John Stuart Mill

A lot of scholars and philosophers alike have discussed the various notions of freedom for centuries. One such important notion is provided by John Stuart Mill. Mill’s contribution to the conception of freedom is extremely valuable. As one of the pioneers of conceptualizing freedom, his philosophy has shaped the trajectories of liberal democratic political models all over the world, from the 19th and 20th centuries to the present day and age.

His conception of freedom is contingent upon his philosophical method of inductive reasoning and his emphasis on empiricism from which he derives most of his theoretical formulations. Derived from the principle of utility, Mill believes that happiness can only be achieved in an environment of social freedom as stated by Leo Strauss and Joeseph Crospey. This means that in advocating the attainment for higher pleasures, his defence of liberty is consistent with his utilitarian beliefs.

Mill’s basis for defence of liberty rests on the foremost freedom i.e. speech and expression. Jill Gordon states, all ideas as per Mill, must be expressed freely to serve the ultimate end of human progress. Mill opposes all forms of censorship in this respect and advocates ideas to be freely expressed whether the opinion is true or false, he especially upholds the right of minorities to express their opinion.

Irrespective of its share of limitations, Mill’s contribution to political philosophy and other fields of study cannot be negated. In claiming the same, it is important to recognise that Mill’s idea of freedom especially freedom of expression has become the basis for the operation or even the definition of liberal democracies. Hence, the current trajectory of politics needs to be taken into consideration with respect to Mill’s ideas. With China’s growing surveillance with its repressive internet laws and censorship regime, especially with the current trend extending to transnational censorship, there is a need to consider Mill’s conception of freedom not just as a human right but also in context of the individual intellectual development.

The censorship regime in China curbs the intellectual development of citizens into becoming model citizens; according to a unified idea of the state, making subordination, easier. However, the lack of freedom of expression in an authoritarian model like China, does not negate the problems of seeing the former as a panacea in liberal democracies. Here, Mill’s ideas lack his vision in practice, irrespective of their theoretical merit. We see the negatives of unconditional liberty provided to media houses which are becoming all too powerful. Such power has resulted in the generation of fake news; through social media platforms and misinformation dominating public debate.

Though Mill would support the circulation of fake news; as part of intellectual development, the spread of misinformation is detrimental in many ways. When viewed as a panacea, freedom of expression also leads to mob tendencies and formulation of opinion based on bandwagoning. This largely leads to unfavourable democratic decisions. Therefore, while liberty cannot be compromised upon, Mill’s idea of freedom in today’s times needs to be constantly considered, as well as challenged.

Present is important.

“The past is gone, the future is not yet here, and if we do not go back to ourselves in the present moment, we cannot be in touch with life.” Thich Nhat Hanh

Our minds are constantly racing towards multiple thoughts. From waking up to snugging back into the sheets, anger for someone, regret for a mistake, worry for the future or fear of taking some actions keep lingering in the mind. But amidst all these thoughts, we simply forget to embrace what we have now.

Children are such wonderful teachers. If we want to remember ourselves, and what life is all about, we just need to observe a child for a few minutes. It won’t be long before we appreciate the joy, simplicity and presence that the child exudes, and perhaps we may even wonder, “How can I be more like her?”

The quality of being able to enjoy life’s simple moments is not far away. In fact, it is our natural state to do so. Children in their innocence and purity are powerful mirrors that show us what is innately within, and what we long to reconnect to—a presence that has never left us. They help us release a familiar spark from within that says, this is who I am, and always have been, deep inside.

We have spent a lifetime learning to sublimate our spirit, living in our heads, and disconnected from the NOW. Obsessing about the past and future has become our natural way of living. It has become habit, and the unnatural has become naturalized. What is hard has sadly become the norm, so much so that we have forgotten that the present moment even exists.

Remember, when you worry for your future, you may be anticipating unrealistic things that may not even come into your life. Moreover, controlling future circumstances is never the right concept. Whereas when you are stressing over the past, you are trying to mould things that will never be changed. And how to live in the moment?

Choosing to live in the past or in the future not only robs us of enjoyment today, but it also robs us of a true living. The only important moment is the present moment. With that goal in mind, we should start living our life in the present. That is, we need to live more in the moment.

They say that the present moment is all we have, and while our past and future are very real concepts, they are just other aspects of this now. Feeling fear and anxiety toward our future comes from neglecting our present and holding onto our past—so in order to enjoy our future, we must first learn to enjoy our present!

You are exactly who you need to be and where you need to be in this moment. Wishing or trying to be someone else or somewhere else only creates resistance to the present.

So allow yourself time to accept your past, feel openly and freely, and practice mindfulness—and know that by doing so, you’re not only living presently, you’re also creating the best possible future for yourself.

Find Happiness In Little Things!…

Rick was a scholar guy. He always used to top the boards. Everything was good with him except for his financial background. This made him scary and he used to be always under stress. Every little thing happening around would bother him deeply. He never dared to take risks in his life because of this fear. Rick was very much into himself and had very few friends in college. There was a girl in his class. She was always in a race with Rick for the first rank. She tried to talk to Rick at times but Rick’s fear made him run away from her. After a few days, Rick began to speak a little with her. She was a carefree girl, thinking about a single day at a time and living it at fullest and Rick used to be under stress every day thinking about the future. So basically, she was exactly the opposite of Rick. Now Rick was feeling comfortable being with her. He began to share things with her which he never did with anyone. He began to open up in front of her and she was just setting him free from his every single fear. She was an angel with a magical wand for Rick. She came into his life and changed it totally. Now Rick was confident about everything. He now dared to take risks to succeed. He even forgot that he had a fear disorder in the past. She made Rick meet his inner and actual self. Now Rick was a happy guy. Later they end up marrying each other and lived happy life together.
We also behave like Rick in our life. Rick is a character replica of Raju Rastogi from 3 idiots. We knowingly or unknowingly search for the one in our life who will set us free from all our scars and fears and be with us till the end.
When a human is born, the first thing it does is to cry. Crying is considered as a sign of sorrow. But our life begins only with a cry. It is the only time when your mother and loved ones smile when you cry. This is what tell us that there is happiness after sorrows.
You grow up. Life begins to show it’s a darker side to you. It’s the time when a face which used to smile on every little thing begins to cry and worry for everything. Our brain has the only job that is to think. When you encounter tough situations in life, your mind keeps on recreating the scene, again and again, making us anxious. You must have heard about the saying that you don’t laugh on the same joke again and again then why do you worry about the same thing again.

Top Billionaires of Hyderabad

Hyderabad is a well known IT Hub and is no more less than Bangalore even though the development of Hyderabad started when Bangalore was well developed IT Hub. Today’s Hyderabad has Corporate system and Companies, Corporate buildings. Hyderabad roads will be very busy 24×7 and also the people of Hyderabad are very busy. Considering all these aspects, Hyderabad is a big Commercial city. Jere we not only have corporate companies, we also have corporate businesses and business tycoons.

The seven business tycoons of Hyderabad har also acquired good ranks in the list of Global Billionaires. Let us have a look at their net worth, Hyderabad rank and also rank in the Global Billionaires list.

1.Murali Divi

Murali Divi is the founder of Divi’s laboratories based in Hyderabad. His net worth is 4.3 Billion US Dollars. He is ranked no 1 in Hyderabad and is in 589th position in Global rankings. Divi’s laboratories is also one of the top pharmaceutical companies in India. It is rated 4.0 out of 5.

2. Pitchi Reddy

Pitchi Reddy is the founder of Telangana’s construction giant Megha Engineering Infrastructure Limited (MEIL). His net worth is 1.9 Billion US Dollars. He is ranked second in Hyderabad and is in 1530 position in global rankings.

3. P.V. Krishna Reddy

Krishna Reddy is the Managing Director of Megha Engineering Infrastructure Limited (MEIL). His net worth is 1.8 Billion US Dollars. Je is in 3rd position in Hyderabad Billionaires list and in 1530 position in global rankings.

4. PV Ramprasad Reddy

PV Ramprasad Reddy Is the cofounder of Aurobindo Pharma. His net worth is 1.8 Billion US Dollars. He is ranked no 4 in Hyderabad Billionaires list and in 1531 position in global rankings. The company Aurobindo Pharma, is among the top 2 companies in India. Aurobindo exports to over 150 countries across the globe.

5. Jupally Rameshwar Rao

Jupally Rameswar Rao the founder of My Home Group and chairman of TV9 news channel. He is at the 5th rank in Hyderabad and 2000th position with a net worth of 1.5 billion US Dollars in global billionaire rankings. My Home Group is a large and fast growing company with turnover of over Ra. 3350 crores. TV9 is a 24/7 news channel in Andhrapradesh and Telangana.

6. K. Satish Reddy

K. Satish Reddy is the Owner of Reddy Laboratories. He stood at 6th in Hydebarad Billionaires rankings and he is at 2276 rank in Global Billionaires Rankings. His net worth is 1 Billion US dollars. Reddy laboratories is an integrated pharmaceutical company and provides affordable medicines for healthier lives. The company was founded by Anji Reddy and headquartered in Hyderabad.

7. GV Prasad

GV Prasad is the Managing Directors of Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories. Reddy laboratories is an integrated pharmaceutical company and provides affordable medicines for healthier lives. GV Prasad & Anuradha are at 7, 8 position respectively in Hyderabad with net worth of 1 Billion USD. Their global rank is 242.

8. G Anuradha

G Anuradha is also the Managing Director of Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories.Reddy laboratories is an integrated pharmaceutical company and provides affordable medicines for healthier lives. GV Prasad & Anuradha are at 7, 8 position respectively in Hyderabad with net worth of 1 Billion USD. Their global rank is 242.

Painting techniques

Techniques in watercolour paintings

#Washes

The most basic watercolour technique is the flat wash. It is reduced by first wetting the area of paper to be covered by the wash, then mixing sufficient pigment to easily fill the entire area. The pigment is applied to a sloping surface in slightly overlapping horizontal bands from the top down. Once complete, the wash should be left to dry and even itself out. Don’t be tempted to work back into a drawing wash, the results are usually disastrous! A variation on the basic wash is the graded wash. This technique requires the pigment to be diluted slightly with more water for each horizontal stroke. The result is a wash that fades out gradually and evenly.

#Glazing

Glazing is a similar watercolour technique Do a wash, but uses a thin, transparent pigment applied over dry existing washes. Its purpose is to adjust the colour and tone of the underlying wash. Non-staining, transparent pigments such as Rose Madder (or Permanent Rose), Cobalt Blue and or Auroline are ideal for glazing as they can be applied layer after led to achieve the desired effect. Be sure each layer is thoroughly dry before applying the next.

#Dropping in colour

This technique is simply the process of introducing a colour to a wet region of the painting and allowing it to blend bleed and feather without interruption. The result is sometimes and predictable but yields interesting and vibrant colour gradations That can’t be achieved by mixing the pigment on the palette.

#Wet-on-wet

Wet-on-wet is simply the process of applying pigment to wait paper. The results very from soft undefined shapes to slightly blurred marks, depending on how wet the paper is. The wet-on-wet technique can be applied over existing washes provided they are thoroughly dry. Simply wet the paper with the large brush and paint into the dampness. The soft marks made by painting wet in wet agreed for subtle background regions of your painting.

#Dry brush

Dry brush is almost the opposite watercolour technique to wet in wet. Here a brush loaded with pigment (and not too much water) is dragged over completely dry paper. The marks produced by this technique are very crisp and hard-edged. They will tend to come forward in your painting and so are best applied around the centre of interest.

#Lifting off

Most water colour pigments can be resolved and lifted off after they have dried. Staining colours such as Phthalo or Prussian blue, Alizarin, Windsor red, yellow or blue are difficult to remove and are best avoided for this technique. The process for lifting of his simple – wet the area to be removed with a brush and clean water, then blot the pigment away with attached. Using strips of paper to mask areas of pigment will produce interesting hard-edged lines and shapes.

This is one of my watercolour paintings. I love experimenting with the medium.

Techniques in other kinds of painting

#Oil paints

As the name implies, pigments are already mixed with oil (usually linseed) in the tube, which makes for slow drying and easier blending. Clean up with turps or preferably and odourless solvent. Can be used straight from the tube (impasto) or thinly for underpainting or glazing. Usually used over canvas or board prepared with an acrylic or gas so undercoat. Retouch varnish may be used to even out the shine when finished. All other vanishes should not be applied until the paint has cured (around 6 months). Oils pretty much maintain their mixed colour once drive for, unlike water based paints which tend to dry darker or lighter than when wet.

#Poster colours

Poster colours contain a binder which remains water soluble when dry. Pigments used are generally of a courser quality than water colours and are therefore more opaque, specially pastel shades which are achieved by mixes that include white. Can be wetted again for further blending. Framing is usually as for water colours.

#Pastels

Here the pigments have been moulded into sticks using distilled water and a minimum of binders. Some are wrapped in waxed paper to prevent breakage. They come in square and round sticks and in pencil form full stock usually used on tinted pestle paper which has a texture (or ‘tooth’) to hold the dry granules of pigment. Spray fixatives prevent rubbing, button to dark in the pestle work. Framing is behind glass with the mat board to prevent the work from touching the glass.

#Acrylic painting

Painting executed in the medium of synthetic acrylic resins. Acrylics dry rapidly, serve as a vehicle for any kind of pigment, and are capable of giving both the transparent brilliance of watercolour and the density of oil paint. They are considered to be less affected by heat and other destructive forces than is oil paint. They found favour among artists who were concerned about the health risks posed by the handling of oil paints and the inhalation of fumes associated with them. Because of all these desirable characteristics, acrylic paints became immediately popular with artists when they were first commercially promoted in the 1960s.

This is one of my acrylic paintings.

#Tempera painting

Painting executed with pigment ground in a water-miscible medium. The word tempera originally came from the word temper, which means ‘to bring to a desired consistency’. Dry pigments are made usable by ‘tempering’ them with a binding and adhesive vehicle. Such painting was distinguished from fresco painting, the colours for which contained no binder.

Thank you for reading. Have a nice day!🌼

Kolkata’s first library on tram unveiled

There are certain areas or places, where it is hard to find a library and does not have a trace of reading culture. For people residing at such locations, there are mobile libraries which are actually moving libraries, as they are made on a vehicle, such as a van, bus, truck or even on animals.
Usually, these vehicles are driven by an individual to far off places, and people can get access to some good books or novels right outside their homes or at a particular spot where it stops.

Here’s a look at the list of seven amazing libraries on wheels, from all around the world.


Usually, these vehicles are driven by an individual to far off places, and people can get access to some good books or novels right outside their homes or at a particular spot where it stops.

Here’s a look at the list of seven amazing libraries on wheels, from all around the world.


The first tram in the world to have a library is now open in Kolkata. Passing through College Street also known as ‘boipara’ or “the area of books”, the single coach AC tram will run regularly between Esplanade and Shyambazar, one of the oldest tram routes in the city.The tramcar will also have free wifi and will help passengers read e-books apart from laying their hands on books in the library.


In a first of its kind, Kolkata is all set to get a tram library, a top official said on Wednesday. The specially designed tram library will have books and magazines, including those on competitive examinations such as the civil services, WBCS, GRE or GMAT in order to attract readers from various educational institutions along its route, West Bengal Transport Corporation (WBTC) managing director Rajanvir Singh Kapur said.

Since Cyclone Amphan ravaged the city in May, tram services had remained shut until  September 24 which is also the day of the inauguration of the Library On Wheels, the name of the tram library. Passengers boarding this tram are being given a free pen for a week as they leaf through magazines and books kept on shelves inside the tram.

The route of the tram coincides with almost 30 educational institutions such as Scottish Church Collegiate School, Bethune College, Adi Mahakali Pathsala, Presidency University, Hindu School, Calcutta University and Calcutta Medical College and Hospital. All of them have earned their place in history as premium educational hubs. The tram expects to attract students from these institutions as it includes an extensive list of books on competitive examinations such as WBCS, GMAT and GRE.

The library will have books and magazines, including those on competitive examinations such as the civil services, WBCS, GRE or GMAT in order to attract readers from various educational institutions along its route, West Bengal Transport Corporation (WBTC) managing director Rajanvir Singh Kapur said.

The specially designed tram library will travel regularly between Shyambazar and Esplanade, traversing 4.5 km through the city’s education hub — College Street, Kapur said.

There are at least 30 educational institutions along or near its route, including the Calcutta University and Presidency University, Scottish Church College, Hindu School, Hare School and the Calcutta Girls’ School.

“The tram library, being introduced by the WBTC that oversees India’s only functional tramways, is a special tram with books, magazines, which can be read while travelling on the tram,” Kapur said.

The tramcar will also have free wifi and will help passengers read e-books apart from laying their hands on books in the library, he said, adding that the collection will be updated regularly.

“We are also planning book reading sessions, book launches and literary festivals in the tram library in the future,” the official said, terming the project as a dream come true that will give a new dimension to the city’s electric tram service, which is in existence since 1902.

HOW TO MAXIMISE PROFIT

Profit the most important reason for which we do business and everyone of us want to make more and more profit or maximum profit as possible. But because of competition you cannot price your product or service too expensive. There is a complex relation between demand, quality and price. We have to understand this concept in order to maximise our profit. If demand for your product is high and their is no competition you can sell your product at high gross margin. This method is used in the business of molecular medicines the company who invented the medicine, has the license and no other company can sell it. sso the company who invented the medicine has complete discretion of the company.

But if you are doing business of a product which is easily available in the market and your customers have many alternatives for your product then there are 2 ways to maximise your profit. First is you can sell your product in bulk with low gross margin. You have to sell at comparatively lower price and attract more and more customers and sell your product in large quantity. You will have less profit on per item but because of bulk selling you will generate good revenue . The second way is to sell less products with high gross margin because of your price many customers may not buy your product for that you have to position your product in premium market like Apple iPhone is a premium mobile. You have to be very careful while marketing your product you have to give a strong reason to buy your product.

Money in today’s life

Priya Yadav,

It is often said that with money we cannot buy happiness, health in our life, but it is also not wrong that with money we can buy medicines or things that make us happy and satisfying so that we can be healthy and satisfied Huh. Therefore money helps us in giving a better life and a higher status in our society and these things are important in our life.

Money is the most basic requirement of our life so that we can meet our other needs. Without money, we cannot meet our daily and basic needs. Although money cannot take the place of love and affection in our life, love and affection also cannot take the place of money. With money, we can spend our life in a better form. We need money today to do all the basic work of our life like eating, drinking, house, clothes, etc. Along with this, there are many more needs where we can meet those needs by using money and make our life easier.

DISADVANTAGES OF MONEY

Cause of crime
Nowadays everybody wants to collect more and more money. People want to achieve it in a moral and immoral way. Nowadays the bank is robbed to get money. Robbery, murder, and robbery are committed. In which criminals resort to violence and many people lose their lives. Therefore money is also the cause of crime.

If a person has money, he can buy anything that the poor person sees only in dreams. Without life, our lives seem incomplete and most of our needs remain incomplete. In today’s selfish world we have to have more money to be better than others otherwise we will feel backward in this world. Generally, we need our family and affection love along with money for a prosperous life but it is often seen that when there is a lack of money there is more stress in life.

Today, people in society are making more and more money and for more money, they are also doing some unethical acts like taking a bribe, stealing robbery, beating, etc. which are unethical acts and against humanity. People who are lazy do not want to work hard and get into doing such unethical work to make money and get it right, but it is not right to do so and we should avoid doing such work.

Some unscrupulous people earn money in the form of black money and keep it in the bank accounts of other countries which is illegal and the government has now made concrete laws on it and some people are being caught. To overcome this problem, the government had demonetized some time ago. In contrast to this, we can see that a person who collects money by doing good work and hard work gets more respect than another person in society and he also deserves it.

Cause of corruption
Nowadays, government officials do not perform their duties properly in the pursuit of money. Now corruption has pervaded every government office in the country. Government officials, babu, and employees commit huge loot in schemes to get money. Scams in government money for roads, bridges, railroads, hospitals, medicines, etc., so that no work is done properly.

The poor are exploited
In order to get money, more and more workers are taken from the poor laborers in the factory and paid less and less. The bourgeoisie is exploiting the poor working class and becoming rich. While the weaker section is barely able to meet its needs.

Money is the father of social ills
In today’s time, many social evils have arisen due to money. Dowry is in practice. Today, a father has to pay a hefty amount in dowry to get his daughter married. No dowry boy is willing to marry without a dowry.

Apart from this, people are following bad ways to get money. For example, cigarettes, alcohol, drugs, marijuana (marijuana), and other drugs are being sold, which is ruining the young generation of the country.


Cause of discord
In the house where there is a shortage of money, there is a fight, quarreling, and fighting. There is a quarrel between husband and wife every day. In the event of not earning money, the mother-father, siblings do not respect anyone. Neighbors and relatives look at the person with eyesight. He starts clipping her, thinking that the person never asks for money from her. Nobody wants to befriend a poor person.

In today’s time, everybody wants to get more and more money. Some people collect money in a corrupt way which is wrong. This is very important in life, but it is wrong to collect money illegally. People should earn money honestly.

Career in Psychology


Psychology is a blooming branch, especially in our country. With increasing awareness about psychological problems and demand for professionals in the field, the number of people entering this field has grown significantly in the past decade. Psychology is a subject which can be included in Sciences as well as Humanities because it not only talks about the human brain, the nervous system, hormones and their imbalance but also the human mind, thought and behavioural patterns and many philosophies. An increasing number of schools are introducing this subject into their existing curriculum. Many people also believe that psychology should be taught in lower grades because teenage proves to be a difficult time for most youngsters and thus subject can help them greatly. 

Here are some career options people opt for after studying psychology:

• Clinical Psychology 

For practising clinical psychology, one needs to obtain certain academic qualifications and experiences. A doctorate degree and more than 3.000 hours of supervised practising will fetch you a license for practising psychology. A clinical psychologist may specialise in one field. They focus on psychological disorders, identifying a patient’s issues and helping them through it, and making their lives better. They engage in therapy as well. Good listening skills, empathy, building a good relationship with their patients, sensitivity towards various issues, et cetera are some things clinical psychologists need to be excellent in. 

• Teacher

There is no greater pleasure than passing the knowledge you have to someone else. Teaching. learning with the aim to share it, is one of the noblest professions. After qualifying certain examinations and proving themselves efficient in practical classrooms, those who have studied psychology can teach it. As psychology is being introduced in more and more schools and colleges, psychology teachers are in demand. The biggest advantage is that they can help the students who are under stress, due to examinations or any other issue. 

• Researcher 

A researcher is involved in experimentation to reach conclusions or form new thesis so that the knowledge is always expanding. Apart from or as a part of experiments, a researcher also has to analyse. This analysis is of behavioural patterns, thinking processes, group activity, and much more. Extensive knowledge about the subject is a must along with dedication and hard work. This career option can be taken after practising psychology as well. 

• Social Worker

After studying psychology, we have multiple paths to choose from. Upon completion of the Undergraduate course, we can prepare for the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). If we decide to choose psychology in higher studies, then, we can work as social workers in schools, hospitals, clinics, and some other institutions. Many students are now interested in working in the Human Resource Department as well. 

Even if psychology is not pursued as a career, studying it helps us to understand ourselves better. It teaches us some great life lessons such as empathy, anger management, patient listening, and that being not okay is okay. When we have a deeper understanding of ourselves, only then can we properly contribute to our society’s development. 

NCB probe: Sara Ali Khan denies consuming drugs

According to the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) sources, Sara Ali Khan has denied consuming drugs. However, she confessed her closeness to Sushant Singh Rajput while shooting her debut film Kedarnath. She admits to smoking cigarettes but denies consumption of drugs.

Shraddha Kapoor, Deepika Padukone and Sara Ali Khan ahead of their questioning by NCB on Saturday.

Bollywood actor Deepika Padukone has admitted to the 2017 ‘drug chats’ with her manager during the interrogation by the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) in drugs angle linked to Sushant Singh Rajput’s death.However, there is no confirmation on whether she consumes drugs, sources said. The actor was questioned by the NCB officials for nearly five hours. Deepika reached the NCB office in south Mumbai earlier this morning to record her statement in the drugs probe linked to Rajput’s death case.According to the sources, a five-member probe panel, led by NCB Director KPS Malhotra is questioning the actor. Women officials are also part of the interrogation panel. She has been asked to keep her phone aside during her questioning.

According to a report on Republic, Shraddha has denied consuming drugs but has alleged that Sushant Singh Rajput did consume drugs. She was one of the guests at the late actor’s Chhichhore party at his farmhouse in Pawana. Shraddha has reportedly admitted to the chats she exchanged with Rhea Chakraborty’s ex-manager Jaya Saha. The report states that Sara has also denied consuming any drugs.

Covid-19 vaccine trial begins at Mumbai hospital today

The first dose of Covid-19 vaccine candidate developed by the Oxford University and AstraZeneca will on Saturday be administered to three volunteers at the King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital in Mumbai while 10 more volunteers have been selected for the clinical trial.

Another Mumbai hospital BYL Nair will commence the process of clinical trials from Monday.
Volunteers given the vaccine dose at the KEM hospital will be checked regularly and within 29 days a second dose will be given to them.
Here’s everything you need to know about Covid-19 vaccine trial


–All three volunteers who will get the shot today have been screened to rule out any underlying health issues, KEM Hospital officials said. They also underwent RT-PCR and antibody testing. “The three participants have been screened after their consent and they don’t have any comorbidity. As per randomisation, out of every four participants, one will receive placebo (false drug),” said Dr Hemant Deshmukh, Dean, KEM Hospital.


–According to Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) guidelines, each of the volunteers has been covered with Rs 1crore life insurance in case of death due to any side effects during the trial. They have also been covered under Rs 50lakh medical insurance if they develop any adverse effect from the vaccine.

–“We will administer the first dose of Covid-19 vaccine to the three volunteers on Saturday” Suresh Kakani, additional municipal commissioner, Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) said. He added that 10 more people will be screened on Saturday which will take the number of volunteers to 23. “We will check how they respond after the inoculation and test them for antibodies,” he said.

–After the volunteers are given the shot, they will have to stay at the hospital for two hours to check if they are having any complications,

–The vaccine induces a strong immune response. It provokes a T cell (white blood cells that can attack cells infected with the coronavirus) response within 14 days of the dose, and an antibody response within 28 days.

TV shows based on college life

Leaving school life and entering college life is something very special. All the hurdles of school are eliminated once the student enters into the college. In other words, this is the time when a student gets more socially connected with the world. One vision to get into a big college is just like a big television series but after joining it you will know what the reality is.So have a look at the television daily operas which will surely make you relive your college days. 

Sadda Haq

Sadda Haq – My Life, My Choice is a story based on a girl, Sanyukta Aggarwal, who is from a conservative family with the dreams of becoming a Mechanical Engineer and works in her father’s automobile company. She studies at FITE, Roorkee, the prestigious engineering college in India. The plot of the story revolves around the challenges she faces in her everyday life.

Dil Dosti Dance

This was the story of group of college kids and their passion for dance. It shows how this passion brings them together to form a bond of friendship and love.

Dil Dostii Dance - Disney+ Hotstar

Suvreen Guggal- Topper of the year


Topper of the Year, was an inspiring story, based on entire generation of youngsters studying at DPSC (Devendra Pratap Singh College), a prestigious college in Delhi. It was a witty and humorous campus drama that states that there’s more to this facebook generation than iPod and low-waist jeans.It exposes how Suvreen faces difficulties and finally becomes a Fashion Designer.

Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan

MTV Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan is an Indian television series that premiered on 21 July 2014 on MTV India. MTV Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan is about a successful music band Fab5 at S.P.A.C.E academy and two new girls and how they tackle the situations that Fab5 arises for them.

Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan (TV Series 2014– ) - IMDb

Miley Jab Hum Tum

The show is about falling in love during college and developing relations for a lifetime.Miley Jab Hum Tum (When We Met) is a young-adult oriented television series that aired on Indian television channel STAR One, premiering September 22, 2008. The series ran for two years successfully covering two seasons before ending on November 19, 2010. The show is about falling in love during college and developing relations for a lifetime.

THIS Miley Jab Hum Tum actor BACK on TV after SIX years with Udaan! | India Forums

pyar ki ek kahan

Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani - Hotstar Premium

 The story of their love was completely unique. We are talking about the serial ‘Pyar ki yeh Ek Kahani’ which came on the channel Star One in 2010 about 10 years ago, and this show became very popular among the audience. Abhay’s character in this serial was played by actor Vivian Dsena and Piya’s character Sukirti Kandpal.

Subhas Chandra Bose & INA

Subhas Chandra Bose was an Indian nationalist whose defiant patriotism made him a hero in India but whose attempt to abolish Britain’s rule with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan during the Second World War left a disturbing legacy. The Honorary Netaji was first used in Germany at Bose in early 1942 by Indian Legion soldiers and by German and Indian officials at the Berlin Special Office for India.

In the late 1920s and 1930s, Bose led a younger, radical wing, which became the Chairman of the Congress of 1938 and 1939. In 1939, however, after disagreements with Mahatma Gandhi and the High Command Congress, he was removed from the leadership of Congress. Afterwards he was placed under house arrest by the British until he left India in 1940.

Bose arrived in April 1941 in Germany, where the leadership gave surprising sympathy, if often ambivalent, for India’s independence, which was very much contrasting with their attitudes to the other colonised and ethnic groups. A Free India Centre was set up in Berlin with German money in November 1941 and, soon enough, a Free India Radio was broadcast on by Bose at night. Also created for the purpose of a potential future German Land invasion of India was a 3,000-strong Free India Legion, composed of Indians captured by Erwin Rommel’s Africa Corps. By Spring 1942 a German invasion of India appeared unsustainable and Bose was keen on heading to South-East Asia in view of the victories in South-East Asia and increasing Germany’s priorities. Adolf Hitler proposed the same and promised to plan for a submarine, at his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942. In the period that followed, Bose became a father too; in November 1942 a baby girl came to life as his wife or partner, Emilie Schenkl, whom he met in 1934. In February of 1943, Bose firmly aligned himself with the influence of the Axis and was no longer apologistic. He was moved outside Madagascar to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in May 1943 in the Japanese host Sumatra.

The Indian National Army (INA), which was then made up of Indian British Indian military troops who were captured by the Battle of Singapore, was reworked with Japan ‘s support. In addition, Indian civilians in Malaya and Singapore have been enlisted since Bose ‘s arrival. A number of puppet and provisional government governments, such as those in Burma, the Philippines and Manchukuo, had been sponsored by the Japanese. In the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands, previously the provisional government of Free India, headed by Bose, was established. The INA of the Bose was a model of diversity by region, race , religion and even gender. Bose had a great drive and charism — producing famous Indian slogans such as “JaiHind”. But Bose was considered militarily unskilled by the Japanese, and he’s been short in military efforts. The British Indian Army prevented and reversed the Japanese assault on India at the end of 1944 and early 1945. Nearly half the Japanese forces were killed and half of the INA contingent was completely involved. The INA was forced down the Malay peninsula and left Singapore with the recovery. Before that Bose had not agreed to give up with himself or with the Japanese, but instead to flee to Manchuria in order to pursue an antiBritish future in the Soviet Union. He died as his plane crashed in Taiwan from 3rd grade burns. However, some Indians did not think the crash occurred, many of which, especially in Bengal, believed that Bose would return to regain the independence of India.

Bose’s patriotism was lauded, but his strategies and ideas, particularly his cooperation on fascism was removed by the Indian National Congress, the principal weapon of Indian Nationalism. Although the British Raj was never seriously challenged by the INA, 300 INA officers in the INA trials were charged with traitorous treatment, but ultimately with both a common sentiment and their own end in mind.

He began the Swaraj newspaper and was appointed to the Provincial Congressional Committee in Bengal. Chittaranjan das, a spokesperson for militant nationalism in Bengal, was his mentor. Bose was elected President and Secretary of the Bengal Congress of All India Youth in 1923. He was also publisher of Chittaranjan Das’ newspaper “Forward.” In 1924 he was elected mayor of Calcutta, acting as CEO of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation for Das. Bose was arrested and imprisoned in Mandalay, where tuberculosis contracted, in a purge of nationalists in 1925.

Bose became general secretary of the Congress Party after his release from gaol in 1927 and campaigned for independence with Jawaharlal Nehru. Bose arranged the Annual Meeting of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta at the end of December 1928. As General Officer Commanding Congress Volunteer Company his most memorable role was. The author of the meeting, Nirad Chaudhuri, wrote.

Bose organised a uniformed volunteer corps and also equipped its officers with cut-off shoulder pads. A company of UK tailors in Calcutta, Harman, made his uniform. The British General in Fort William received a telegram addressed to him during the GOC and he had several malicious gossip in the newspapers. As an honest pacifist, Mahatma Gandhi vowed not to be an aggressive, he didn’t like to strut, click boots and greeting. He then identified Congress Calcutta as a Bertram Mills circus, which was causing much outrage among the Bengalis.

Bose was arrested and imprisoned a little later again for civil disobedience and in 1930 became Mayor of Calcutta.

Earthquake Escapade: Changing Across The Geography of India

2020 has been marked in almost all the usual natural disasters that mankind knows about. Forest fires, floods, earthquakes, you name it. Speaking of earthquakes, India is a hotspot for the earthquake occurrence due to the dynamic interaction between the Indian and the Asian plate. So, how prone is India to earthquakes? Or should I state, which areas in India are more prone to earthquakes? Let’s see…

What’s What

Earthquakes can be described as the movement of the land surfaces due to release of seismic waves from within the Earth’s lithosphere. Earthquakes all by itself can be pretty destructive. Higher magnitude earthquakes can cause violent shaking of the ground, thus destroying structures, and sometimes disturbing the local topographic scene too. The triggered effects in Nature due to earthquake include tsunami (in case of offshore source of origin), landslide, and in some rare cases, volcanic activity.

The term earthquake, in the general scientific respect, is associated with seismic activity. The source of the seismic activity though, can be either natural, or manmade. Some of the common causes of occurence are: faulting, mine blasts, landslide, nuclear testing or volcanic activity. The original point of disturbance within the lithosphere is known as the hypocentre, and the extrapolation of the point on the ground level is known as the epicentre.

The magnitude, or the strength of an earthquake, can be measured in various scales. But the most commonly known is the Richter magnitude scale. Nowadays, moment magnitude scales have a preference within the seismological authorities, but it is still reported as the Richter scale. The Richter scale is based on the logarithm values detected from the amplitude of seismic waves. It gives the measure of the energy given out by the earthquake. The Richter scale starts off from 1.0 and theoretically has no upper limit. But on the basis of historic records, the limit has been set for 8.9 as of now. Another scale, the Mercalli Damage Risk scale, measures the earthquake on the basis of its effect on the surface. Measured from the minimum of ‘not felt’, the scale goes up to the higher end category ‘extreme’. In terms of sumericals, the scale goes from 1-12. An important point to note is that the energy and effect of the earthquake are always not in relation, as for they depend on various factors.

Trends Within India

With India being a very large country in terms of territorial area, the areas are divided into various zones in accordance to the past seismological activity and the natural factors of the area. At present, the map produced by Bureau of Indian Standards dividends the whole country into four zones (Zones 2, 3, 4, 5). Zone 5 experiences highest Damage Risk of seismic activity and Zone 2 the lowest.

  • Zone 5 (Very Severe Damage Risk Zone) are the areas most susceptible to the risk of earthquakes of Damage Risk 9 or more. This zone includes the entire North Eastern region, Andaman Nicobar island groups, some parts of Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, northern regions of West Bengal, Rann of Kutch, North and Central Bihar and Uttarakhand.
  • Zone 4 (Severe Damage Risk Zone) are areas which are prone to experience the earthquakes of Damage Risk 8. Regions like North Punjab, Chandigarh, Western Uttar Pradesh, Sunderbans, Terai, the NCR, Sikkim, and the remaining parts of Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand. The Patan area in Maharashtra also comes under this zone.
  • Zone 3 (Moderate Damage Risk Zone) usually has the probability to have earthquakes of Damage Risk 7. Goa, Lakshadweep Islands, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and the remaining parts of Bihar, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh,
  • Zone 2 (Low Damage Risk Zone) accounts for regions that tend to experience earthquakes of intensity 6 and less. All the remaining areas of India fall under this category.

The Bureau of Indian Standards has provided some guidelines for construction of buildings, with certain parameters being assigned on the basis of the seismic zones. With a large part of the country, and by virtue of that, a large part of the population being susceptible to strong earthquakes, construction of legal and anti earthquake structures are a necessity of the present time. 

Website Reference:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_zones_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale

https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-earthquake-seismic-zones-in-india-1591274253-1

Subramaniya Siva-Tamil freedom fighter

Subramaniya Siva was an Indian freedom fighter. He was a revolutionary and had to spend many years in prison. He was also a versatile writer and has written many books. He was born on 4th October 1884 in Vathlagundu town of Dindigul district of the then Madras Presidency. His father was Rajam Iyer and he was his eldest son.

He followed the traits of Bala Ganghadhara Tilak. V. O. Chidambaram and Subramanya Bharathi are his contemporaries. He disagreed with Gandhiji and his non-violence attitude. He believed that only violence could counteract violence and so he adapted revolutionary methods of showing protest.

He was married and was survived by his son Sabhapathi Sharma. He was arrested in 1908 and 1922 for his anti-political activities. He wrote a book named Jail Life which gives an account of his life in prison. He was the author of the journal Gnana Bhanu which contains the collection of poetry.

He was a devotee of Swami Vivekananda and Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. He wrote the books Ramanuja Vijayam and Madhya Vijayam. He wanted to create enlightenment among people through his dramas and bhajans.

He chose Papparapatti village in Pennagaram taluk for his activities. In 1921 he came to Papparapatti and tried to establish Bharatashram there which was not successful. He was suffering from leprosy when he was in prison. In those days leprosy was considered to be a contagious disease and many restrictions were imposed on him by the British Government. He was not allowed to travel in trains. In spite of these difficulties he walked on foot to many places and continued his struggle for Indian independence.In 1908, he was arrested by the British and was the first political prisoner in Madras jail. While serving a prison term, he was afflicted by leprosy and was shifted to Salem jail. Since leprosy was regarded as a contagious disease, the British authorities forbade him to travel by rail after his release and hence he was forced to travel on foot. He continued to fight for independence and was incarcerated many times until 1922. He was the author of the journal Jnanabhanu and books Ramanuja Vijayam and Madhva Vijayam.

He was the first political prisoner in the Madras jail. He died on 23rd July 1925 and his Samadhi is situated in Papparapatti. Dindugul district collector office and Vathlagundu Bus Stand were named after him. In 2010 it was announced by the Government of Tamil Nadu that a memorial would be established for him in Papparapatti