Product counterfeiting is a form of consumer fraud: a product is sold, purporting to be something that it is not. Counterfeit is illegally made products that resemble the genuine goods but are typically of lower quality in terms of performance, reliability or durability.

There is a need to learn as much as possible about the counterfeit market and the luxury good’s market, as well as learning about the customers of both of these markets. A large number of counterfeits are purchased online as the customer relies only in the information provided by the seller that is easy to manipulate.

The Internet makes it possible for counterfeiters to sell fake goods without prior consumer inspection. Thus, if the presentation of the product online is elaborated and advanced, it would influence the user’s perceptions of the authenticity of products in a positive way, which leads to an increase in the user’s willingness to buy online.

Counterfeiting has emerged as a major problem for global marketers. As long as the demand is thriving, counterfeiters will always find new ways to serve customers. As to managerial implications, consumers cherish and value brands (particularly Adidas). So if they had money and would have the trust in the sales outlet they choose to buy an original not a fake, they would select the original.

Therefore, selling original brands through authorized dealers AND keeping tight control of them would in still confidence in consumers. Health concerns were quite prominent in our interviews, offering another starting point for a communication campaign of brand manufacturers to counter fakes in these markets.

While consumers cherish the German origin of Adidas, they at the same time realize that Adidas products are made in China etc. (as are the fake Adidas products). This undermines their confidence in the brand promise and may decrease their brand loyalty to the original. Go through these tell-tale signs that can help you identify an original from a counterfeit, and make sure you are not taken for a ride.

 Unreal discount: If you buy something, especially online, at a fraction of the price, or the deal is too good to be true, it usually is. Know how much discount is typically available on branded or luxury items and if the offer is unrealistically low, say, 70-80% of the MRP, then you are definitely buying a fake. Flimsy packaging: This is a dead giveaway as good brands and businesses take a lot of care and spend a lot of money on packaging.

 If the item is shabbily packed, doesn’t fit properly in the box, uses substandard material like cheap plastic or sagging cardboard, take it as a sign of counterfeiting.

Similarly, if you get a product without any packaging at all, know it to be a fake. Grammatical & spelling mistakes: Counterfeit products can be easily identified through wrong spelling (an extra or a missing letter) or grammatical errors. For instance, Hewlett Packard will be written as Hew let, or Louis Vuitton may be spelt as Viton.

While these mistakes in brand names are deliberate to lure the careless customer, those in the product information or instruction manual reflects the fraudsters’ lack of education. So read carefully for this clear give away… Fake websites: If you are shopping online, one easy way to counter the purchase of fake items is to check the authenticity of websites.

 If the site is fake, so are the products. Confirm the URL and ensure that the site is safe by looking for ‘https’ (instead of http) and the lock sign. You can also verify the site’s authenticity by pasting the website address on http://www.scamadviser.com and http://whois. domaintools.com/. These let you know whether it’s a reliable site. Poor quality of products: The quality of counterfeit products is usually suspect, with cheap alternatives used in place of the original. The material can be tacky plastic, fake leather, cheap glass, poor quality cloth, old or used parts in electronic appliances and gadgets.

Even the shape of the containers can be slightly different. If the product has a course, used feel to it, do not buy it. Omissions & mismatch: The Company prints several features like codes, serial or model numbers, trademark, and patent information on the package or product. Typically, fake products miss out on a few details while copying the information.

You can also crosscheck the numbers with the original products online, especially for electronic items or appliances. Flawed fonts, logos: Much like the spellings, it is easy to detect fake logos, brand names and trademarks, if you are paying attention. If you are observant and know the original logos well, you can catch even the smallest variation.

If this is difficult for you, take a picture of the product you think is fake, and compare it with the original online. The font could be slightly different or of the wrong size. Even the colouring could be faded or altered minutely from the orb… No contact details: If the manufacturer’s physical address, e-mail, phone number or contact details are not listed on the product or package, it should be cause for concern.

 This implies you have no means of contacting anyone for grievance redressed. It is best to avoid such products. If the contact details are mentioned, try to verify these on the website or call to confirm before you make a purchase. Missing accessories: Make sure that all the supplementary parts and accessories that have been mentioned on the package are present in the box.

 If the instruction manual, warranty card, wires, plugs or other items are missing, get back to the retailer immediately. Better still, open the box and check it in the store before buying. In case of an online purchase, make a video recording of the unboxing while taking delivery. Unauthorised centres: It’s best to buy electronic items, appliances, gadgets and branded ware from authorised retailers, licensed sellers and genuine brand outlets.

If you are getting a good discount elsewhere, check the store’s address by going online and make sure you have genuine contact details. The company prints several features like codes, serial or model numbers, trademark, and patent information on the package or product. Typically, fake products miss out on a few details while copying the information. You can also crosscheck the numbers with the original products online, especially for electronic items or appliances.

Introduction

Transactional sex refers to sexual relationships where the giving and/or receiving of gifts, money or other services is an important factor. The participants do not necessarily frame themselves in terms of prostitutes/clients, but often as girlfriends/boyfriends, or sugar babies/sugar daddies. Those offering sex may or may not feel affection for their partners.

Transactional sex is a superset of sex work, in that the exchange of monetary reward for sex includes a broader set of (usually non-marital) obligations that do not necessarily involve a predetermined payment or gift, but where there is a definite motivation to benefit materially from the sexual exchange.

 The omnipresence of transactional sex in sub-Saharan Africa, prevalent in non-marital relationships across all income groups, is closely related to gender socio-cultural norms, whereby a man is expected to act as a provider to their partners, and women expect a compensation or reward for “giving” sex. This results in implicit exchange expectations whereby a man could buy a woman a drink for example, and her acceptance implies a willingness to have sex.

Transactional sex also becomes a tool for migration in areas where younger women, for example from Europe or North America, have romantic relationships with older men. The general consensus among those studying transactional sex is that it is associated with the combined effects of poverty, the influence of Western consumerism, the differences in economic power between men and women, and the breakdown of traditional African marriage customs involving bride wealth.

Some scholars also associate transactional sex with the use of female erotic power and new inter-generational strategies and argue that these are part of a broader moral economy where the money that young women earn from transactional sex is redistributed to kin and peers. It is a prevalent in the relationships of basically young women and adolescent girls.

 The meanings and notions attached to the exchange vary from one person to person and from society to society, with key motivations being to meet basic needs and to acquire items of modernity. Gender inequalities shape sexual relationships by giving men greater social and economic power than women and create the material and ideological conditions that encourage transactional sex.

 Though transactional sex is often seem to be connected with the women only but in reality it is associated with all gender, even men also have transactional sex. The practice of transactional sex matters and requires intervention to the extent that it is associated with HIV and related risk behaviours and therefore endangers the health and well-being of adolescent girls and young women and their male partners in sub-Saharan Africa.

Transactional sex through a public health perspective

Transactional sex has been shown to raise the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases from a public health perspective and can also contribute to unplanned pregnancies as well as other undesirable sexual and reproductive health consequences, such as intimate partner abuse, sexual harassment and increased alcohol consumption among the Adolescent Girls and Young Women. Being in relationship where there is a young girl and an older person, situations can be detrimental and leading to worsen the situation.

Most attempts to tackle transactional sex have originated from the area of HIV prevention, typically prioritizing the provision of information and the shift in attitudes as the primary drivers of change. Such approaches have given less attention to psychosocial and economic causes and transactional sex implications for young girls, such as decreased access to services and education, which strengthens the cycle of deprivation in which girls engaged in transactional sex are usually locked up.

Likewise, structural, cultural, and community-level variables that could explain these gender roles and relationship power imbalances are typically under-theorized.

Transactional sex through human rights and child protection perspective

It leads to the exploitation of young and adolescent girls, wherein they involve in situations and enter into a relationship where they receive something (money, gifts) for performing sexual acts and indulging into the sexual activities. International frameworks derived from this perspective, such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, consider these exchanges to be a form of child sexual exploitation when the encounter involves an adult and a young person below the age of 18.

 However, according to a well-established body of literature arising from the African context AGYW involved in these relationships and others within their communities may not perceive these relationships to be exploitative, demonstrating that these definitions are not always as clear-cut in practice.

Addiction is a disease that affects the brain of a person and their behaviour, when a person is addicted to drugs and they cannot resist the urge to use them, no matter how much harm the drugs may cause. Drug Abuse is when a person use legal or illegal substances in ways they should not. He might take more than the regular dose of pills or use someone else prescription.

He may abuse to feel good, ease stress or avoid reality. Around 50% of death occurs through the drugs. It leads to the depression and the anxiety seen in the person who is addicted to drugs, they can harm any person like family or friends or anyone. It harms the society and the coming generations.

 Drugs related to crime because using of drugs is a criminal activity in India, if they do not have money they indulged themselves in different way to get money. Drugs control the human mind and their behaviour and the person become depressed or may either go on trauma of drugs because drugs have the direct connection with brain of the person. Drugs have very harmful effect on the human body but people enjoy the drugs and we can directly see the side effect within a week or a month and person become habitual day by day.

Approximately 40 lakhs people are addicted to drugs in the country and according to scientific theory when a person consumes drug, it immediately kills 1 lakh cells in seconds which will result in memory loss.

Drugs Abuse has a variety of symptoms which varies with the drug being used. Such symptoms can include aggression, irritability, personality changes, depression, and poor physical coordination.

Development of Drug Abuse

It is difficult to identify the regular drug use and drug abuse. When a drug fulfils a valuable need and it becomes a mechanism to calm or energize oneself it will result in drug abuse. Drug abuse start when a victim gets to know of a drug for the first time in social situation with friends and desire to fit in the society give way to drug abuse.

 Drug abuse starts deteriorating a person both mentally and physically. It stops social and intellectual development of a person.

Laws for Drugs in India

The main drug laws in India are the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1985) and the Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1988). The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act came into force on 14 November 1985.

 It was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 23 August 1985 and passed by both the houses of Parliament. Under this act, it is illegal for a person to produce/manufacture, possess, sell, purchase, transport, store and consume any narcotic drug. Narcotics Control Bureau was set up on March 1986. This act has been amended three times- in 1988, 2001 and 2014. In 2014 Amendment recognizes the need for pain relief as an important obligation of the government. It creates medicines called Essential Narcotic Drugs (ENDs).

Country now has a uniform law covering and power for legislation on ENDs has been shifted from state government to central government. In 2015, government announced that NDPs rule would be applicable to all states and union territories. It included six drugs namely Morphine, Fentanyl, Methadone, Oxycodone, Codeine and Hydrocodone. There is a single agency- the state drug controller who approved recognized medical institutions (RMIs) for stocking and dispensing ENDs.

RMIs are obliged to ensure proper documentation and submit annual consumption statistics to drug controller of the state. The prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act is a drug control law passed in 1988 by the Parliament of India. It was established for the full implementation and enforcement of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act of 1985.

Punishment

1. Sentencing of punishments under NDPS Act based on the quantity of the drugs. If the contravention involves small quantity which is smaller than 1kg, the imprisonment may extend to six months and fine may extend to 10,000.

If contravention involves quantity lesser than commercial quantity but greater than small quantity, the imprisonment may extend to 10 years and fine may extend to 1 lakh. Commercial quantity involves imprisonment which shall not be less than 10 years and fine may be extend to 2 lakh.

2. Death penalty has also been included as a form of punishment under NDPS Act. In case of repeated offence like manufacturing, production which involved large amount of drugs, courts can award death sentence. Death penalty was mandatory through 1989 amendment but in 2014 amendment death penalty was made discretionary and an alternative punishment of imprisonment was introduced.

Chief Law Enforcement- National Control Bureau

National Control Bureau established on 17 March 1986. The Narcotic Control Bureau (NCB) is the chief law enforcement and intelligence agency of India. It is responsible for fighting drug trafficking and the abuse of illegal substances. It was created for the full implementation of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (1985).

Most Common Drugs Used in India

Heroin: This drug is derived from opium from the poppy pant before it is refined to morphine then chemically modified into heroin. When heroin is consumed by a person then it will affect the receptors of the brain. Frequent usage of this drug causes collapsed veins and infection of the blood vessels and heart valves.

Cocaine: It is used as an anaesthetic in the medical field. It is commonly ingested through nose or rubbing it on the gums. Cocaine increases the dopamine levels in the brain without allowing it to reset. Its short term effects are extreme mental alertness, irritability, restlessness and hypersensitivity. Long term effects include deterioration of the respiratory tract and permanent damage of the organs.

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): This drug is available in the form of tablets and it creates a state of hallucinations causing the user to lose touch with reality. LSD is responsible for consciousness and it stimulates the serotonin receptors in the brain. Person loses the ability to comprehend physical sensations correctly.

Crystal meth: This drug is highly addictive. It is manufactured illegally. This drugs travels through the blood stream to the brain and release dopamine. It can cause hyperactivity and making the user to push their body beyond its limit.

Conclusion

Drug Abuse is a big problem in India and it affects the victim’s life and destroys their life. It changes the behaviour of the victims and they cannot resist without consumption. Different laws were made by the legislature to decrease the risk of drug use. It is a self-destructive of a person with the symptoms of aggression, irritability, personality changes, depression and sleep cycle disorder. We should take some action against the evil of drug abuse and if things go well it will help to cure the society.

THE CHIEF MINISTER OF DELHI , ARVIND KEJRIWAL HAS LAUNCHED THIS EFFECTIVE POLICY , FOR THE UPLIFTMENT OF THE ECONOMY AND THE REDUCTION IN THE LEVELS OF THE POLLUTION IN DELHI . IT WILL LEAD TO THE UPGRADATION OF TRANSPORT SECTOR , AS IT WILL ACT AS AN EMPLOYMENT GENERATOR FOR THE PEOPLE OF DELHI. IT WILL REQUIRE INCENTIVES FOR THE PROMOTION OF THE PURCHASE OF ELECTRIUC VEHICLES. IN ADDITION TO THIS , CHINA IS AT THE FIRST POSITION IN THE WORLD IN THE DEVOLOPMENT OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES . THIS SCHEME WILL ALSO PROVIDE A SUBSIDY OF 30000 ON THE PURCHASE OF TWO WHEELER. IT ALSO SERVES US INCENTIVES BY OFFERING LOW INTRESTS RATES , WAIVE OFF REGISTRATION FEES , LOWERING THE ROAD TAX ON NEWLY REGISTERED ELECTRIC VEHICLES . THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS SCHEME IS

• TO CREATE A NETWORK OF CHARGING STATIONS IN THE CITY .
• TO DRIVE RAPID ADOPTION OF BATTERY ELECTRIC VAHICLES , CONTRIBUTING TO 25% OF ALL NEW VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS BY 2024.
• TO SUPPORT THE CREATION OF JOBS IN DRIVING , SELLING , SELLING , FINANCING , SERVICING AND CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES .
• POLICY SHALL REMAIN FOR THREE YEARS .
• A PURCHASE INCENTIVE OF MINIMUM RS 5000 PER KWH OF BATTERY CAPACITY WILL BE GIVEN TO EACH VEHICLE TO THE REGISTERED TWO-VHICLES AND MAXIMUM OF RS30000 PER VEHICLE .
• PERSONS WHO ALL ARE THE REGISTERED OWNERS OF ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS , MAKING THEM ELIGIBLE FOR SCRAPPING AND DEREGISTERING OLD TWO WHEELERS REGISTERED IN DELHI , UP TO RS5000.
• TO DRIVE 50% DELIVERY FLEET TO E-MOBILITY BY MARCH 31,2023 AND 100%, BY MARCH 31 ,2025, RELATED TO FFOD DELIVERY , E-COMMERCE LOGISTICS PROVIDERS , COURIERS ARE ALSO EXPECTED TO SWITCH TO ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS.
• USE OF ELECTRIC AUTOS AN OPEN PERMIT SYSTEM APPLICABLE FOR FOR E-AUTOS WHICH IS FIRST COME , FIRST SERVE BASIS , AN INCENTIVE OF RS30000 PER VEHICLE WILL BE PROVIDED.
• CHANGES MADE IN BUILDING BYE-LAWS , FOR AN ‘EV- READY PARKING ‘ AT YOUR SWEET HOMES AND AT YOUR WORK PLACE WITH 20% OF HOLDING CAPACITY , ALONG WITH THE POWER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE , ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGES ACOORDINGLY.

IT’S GONNA BE AN ALL ROUNDER SCHEME ACTING BOTH AS A SAVIOUR OF ECONOMY AND AS A CONSERVATIVE FOR OUR ENVIROMENT.

I don’t believe that any situation can be dealt with simply by empathy and helping those in need. 

The latest Corona virus outbreak is a glittering example of this respect. Much of the time , at least, mankind seems powerless in the face of the Corona virus and in assisting others in desperate need of support.

Because we all know, through millennia, the world has experienced disasters in one sort or another every 10 years. Whether we accept or not, yet Mother Earth herself, she is angry with us humans because of the way we have handled God’s gift itself. As mankind is part of Mother Earth and, at the same time, to survive itself in the universe of ours, it, i.e. civilization, must preserve its co-relationship or co-relationship. Not valuing this immense privilege has forced humans to confront the crisis as well. As a mere being, mankind must survive the crisis as well as carry out the varied gifts of nature for too long, mankind must value nature as its wife, but not as its lord. In the long run, it is civilization itself who will bow before Mother Earth in order to resolve all such crises.

Scientific advances also made life simpler for mankind. Around the same time, mis-use or over-use of technological innovations can certainly be a boomerang for mankind. I sincerely agree that, with the immense advancement of technology, research has often made us trustworthy and ignorant about how it influences nature. Therefore, research and technical developments may be defined as valuable, but at the same time efficient, servants.The use of atom bombs in the two cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and their impact on Japan during the Second World War is a glittering example of this. This has taken decades to resolve the effects of the two nuclear bombs, because humans can always sense their effect.

Looking at the entire situation, it should be prudent for mankind to honor existence, and not to yield to its dominance. The planet has witnessed the wrath of nature in different ways, such as hurricanes, flooding, epidemics, to name a handful. Each example of a natural disaster will teach its own lesson.People and human efforts to mitigate natural disasters must also be combined with the ability and grace of nature to maintain themselves in times of such crisis. It is because existence itself is both the maker and the killer of Mother EarthIt is therefore high time for mankind, in terms of coping with crises and helping citizens in need, that instead of moving through crises and then attempting to resolve them, it will be prudent for mankind to control crises (to the degree possible) by pursuing the will and rules of nature in every phase of its existence.In this respect, let the serene spirit of nature triumph over the devilish spirit of mankind. And, as it is properly said, ‘he is the founder of his own fate,’ the same principle extends to disaster management and to supporting others in desperate need of assistance. Around the same time, in this endeavor, mankind will behave according to the laws of nature and, in fact, on its own.

Indian defence Minister Rajnath Singh on Sunday tweeted and informed that India will stop the imports of 101 defence equipments after the pact with the respected countries on this regard ends.

This is done keeping the agenda of self reliant India. The decision will be e applied between December 2020 to December 2025. And Indian manufacturers will be motivated to create the equipments within the country. Kab will be on equipments like Assault rifle, Sniper rifle, Drone, Survey vehicle, Floating Dock, etc.

India currently imports 59% from Russia, 19% from America, 11% from Israel and 7% from France. Till date India has bought weapons worth ₹24 lakh crore from America since the year 2007. India has an agreement for S-400 missile defence system amounting to ₹45000 crore with Russia and 36 Rafale fighter jets from France. It is to be noted that India is the third biggest buyer of weapons in the world.

The top 5 government countries who you may be given the permission to produce the weapons are Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Bharat electronics Limited, BEML Limited, Mishra Dhatu Nigam Ltd. and Bharat Dynamics Limited. In the next 6 to 7 years, around ₹4 lakh crore will be given to the Indian companies. In this 1.3 lakh crore for army, 1.4 lakh crore for navy and 1.3 lakh crore for air force will be used to buy the necessary defence equipments.

A large part of working in human resources (HR) is managing employee risk. It is HR’s job to keep employees safe and make sure the company isn’t liable for any employee injuries. Unfortunately, we live in an imperfect world so it is impossible to completely remove all risk, but HR’s goal is to minimize risk as much as possible and act swiftly when accidents do happen.

While managing risk is a lot of preventative work, you also need communication skills to explain accidents to employees/superiors when they arise. When you think of worker safety many people believe that this is only representative of jobs that require manual labor. However, every type of office has to consider their employees’ safety.

All different types of work environments require HR to manage risk and make sure that employees are protected.

The first step in identifying risk management is to identify the hazard. Some common hazards include wet floors, falls from heights, or dangerous equipment. Once your risks are identified, you must evaluate and decide how to prevent the risk from becoming an accident. In order to evaluate which risks are to be prioritized you should rank the risks on a scale of 1-5 based on the likelihood of an accident happening, and severity of the accident.

Making the workplace safer is an essential part of keeping employees happy and productive. If employees feel unsafe, they are less likely to be productive. HR bears this responsibility, and it should not be taken lightly. When HR departments ignore workplace risks, it is very evident and has a direct effect on everyone involved. When HR departments focus on maintaining a safe work environment, they tend to be much more respected by their coworkers and respected by their superiors. Overall, if you follow the formula for solving risk’s, your employees will feel much better coming into work every day.

Risk management: Involves responsibilities to consider physical, human and financial factors to protect organisational and individual interests.

Health: General state of physical, mental and emotional well-being.

Safety: condition in which the physical well-being of people is protected.

Security: Protection of employees and organisational facilities.

Ergonomics: Study and design of the work environment to address the physical demands placed on individuals.

Cumulative Trauma Disorders : Muscle and skeletal injuries that occur when workers repetitively use the same muscle to perform the tasks.

Substance abuse : Use of illicit substance or misuse of controlled substances, alcohol , or other drugs.

Health promotion: Supportive approach of facilitating and encouraging health actions and lifestyle among employees.

Wellness programs: Program designed to maintain or improve employee health before problems arise.

Employee Assistance Program: Program that provides counselling and help to employees having emotional, physical or other personal problems.

Security Audit: Comprehensive review of organisational security.

These are some ways which maintain risk management and worker protection in the organisation. And these are helpful to maintain and managing the risk management and worker protection at the workplace by HR.

Importance of risk management and worker protection

Through the risk management and the workers protection in the companies have delivered an opportunity to prepare for a global event by adjusting their strategies and prepare a contingency plan (Business Continuity Management). Every day they can manage internal risk, which have a greater impact. Similarly, companies operating risk, which is the day to day operations, seems to be more important than financial risk.

        Did you know why Indian Railways are awesome than we think? Actually our railways are so amazing. Here are some points that proves why it is best.

• The full track length of Indian Railways can encircle the equator one and a half times. If you add up all the distance covered by every single train in just one day you can go to the moon 3.5 times.

• Indian Railways employs more than 1.9 Million employees. That’s more than Indian Armed Forces. Even in a global scale, Indian Railway is 8th largest employer in the world Just behind Walmart and McDonald’s.

• There are too many people over here and to serve them there are too many railway lines. The slowest train of India is Nilagiri Passenger moves at the speed of 10km/hr. While the fastest is Vande Bharat Express moves at the speed of 130 km/hr. On one hand we have budget trains like Jan Shatabdhi, which are so affordable no other train in the world can beat that. And on the other we have uber luxury Maharaja Express. The most expensive tickets cost 24000 USD!!!

• Indian Railway is the lifeline of our transport system. It spends Rs. 111/- for every Rs. 100/- earned currently. That means it is operating at 11% loss.

• People credit the British for starting the Railways in India. What they don’t know Is that the British also plundered the railways. The British needed steel for World War and the first place they looked were the railway tracks. Railway tracks all over the countries was not enough. Factories destructed to make raw materials for Britains requirements having our railways without repair and in disarrays.

Konkan Railways: It is most ambitious project undertaken by Indian Railways. Even the British had thought of constructing this but this was so challenging that they dropped the idea.

              For an organization which is more than 150 yrs old that’s really good way of keeping up with modern times.

              But what makes me really sad is this! Tejas Express launched in 24/05/2017 with world class LED screen for each seat, Headphones and entertainment devices….. And in one day people stole headphones, tore seats, broke the windows and so on. Please don’t do that. Indian Railways is for Us and it is Ours.

             It is a wonder that it still operates and innovated! I feel happy when I see how they are beautifying stations. I feel happy that Indian Railways will not use single use plastic from 2nd October 2019. I feel happy how they are managed to keep Indian Railways rocking all these years..

Yesterday I was talking about T cells and how they are being lauded for their fighting nature. Today I thought to throw some more light on T cells. The cells are emerging as warriors and have the capacity to destroy and win over virus infected cells.              

T cells are a type of white blood cell which acts like soldiers, searching out infected cells and killing them, hence they play a crucial role in the human’s immune system. It acts as an elemental part of adaptive immunity; adaptive immunity is a system that alters the response of the immune system to particular pathogens.

The T cells which are immature are known as T-stem cells and move towards the neck area where the thymus gland lies to attain maturity and gain activity in our immune system. During maturation processes many of the T cells are destroyed by our body system as they acquire the behavior of activating against it.

These cells are also termed as T lymphocytes where T stands for thymus; thymus is the place where these cells attain maturity. Recent studies suggest that body defence system has not only one soldier to rely on and T cells are perfect reminder of this. T cells produce a stable immunogenic response that’s why it’s immunity is really necessary for our system.

T cells may be able to kill virus infected cells as they can remember old diseases like SARS-COV-2 (which came into existence in 2003) and other common cold diseases. They also have the ability to raise those cells which have been abandoned in past fights as fresh ones. There have been many studies where people show T cell response to the disease which they defeated 17 years back. 

But for right now things are uncertain as the research into T cell’s fight against COVID-19 is at young stages and nothing concrete can be evaluated from them. We have to wait a bit more for really good news that will lead to perfect vaccination of the pandemic leading our lives back to our old normal as how much perfect this new normal is, we will take time to adapt it.