Category: Services

Make a visit to “land of gods” UTTRAKHAND

“WHERE SHIVA EXISTS IN EVERY STONE , IS UTTRAKHAND “

And this statement gives the justification of why Uttarakhand is know as “the land of gods “. Uttarakhand was formed on 9th November 2000 as the 27th State of India, when it was carved out of northern Uttar Pradesh. Located at the foothills of the Himalayan mountain ranges, it is largely a hilly State, having international boundaries with China (Tibet) in the north and Nepal in the east. On its north-west lies Himachal Pradesh, while on the south is Uttar Pradesh. It is rich in natural resources especially water and forests with many glaciers, rivers, dense forests and snow-clad mountain peaks. Char-dhams, the four most sacred and revered Hindu temples of Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri are nestled in the mighty mountains.

LET ME GIVE YOU A BRIEF ABOUT THE MAJOR TEMPLES FOR WHICH UTTARAKHAND IS FAMOUS FOR :

  1. PANCH BADRI ( 5 BADRI )

a. BARDINATH : Badrinath is the northern Dham of the four sacred Dhams  called Char Dham. Though the Badrinath temple is believed to date to the Vedic period, the current structure was built in the 8th century AD by Adi Shankaracharya. The other three dhams are Rameswaram in the south, Dwarka in the west and Jagannath Puri in the east; all of these four temples are dedicated to god Vishnu. Adi Shankara’s basic intention was to unite the country under the banner of Hinduism. The temple, which had been subjected to damage due to snow avalanches and landslides, several times in the past, was last restored in the 19th century. Badrinath is also part of Chota Char Dham, four sacred temples in Uttarakhand. The others include the Shiva temple of Kedarnath and the sources of the holy rivers Ganges and Yamuna.

b. AADI BADRI : In ancient times, when approach to the main shrine of Badrinath was closed due to weather conditions, pilgrims worshipped Vishnu at this temple. Adi Badri, also known as Helisera according to revenue records, is a tiny temple complex enclosed within a space of 14 meters (46 ft.) X 30 meters (98 ft.). The height of the temples vary from 2–6 meters (6.6–19.7 ft.).

c. BHAVISHAY BADRI: According to the legend of Bhavishya Badri (literally “Badri of the future”), when evil transcends the world, the mountains of Nara and Narayana would block up the route to Badrinath and the sacred shrine would become inaccessible. The present world will be destroyed and a new one established. Then, Badrinath will appear at the Bhavishya Badri temple and be worshipped here, instead of the Badrinath shrine.

d. DHAYAN BADRI : The legend of Dhyan Badri (meditating Badri) is linked to the Urvashi, son of King Puranjaya of the Pandavas lineage who meditated in the Urgam region and established the temple for Vishnu. The image of Vishnu is four-armed, made of black stone and in a meditative posture.

e. YOGADHYAN BADRI : Yogadhyan Badri, also called Yoga Badri, is located at Pandukeshwar at the elevation of 1,829 meters , close to Govind Ghat and is as ancient as the main Badrinath shrine . Legend has it that King Pandu, father of the five Pandavas – heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata, meditated here to god Vishnu to cleanse him of the sin of killing of two mating deer, who were ascetics in their previous lives. The Pandavas were also born here and Pandu died and attained salvation here. Pandu is believed to have installed the bronze image of Vishnu in the Yogadhyan Badri shrine. The image is in a meditative posture and thus the image is called Yoga-Dhyan (meditative) Badri. The idol is life size and has been carved from Shaligram stone. According to legend, the Pandavas, after defeating and killing their cousins Kauravas in the Mahabharata war, came here to repent.

2. PANCH KEDAR ( 5 KEDAR )

A folk legend about Panch Kedar relates to the Pandavas, the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. The Pandavas defeated and slayed their cousins — the Kauravas in the epic Kurukshetra war. They wished to atone for the sins of committing fratricide and Brahmanahatya (killing of Brahmins — the priest class) during the war. Thus, they handed over the reins of their kingdom to their kin and left in search of lord Shiva and to seek his blessings. First, they went to the holy city of Varanasi (Kashi), believed to be Shiva’s favorite city and known for its Shiva temple. But, Shiva wanted to avoid them as he was deeply incensed by the death and dishonesty at the Kurukshetra war and was, therefore, insensitive to Pandavas’ prayers. Therefore, he assumed the form of a bull (Nandi) and hid in the Garhwal region.

Not finding Shiva in Varanasi, the Pandavas went to Garhwal Himalayas. Bhima, the second of the five Pandava brothers, then standing astride two mountains started to look for Shiva. He saw a bull grazing near Guptakashi (“hidden Kashi” — the name derived from the hiding act of Shiva). Bhima immediately recognized the bull to be Shiva. Bhima caught hold of the bull by its tail and hind legs. But the bull-formed Shiva disappeared into the ground to later reappear in parts, with the hump raising in Kedarnath, the arms appearing in Tungnath, the face showing up at Rudranath, the nabhi (navel) and stomach surfacing in Madhyamaheshwar and the hair appearing in Kalpeshwar. The Pandavas pleased with this reappearance in five different forms, built temples at the five places for venerating and worshipping Shiva. 

3. PANCH PRAYAG( FIVE PRAYAG )

  1. VISHNU PRAYAG : The Alaknanda River, which originates from Satopanth glacier is joined by the Dhauli Ganga River near Joshimath . Alaknanda flows in front of the Badrinath temple, one of the most revered Hindu shrines. Dhauli Ganga originates from the Niti Pass, after traveling a distance of 25 km (15.5 mi) from its source to the Vishnu Prayag 

2. NAND PRAYAG :Nand Prayag is the second Prayag in the cascade sequence of the confluences where the Nandakini River joins the main Alaknanda River. According to one tale, a noble King Nanda performed Yagnya (fire-sacrifice) and sought blessings of God. Hence, the confluence is named after him.

3. KARNA PRAYAG : KARN Prayag is the location where Alaknanda River is joined by the Pindar River that originates from the Pindar glacier, below the Nanda Devi Mountain range. The epic Mahabharata legend narrates that Karna did penance here and earned the protective gear of Kavacha (armour) and Kundala (ear rings) from his father, the Sun god, which gave him indestructible powers. The name of the confluence is thus derived from the name of Karna.

4. RUDRA PRAYAG : At Rudra Prayag the Alaknanda meets the Mandakini River. The confluence is named after god Shiva, who is also known as Rudra. According to a widely narrated legend, Shiva performed the Tandava here, Tandava is a vigorous dance that is the source of the cycle of creation, preservation and dissolution. Shiva also played his favourite musical instrument the Rudra veena here. By playing the Veena, he enticed god Vishnu to his presence and converted him to water.

5. DEV PRAYAG : Dev Prayag is the confluence of the two holy rivers, the Bhagirathi – the chief stream of the Ganges and the Alaknanda. It is the first prayag on the way to Badrinath. Beyond this confluence, the river is known as Ganges. The holiness of this place is considered equal to the famous Triveni sangam confluence at Allahabad where the Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati rivers merge.

A part from temples , there are many other famous place to pay a visit for . some of them are , Dehradun , Nainital , Mussoorie , Rishikesh, Haridwar , Almora , Kausani , Pithoragarh , Chopta , Ranikhet , valley of flowers , etc. One in his life time should make a visit to this state , to see nature from you soul , from your eyes . It is a heaven on earth .

Planting trees!!!!

We all know that the world is heading towards deforestation, global warming, drought etc., What is the major cause of this global changes? It is us. We humans are quite selfish when it comes our own deeds. We keep on cutting the trees, increasing pollution, high useage of plastic etc. What can we do to make our earth lively and healthy? There is no other remedy than planting trees. Yes, there reason we live is the trees. Without them we won’t be alive. Let’s see about planting trees and its importance.

Planting trees will not solve the issue of climate change • Earth.com

Why trees are important to us?!?!

Trees are important to the environment because they provide oxygen and they act as carbon sinks. A carbon sink is a natural or artificial body that stores carbon dioxide. The more trees you have, the more carbon dioxide that you can store. This is because they take in carbon dioxide and then release oxygen, which allows them to store more carbon dioxide.

Importance of Planting more Trees. — Steemit

Planting trees has several benefits, including the fact that they help to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs). They also help to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. As a result, planting trees can help to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Trees are also important for the environment because they provide a habitat for wildlife. They also help to improve the quality of air and water, and they provide a home for birds, insects, and other small animals.

When you plant a tree, you are helping to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. So, it is important that you plant a tree. The more trees you plant, the more you will be helping the environment.

What are the trees can be planted??

There are several different types of trees that can be planted. Some of these include the following:

Oak trees, Redwood trees, Pine trees, Alder trees, Fir trees,Bamboo trees,Evergreen trees, Deciduous trees.

METHOD OF PLANTING TREES:

  • Dig a big hole, put the rootball in, cover with dirt.

This is probably the most common method. It’s simple and easy, but it’s not the best. The tree will grow fine if you fill the hole with a small amount of compost. This will help the tree get established quicker and, in the long term, will make the tree more resilient to drought. But it’s harder to dig a big hole, and it’s hard to get the compost in there without disturbing the rootball. It’s also worth noting that the tree is going to be much happier if you can put the hole in a slightly damp area.

Do water the plant regularly until its becomes a tree. You may plant whatever tree you like and the most important thing is to maintain them in a good condition. Everybody says plant trees, save earth, save water. But in reality, how many of us has really planted trees? Think about it and find the best answer yourself!!

TOP 25 TREE PLANTING QUOTES | A-Z Quotes

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INDONESIA: PERFECT DESTINATION FOR BUDGET TRAVELERS

20’s are the most precious days of our life and are incredible. In this phase, you are old enough to be reasonable, responsible, courageous and knowledgeable. And in this age, you are young enough to have your time of freedom and open- mindedness.

WHAT IS THE BEST ACTIVITY TO DO IN YOUR 20s ? TRAVELLING…. Travelling gives a great experience and is a great way to enjoy these days of young age, to start exploring the world and to start a career. But in this age, we also think about doing activities which will be pocket friendly and will also not drain out the money. Therefore, money is a major obstacle for adventure and travelling for the people in their 20s. It’s very rare to find young persons who have sufficient amount of money for travelling.

The first step towards selecting a place for travelling is “doing a research”. Travelers seek out more unique and affordable ways to travel and the solution to this is research… Iam also one of those individuals who are aspiring to travel and here I have mentioned some awesome countries which are budget friendly and are easy to travel when you’re young and while on a budget from my research’s and bucket list. And Iam super excited to share about Indonesia from my researches.

The world has numerous countries, infinite number of gorgeous places and the more we travel, the more we get interested to explore and it is good to travel. There are many perfect places which are accessible without paying for private tour guide to travel in your 20s.

What makes Indonesia an ideal place for tourists ?

  • Indonesia is a land gifted with beaches, exotic water villas on peaceful islands, cultural ethos and vibrant tribes. The country provides many surreal places and all together they offer a mix of outlandish island and numerous adventures which will make a successful trip.
  • The country has many beautiful islands, beaches and lakes for beach and water bodies lover; national parks for wildlife lovers; active volcano sites for adventurous soul and many places to explore.
  • Indonesia is perfect place for every type of travelers. It is a place that gives peaceful time and alone time as well as adventures. Starting from wild and extravagant adventures to beautiful sights, Indonesia is the summation of every sort of adventure and peaceful. So, pick your favorite place and experience the adventure and peace of a lifetime.
  • Bali is the main tourist destination and in addition to that, the country has hundreds of little islands to visit every single day.
  • Indonesia is a perfect destination for a low cost vacation. As you move towards the inland more, the more the prices will go down. This place is economically feasible and you can also visit Lombok or Sumatra island.
  • The main deciding factor of budget is “transportation” . Depending on the transportation, the trip can get cheaper or even expensive. Intercity travelling can be very expensive and time consuming, so sticking to one region can be a solution. Indonesia gives large number of adventures to experience, explore and rejoice. So, spending more time in a particular place will allow you to travel deeper and explore more and will make the experience more meaningful.
  • If someone wants to travel far and wide on a budget, then using local transportation can be a solution.
  • Apart from Bali, Indonesia provides many beautiful resort island and Indonesia’s archipelago is even wider than United States and offers a whole world to discover.

From white sand beaches to jungles and savannahs, and from blue flame spewing volcanoes to remote rainforests which has orangutans…

Indonesia is a budget traveler’s dream. Indonesia’s best islands and mountains await your wandering soul! Have a look.

THE VOLKSWAGEN NOBODY KNOWS!

You must have heard of the fact that companies are contributing to environmental degradation , though they don’t want to do that but no one can deny to the fact that they are indirectly into it. But their are many greedy companies who , without even taking concern of the environment are contributing to degradation of it . Volkswagen is one among such companies , let’s see what they have done .

VOLKSWAGEN AG , known internationally as the Volkswagen group is a German multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Wolfsburg , Germany . In the early 1930s, cars were a luxury – most Germans could afford nothing more elaborate than a motorcycle and only one German out of 50 owned a car. Seeking a potential new market, some car makers began independent “people’s car” projects – the Mercedes 170H, BMW 3/15, Adler AutoBahn, Steyr 55, and Hanomag 1.3L, among others. The Volkswagen emission scandal began in September 2015 when the US Environment Protection Agency issued a notice of violation of clean air act to Volkswagen group . According to the agency Volkswagen intentionally developed a software named TURBOCHARGED DIRECT INJECTION (TDS ) diesel engines , to active their emission control only at the time of testing in the labs which causes vehicles Nitrogen output to met US standards , BUT in reality emits 40 times more nitrogen in air in the real world .

They developed this software in 11 million cars of which 500,000 were in US only . Research were done & a group of scientists detected that there is additional emission in road test . Within the first day of investigation the stock price of VOLKSWAGEN fell in value by one by one third . Its CEO Martin Winterkorn resigned from his post & many officials were suspended .

In April 2016 , Volkswagen announced to spend $18.32 billion to rectify the emission issue & in January 2017 , Volkswagen pleaded guilty to criminal charges & after investigation process , in April 2017 , US government ordered the company to pay $2.8 billion as criminal fine for breaking rules of nitrogen emission . The total cost of the scandal costed $33.3 billion in fines , penalties , & financial settlements & buyback cost of VOLKSWAGEN .

This proves that the greediness of one company can bring harm to whole ecosystem . As business is a part of society , business should perform function to bring peace in the environment by not polluting it . It should serve the mankind & society as well. Volkswagen by realizing their mistake pleaded themselves guilty shows that one the mistake is done you should work to rectify it instead of hiding it .

URBAN FLOODING: DROWNING CITIES AND INCREASING VULNERABILITY

The cities are continuously experiencing extreme flooding events which requires attention and proper solution before it gets converted to a deadly disaster. URBAN FLOODING is a chronic process which is caused due because the city landscapes fail yo absorb or manage the rainfall. Urban Flooding is separate and different from coastal and riverine flooding and are more frequent and localized.

What is Urban Flooding ?

Urban Flooding is the flooding happening in urban areas due to excessive runoff in urban areas and because the runoff doesn’t get managed properly. This phenomenon can be caused during heavy rainfalls as well as in small amount of rainfall. Even small amount of rain can deteriorate or cause flooding due to inadequate infrastructure and actions taken by neighborhood or city to manage the storm water, especially in impoverished, neglected and socio-economic isolated urban communities. Urban flooding has three components: (i) caused by rainfall; (ii) falls on impervious surfaces; and (iii) increases the level of local storm water drainage capacity. These components along with heavy rainfall or precipitation, climate change, outdated drainage infrastructure and storm water management infrastructures and increased urbanization can cause major challenge and disaster in urban areas. Urban Flooding is caused due to the climate change and extreme weather conditions of the cities. The phenomenon becomes more and more frequent and common in urban areas these days. While untimely heave rains can be seen as a consequence of climate change, the urban flooding can be seen as the consequence of unplanned urbanization.

URBAN FLOODING

Urban Flooding in India

The rate of urban flooding has been increasing in India and it is severely affecting the major cities. Some of the most disastrous urban flooding were found in Mumbai (2005), Kolkata (2007), Delhi (2009), Bangalore (2015) and Hyderabad (2020) the most recent doubt. Flooding in India is mostly found in its peak in monsoons seasons and many times when the storm surges at coastal cities urban flooding is caused. There are many other causes of urban flooding also, like failure to release water from dams, increasing proportion of built up area etc. In addition to these causes, Urban Heat Island effect has also resulted in an increase in rainfall over urban areas. Global climate changes results in extreme weather patterns and increased incidences of heavy rainfall occurring over shorter periods of time. This phenomenon is also increasing sea level and threatening all the coastal cities.

URBAN FLOODING IN INDIA
URBAN FLOODING IN NEW DELHI, INDIA

Factors behind Urban Flooding

There are number of factors behind the phenomenon and some of the major factors behind this phenomenon are

  1. Inadequate Drainage Facilities: There are many cities in the country who are relying on age old drainage systems which are efficient in carrying the rainfall when heave rainfall happens. These drains don’t have adequate capacity for carrying them.
  2. Alteration of Natural Drains: Cities have been built and developed by flattening the natural terrain and altering and manipulating the natural drainage routes.
  3. Increasing Imperviousness and Reducing Seepage: With increasing urbanization, the proportion of impervious areas is also increasing. With this the seepage of rainwater decreases and leads to flooding.
  4. Encroachment over Natural Spaces: The developments are encroaching the green spaces, water bodies, open spaces etc. which are natural areas and have the ability to seep water.
HOW URBANIZATION CAUSES URBAN FLOODING
HOW INCREASING BUILT UP AREA CAUSE URBAN FLOODING ?

With the increasing rate of urbanization the capacity of natural drains has decreases and results in flooding. Improper solid waste disposal and dumping of construction debris into the drains which also contributes significantly to the reduction in capacity of the natural drains. This problem will keep on increasing with increasing population because the demand of living spaces and infrastructures are met by encroaching over floodplains and green spaces. Hence, it is important to manage and regulate the developmental works taking place in the city.

We can’t completely grasp Google’s time crystal discovery since it is so large.

Forget about Fuchsia and Google Search. Researchers from Google, Stanford, Princeton and other institutions could have discovered a computer breakthrough so significant we can’t completely grasp it yet. Even Google scientists aren’t convinced whether their time crystal finding is correct. However, if the report is correct, Google may be one of the first corporations to provide the globe with a critical technical improvement in the future. Quantum computers, which can tackle difficult problems with amazing speed and power using technologies that have yet to be created, will require time crystals as a building component.

What is a quantum computer?

Google isn’t the only business working on quantum computers, and these devices continue to make headlines daily. Quantum computers won’t be able to reach your phone, and they won’t be able to play games with you. Even if they did, Nintendo’s future systems will be completely devoid of the latest computing technologies.

According to The Next Web, we intend to use quantum computers to solve difficult issues. Warp drives, for example, might allow for rapid interstellar travel. And medical technologies capable of curing almost every ailment.

Earlier this year, Google teamed up with Michael Pea for a quantum computing demonstration at I/O 2021:

Quantum computers, on the other hand, are extremely difficult to create, maintain, and even operate. That’s where Google’s time crystals may be useful. Qubits, or quantum computer bits, are now used in quantum computers. When these qubits are seen, they behave differently than when they are left alone. It’s because of this that measuring qubit states is challenging. Because of this instability, using a quantum computer is difficult. That’s when time crystals enter the picture.

Google’s time crystals

The time crystal idea, first proposed in 2012, is a new phase of matter. According to The Next Web, time crystals defy one of Sir Isaac Newton’s renowned principles. “An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion,” according to Newton’s first law of motion.

There’s something called high entropy in our cosmos (disorder). Energy transfers constantly cause something to happen. When there are no processes, entropy is constant, but it increases when they are present. However, this is not the case with time crystals. Even when employed in a process, they can preserve entropy.

The Next Web gives a fantastic analogy with snowflakes to explain Google’s time crystals. Because the atoms are organized in precise ways, they have distinct patterns. Snow falls, melts, water evaporates, and ultimately turns back as snow. All of these processes entail energy transfers. A time crystal is analogous to a snowflake that can switch between two configurations without consuming or wasting energy. Time crystals can have their cake and eat it too, and they can do it indefinitely.

What does it mean for you and me?

The time crystals that Google uses do not belong to Google. Even the Google crew is unsure if they were developed by them. The study is only available in pre-print form while it is being peer-reviewed.

However, if Google can figure out how to build them, next-generation quantum computers may include time crystals. These computers might be built by anyone. They’d also bring quantum coherence to a region where there’s a lot of decoherence — the restless qubits we talked about before.

Even yet, the development of quantum computers based on time crystals is still in its infancy. Google may have demonstrated that time crystals aren’t simply a theory, but it hasn’t built any.

To develop warp drives or uncover “universally effective cancer therapies,” we may require decades of quantum computing research to produce quantum computers with time crystals. And it will take decades to fully comprehend quantum computers and time crystals. This is the URL to Google’s paper. Furthermore, Quanta Magazine provides a comprehensive overview of Google’s findings, replete with a time crystal animation.

Safety Of Women In Public Transport

Have you ever travelled in a public transport or in any bus, train, or metro train? Do you think public transports are safe for women? Being a women do you feel safe while travelling in any mode of public transport? Public transport is on essential service that provides individuals with access to work, to an education and to all of life’s opportunities. And yet, the access of many women and girls to safe public transport options is threatend by the potential of being assaulted or victimised. The findings revealed that 59% of women use public transport like buses, trains and on demand taxis as it is affordable but only 9% of women feel public transport is completely safe, while 3% claim it is completely unsafe and rest 47% claiming that they felt somewhat safe using it during the day, but not at night. The fear of molestation, assault, eve-teasing and male-gaze makes women feel unsafe in modes of public transport. Everyday 7 out of 10 women face some kind of bad behaviour, molestation, male-gaze while travelling in a public transport. Travelling late at night alone in train, bus, on demand taxis is a topic of concern for women. As you remember the Nirbhaya case happened in 2012, a 23 year old girl was beaten, gang raped and tortured in a bus in which she was travelling. Lack of road lighting is a key factor behind feeling unsafe, with 40% women stating only major roads were well lit. Sanitisation is also a problem for women in public transport/bus. Train stations and trains are vulnerable spaces for women due to crowded space or, due to isolated areas where there is no one available to intervene and help in case of emergency. Sexual assault, molestation and even rape are reported on trains and have been on the rise. Not reporting sexual harassment is also a common occurence. Only 30% women report the case of molestation as the women fears that reporting the case will degrade her family’s reputation. More than 50% of the cases remain upreported and the culprit live freely in the society.

The cases against women in public transport are on a rise but the following written measures can be taken to stop the increasing and high pace of these evil acts. Improving the lighting on the roads and on railways; bus and metro stations will have a direct influence over the perception of safety. Having more entry and exit prints to ease congestion. Improving infrastructure including toilets; staircase and pedestrain bridges; publicising helpline numbers; having functional and visible helpdesks where women can get immediate assistance; Making reporting incidents simple and easy so that more women do it- this can help show the patterns and trends and lead to pre-emptive solutions.

In conclusion, i would like to say that the world is changing at a rapid pace and we are living in the 21st century in a technological world but still the women in our society doesn’t feel safe while travelling in a public transport. Women fear molestation, rape, assault and male-gaze in public transport. Measures should be taken to safeguard women as women are the important pillar of our society and safeguarding them is the need of the hour. Men and boys should also be taught to respect women instead of disrespecting them and seeing them as a sex object. Both women and men are equal in society and should be treated equally and respected to make the society a better place for living.

Rights Of An Agent

An “agent” is a person employed to do any act for another, or to represent another in dealing with third persons. The person for whom such an act is done, or who is so represented, is called the “principal”. Section 182 of the act defines the terms “Agent” and “Principal”.

Rights of an Agent

  1. Right to Receive Remuneration: According to Section 219 of the Indian Contract Act, an agent is entitle to his remuneration. But Section 220 of the said act says that, an agent who is guilty of misconduct in the business of an agency is not entitled to any remuneration in respect of that part of the business which he has misconducted.
  2. Right of Lien (Section 221): Agent’s lien on principal’s property- In the absence of any contract to the contrary, an agent is entitled to retain goods, papers and other property, whether movable or immovable, of the principal received by him, until the amount due to himself for commission, disbursements and services in respect of the same has been paid or accounted for to him.
  3. Right to Indemnity: Agent to be indemnified against consequences of lawful acts. Indemnity means promise make good the loss. According to Section 222 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 “The employer of an agent is bound to indemnify him against the consequences of all lawful acts done by such agent in exercise of the authority conferred upon him. Illustrations: B, at Singapore, under instructions from A of Calcutta, contracts with C to deliver certain goods to him. A does not send the goods to B, and C sues B for breach of contract. B informs A of the suit, and A authorities him to defend the suit. B defends the suit and is compelled to pay damages and costs and incurs expenses. A is liable to B for such damages, costs and expenses.
  4. Right to Compensation: According to Section 225 of the said act, an agent is entitled to claim compensation for the injuries suffered as a consequence or want of skill of the principal. Section 225 reads as follows- “The principal must make compensation to his agent in respect of injury caused to such agent by the principal’s neglect or want of skill. Illustration: A employs B as a bricklayer in building a house, and puts up the scaffholding himself. The scaffholding is unskillfully put up, and B is in consequence hurt. A must make compensation to B.
  5. Right to Retain Sums (Section 217 and 218): The agent has a duty to pay to his principal all sums received on principal’s account. But he also has a right to retain, out of any sums received on account of principal in the business of agency, all money due to himself in respect of advances made or expenses properly incurred by him in conducting such business and also such remuneration as may be payable to him for acting as agent. Similarly, when an agent sells his principal’s goods, he may detain the money received, for his remuneration on account of the goods sold by him. Such right can be exercised by an advocate also but lien must be confined to the costs incurred in that particular case.

21.5 million lost jobs in tourism sector, says Centre

Significant job loss due to lockdown, Tourism Minister tells Rajya Sabha.

With the tourism industry among the hardest hit due to the pandemic, it is estimated that about 21.5 million people working in the sector lost their jobs during the nine-month period from April 2020-December 2020, as per the data shared by the government recently.

In a written reply to the Rajya Sabha, Tourism Minister G. Kishan Reddy said a significant number of jobs were lost in the tourism sector once the lockdown was implemented.

“About 14.5 million jobs during Q1, 5.2 million during Q2 and 1.8 million jobs during Q3 were expected to have been lost as compared to estimated 34.8 million jobs in the pre-pandemic period of 2019-20,” the Minister said.

Mr. Reddy said this was one of the key findings of the study done by the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) for the Ministry of Tourism to assess the extent of losses to the sector.

As per the report, due to overall economic slowdown during 2020-21, tourism economy or tourism direct gross value added (TDGVA) saw a fall of 42.8% in April-June 2020, 15.5% in July-September 2020 and fall of 1.1% in October-December 2020.

“Due to significant drop in tourist arrivals and hence tourism expenditure, during the pandemic, it is estimated that TDGVA plummeted by as much as 93.3% in Q1 of 2020-21 over its level in the same quarter of previous year,” the Minister stated, adding that it picked up slightly to post a decline of 79.5% and 64.3% in second quarter and third quarter respectively.

However, Mr. Reddy added that the Tourism Ministry did not maintain data on revenue generated from tourism.

Replying to another query, the Minister said no formal study had been instituted by the Ministry to assess whether the movement of people from all States increased at tourist places, which might raise fears of the increase in COVID-19 positive cases after the second wave.

Further, Mr. Reddy said that as per the Bureau of Immigration, the number of foreign tourist arrivals in India stood at 10.93 million in 2019, declining to 2.74 million in 2020 and about 0.42 million till June 2021.

According to the data compiled by the Ministry of Tourism, domestic tourist visits during the calendar year 2019 stood at 2321.98 million and in 2020 at 610.21 million.

WATER POLLUTION

Water pollution is a global problem, affecting every continent and occurring in every type of ecosystem. It can be caused by industrial, agricultural and sewage systems, as well as by natural processes.

Water pollution does not respect political boundaries (or rivers), and can be managed at the international, national and local level. Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—often chemicals or microorganisms that contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment. Water pollution can come from a number of different sources. If the pollution comes from a single source, such as an oil spill, it is called point-source pollution. If the pollution comes from many sources, it is called nonpoint-source pollution. Most types of pollution affect the immediate area surrounding the source. Sometimes the pollution may affect the environment hundreds of miles away from the source, such as nuclear waste, this is called transboundary pollution.

550+ Water Pollution Pictures | Download Free Images on Unsplash

Water pollution is estimated to cause over 4 billion lost human lives per year. The global costs of water pollution exceed more than $1 trillion per year, making it the most costly environmental health hazard.Globally more than 2.5 billion people lack adequate drinking water, and another 1.8 billion lack adequate sanitation. More than 40% of the world’s population lives in water-stressed areas. The majority of this population lives in developing countries. In developing countries, water pollution is almost wholly due to point source pollution. The majority of the global burden of disease, injury, and premature mortality is estimated to be due to diseases caused by contaminated drinking water, sanitation, and unsafe sewage. Such major pollution events account for about 40 percent of the world’s total estimated disease burden.

It is well known that there are a number of ways in which water pollution can occur.

TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION

  • Industrial water pollution results when materials that are harmful to humans or the environment are dumped into water. Often industry will be negligent in ensuring that harmful wastes are managed safely.
  • Agricultural pollution derives from the discharge of chemicals to increase crop yields, or pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers to grow food.
  • Wastewater pollution results from the discharge of human waste, sewage and industrial wastewater.
  • Nonpoint or diffuse pollution is pollution that occurs when substances diffuse into the water from a variety of sources.
  • Point source pollution is the damaging flow of a substance that originates from a single location that can be easily identified, contained or cleaned up.
Water Pollution: The Invisible Threat The World Is Ignoring

EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION

  • Virtually all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humans and animals. Water pollution may not damage our health immediately but can be harmful after long term exposure.
  •  Heavy metals from industrial processes are toxic to marine life such as fish and subsequently to the humans who eat them.They can cause immune suppression, reproductive failure or acute poisoning.
  • Microbial water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary cause of infant mortality.
Water pollution - latest news, breaking stories and comment - The Independent

These are just few effects of water pollution. If you wanna know more do research and know about it.

There are many ways to prevent water pollution and to avoid contaminating the water. Yes, there are various treatment plans to treat polluted water. For example, Sewage treatment plans, denitrification etc. The one thing we can do with the waste water is, Kitchen water can be directed to garden to save water as well as pollution. The things I said today are limited but there are many meaning in it. Hope you know more about it.

Top 6 Causes of Water Pollution and How to Reduce the Risks
SAVE WATER; SAVE LIFE

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Thunderbolt 5 might provide up to 80 Gbps of bandwidth, according to an Intel leak.

An Intel manager tweeted and then removed an image exposing some details about the Thunderbolt 5 in development, including the fact that Intel is attempting to quadruple the current Thunderbolt bandwidth limitations to 80 Gbps.

Gregory Bryant, the Intel Client Computing Group’s EVP and GM, published a tweet early Sunday that sparked discussion over Thunderbolt’s future as a communications standard. During a visit to Intel’s Israel Research and Development Center, the manager provided four photographs, but one of them was surreptitiously deleted.

Despite the fact that Thunderbolt isn’t mentioned on the poster, Bryan claims in his tweet that the lab tour was about Thunderbolt. The billboard looks to be promoting Thunderbolt 5, given the near closeness of Intel’s Thunderbolt and USB standards, which allows the Thunderbolt 3 specification to be incorporated in the USB 4 standard.

According to the poster, the connection is “designed to complement the existing USB-C ecosystem,” indicating that Intel would continue to use the USB Type-C connection.

On the poster, the use of “new PAM-3 modulation technology” is highlighted in a unique fashion.

When using NRZ coding, the data line transmits one bit at a time using an electrical signal that alternates between two states. Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 4 (PAM-4) is an option that specifies how two bits can be broadcast at the same time, with the number 4 referring to the number of possible bit pairs.

In PAM-3, a data line can be in one of three states: 0, +1, or -1. The system is informed of a three-bit group via a transmission pair, which is roughly 50% more efficient than NRZ.

Thunderbolt 5 should potentially provide consumers much of the same advantages as Thunderbolt 3, including increased power, video, Thunderbolt networking, and fast bandwidth. Thunderbolt 5’s enhanced bandwidth from 40 to 80 Gbit/s enables quicker file transfers and greater data interchange between connected devices with fewer restrictions.

What Is Fast Fashion?

Clothes shopping used to be an occasional event—something that happened a few times a year when the seasons changed or when we outgrew what we had. But about 20 years ago, something changed. Clothes became cheaper, trend cycles sped up, and shopping became a hobby. Enter fast fashion and the global chains that now dominate our high streets and online shopping. But what is fast fashion? And how does it impact people, the planet, and animals?

It was all too good to be true. All these stores selling cool, trendy clothing you could buy with your loose change, wear a handful of times, and then throw away. Suddenly everyone could afford to dress like their favourite celebrity or wear the latest trends fresh from the catwalk.

Then in 2013, the world had a reality check when the Rana Plaza clothing manufacturing complex in Bangladesh collapsed, killing over 1,000 workers. That’s when consumers really started questioning fast fashion and wondering at the true cost of those affordable t-shirts. If you’re reading this article, you might already be aware of fast fashion’s dark side, but it’s worth exploring how the industry got to this point—and how we can help to change it.

What is fast fashion?

Fast fashion can be defined as cheap, trendy clothing that samples ideas from the catwalk or celebrity culture and turns them into garments in high street stores at breakneck speed to meet consumer demand. The idea is to get the newest styles on the market as fast as possible, so shoppers can snap them up while they are still at the height of their popularity and then, sadly, discard them after a few wears. It plays into the idea that outfit repeating is a fashion faux pas and that if you want to stay relevant, you have to sport the latest looks as they happen. It forms a key part of the toxic system of overproduction and consumption that has made fashion one of the world’s largest polluters. Before we can go about changing it, let’s take a look at the history.

How did fast fashion happen?

To understand how fast fashion came to be, we need to rewind a bit. Before the 1800s, fashion was slow. You had to source your own materials like wool or leather, prepare them, weave them, and then make the clothes.The Industrial Revolution introduced new technology—like the sewing machine. Clothes became easier, quicker, and cheaper to make. Dressmaking shops emerged to cater to the middle classes.

Many of these dressmaking shops used teams of garment workers or home workers. Around this time, sweatshops emerged, along with some familiar safety issues. The first significant garment factory disaster was when a fire broke out in New York’s Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in 1911. It claimed the lives of 146 garment workers, many of whom were young female immigrants. By the 1960s and 70s, young people were creating new trends, and clothing became a form of personal expression, but there was still a distinction between high fashion and high street.

In the late 1990s and 2000s, low-cost fashion reached its zenith. Online shopping took off, and fast-fashion retailers like H&M, Zara, and Topshop took over the high street. These brands took the looks and design elements from the top fashion houses and reproduced them quickly and cheaply. With everyone now able to shop for on-trend clothes whenever they wanted, it’s easy to understand how the phenomenon caught on.

How to spot a fast fashion brand

Some key factors are common to fast fashion brands:

  • Thousands of styles, which touch on all the latest trends.
  • Extremely short turnaround time between when a trend or garment is seen on the catwalk or in celebrity media and when it hits the shelves.
  • Offshore manufacturing where labour is the cheapest, with the use of workers on low wages without adequate rights or safety and complex supply chains with poor visibility beyond the first tier.
  • A limited quantity of a particular garment—this is an idea pioneered by Zara. With new stock arriving in store every few days, shoppers know if they don’t buy something they like, they’ll probably miss their chance.
  • Cheap, low quality materials like polyester, causing clothes to degrade after just a few wears and get thrown away.

What’s the impact of fast fashion?

On the planet: Fast fashion’s impact on the planet is immense. The pressure to reduce costs and speed up production time means that environmental corners are more likely to be cut. Fast fashion’s negative impact includes its use of cheap, toxic textile dyes—making the fashion industry the second largest polluter of clean water globally after agriculture. That’s why Greenpeace has been pressuring brands to remove dangerous chemicals from their supply chains through its detoxing fashion campaigns through the years.

Cheap textiles also increase fast fashion’s impact. Polyester is one of the most popular fabrics. It is derived from fossil fuels, contributes to global warming, and can shed microfibers that add to the increasing levels of plastic in our oceans when washed. But even ‘natural fabrics’ can be a problem at the scale fast fashion demands. Conventional cotton requires enormous quantities of water and pesticides in developing countries. This results in drought risks and creates extreme stress on water basins and competition for resources between companies and local communities.

The constant speed and demand mean increased stress on other environmental areas such as land clearing, biodiversity, and soil quality. The processing of leather also impacts the environment, with 300kg of cehmicals added to every 900kg of animal hides tanned. The speed at which garments are produced also means that more and more clothes are disposed of by consumers, creating massive textile waste. In Australia alone, more than 500 million kilos of unwanted clothing ends up in landfill every year.

On workers: As well as the environmental cost of fast fashion, there’s a human cost. Fast fashion impacts garments workers who work in dangerous environments, for low wages, and without fundamental human rights. Further down the supply chain, the farmers may work with toxic chemicals and brutal practices that can have devastating impacts on their physical and mental health, a plight highlighted by the documentary The True Cost.

On animals: Animals are also impacted by fast fashion. In the wild, the toxic dyes and microfibres released in waterways are ingested by land and marine life alike through the food chain to devastating effect. And when animal products such as leather, fur, and even wool are used in fashion directly, animal welfare is put at risk. As an example, numerous scandals reveal that real fur, including cat and dog fur, is often being passed off as a faux fur to unknowing shoppers. The truth is that there is so much real fur being produced under terrible conditions in fur farms that it’s become cheaper to produce and buy than faux fur!

On consumers: Finally, fast fashion can impact consumers themselves, encouraging a ‘throw-away’ culture because of both the built-in obsolescence of the products and the speed at which trends emerge. Fast fashion makes us believe we need to shop more and more to stay on top of trends, creating a constant sense of need and ultimate dissatisfaction. The trend has also been criticized on intellectual property grounds, with some designers alleging that retailers have illegally mass-produced their designs.

Indian Education System

Education plays an important role in the development of an individual and making him a knowledgeable citizen. It is the education that makes an individual self-reliant, helps to suppress the social evils and contribute towards the development of the society and nation as a whole. Education helps in unravelling the mystery of nature. It enables us to understand and improve the working of our society. It creates conditions for a better life. Education brings out the capabilities to fight injustice happening in society. Every individual has the right to education. 

Indian Education is one of the largest and complex education systems in the world along with China. India is committed to providing basic education to its citizens, the framework of which is defined in the National Policy of Education. Elementary education is now compulsory in India. At the time of Independence, only 14% of India’s population was literate. Now after so many decades since Independence, the number of literates has increased by fivefold.

History of Education System

The history of Indian education system comes from the times of Ramayana and Mahabharata. The historic Indian education system is also called the Gurukula system. There were gurus then who are now known as teachers and shishyas who are called students now. The gurus and the shishyas lived together under one roof in Gurukula until the completion of their education. The shishyas were expected to help the guru in all the daily chores as part of their learning. The children belonging to higher strata of the society were taught all the subjects from Sanskrit to Holy Scriptures and mathematics to metaphysics by the gurus. The Gurukulas during those times focused on the practical aspects of life. The students were taught in the open classroom in the surrounding area of nature. This early system of education in India continued for many years until the modern education system came into the picture in the nineteenth century.

In the early 19th century, during the British period, the modern education system was brought into our country by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay. The basic strength of this modernized education system was the examinations and a well-defined curriculum, which gave importance to subjects like science and mathematics and subjects like philosophy, metaphysics were given a back seat. The brick and mortar classrooms replaced the open classrooms in the Gurukulas. The essence of the guru shishya bond was taken over by a more formal relationship between the teacher and the student. To understand the progress of any student, examinations were conducted at frequent intervals. The focus of the education system shifted from learning to memorizing of the concepts to score good marks in the examinations.

Problems of Indian Education System

Over a period of time, it has been observed that there are many loopholes in the system of education in India. Instead of understanding the concepts, students started cramming and memorizing the lessons. Knowledge is given a backseat and scoring in high rankings takes importance. The modern parents have tuned their mindsets accordingly and their goal is to ensure that their children score good marks instead of acquiring knowledge right from the primary level. 

Private schools and colleges have been rapidly increasing in the country but the results produced by them are far beyond satisfactory. It has also been observed that the quality of teachers deteriorated with the passing of time. Our examination system is responsible for the wide skill gap. India is producing lakhs of engineers and professionals every year but only a fraction of this number is actually getting employed. This is because the Indian examination system focuses more on scoring good percentages rather than the actual continuous comprehensive evaluation. 

Research and development, which should be the cornerstone of our system, are given the least importance. The private schools and colleges focus on the admission of more students and are least interested in the quality of their education. This is the major reason why the faculties and the teachers lack skills and specialization. This is quite evident from the fact that a single professor is assigned to teach multiple subjects. 

How Can We Improve the Indian Education System?

First and most importantly we should improve the grading system. Rote learning should be discouraged completely. Teachers and faculties should focus more on the analytical skills of the students and grade them accordingly. There should be more focus on comprehensive evaluation instead of scoring only good marks. Workshops must be organized for teachers on a regular basis to keep them updated about the latest developments in the sector of education. At the same time, the curriculum should be reframed according to the present needs of education in India. 

The payroll structure of the teachers and the faculties especially in the government institutions should be improved. This step will help in motivating the teachers to develop their skills and they will take a keen interest in grooming or shaping up a student’s life and career. The government and other entities who are associated with the education sector, need to understand the importance of quality of education. Education should be a holistic process that must focus on the overall development of the physical, emotional, social and cognitive skills of a child. It needs to be a slow and cyclic process and must take place gradually to help the child develop into an autonomous, independent and knowledgeable individual.

Conclusion

An educated individual is an individual who should be able to contribute towards the betterment of the economic and social development of the society as well as the country. The true goal of education must exceed awarding the degrees and certificates to the students. Education is not a tool to earn livelihood but it is a way to liberate the mind and soul of an individual. 

Reserve Bank Of India

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India’s central bank, also known as the banker’s bank.
The RBI controls the monetary and other banking policies of the Indian government. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was established on April 1, 1935, in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The Reserve Bank is permanently situated in Mumbai since 1937.

Establishment of Reserve Bank of India

The Reserve Bank is fully owned and operated by the Government of India. The Preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the Reserve Bank as;

1)Regulating the issue of Banknotes

2)Securing monetary stability in India

3)Modernising the monetary policy framework to meet economic challenges

The Reserve Bank’s operations are governed by a central board of directors, RBI is on the whole operated with a 21-member central board of directors appointed by the Government of India in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act.

The Central board of directors comprise of:
Official Directors – The governor who is appointed/nominated for a period of four years along with four Deputy Governors.
Non-Official Directors – Ten Directors from various fields and two government officials.

Functions of RBI

  1. The Issuer of the Currency: It has the sole authority to produce the currency. It also takes action to stop regulating the passage of fake money.
  2. Banker to the Government: It acts as a financer both to state and central government. It delivers short-term credit. It governs all new matters of government lands, maintaining the government debt unsettled, and taking care of the market for the government securities. It counsels the government on banking and monetary subjects.
  3. Banker’s Bank: It is the bank of all banks in the country as it delivers the loan to banks, rediscounts the invoice of banks and receives the payment of banks.
  4. Lender of Last Resort: All the other banks can borrow from the RBI by keeping qualified securities as a deposit at the time of crisis.
  5. Money Supply and Regulator of Credit: To manage demand and supply of cash in economy by Open Market Actions, Credit Ceiling and much more. It has to meet the credit necessities of the remaining banking system. It requires sustaining price stability and an elevated rate of economic growth.

International Workers Day

“Without labour nothing prospers.”

Labour Day or International Workers Day is celebrated annually on 1 May to celebrate the working class and labourers across the world. Socialist and labour unions celebrate this day by organising programmes to improve wages and working conditions of the workforce. In more than 80 countries Labour Day is a national holiday.

Before a formal Labour Day came into place, deaths, injuries and dangerous working conditions were very common among the working class globally. During the rise of industrialisation, the U.S. exploited the working class during the nineteenth century and made them work upto 15 hours a day under rigorous conditions. The rising death of the workforce in industries forced the working class to raise their voices for their safety. After efforts made by the workers and socialists, eight hours was declared as the legal time for the workers in the late nineteenth century by the American Federation of Labour.

The origin of Labour Day goes back to an incident in Chicago on May 4, 1886 known as the Haymarket Affair. On this day workers assembled as part of a peaceful rally in a strike demanding an eight hour work day. An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at the police as they acted to disperse the meeting, and the bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of seven police officers and atleast four civilians; dozens of others were wounded. The Chicago protests led to many countries and at last they got the proper labour rights.

So, they had a long repression from the society. So, now the time has come to live respectfully and safe. Without labour no country can prosper. They are the ones who make a way towards country’s development. Their hardwork, dedication cherishes the path of development of country. So, respect them and provide safe working conditions to them. The below mentioned lives are aptly quoted;” A worker is a creator and a great asset to every nation”.