreover, scientists have also been talking much about the existence of Aliens as well! We have been talking about it all without realizing that all of this has become a part of our universe now. Variety of games about spaceships, aliens have been made until now, which in a way shows us how we are living in a space opera universe. Some news has been flashed out on TV screens about caught of Alien, bizarre creatures, unseen paranormal signs from different places of the World that are sufficient to explain our living in a real space opera World.

Drinking water, or soluble chemicals.

Water, you might have known it’s value, when your are thirsty but out of water. we nearly feel like to be gonna die. For, traditional Indians, you might known it’s value when you experience sudden cutoff of water supply ,in bathroom. All of us take this important thing for granted, but if once water wants to escape from us, the screams of 1.3 billion bangs the whole world. You may wonder, why only Indians scream …….ok, before you wanna know about it, also think ; Is your drinking water safe?, hey!..don’t tell that, i’m alright from the time i have born, no problem with drinking water.

Here, i just would like to bring up some most fundamental aspects of our life, i wanna recall we aren’t so much safe and being effected by things, but we never realize until they blasts a bomb in our life. One such is, drinking water; seems to be pure in color, no visible dust particles to our naked eye, but they have already been carrying invisible toxic substances with it, and ready to destroy us slowly after getting inside of us. Most of you might not care this, and stamps this as a boring story, but never forget; your taking some chemicals at every time you have a sip, and leaving your organs as a playground for the toxics that have gone inside you, along with the water you intake.

You better know the water sewage infrastructure in india, even some have been setup for namesake. So, the only option left for us to take care of ourselves. we cannot stop the flow of untreated chemicals and industrial waste into water. sometimes, There rises a campaigns and goes to sleep within no time.

Then, how to get a solution for this problem and to have a safe drinking water. The one thing is to setup water treatment plants by forming as a community, or to use water purifiers at home, leaving no space to compromise with it’s quality, Just even getting into debt; in long run saves you from unsolvable threats. But the bitter fact is, the cost of water purification is too high. But sadly we were pretending to believe the low level mechanisms and being fooled. One such example is, at rural areas or some public water suppliers , can get a 10 litres of water for just 2 rupees, whereas the premium water brands like tata provides the purified mineral water bottle of 1 litre for 20 rupees. This scenario can make us understand , how we are being pretended that low filtered water as mineral.The looters have just redefined the meaning of name itself.

we have been facing many health issues, one of the most important is, elders are facing problems regarding bone strength and losing immunity at very mid ages. This was an indirect effect of consuming water, because there is a clear picture of releasing pollutants from industries into water, but we confine ourself it might be because of age. This gonna definitely show impact on generations, if not resolved our life span keeps on reducing untill we open our eyes.

There is a huge need for communities to come forward and have awareness about the fundamental thing of our life, and come up with a feasible solutions.

Internet for aspiring engineers

Engineering is being one of the most popular courses since few decades, especially in India. But, the idea of exactly what a engineer is ?.. lacking among most of us. That’s ok, not a problem…..because our’s is a nation, where most of the people recently got being aware about education. So, it takes sometime to build strong educational infrastructure and awareness among us. This process, can be done faster only when all of us actively take up initiatives on our own, which indirectly affects the whole nation’s growth.

Internet been a great game changer, without which the technology evolution would be infinitesimally small. Do you know, India is providing internet at very cheap price than any other countries in the world. So,we are really lucky to have easy access to such powerful resource. So, i will get started to atleast introduce you with one interesting thing and you will start using it, when necessary.

Engineering definitely demands creativity and also knowledge. There are humongous amount of resources available, but sometimes only few delivers the best content and meets our requirements. I just want to give you a few names of websites to find about your academics. But, engineers should also have sound knowledge of basics, mostly of class 11 and class 12, through only helps us to understand further concepts. Toppr is one the best website provides you with free content,in a creative way. Embibe, will be a best source for solving questions and provide you with analytical reports and schedules. Vedantu,byjus,unacademy,askiitians,brilliant.org are the other few that provides various articles on individual topics.

Now, to getting onto the engineering academics, there are no specific websites that fulfills all of your interest, because various colleges design curriculum in their own way. But, The knowledge we learn always gives us an extra edge over others. It is always necessary to follow up the trends of education and industrial requirements. so, we have to follow some premium resources, and for us it’s better to refer the websites and social pages of iits,nits and government organisations. They always be helpful to measure our position nationally.

khan academy, edx, coursera, futurelearn, cisco will be some best resources to learn courses for free, but can obtain certificate by paying some money after completion of your course. Nptel is one of the best resource available to all, and also can value your learning by getting certificate at very reasonable pay, after giving a test.

here comes up with good youtube channels…iisc banglore, 3blue1brown,crashcourse, Neso academy, Tutorial point, mathsindepth, allaboutelectronics, letslearn,math-u- see, nptel, gradeup, seeker, IMA video, quanta magazine are few channels.

And there were few channels that able to improve your lifestyle, and are mike boyd, wall street journal, quint, mind your decisions, mind valley, momspresso, tedx, fightthenewdrug,cs dojo, kodegod,timelabpro, fearless soul, phlearn and many more.

There is always many more to explore in your own style, but every resource above directs towards various perspectives. pdfdrive, internet archive, z-library for books and for basic programming w3schools, tutorialpoint,javatpoint,sololearn, programiz, begineersbook.com and others.

Linguistics

Linguistics is a discipline which involves the scientific study of language. This includes the analysis of form, meaning, and context of language. Traditionally it was done by observing an interplay between sound and meaning. The social, cultural, historical, and political factors that influence language are also studied. Linguistics is primarily a descriptive study and it describe and explain features of language without making subjective judgments on it. The earliest documentation and description of language studies were done by 6th century BC grammarian Panini. He wrote Astadhyayi which was a formal description of Sanskrit language. Contemporary linguists assume that spoken data and signed data are more fundamental than written data. Languages can undergo many internal changes which results in the development of subvarieties such as linguistic registers, accents, and dialects.

Related areas of language study are the disciplines of semiotics – the study of direct and indirect language through signs and symbols, literary criticism – the historical and ideological analysis of literature, cinema, art, or published material, translation – the conversion and documentation of meaning in text from one language to another, and speech-language pathology – a corrective method to cure phonetic disabilities and disfunctions at the cognitive level.

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Linguistics has several branches of study, namely,

Historical linguistics was one of the first sub disciplines and widely practiced form which was the study of language change over time with regards to a specific language or group of languages. Synchronic approach was focused on for some time which was the systemic study of the current stage in languages, and historical research was a field of linguistic inquiry. Language change and grammaticalization studies are other fields.

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Eco linguistics explores the role of language in the interactions of humans, other species and the physical environment. It sees humans not only as a part of society, but also as a part of the larger ecosystems that life depends on. It aims to connect with ecological issues, climate change, biodiversity and environmental justice. Historical and evolutionary linguistics focuses on how languages change and grow, over an extended period of time.

Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is influenced by social factors. It focuses on the synchronic approach of linguistics, and shows the variation and varieties within it at a given point in time. Sociolinguist researches include studying both style and discourse in language, along with the theoretical factors that are at play between language and society.

Developmental linguistics is the study of the development of linguistic ability in individuals, like the acquisition of language in childhood. Developmental linguistics looks into how children acquire different languages, how adults can acquire a second language, and the process of language acquisition.

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Neurolinguistics is the study of the structures in the human brain which help grammar and communication. It is the study of physiological mechanisms of the brain and how it processes information about language. It evaluates linguistic and psycholinguistic theories, by using aphasiology, brain imaging, electrophysiology, and computer modelling. The cerebellum contains the highest numbers of neurons and has a major role in terms of predictions required to produce language.

Evolutionary linguistics is the study of the emergence of language through human evolution, and the application of evolutionary theory to the study of cultural evolution among different languages. It is a highly interdisciplinary field which includes the working of linguists, biologists, neuroscientists, psychologists, mathematicians together.

Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic studies to forensics. It is used to investigate the style, language, lexical use, linguistic and grammatical features used in the legal context to provide evidence in courts of law. Forensic linguists use their expertise in the framework of criminal cases.

Mass Extinctions: The Troughs of Biological Evolutionary History

With 2020 turning out to be a very abysmal year, complete with natural disasters and pandemic, I’m positive that many of us, at some point in time, have heard, seen or shared jokes about how the ‘end’ is approaching. Though it doesn’t intimidate our dear Earth,as it already has some experience in witnessing the wiping out of most of the life forms, then, in habitation. Infact, this occurrence, known as mass extinction, has been a part of evolutionary history for several times. So, now the question arises; who, when, how and also, how many times? Let’s find out.

Introduction

Earth is believed to be approximately 4 billion years old, which gives ample time to geological and biological evolution. The compilation of all those changes and evolutions structure the present day Earth, aside the anthropogenic modifications. And some of the major events of the evolutionary history of Earth are mass extinction. That’s right. Even the destruction of species after species has contributed to the shaping of Earth’s present. 

The Catastrophes: Mass Extinction

Extinction is a natural phenomenon that takes place due to changes in the environment. Complete disappearance of a species is its extinction. A species is a group of organisms with similar biological, physiological and anatomical characteristics and which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The species which cannot adapt with the environmental changes, cannot evolve with subsequent reproduction or cannot reproduce fast enough to keep up with the decline of their population, perish and become extinct. 

A typical species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance. It is estimated that 99.9% of all species that ever habituated Earth are now extinct.

Mass extinction is referred to as the event which results in the simultaneous extinction of a large number of species present on Earth. These events resulted in severe reduction in the number of organisms in a short amount of time and also decreased the speciation. Hence, the rate of reproduction slowed down, and eventually led to the extinction. It is identified by sharp change in diversity and abundance of organisms.

Mass extinction has some special characteristics:.

  • It took place over a short span of time and were quite intense
  • It was a global phenomenon and included a large diversity of organisms
  • Extinctions were believed to be more severe in case of marine organisms
  • It is considered that plant species are more resistant to extinction than animals.

Mass extinction evidences can be found in fossils trapped in rocks and rock layers, which had been deposited on Earth’s surface for billions of years. On the basis of the incomplete fossil records, 5 major mass extinctions have been identified. In the descending order of age, they are:

  1. Ordovician- Silurian Mass Extinction/Late Ordovician Mass Extinction (450-440 million years ago) at Ordovician-Silurian transition

In May 2020, studies suggested that due to global warming, caused mainly due to volcanism and anoxia, killed off 27% of all families, 57% of all genera and 60%-70% of all the species.49-60% of marine genera and nearly 85% of marine species were eliminated. There were two main causal events. In terms of percentage of genera becoming extinct, these are regarded as the second largest of the five major extinctions.

The LOME is considered to have occurred in two distinct pulses, one at the boundary of the between Katian and Hirnantian stages of the Late Ordovician Period. The second pulse occurred in the later half of the Hirnantian stage, and is associated with intense worldwide anoxia(oxygen depletion) and euxinia (toxic sulfide production), persisting through the Rhuddanian age of Silurian period.

The other plausible causes that were/are debated are glaciation, toxic metal poisoning, gamma-ray burst and weathering

  1. Late Devonian Mass Extinction (375-364 million years ago) near the Devonian- Carboniferous transition

A prolong series of extinction resulted in elimination of 19%of all families, 50% of all genera and at least 70% of all species. It might have lasted for as long as 20 million years.The beginning and end of this period is marked by Kellwasser event and Hangenberg event respectively. According to Late Devonian sedimentary records, it was a period of several environmental changes, which might have directly affected biodiversity and caused extinction. Evidence of rate of carbon burial shooting up and widespread anoxia at ocean bottoms have been discovered. Possible triggers of these changes are:

  • Asteroid impact 
  • Supernovae event, which lead to drastic drop in atmospheric ozone ultimately resulting in genetic material damage due to UV rays.
  • Plant evolution and expansion
  • Weathering due to plant evolution, which caused drastic changes in nutrients cycles. That, in turn, led to deposition of surplus nutrients in water bodies, leading to eutrophication and subsequent anoxia.
  • Reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide, again due to evolution of plants
  • Magmatism
  1. Permian Triassic Mass Extinction/ Great Dying (252 million years ago) at Permian-Triassic transition

It is considered to be the most severe extinction in the evolutionary history of Earth. About 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates went extinct. In case of insects, 57% of all biological families and 83% of all genera faced extinction.

Evidence of about 1 to 3 pulses/phases of extinction are identified. The potential causes that had been identified include:

  • Meteor impact event(s)
  • Massive volcanic eruptions
  • Climate changes due to large production of methane
  • Sea level changes
  • Increasing anoxia
  • Increasing aridity
  • Hydrogen sulfide emission
  1. End Triassic Mass Extinction (201 million years ago) at Triassic-Jurassic transition

 In marine biodiversity, a whole class(conodonts) and 23-24% genera went extinct. The terrestrial organisms which suffered extinction include archosauromorphs (excluding crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs) and some dinosaurs went extinct. Groups like aetosaurs, phytosaurs etc., which were previously abundant, went extinct. The Jurassic age saw a diverse evolution of dinosaurs and  pterosaurs.

The possible causes of this mass extinction include:

  • Gradual climate change, sea-level fluctuations or a pulse of oceanic acidification, decreasing diversity of land biomes
  • Trend of increasing aridification
  • Drop in sea level
  • Extraterrestrial causes; includes impact from an asteroid or comet
  • Volcanic eruptions
  1. Cretaceous Tertiary Mass Extinction (65 million years ago) at Cretaceous-Paleogene transition 

This extinction is responsible for about 80% of all species of animals, including all the dinosaurs and many marine invertebrates. It also includes a range of fishes, mammals,pterosaurs and plesiosaurs, amongst other groups of animals. The main trigger for this extinction is considered to be asteroid impacts. This period recorded several large asteroid impacts.This hypothesis is further solidified by unusually high levels of iridium in the rocks of that period, which is usually not available on the surface of earth. 

As the after effect of this extinction,’impact winter’ was set into motion. Due to all the ash, dust and other matter that were dispersed in the atmosphere due to the asteroid impacts, blocked out sunlight for a long period of time.As a result, plants could not effectively perform photosynthesis, and keep up the oxygen level in the atmosphere. It also resulted in shortage of food for animals. The worst hit animals were the dinosaurs, due to their massive size.The smaller animals, on the other hand, strived with storage food and lesser oxygen, and thrived after the danger passed.Other calamities induced were tsunamis, earthquakes and increased volcanic activities.

Apart from these, scientists have identified several other minor extinctions, with the help of fossil and petrological records. 

Holocene Extinction: Living through History

At present, we are living through an extinction referred to as Holocene extinction or Anthropocene Extinction, which is considered to be the sixth major mass extinction. It is, needless to say, majorly a result of human activities. The current rate of extinction of species is 100 to 1000 times higher than the natural rate of extinction. The direct causes include hunting, deforestation, pollution, introduction of non native species in various diverse geographical regions etc.

If this doesn’t give mankind the wakeup call that it direly needs, I don’t know what would.

Websites referred:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_extinction

Environmental Pollution

Pollution is the presence of particles or elements in a natural environment and thereby degrading the quality of it. It causes adverse changes to natural environment. Pollution is caused by contaminants and they can be of various types. Contaminants can be particles like chemical substances, gases or energy. They can be foreign substances or naturally occurring ones. Depending on the kind of contaminants and the environment, there are different forms of pollution – air pollution, light pollution, litter, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, visual pollution, and water pollution.

Pollution exists mainly in urban societies. The burning of coal and wood increase carbon content in air and make the cities the primary sources of pollution. The Industrial Revolution had brought an infusion of untreated chemicals and wastes into local water resources which supplied water to the people. Early instances include the time when King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke became a problem.

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The major forms of pollution are described as follows:

Air pollution – It is caused by the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides which are produced by industry and motor vehicles.

Electromagnetic pollution – It is caused due to the overabundance of electromagnetic radiation in their non-ionizing form, like radio waves, etc. Nowadays people are constantly exposed to these radiations.

Light pollution – It includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference. There have been instances when over illumination of a natural environment by artificial lights have caused birds to be awake at night. It disturbs their natural time cycle.

Noise pollution – It includes noise from all sorts of sources like roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.

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Plastic pollution – This involves the accumulation of plastic products and microplastics in the environment and thereby affecting the wildlife, wildlife habitat, and humans.

Soil contamination – It is caused by chemicals released by spills or underground leakages. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Radioactive contamination – This has increased the 20th century due to activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment.

Thermal pollution – This is a temperature change in natural water bodies. The most common reason is human influence. For example, the use of water as coolant in a power plant.

Visual pollution – It refers to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landform, open storage of trash, municipal solid waste or space debris.

Water pollution – It is caused by the discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial factories into surface waters resources. It also includes discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, treated sewage; pesticides and fertilizer components reaching water bodies through irrigation water. Groundwater pollution is caused from waste disposal including pit latrines and septic tanks; eutrophication and littering.

With growing evidence of local and global pollution, more and more people have started getting informed over time. Issues such as global warming and climate change have also developed in recent years. These have given rise to environmentalism and environmental movements. There are environmental activists who work to raise awareness and to limit human impact on the environment.

Top 5 Career Opportunities In Chemistry

If you are someone who admires chemistry more than just a subject & aspires to build your future in it. This is your place. Doesn’t matter if you have just passed out your high-school or seeking change in career. If you are dedicated to the subject & willing to diligently work for it. Then it has some wonders in store for you.

   So mentioned below are the top 5 career options you can seek in chemistry after completion of degrees at certain levels.

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A] Following are specifically for the one’s who have or are willing to pursue MSc as a degree in chemistry :

1 ]   Teaching field

Now if you are someone who is quite fascinated with the life of teachers or professors as I am. Then this is all you need to know :

  • ‌Post qualifying NET + Ph.D., you can apply for the post of assistant professor in various govt. colleges all over India. And if not then you might try for SET for the same, but the only limitation is you can’t apply outside that particular state.
  • ‌Next is you can think of clearing the B. Ed exam if you wish to be a teacher at +2 colleges.
  • ‌Clear the GATE entrance examination after MSc/Btech to teach in engineering colleges.

All these shall make you earn a handsome salary additionally offering some good peace of mind.

2 ]  Research

If you want to build your career in Research & Development then you must clear the CSIR – NET exam & apply for a Ph.D. as a JRF scholar in a govt. college with a good amount of stipend in hand.

3 ]  Industry

With a valid GATE score, you can apply in PSUs like ONGC, IOCL, HPCL, NTPC for jobs at various posts.

Without any entrance exam, you may apply at private industries like paint, agriculture, paper, sanitation, plastic, cement, textile & forensics as a QC trainee.

4 ] Government Jobs

One can appear for various govt. entrances to apply in various govt posts.

B] Now if you are someone who has completed Btech in chemical engineering then refer below-mentioned data :

1 ] Research

After completing a Ph.D. in chemical engineering & apply for research & scientists in Govt Organizations or MNCs.

2 ] Designing Industries

This field involves designing a process & it’s related equipment, machinery, or chemical plants too. They provide a starting package of 9 LPA plus providing a good foreign exposure.

3 ] Production Industries

Just like the above-mentioned companies (in A3) you can apply for them with just merely a graduation degree in chemical engineering.

4 ] Project Engineer

A chemical engineer can also work as a project engineer in the design companies. The role of project engineering is all about maintaining coordination between clients, all engineering departments for the smooth execution of the project.

Latest in Environment: Top 10

  1. Scientists in U.S., created a clothing material to keep our bodies cool to the extent which eliminates the need of air conditioning. The fabric does not even need electricity or batteries to work. Read the paper here.
  2. India is investing aggressively in eco theme parks and other tourism sites, which include a Buddhist theme park at Futala, a tourism circuit in Saurashtra and an energy park at Koradi.
  3. A study concludes that children who are raised in greenery and eco-friendly environment have higher IQs than the ones who are not. Pollution adversely affects brain development in children.
  4. California wildfires: More than 752,000 acres got burned, nearly 1,000 structures got destroyed, and 5 citizens lost their lives in the horrific historical fires.
  5. The United States Environment Protection Agency (EPA) paved way for the oil and gas industries to exploit the environment with no hindrance. The trump EPA does so by rolling back an Obama policy of curbing gas leaks at pipelines and wells. The EPA is giving the oil and gas companies the green signal to release much more climate-warming dangerous methane into the atmosphere.
  6. Despite COVID-19 lockdown, Carbon emissions did not reduce. The increase in CO2 levels just slowed down a bit and are still increasing day by day.
  7. The NASA study reveals that ice sheets of Greenland are melting at a speed that even if the global warming stopped right now, they will continue to melt at a significant rate. This is called as no point of return. They are contributing as a single most reason for the rise in ocean levels.
  8. The division of European Union’s Agricultural budget is gravely flawed. It spends money on large farms, without considering environmental contributions of those farms, ignores small farms and farmers and hence, hinders in green recovery from COVID-19. Read the study here.
  9. The scientists at Colorado State University developed a recyclable plastic with the ability to maintain its original qualities after recycling. They do it with a material called PBTL. Read the paper here.
  10. The United Nations E-waste monitor report shows that electronic waste is the world’s fastest growing domestic waste stream. A record 53.6 million metric tonnes (Mt) of E-waste got generated in 2019, and it predicts that this will be 74Mt by 2030.