SOME INTRESTING FACTS ABOUT KAILASH MANASAROVAR

Mount Kailash is located near Lake Manasarover and Lake Rakshastal, near the Indus River, the headwaters of Asia’s longest river. Sutlej; Brahmaputra; Karnali also known as Ghaghara (a tributary of the Ganges) in India. Mount Kailash is considered to sacred in four religions. Receipts; Buddhism; and Jainism.

SOME INTRESTING FACTS ABOUT KAILASH MANASAROVAR

• Stairway to Heaven: Mount Kailash in Tibet is considered a “stairway to heaven”. According to Hindu mythology, it is the residence of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. Climbing this sacred mountain peak is forbidden, as other religions also considered it sacred.
•Sacred to different religions: Mount Kailash is sacred to four religions, including Hinduism, Jainism, Bonn, and Sikhism.
Kailash Strange Structure:The strange pyramid shape of Kailash Manasarovar led to the theory that it was an artificial mountain. According to Russian researchers, Kailash is not a mountain because it is too perfect and symmetrical to be considered a natural event. According to scientists, it’s an artificial vacuum pyramid surrounded by hundreds of small pyramids.
• Kailash cannot be conquered :Kailash, just 6,656 meters above sea level, is not the highest mountain in the world, but it is still unconquerable. There were several trekker trying to climb Mount Kaikash, but none reached the summit. It is believed that climbing this sacred summit will protect the gods.
• Unexpected death of a climber: There are certain points in time when subsequent visits are prohibited. Siberian mountaineers visited once before this point and quickly aged decades earlier. Surprisingly, they died a year later at an old age. Divinity Dwelling: Mt. Kailash is a physical embodiment of Mt. Meru and is believed to have the technical expertise of the superhuman being of God.
Earth’s Energy Center: This sacred mountain is considered the center of the universe. It is considered the axis of the universe, the center of the world, and the pillars of the world. It is the place where the earth and the sky meet.
• Accelerating Aging Near Mt.Kailash: Scientists believed that the aging process would accelerate here. People who spend nearly 12 hours here have been shown to grow their hair and nails. This is equivalent to two weeks in normal life.
• Kailash satellite view: The satellite view of Kailash shows that the shadow of Kailash represents the smile of Lord Shiva.
• Kailash Mystery: You can see the Hindu symbol OM (ॐ) from the southern ridge of Kailash. The formation of a huge ice valley and horizontal rocks from the top of the mountain make up this symbol. Headwaters of the Great Rivers: There are four great rivers in Asia that spring from Kailash Manasarobar. Lake Mansarobar are the sources of the Indus, Sutlej, Brahmaputra and Karnali rivers, which form the main left tributaries of the Ganges.
• Lakes of Good and Evil: The Kailas Himalayan region has two lakes, Lake Manasarovar and Lake Rakshastal. There are many myths surrounding these two lakes. They also show both the good and the bad of humanity.
• Birthplace of Sir Ganesha: Gauri Kund is located near Lake Manasarovar, which is believed to be the birthplace of Lord Ganesha. This is the place where the goddess Parvati surrounded Sir Ganesha with bubbles while taking a bath.
Mount Kailash is said to be non-flying area, you cannot fly over Mt. Kailash by helicopter or any other means.

” It’s pointless giving advice to people who will not listen. It only reduces the value of your words. “
– Author: Farahad Zama

Melting of Glaciers – A topic which should not be avoided.

Glaciers are persistent chunks of dense ice that are constantly moving under their own weight. Glaciers are formed where snow accumulation exceeds its erosion over the years, and often centuries.

Rising global temperatures have undoubtedly been the cause of glacier melting throughout history. Due to the rate at which climate change is occurring today, it can become extinct at record rates.

Some of the other reasons:
Carbon dioxide gases Emissions: Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced by human activities such as industry, transportation, deforestation, and burning fossil fuels warm the earth and melt glaciers. Glacier savings can be achieved if CO2 emissions can be reduced by 45% over the next decade before reaching zero by 2050.
Ocean warming: The ocean absorbs 90% of the earth’s heat. This fact mainly affects the melting of sea glaciers near the poles and on the coast of Alaska (USA) and other heavy snow covered areas.

The main consequences of melting glaciers are:
Sea Level Rising- Sea level is rising and covers most of the continental region. This means that which means within years most of the areas can be a complete flooded regions.
Less freshwater – No glaciers also mean less water for population consumption, less hydropower capacity, and less water available for irrigation.
Climate change-The balance between cyclone and anticyclone structure and meteorological patterns is deteriorating.
Food Chain Imbalances-The habitats of some marine and terrestrial species are changing and they may harms to them in maintaining their natural circulation and habitat.

Temperature imbalances, extensive processes of deforestation, and rainfall can be other reasons for global warming that lead to glacier melting.
Glaciologists believe that despite the massive ice loss, there is still time to save the glacier from the predicted disappearance. It can done through to curb climate change and save glaciers from getting extinct. Scientists believe that controlling climate change can prevent glaciers from melting and disappearing.

“The earth has a skin and that skin has diseases; one of its diseases is called man.”
– Friedrich Nietzsche

India’s last village Mana.

Mana Village is located in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, at an altitude of 3200 m , on the banks of the Saraswati River, about 5 km from the famous Hindu pilgrimage site Badrinath. This beautiful place is located 26 km from the border between India and Tibet and is the last village of India.
According to the 2011 census, the village was home to about 558 households and with population of about 1214 people . Most of the population here belong to Marchhas and Jads or Bhotias. During the winter, the area is covered with snow, so the entire population moves to lower altitudes. Many cafes here tell people that their store is the last cafe on the Indian border. Most of the people here speaks Garhwali Or Hindi languages.
If you visit this place, you will notice that the shopkeepers in the area sell their products under the title “Last Village”, such as “The Last Tea and Coffee Corner in India”.

Religious importance of mana village:

The village of Mana is of great religious importance to Hindus as it is associated with the Mahabharata era. Pandavas, the five mythical figures of the epic Mahabharata, is believed to have passed through the village of Mana on his final journey to heaven. There is also a stone bridge called “Bheempul” near the Saraswati River. It is believed to have been created by Bheem, one of the Pandava’s .

How do you get to Mana village?
You can reach Mana village easily as it is easily accessible from Rishikesh / Haridwar/Dehradun and situated just 5 km from Badrinath Temple. The nearest train station is located in Haridwar, about 275 km away, and you can reach the village by bus / taxi from outside this station. Mana is just 315 km from Dehradun and there is a regular bus in front of the train station.

Mana attractions :

Neelkanth Peak: At an altitude of 6597 feet above sea level, Neelkanth Peak is one of the region’s main attractions. Also known as the “Queen of Garhwal”, this snow-capped peak rises beautifully above the Badrinath Temple and is a must-see for adventure and trekking lovers.

Tapt Kund: According to Hindu mythology, Tapt Kund is the Sanctuary of the Lord of Agni (Fire). This natural hot spring is thought to have medicinal properties, and it is said that soaking in Tapt Kund water will cure skin diseases.

Vasudhara: This is a scenic waterfall about 9km from Badrinath Temple. According to Legend it is the place where Pandavas stayed for some time during their exile.

Vyas Gufa: As the name implies, Ved Vyas, a famous scholar and author of the epic Mahabharata, lived in this cave while writing the four famous vedas. What makes this cave interesting is a small shrine dedicated to him, which is said to be over 5,000 years old.

Beehma Pul: One of Mana Village’s main attractions is Beehma Pul. Beehma is said to have built this Bheem Pul, a stone bridge to allow his wife Draupadi to cross the Saraswati River on a journey to heaven.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an phychological disorder that a person can face who has experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, terrorist attack, war/combat, rape, or death, sexual violence or serious injury.

People with PTSD have intense and annoying thoughts and feelings associated with their experience that last long after the traumatic event is over. One may relive the event through flashbacks and nightmares. They may feel sad, afraid, or angry. And they may feel separated or alienated from others. People with PTSD can avoid situations and people that are reminiscent of traumatic events and have a strong negative reaction to mundane things such as loud noises and accidental contact.

According to reports in context to United States, about 3.6% of people about 5.2 million adults develop PTSD in time of last year , and an estimated 7.8 million Americans will develop Women are more likely to develop PTSD than men. This may be because their are high chances that women are more likely to be victims of domestic violence, abuse and rape.

Symptoms:
• Intrusive thought: Intrusive thoughts such as repeated involuntary reminders. A miserable dream; or a flashback of a traumatic event. Flashbacks are so vivid that people feel like they are remembering or seeing the traumatic experience in front of them.
• Avoidance: Avoiding the memory of traumatic events may include avoiding people, places, activities, objects, and situations that can cause disastrous memory. People may try not to remember or think about traumatic events. They may resist talking about what happened and how it makes them feel.
• Mood changes and Behaviour : Negative thoughts and feelings that lead to persistent and distorted beliefs about oneself and others, such as not being able to remember important aspects of traumatic events. Distorted thoughts about the cause or effect of an event can lead to false accusations of yourself or others. Persistent fear, fear, anger, guilt, or shame. There is much less interest in the activities that I enjoyed before. Feeling alienated or alienated from others; or unable to experience positive emotions (lack of happiness or satisfaction).

Treatment:
It is important to note that not everyone who experiences trauma develops PTSD, and not everyone who develops PTSD requires psychiatric treatment. For some people, the symptoms of PTSD disappear over time. Others are better with the help of their support system (family, friends,etc) . However, many people with PTSD need specialized medical treatment to help recover from psychological stress. It is important to remember that trauma which causes the PTSD can lead to serious distress. The sooner a person is treated, the more likely one can recover fast from PTSD.
Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals use several effective ( authorized and proven) methods to help people recover from PTSD. Both talk therapy and medical dosage provide effective evidence-based treatment for PTSD.

Stagflation: a serious economic issue

Photo by Reynaldo #brigworkz Brigantty on Pexels.com

Stagflation is a situation wherein there persists both inflation(consistent rise in the prices of all the goods and services available in a country) as well as stagnation(lack of any economic development). Since 1970, there have been paradoxical developments in most developed nations of the world. There has been a considerable fall in the level of production and employment on one hand, and rise in the general price level on the other. That is nothing but inflation and stagnation coexisting. Inflation and unemployment are mutually exclusive economic phenomena. There has always been an trade off between these two in an economy. Thus, when both of this coexist, it leads to the rise of a paradoxical situation called Stagflation.

The features on stagflation include:

Rise in general prices.
Rise in the wage rate.
Reduction in the level of demand for goods and services.
Reduction in the level of production.
Emergence of excess capacity.
Increase in involuntary unemployment (a situation wherein people are willing to work at the prevailing wage rate but do not get any work).

Causes of stagflation:

Increase in the supply of money.
Rise in wage rates under pressures from trade unions.
Consistent rise in agricultural prices, owing to the government policy.
Rise in administered prices.
Credit expansion by the banks.
Increase in saving and investment.
Reduced demand for labor resulting in unemployment.
Rise in prices of petroleum and coal.
Increase in industrial capacity.

Stagflation is certainly a more difficult proposition than inflation. In the words of Haberler, “The combination of unemployment and inflation is a very delicate matter, if we fight recession, we stimulate inflation and if we fight inflation, we stimulate recession.

Some measures to control stagflation:

Creation of bank credit and supply of money must be checked.
Excise duty and other indirect taxes need to be reduced to stimulate production.
Consumption level is to be very carefully encouraged.
Labour intensive enterprises are to be encouraged to stimulate employment.
Appropriate income policy needs to be pursued to strike against the problem of inflation.
Wage rate must be suitably regulated.

Stagflation not only causes economic unrest but also leads to social instability. There are many instances where the rich gets richer and the poor gets poorer. There seems a moral dispute within the people resulting in hoarding, black marketing ,etc. Thus, stagflation is an serious economic hindrance which needs to be kept in check.

Destructive Habits: Bias

There are many habits that destroy your mental peace, happiness and mostly you. Some of them are usually with different addictions or because of people but what destroys you as a person depends on how you view things and people around you. Your environment is what shapes you but to be different, you have to do it by yourself.

The most common habits have become common because we are more focused elsewhere than ourselves. To be a better version of yourself, you need to view your flaws and work on them.

Spotlight Effect: We overestimate how much attention people give to our words and appearance. Imagine you said something but it felt wrong after it came out. In reality, everyone only remembers it for the moment and immediately moves to the next topic. We ponder over it for days, forgetting that others don’t care as much as we do about it.

Example: “The red shoes don’t match the outfit at all! I guess the guys are laughing because of it”

*Red shoes matched the outfit better than you imagined*

Truth: No one cares about you as much as your loved ones do. Everyone is just a temporary traveler in your life and you have to be okay with it. Dress how you want and be how you want to be.

Status Quo Bias: We prefer for things to be the same; usually change is viewed as a negative aspect of life. If you adopt a new habit that cuts out something from your life, you immediately feel guilty of not being able to manage it, so you quit your new habit for the old one because it feels more comfortable.

Example: “I like to paint, but the classes are on Friday, I won’t be able to party! I can always paint later so let’s party now!”

*Proceeds to miss out on an amazing experience*

Truth: Change is hard. To adapt to a new routine and new place is always difficult and your mind is stuck on the old routine, but only then do you learn more about yourself. You may like to paint now, but when you explore it, you may not want to put the brush down! You need to explore that change for a while to know more about yourself.

Zeigarnik Effect: We focus more on the incomplete tasks than the ones that have been completed. Sometimes, we forget to see that we have accomplished many things on the way, and we focus on the ones that we have not accomplished yet. It pushes you to feel bad that you are not able to do anything.

Example: “Bro I lost the Table-Tennis Pan-India Semi-finals! I feel so like I can’t do it anymore”

*Came so far by winning championships and tournaments*

Truth: You have to see where you are today. Look behind you and see the different hurdles you had to come across. You didn’t cross them just to go back did you? It does feel bad to not achieve something the first time you try it, but when you achieve it, after toiling for some time, the fruit is incomparable.

Pessimism Bias: We tend to overestimate the possibility of negative outcomes. We always have a small part of your mind that searches for a negative outcome. What you see and ask for, is what you get and have. You will increase the chance of losing the opportunity if all you see is losing it.

Example: “I feel like I will lose this chance to be head of department, there are so many others who are way more qualified.”

*Loses opportunity because it messed with your confidence and screwed your interview*

Truth: What energy you put out, is what you usually get. Sometimes, you lose opportunities, but don’t dwell on the wrong aspects. You may not have the necessary qualifications but the way you portray yourself is what gets you opportunities.

Sunken-Cost Fallacy: We invest more in things that have cost us something, even if we have negative outcomes. We feel that if we invest more, the difference can be recovered with just a little gain.

Example: “My portfolio is down by 25%! I will invest 50% of it so with a 25% gain, I can recover the loss”

*Proceeds to lose more because the stock market is in a bear phase*

Self-serving Bias: Our failures are situational but our success is our hardwork’s result. We view that our failures are determined by external factors and our success is because of us. It is also difficult to ascertain what caused success or failure on the spot so we divide it based on the result.

Example: “I lost the game because the opponent was too strong. I got the best player of the match because I practiced well”

*Opponent won because of your overconfidence in your practice*

“The eyes sees only what the mind is prepared to comprehend.”

~Robertson Davies

Sometimes, we see these habits recurring but we don’t want to change because we feel it will make others dislike us. By changing, you are not making your friends feel bad but giving them a chance to understand that it’s time to improve. It’s time to make yourself the person you always wanted to be. Everyday is a learning step and only then can you improve. These habits of biasing situations have a lot of effect on where you are and where you want to be.

This post has been inspired by Ankur Warikoo. You can check his post on LinkedIn here!

This was a delight to write about. I hope you have found this article interesting and let me know about your thoughts on this. Keep on smiling!

Importance of Cybersecurity.

Cyber security is the protection of Internet-connected systems such as hardware, software, and data from cyber threats. This technique is used by individuals and businesses to protect against unauthorized access to data centers and other computerized systems.

Cyber security is important because it protects all categories of data from theft and damage. This includes sensitive data, intellectual property data, government and industry information data and systems information,personally identifiable information , protected health information and personal identified information . Without cybersecurity programs, organizations cannot protect themselves from data breaches campaigns and are attractive targets for cybercriminals.
Global connectivity and the use of cloud services such as Amazon Web Services to store sensitive and personal information increase both inherent and residual risks. Along with increasingly sophisticated cybercriminals, widespread misconfiguration of cloud services means an increased risk for businesses suffering from successful cyberattacks and data breaches. Executives can no longer rely solely on off-the-shelf cybersecurity solutions such as antivirus software and firewalls, cybercriminals are smarter, and their tactics are more resilient to traditional cyber defense. It is important to cover all areas of cybersecurity to remain fully protected.
Cyber threats can come from all levels of an organization. Organization should educate employees about common cyber threats such as social engineering fraud, phishing, ransomware attacks and other malware designed to steal intellectual property and personal information. Should include cybersecurity awareness training for.

Types of Cyber Threats :
Malware-This is a type of malicious software that can use arbitrary files or programs to harm computer users. This includes worms, viruses, Trojan horses, and spyware. Ransomware-This is another type of malware. This involves an attacker locking the victim’s computer system files and requesting payment to unlock them.
Social Engineering-This is an attack that relies on human interaction to trick users into breaking security procedures and gaining sensitive information that is normally protected.
Phishing-This is a form of social engineering that involves sending deceptive emails or text messages similar to those from trusted or known sources. Often in random attacks, the purpose of these messages is to steal sensitive information such as credit cards and login information.
Spear phishing – This is a type of phishing attack aimed at targeted users, organizations, or businesses.

Cyber security is very important today. Our society is more dependent on technology than ever before and in today’s digital time data breaches that could lead to the theft of personal information which are easily disclosed to social media accounts. Sensitive information such as social security numbers, credit card information, and bank account details are now stored in cloud storage services such as Dropbox and Google Drive. In fact, whether you are an individual, a small business, or a large multinational company, in today’s time everyone rely on computer systems every day .

Misuse of Section 375 .

Section 375 of the Indian Criminal Code was created to protect women from rape. In Indian criminal law, in section 375 Men are said to commited rape if he :
(a) pierce the penis in some way or force a “rape” on a woman’s vagina, mouth, urethra, or anus.
(b) in some way insert an object or body part other than the penis into the woman’s vagina, urethra, or anus, or have the woman do so to him or others.
(c) manipulate any part of a woman’s body to penetrate or penetrate the woman’s vagina, urethra, anus, or other parts of her body.
(d) place the mouth in the woman’s vagina, anus, urethra.

Under Section 370 , If a person rape woman and do so in any of the following seven situations.
1) Against to their will. 2) Without their consent. 3)With consent and consent for fear of death or injury to them or those they are close to.
4) Consent is given because a man knows he is not her husband and believes that he is another man who is married, or that he is legally married. If so, with her consent
5) If she is under the age of 18, with or without her consent.

Abuse of power
One of the famous sayings used in connection with Section 375 is “Men are guilty until proved innocent, and women are not guilty until proved innocent.”
Laws enacted to empower women and reassure them in patriarchal societies soon turned into swords that killed the dignity of men in society by false accusations, or women misused laws and power made to protect them. The problem that is occurring in our world today is that women use verbal consent to have sexual intercourse and later refuse or refrain from having sexual intercourse or falsely accuse men that they had it without thier consent. In both cases, the man has the responsibility of proof and must prove his innocence.

According to an article published in The Times of India , only one person was convicted in each of the fourth cases of rape, and high probability that anyone who did not proven guilty after a full trial could be innocent. Leads to the high assumption that innocent people have been accused of rape. India’s conviction ratebin rape cases is 32%, which is self-evident from the fact that numerous false reports related to rape have been registered in India.

Being a victim of false rape allegations is as bad as being a victim of rape. You can’t imagine the shock, trauma, ridicule, and humiliation that someone experienced after being falsely accused of rape. Not only the man, but his family and close friends suffer from various consequences, and isolation and ridicule are just a few of them. Their future is shattered, the humiliation and shame that society suffers is enough to shatter it, and no one can think of them living as they used to.

What can be done ?
The creators of Article 375 of the 2013 Act and the Criminal (Amendment) having only one vision in context to the problem, consider only the safety of women and have not developed any means of protecting innocent men in society. Therefore, there is usually a debate about what we can do to protect innocent people from society who are falsely accused. Provision (Section 375) cannot be said to be gender-neutral to remove the slight justice that this section offers, as it acts as a hurdle for women to file genuine rape cases.
Then the question arises. What can you do? In such situations, the legislature and judiciary need to work together to strike the right balance between men and women so that the virtues of justice are provided to them equally.

NCT’s taeyong open up about this struggle being the leader of Nct

On July 8 Nct’s taeyong took ‘bubble’, fans- idol communication platform, to express his worries about being the leader of the popular kpop group. As an idol being entered their 7th year in his career, he indicates the pressure put upon the leaders by their agency sm entertainment.

Nct At present has four subunits which are nct u, nct 127, nct dream and wayv. Their glorious success made sm entertainment plans to debut two more groups: nct Hollywood and nct Tokyo. Currently, there are 22 members in nct.

27-year Taeyong left a bunch of messages on ‘bubble’ which eventually worried the fans as he seems to have gone through a tough phase throughout his career. He revealed the pressure and pain he felt after his teacher told him, he will be at fault “if NCT fails”

‘Sticker’ singer revelted “At this very moment, this very year, I plan to give my everything as the leader. We are seven years into our career, and to be honest, I felt a lot of burden on my shoulders. But I plan to give the largest baggage to my burden [this year].”

Even after all the hardships, he has gone through he always highlighted his co-members strengths and talents. Taeyong told the fans on the bubble “This team isn’t just about me, but everyone in the team. I always want to prove that all of this is possible because of my members. So I will try to bring out the best I could give and energy from all my members.”

“Favourite” singer then went on to reveal the reason he cried during NCT 127’s recent “NEO: CITY: JAPAN – THE LINK”, he stated he felt relieved after realizing the success of nct so then he don’t have to carry heavy pressure on him and knowing that he can put trust on his Co – members.

“Seeing all the members who grew up well, I think I should trust the members and move forward,” the “kick it” singer stated. “I honestly think this year will be hard without your support. Is this the dilemma of seven years?”

Later on, taeyong went on to expressing his concernt about the fact that fans support specific members cause nct follows the system where they divide the member into subunits. He wishes fans to support all the members since everyone is extremely talented and hardworking.

“Because of the system that NCT follows, it makes you support more individual members, and it can’t be helped that your attention is focused on more noticeable members,” he continued. “But at least for this time, I wish there would be many of you who would love and support all of us.”

After nct’s taeyong bubble massage circulated on internet eventually netizens got worried and show their support to ‘make a wish’ singer. Soon after is heartwarming letter on bubble, fans traded ‘taeyong best leader’. They too pour all the emotions to support and praise the 27 year old for his constant effert in making nct one of the most successful brand in kpop history.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

It is a developmental disorder characterized by behavioral and communicational affections.
It impacts a person’s ability to navigate social interactions and causes repetitive and restricted behavior.
Many children show symptoms of autism by 12months to 18 months of age or earlier.

What causes Autism?

Genetic factor:
- Something happens during fetal development that alters a gene.
- Child inherits problematic gene/genes from one or both parents
Environmental factors: Mothers exposed to high levels of pesticides and air pollution may also be at high risk of having a child with ASD.
Brain Development: Children with ASD have more cells in their brain, than they require. Even the connections between the cells are not proper.

These factors by themselves, don’t cause autism. Rather, in combination with genetic factors, they appear to increase risk.

World Autism Day

Mozah Bint Nasser Al-Missned, the UN representative from Qatar proposed the idea of recognizing World Autism Day.
The UNGA unanimously declared 2nd April as World Autism Awareness Day to highlight the need to help improve the quality of life of those with autism, so that they can lead full and meaningful lives as an integral part of the society.

Facts about Autism

A puzzle ribbon is used as the new symbol for autism.
ASD now affects 1 in 68 children.
Boys are nearly 4.3 times more likely to be diagnosed with ASD than girls.
ASD is more common than childhood cancer, diabetes and AIDS combined.

Assassination Of Former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi .

The assassination of former Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi, , occurred on 21 May 1991 as a result of a suicide bombing in Sriperumbudur in Tamil Nadu, India . At least 14 others,we’re killed alongside Rajiv Gandhi in the suicide bombing.

The assassination was carried out by Thenmozhi Rajaratnam, a member of the Tamil Liberation Tigers (LTTE), a Tamil separatist organization in Sri Lanka, and Dr. Jagjit Singh Chohan of the National Council of Khalistan (NCK) and Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala of the Khalistan Liberation Force. At that time, India had just finished its involvement in the civil war in Sri Lanka through the Indian Peace Keeping Force. Rajiv Gandhi along with G.K. Moupanal started election campaign in southern state of India. After campaigning in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh on May 21, his next destination was Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu. Approximately two hours after arriving in Madras ,Rajiv Gandhi rode a white ambassador car to Slipelumbudur in a convoy, stopping at several other campaign sites along the way. Arriving at the campaign rally at Sriperumbudur, Rajiv left the car and went up to the podium, where he gave a speech. After the soeech the assassin Danu (Thenmozhi Rajaratnam) approached and greeted him. Then she bent over and touched his leg, and at 10:10 pm, detonated a belt loaded with RDX explosives place under her dress. Gandhi, his assassin and 14 others were killed in a subsequent explosion, and 43 were seriously injured. The assassination was filmed by local photographer Haribab. Haribab’s camera and film were found intact on the scene, but he also died in the blast.

Apart from Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India and the suicide bomber Thenmozhi Rajaratnam , several people were killed in the blast on 21 May 1991:
Including Pradeep K Gupta (personal security officer of Rajiv Gandhi ), K.S Mohammed Iqbal (police superintendent), Edward Joseph ( police inspector) ,Dharman,Chandra, Ethiraju Muruganand and Rajguru (police constables), Santhani Begum (Mahila Congressn Leader) ,Latha Kannan ( Mahila Congress worker,who was with her daughter Kokilavani ),Kokilavani (ten-year-old daughter of Latha Kannan, who sang a poem to Gandhi immediately before the blast), Munuswamy (former member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council) ,Saroja Devi (seventeen-year-old college student), Ravichandran (Black Cat commando).
Around forty-three spectator present in the campaign including police sub-inspector Anushiya Daisy were also injured in the explosion.

Immediately after the assassination, the Chandrasekhar government handed over the investigation to the CBI on May 22, 1991. Authorities, formed a special research team led by Karthikeyan to determine who is responsible for the assassination. A SIT investigation confirmed the role of the LTTE in assassination and was endorsed by the Supreme Court of India. Judge Millap Chand Jain’s interim report investigated the secret aspects of the assassination and accused DMK of working with the LTTE. The report concluded that the DMK provided the LTTE with shelter and made it easier for rebels to assassinate Rajiv Gandhi. The report also claimed that Jaffna’s LTTE leaders possessed confidential, encrypted messages exchanged between the federal and DMK state governments.Authorities also stated in reports “There is evidence that during this period some of the most important radio messages were exchanged between the LTTE agents stationed in Tamil Nadu and Jaffna. These later deciphered messages are directly related to the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi “. The Congress demanded withdrawal of DMK from the Union Front government, after claiming to have played an important role in Rajiv Gandhi’s death. According to reports Dr. Jagjit Singh Chohan supported the LITTE with logistic and tactical support. His involvement was first revealed in 2016, about 10 years later. Speculation. This was evidence of the Jain Commission’s report and was suspected that the LTTE had contacted Gurjant Singh Budhsinghwala with Jagjit Singh Chohan to plan the plot.

After the investigation on the assassination of former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi ,the court convicted and sentenced the seven persons who were involved in the assassination to life imprisonment. They are currently undergoing life imprisonment in prisons in India.
They are:
Murugan – A LTTE operative from Sri Lanka, Nalini – Wife of Murugan. Nalini is a citizen of India ,Jayakumar – The brother in law of Robert Pious ,Ravichandran – A Sri Lankan national ,T. Suthenthiraraja – A Sri Lankan national ,Robert Pious – A Sri Lankan national and A. G. Perarivalan – An Indian citizen who was arrested for supplying a 9-volt battery for the explosive device.

Gaura Devi who played an important role in Chipko Movement.

Gaura Devi (1925 – 1991) was a social activist and a rural women community leader from Uttarakhand, India who played an important role in the Chipko movement in 1970’s .
Gaura Devi was born in 1925 in a village named Lata of Chamoli district in the state of Uttarakhand. She got married at very young age, afer her marraige she moved to a nearby village named Reni by the Alaknanda River. At the age of 22 she was a widow with a child. After her husband death she moved to a new village which was near to the border of Indo-Tibet.

An environmentalist Sunderlal Bahuguna initially started the Chipko Movement . Gaura Devi became the leader of the Chipko movement in 1974. Gaura Devi was elected to lead the Mahila Mangal Dal (Women’s Welfare Association) in the wake of the Chipko movement. The organization worked towards protecting the forests of the community. On March 25, 1974, she learned from a young girl of the village that a local loggers of the village were logging a tree near the village. People in the village of Reni were told the news that according to government new policy, the government would pay compensation to the people for the land used by the army . Gaura Devi and 27 other women decide to take action against the loggers. She confronted the loggers and demanded that the men shoot her instead of cutting down trees, and she described the forest as “vandevta” (the jungle god) and her maika (mother’s house). Eventually, for the next three or four days Gaura Devi along with other village women’s protect the trees by hugging the trees , despite the insults and intimidation of the armed loggers,she was able to stop the logger’s work . After seeing the bravery of Gaura Devi and other village women’s how they protect the trees who are the important part of thier life other villagers from different villages joined the action with her . After this incident, the Uttar Pradesh government set up a specialized committee to investigate logging issues, and the logging company withdrew its subordinates from Reni. The Commission stated that the Reni Forest is an ecologically sensitive area where trees should not be logged. The Uttar Pradesh government who was in power of that area at that has since banned all logging in areas over 1150 km² for 10 years.

Some other important activist who played an important role in Chipko Andolan or Chipko movement along side Gaura Devi were :
Suraksha Devi, Sudesha Devi, Bachni Devi and Chandi Bhatt, Virushka Devi and others.

Gaura Devi passed away in July 1991, at the age of 66 in Reni village Chamoli.

“Ecology is permanent economy “
-Sunderlal Bahuguna

A temple believed to be a marriage place of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati.

Trijuginarayan Temple is a Hindu temple located in the village of Trijuginarayan in the Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand, India. The ancient temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Its a popular Hindu pilgrimage site because it is attributed to the legend that this is the place where the marriage of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati took place and which Lord Vishnu witnessed here. The hallmark of this temple is the eternal fire that burns in front of the temple. It is believed that the fire is burning from the time of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati marriage. Therefore, this temple is also known as Akhand Dhuni Temple. The temple courtyard is also the source of water that fills the three nearby sacred bathing ponds (Kund).

It is believed by many historian that Trijuginarayan Temple have been built by Adi Shankaracharya. Adi Shankaracharya is said to have built many temples in Uttarakhand. The shrine has a silver two-foot statue of Vishnu, accompanied by Consort (the goddess of wealth Lakshmi and the goddess of music and learning) Saraswati.The Trijuginarayan Temple is located at an altitude of 1,980 meters (6,500 feet), about 5 km from Sonprayag, the meeting junction of the Mandakini and Songanga rivers. During the three months of winter, the area is covered with snow. Apples and drupes are cultivated in this area for agricultural purposes.

According to Hindu Dharma, the goddess Parvati was the daughter of Himavat or Himavat-personification of the Himalayas. She was the reincarnation of Shiva’s first wife, Sati-who lost her life when her father offended Shiva. Parvati first tried to allure Shiva with her beauty, but failed. In the end, she suffered severe penance in Gaurikund, five kilometers from Trijuginarayan, and won Shiva. Pilgrim visitors to the Trijuginaryan Temple also visit the Gauri Kund Temple dedicated to Parvati, which is also the base camp for trekking to the Kedarnath Temple. According to mythology, Shiva proposed to Parvati in Guptakashi before getting married in the small village of Trijuginarayan .
Triwajinarayan is believed to be the capital of Himavat. It was the place where Shiva and Pearlvati married in heaven during Satya Yuga, and was witnessed in front of the eternally burning sacred fire in front of the temple of Havana Kund or Agni Kund. It is said Vishnu appeared at the wedding ceremony of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati as a brother of Parvati. Meanwhile, the Lord Brahma served as the priest of marriage which was witnessed by all the wise men of the time. The exact location of the wedding is indicated by a stone called Brahma Sila in front of the temple. The splendor of this place is also recorded in Stala Purana, a scripture unique to the Pilgrimage Center. According to the scripture , pilgrims visiting this temple consider the burning ashes of fire to be holy and carry it with them. The ashes from this fire are also believed to promote the bliss of the couple. There were no witnesses to the incident before the wedding, but it is believed that the gods taken bath from the four kunds: Rudra Kund, Vishnu Kund, and Brahma Kund. The stream of the three Kunds, according to legend, comes from Saraswati Kund, which is derived from the navel of Vishnu. Therefore, these Kund waters are considered a remedy for infertility.

Tuberculosis: a global emergency

Tuberculosis is a specific infectious disease caused by myobacterium tuberculosis. The pathogen primarily affects lungs and causes pulmonary tuberculosis. It can also affect the intestine, bones, joints, lymph gland, skin and other tissues of the body. Tuberculosis remains a worldwide public health problem. There are 15-20 million cases of infectious tuberculosis in the world. Eight million new victims and 2.9 million deaths are known to occur every year. The disease is credited with killing over one million women and nearly 1,70,000 children every year. WHO has declared TB as a global emergency.

FACTORS CAUSING TUBERCULOSIS:

Agent Factors: Tuberculosis is caused by a facultative intracellular parasite myobacterium tuberculosis. The most common source of infection is the affected human himself whereas the milk of the bovine (affected cattle) is also an active source of spreading the disease. Patients remain infected as long as they remain untreated. Effective antimicrobial treatment reduces infectivity up to 90% within 48hours.
Host factors: Tuberculosis affects people of all age groups. It is more prevalent in males than the females. It is not a hereditary disease but inherited susceptibility is an important risk factor. Man has no inherited immunity against tuberculosis. It is acquired as a result of natural infection or BCG vaccination.
Social factors: Social factors include many non- medical factors such as poor housing, poor quality of life, overcrowding, population explosion, malnutrition, lack of education, etc.

Tuberculosis is transmitted mainly by droplet infection which is generated by sputum positive patients with Pulmonary tuberculosis. In most cases the bacteria affects the lungs. Pulmonary tuberculosis destroys the lung tissue, rupturing blood vessels in the process.

CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS:

The control measures consists of two components, namely:

Curative component
Peventive component

CURATIVE COMPONENTS include case find in and chemotherapy whereas PREVENTIVE COMPONENTS include vaccination. The first step in tuberculosis control is early detection of sputum positive cases followed by chemotherapy.

To tackle this global emergency, the National Tuberculosis Program me was initiated in 1962. The long term goal of the programme is to “reduce the problem of tuberculosis in the community sufficiently and quickly to the level where it ceases to be a public health hazard.”

Despite effective case finding and therapeutic tools and declined mortality, tuberculosis still remains to be a serious communicable disease worldwide.

Operation Cactus by Indian Armed Forces which saved Maldives freedom.

Operation Cactus, led by the Indian Armed Forces in 1988, to stop a group of Maldives mercenaries led by businessman Abdullah Rutufi, and armed mercenaries of the Tamil Elam People’s Liberation Organization (PLOTE), a separatist Tamil organization in Sri Lanka. It’s strategy was to overthrow the government in the Maldivian island republic.

Thier were two coup attempr done before 1988.The 1980 and 1983 coup attempts against President Maumoon Abdul Game were not considered serious, but the third coup attempt in November 1988 surprised the international community. About 80 armed PLOTE mercenaries boarded a speedboat from a Sri Lankan cargo ship hijacked in the capital Male before dawn. A similar number has previously invaded Male in the guise of a visitor. The mercenaries soon gained control of the capital. This includes major government buildings, airports, ports, television and radio stations. The mercenaries then marched to the presidential residence, where President Gayoom lived with his family. However, before they arrived at the presidential residence, President Gayoom was escorted to the Defense Minister’s house by a Maldivian national security forces. The Secretary of Defense then took the president to a safe home.

Meanwhile, the mercenaries occupied the presidential residence and managed to take the Maldivian Minister of Education hostage. President Gayoom called on Sri Lanka and Pakistan government to intervene in the military, but both refused to help because of lack of military power. The president then demanded Singapore’s intervention, but Singapore refused for the same reason. He then contacted the United States and was told that it would take a couple of days for the US military to reach the Maldives from the nearest military base in Diego Garcia, which was almost 1000 km away. The president then contacted Britain and who advised them to seek help from India. After that, President Gayoom sought help from the Indian government. India soon accepted their request and an emergency meeting was convened at the Secretariat Building in New Delhi. Within 16 hours of SOS, India was ready for thier missions.

Rejaul Karim Laskar, a member of India’s then ruling party, the Indian National Congress, said that intervention of India in coup d’etat was necessary because without India’s intervention, outsiders powers were tempted to intervene and establish base in the Maldives. . Therefore, India intervened through “Operation Cactus”. On the night of November 3, 1988, the Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft of the Indian Air Force took elements of the 50th Independent Parachute Regiment, the 6th Parachute Regiment Battalion, and the 17th Parachute Field Paratrooper Regiment under Brigadier General Farsala from Agra Air. He flew non-stop for over 2,000 kilometers (1,240 miles) and landed at Male International Airport on Hulhule Island. Indian Army paratroopers arrived in Hulhule nine hours after President Gayoom proceedings.

Indian paratroopers quickly secured an airfield and sailed to Male on a confiscated boat to rescue President Gayoom . Paratroopers handed over control of the capital to President Gayoom ‘s government within hours. Some of the mercenaries fled to Sri Lanka on a hijacked cargo ship. Those who could not arrive at the ship in time were immediately rounded up and handed over to the Maldivian armed Forces and government. According to reports, 19 people died in battle, most of them mercenaries. The dead included two hostages killed by mercenaries. And Operation Cactus took 18 hours for Indian Armed Forces from start to finish. Indian Navy frigate Godavari and Betwa intercepted a cargo ship off Sri Lanka and captured mercenaries. The swift intervention and accurate intelligence of the Indian Army was able to successfully subdue the coup attempted in the island nation.

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