Six unfigured places on Earth

Most of us always wanted to explore the Outer-space to discover various unique planets or Aliens, but have we ever wondered that our planet Earth holds many unexplainable secrets that even scientists couldn’t able to explain. There are many Mysterious places on our planet which we have to still figure out, and those places are:- 

Devil’s Kettle Falls

Photo Credit : MN Trips

There is a place in the United States of America called by the name Minnesota which is known for this mysterious waterfall which is known as Devil’s Kettle Falls. This Waterfall has been puzzling the scientist, geologists and Hikers for many decades because as it looks like an average waterfall that drops about 800 feet of water but the interesting part about this waterfall has two different bodies of falling water. One side of the body of waterfalls on Lake Superior and the other one falls straight into a huge natural hole in the ground, where this water lead is still a mystery. Many researchers or curious people who visited this place has poured many items like dye, sticks, ping pong balls and even logs into the kettle but one of them found any trace of a thing in the water or the nearby area. 

Stonehenge 

Photo Credit : Olympus Europa

It is a unique prehistoric monument on Salisbury Plain located in Wiltshire, England, two miles (3 km) away from the west of Amesbury. It is considered to be one of the architecturally sophisticated and only surviving lintel led stone circles in the world. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Stonehenge was constructed in six stages between 3000 and 1520 BCE. Nowadays we have machines that can help us lift heavy materials to build huge buildings and monuments, but back in those days when Stonehenge was built no one had access to this type of technology. Many questions are arising that how can anyone have lifted stones weighing anywhere from four to thirty-seven tons and also that why were they doing this, archaeologists have come up with plenty of theories to explain this phenomenon some guessed that the men who built Stonehenge used a system of sledges rollers and boats others hypothesized that it was built with a weighted levy system well many of these guesses seem to make sense to a certain extent to this day no one has a definitive answer.

The Hessdalen Lights

Photo Credit : Pinterest

This is an unidentified light which are 12 kilometres long located in a Hessdalen valley in rural central Norway. The residents of Hestia land valley Norway have to live with this burning question every single night it has to Lin Valley brightly coloured lights appear in the sky in different colours and shapes for the last four decades and possibly longer. This phenomenon has continued to puzzle scientists, according to some theories these lights could be caused by a nearby radioactive lake emitting particles that light up in the air as they evaporate other scientists think that the base of the valley contains a lot of sulfuric acids when it comes into contact with the water it causes sparks to appear in the sky even though there are many different guesses as to why this town gets their very own light show every night scientists still haven’t come up with a definitive answer.

The Boiling River in the Amazon

Photo Credit : Wonderopolis

In the Amazon forests lies a floating river in the forested region of my Mayantuyacu that boasts temperatures so hot that any person or animal that falls into it boils alive from the inside out. This river runs at an unbelievable 196 degrees Fahrenheit dang that’s hot locals used the water to brew tea and sometimes they cook with it well this river’s high temperature is incredibly intriguing what makes this natural phenomenon a mystery is a fact that no one can figure out what makes the water so hot. According to geophysicist Adres Ruzo, boiling waters are typically attached to an active volcano or magmatic system like the boiling River Trail in Yellowstone National Park in the US but in the town of my Mayantuyacu, there are no active volcanoes within 400 miles. Over the centuries residents of this town believed that the river had magical healing powers and used it spiritually and medicinally. Ruzo guesses that hot geothermal waters pour in from cracks in the earth heating the temperature of the river but this has yet to be scientifically proven. 

Movile Cave

Photo Credit : Britannica.

There’s a place on earth with its ecosystem and atmosphere similar to another planet well the name of that place is movile cave which is located in the southeastern part of Romania remain closed in complete darkness for approximately 5.5 million years. It wasn’t until workers discovered the cave when they were looking for a place to build that anyone learned about it scientists carved out an opening to the cave and found that a completely sustained ecosystem was thriving inside as a pathway was carved through the rock past numerous tunnels. Scientists found a lake of sulfuric water that stinks, the air was filled with hydrogen sulfide and had 100 times more carbon dioxide than Earth’s air contains needless to say this air is completely toxic what’s even crazier is that a whole ecosystem has been existing in this cave with 33 species that can’t be found anywhere else on earth this cave gives us a glimpse of what could exist on other planets with completely different atmospheres how it managed to exist on earth all this time is still a question. 

Circles of Namibia

Photo Credit : Science

Namibian deserts are full of elephants, snakes, antelope and also hundreds of evenly placed circles which makes the mysterious part of this desert, this brutally hot desert is home to a vast array of wildlife but even more interesting are the fields of grass with evenly spaced holes and now these circles are almost perfect and range anywhere from 10 to 65 feet in diameter many scientists have offered up theories as to why these circles appear instead of other more random shapes. In 2013 environmental scientist Norbert Juergens hypothesized that termites were the cause of these circles but like all the hypotheses that came before his, it was later disproved.

HEAT(1995)- MOVIE REVIEW

Heat no doubt is one of the best crime dramas I have ever seen. It pits probably two of the greatest actors of our generation against each other to produce what I can only call a masterpiece. The rivalry between the two most definitely carries the movie through its two hours forty-five-minute run time. This is a very different kind of movie as opposed to the normal glamour or glory associated with other heist movies. It focuses more on its characters and there are actually very few scenes pertaining to heisting. Right from the opening scene, the movie establishes itself as a serious crime drama and takes its time in setting up its main characters, with both Robert De Niro’s and Al Pacino getting an equal amount of screen time. And this is especially important as I was ambivalent on who to root for since the movie explores these two characters so well and makes us understand what these two characters are going through.

What stood out to me the most was definitely the cinematography, almost every single scene felt so palpable and I still remember most of them vividly, especially the night ones. I could also appreciate how some of the shots were helmed with long takes panning across the characters and some clever cuts. The score for this movie is also really good and it is also used sparingly so it is not overbearing. I rarely ever talk about sound mixing but I thought I would mention it as it makes the movie feel rawer, thus enhancing its immersive experience. I was pleasantly surprised to learn that most of the screen time is dedicated towards the individual characters, while I enjoyed Val Kilmer’s and Al Pacino’s character growth, I personally was not all that invested in De Niro’s love life and the whole ordeal seemed to just slow the movie down, although, it has more payoff toward the end.

This is an extremely riveting movie that I could see myself regularly rewatching despite its long run time.

HOW TO SET YOUR PRIORITIES: SACRIFICES, STRUGGLE AND SUCCESS

Scheduling priorities in life is a significant task to undertake. Setting priorities helps you to reserve time, carry out logical decisions, and improvise your way of living. 

It takes time for you to decide your priorities because  it is a decision that is going to be continued for a span of time. 

Therefore, it is substantial to make an apt choice. You  discover many of your interests that you might have left behind someday. It motivates you to have a clear picture of what you are supposed to do.

Way to set priorities in life :

  • Make a note of your top interests.
  • Decide on what is important to you.
  • Think whether the task you are undertaking is indeed worthy to do so. If not, then prioritize accordingly.
  • After doing so, decide how to approach and complete them.
  • Do have the ability to compromise. You evidently can’t handle all tasks you decide.
  • Set proper time and date so that the tasks you do are completed on time.
  • The most crucial point is to not distract yourself.

The 3’S- Sacrifice, Struggle, and Success make it our way while planning, performing, and achieving them. Let’s have a look at them.

  1. SACRIFICE:
  • Sacrificing our decision, or plans for something good isn’t bad at all.
  • If you do it with all love, you will surely be unhurt. Sacrificing for someone shows your love for them.
  • Sacrificing for one’s happiness shows your true personality. This can change one’s life, may it be a small sacrifice too.

Where are sacrifices done?

  • Family: Parents sacrifice their comfort, sleep so that their children can leave happily in the future without any problems.
  • Sleep: You let go of sleep when you have many works to do. If the work you are doing is going to yield you thumbs up and that really costs you your sleep, never step back.

Sacrifices are immeasurable. If your sacrifice is benefitting someone, support them by doing so.

2. STRUGGLE:

  • Life doesn’t always fall in the way you seek. There are frequent ups and down on your way to reaching your goal.
  • You work hard to achieve success. Sometimes you achieve and sometimes you don’t. That doesn’t mean you lose hope.
  • We encounter a lot of barriers that prevent us, distract us and examine our abilities.
  • Each person’s struggle is clearly different from others. Some of the struggles maybe- Career pressure, Financial crisis, Failure, Arguments.

How to overcome struggle?

  • Explore the world. Relax your mind and soul.
  • Don’t hide your difficulties. Share it with your peers so that you feel light.
  • Stop comparing yourself with others. Comparison lowers one’s self-confidence. You have your identity.
  • Stay focused on the work you are performing.
  •  Never force yourself to finish the work you aren’t able to. It will absolutely let you down if you can’t accomplish it.
  • Try being positive even at the worst time so that you’ll at least have a ray of hope in one corner.

3. SUCCESS:

The result of your actions that brings happiness to your face is SUCCESS. Gaining success isn’t that easy. You have to be extremely dedicated, punctual, and determined. When you build interest in the work you do, success is automatically activated to reach your goal.

How to achieve success?

  • Work hard: Achieving success isn’t easy always. You might feel you are having many works to do, but a dedicated person never thinks about it. So rather than investing time in thinking negatively, work hard.
  • Push your limits: Always try upgrading your interests. Don’t revolve around the same topics. Go out of your comfort zone and try new things.
  • Develop ideas: Invest your timing in bringing out the best ideas to implement in your work.
  • Save time: Don’t waste your time unnecessarily on silly things. Don’t dig up deep into the answers you don’t receive. Relax your mind, understand the topic clearly and then move forward.


Never try getting down your self-esteem. Try hard to achieve your goals. Prioritize your options and work accordingly. Success is always there in everyone. You achieve it when you make a way for it through your actions.

Angels and Demons – book summary

IMPORTANT CHARACTERS

  • Robert Langdon: A professor of symbology at Harvard University and the protagonist of the novel. He is flown to CERN to help investigate the murder of Leonardo Vetra. He is described as wearing a Harris Tweed jacket, a turtleneck sweater, and a pair of chino pants. His name is a tribute to John Langdon.

  • Leonardo Vetra: A scientist working at CERN and a priest. He is researching on antimatter when he is murdered by the assassin. He is also the adoptive father of Vittoria.

  • Vittoria Vetra: The adopted daughter of Vetra. She, like her father, works with CERN. She is a strict vegetarian. Her research focuses on biology and physics. The reader learns early in the novel that Vittoria worked with her father in their research of antimatter.

  • Camerlengo Carlo Ventresca: The Camerlengo (papal chamberlain) during the conclave. He murdered the pope, who is later revealed to have been his biological father. His code name for dealing with the assassin is “Janus,” taken from the two-faced Roman god of beginnings and ends.

  • Commander Ernesto Olivetti: The commandant of the Swiss Guard. He is initially skeptical about the claims of Langdon and Vittoria until he talks with the Hassassin. He, along with other Swiss Guards, searches desperately for the missing antimatter hidden somewhere in the Vatican. He is killed by the Hassassin at the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria

  • Captain Elias Rocher: The second-in-command after Commander Olivetti. He is contacted by Maximilian Kohler about his knowledge on the real cause of the events. He is killed by Lt. Chartrand, who was under the impression that Rocher was an Illuminatus.

  • Hassassin: The killer hired by Janus to fulfill his plans. He is of Middle Eastern origin and displays his sadistic lust for women throughout the novel. He murders Leonardo Vetra, the Preferiti, and Commander Olivetti. He dies after being pushed from a balcony by Langdon at Castel Sant’Angelo and breaking his back on a pile of cannonballs below.

  • Maximilian Kohler: The director of CERN. He is feared at CERN despite his paralysis. His wheelchair contains electronic gadgets such as a computer, telephone, pager, video camera, and a gun. He contacts Langdon to help him find the killer of his friend, Leonardo Vetra. He blames the Church for his disability, due to his highly religious parents denying him medical care as a child and becomes a scientist as a way to rebel.

  • Gunther Glick and Chinita Macri: A reporter and his photojournalist for the BBC. They are contacted by the Hassassin regarding the events happening in the Vatican. Glick has a notorious reputation as a sensationalist and conspiracy theorist journalist. Macri, meanwhile, is a veteran camerawoman and a foil to Glick. They have the first hand account on the events in the novel, from the beginning of the conclave to the election of Mortati as pope.

  • Lieutenant Chartrand: A young Swiss Guard. He, together with Commander Olivetti and Capt. Rocher, searches desperately for the antimatter hidden somewhere in the Vatican. He shoots and kills Captain Rocher after he is mistaken as an Illuminatus. Near the end of the novel, he is sent by the new pope to give the Illuminati Diamond to Langdon on indefinite loan

  • Cardinal Ebner: One of the four preferiti from Frankfurt, Germany. He is killed by smothering, via dirt and soil forced into his mouth.

  • Cardinal Lamassé: One of the four preferiti from Paris, France. He is killed by punctures to his lungs from which he bled to death.

  • Cardinal Guidera: One of the four preferiti from Barcelona, Spain. He is burned alive.

  • Cardinal Baggia: One of the four preferiti from Milan, Italy; the favorite to succeed as the new pope. He is drowned by the assassin.

STORY PLOT

CERN director Maximilian Kohler discovers one of the facility’s top physicists, Leonardo Vetra, murdered, his chest branded with an ambigram of the word “Illuminati.” Kohler contacts Robert Langdon, an expert on symbology, who determines that the ambigram is authentic. Kohler calls Vetra’s adopted daughter Vittoria home and it is ascertained that the Illuminati, an ancient anti-religious organization thought extinct, have stolen a canister containing antimatter, a substance with destructive potential comparable to a nuclear weapon. When at CERN, the canister is stored in a unique electrical charger which ensures the antimatter’s stability, but when removed, its backup battery provides power for 24 hours, after which the antimatter would fall out of suspension and, on coming into contact with the physical matter of the container, explode. The canister is located somewhere in Vatican City, with a security camera in front of it, as its digital clock counts down to an explosion due to occur at midnight, which will wipe out the Vatican.

Langdon is initially convinced that the Illuminati cannot be responsible for two reasons: 1) the Illuminati went extinct centuries ago, and their remnants were absorbed into the Freemasons and 2) the Illuminati, as men of scientific truth, would never sanction the murder of a fellow scientist. Kohler explains that Vetra might be an exception, as he was also an ordained Catholic priest.

Langdon and Vittoria make their way to Vatican City, where the Pope has recently died. They are told that the four Preferiti, the cardinals who are most likely to be elected pope, are missing. Langdon and Vittoria search for the preferiti in hopes that they will also find the antimatter canister. Their search is assisted by Camerlengo Carlo Ventresca (the late pope’s closest aide), the Vatican’s Swiss Guard and Commander Olivetti.

Langdon tells Vittoria how the Illuminati created a citywide map known as the “Path of Illumination,” a trail once used by the Illuminati as a means of inducting new members; aspirants who wanted to join the Illuminati were required to follow a series of subtle clues left in various churches in and around Rome. The clues indicate the secret meeting place of the Illuminati. Langdon’s theory is that the Path was marked by sculptures created by a mysterious Illuminati artist: an Illuminati member placed as a mole within the Vatican itself. Langdon is granted access to the Vatican Archives by the camerlengo, where he believes a document containing the clues to the Path of Illumination is located. The clues to the Illuminati markers are placed inside Galileo’s famous book called ‘Diagramma.’ Langdon then sets off on the Path of Illumination in hopes of saving the preferiti and recovering the antimatter canister.

The Path leads Langdon and Vittoria to four churches in Rome, each one containing works of art by Baroque artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini (who Langdon realizes is the Illuminati artist) depicting angels and associated with one of the primordial elements: Earth, Air, Fire and Water. Langdon realizes the four preferiti will be murdered in a way thematically related to each location’s related element. The first cardinal is branded with an Earth ambigram and has soil forced down his throat, suffocating him; the second is branded with an Air ambigram and has his lungs punctured; the third is branded with a Fire ambigram and is burned alive; and the fourth is branded with a Water ambigram and is wrapped in chains and left to drown at the bottom of a fountain.

During their search for the Illuminati lair, Langdon and Vittoria are seen getting closer.

After finding the bodies of the first two preferiti, Langdon hurries to the Santa Maria della Victoria Basilica and finds the preferiti’s abductor in the act of setting the third cardinal on fire. The kidnapper is an unnamed assassin who is working under the orders of the Illuminati master “Janus,” whose true identity is unknown. Commander Olivetti is killed and the assassin kidnaps Vittoria. Langdon escapes and accosts the assassin at the final element’s marker (Water) but he is unable to save the cardinal.

Langdon must complete the Path of Illumination in order to find the assassin and rescue Vittoria. His search leads him to Castel Sant’Angelo which he realizes is the “Church of Illumination,” the Illuminati’s secret lair. Under the papal fortress is a tunnel which leads directly into the pope’s private library in the Vatican. Langdon frees Vittoria and together they send the assassin falling several hundred feet to his death. The two hurry back to St. Peter’s Basilica, where they find that Kohler has arrived to confront the camerlengo in private. Langdon and Vittoria fear that Kohler is Janus and that he has come to murder the camerlengo. Hearing the camerlengo scream in agony from being branded with the Illuminati Diamond (a symbol combining all four Illuminati ambigrams), the Swiss Guards burst into the room and open fire on Kohler. Just before he dies, Kohler gives Langdon a mini video camera containing a video Kohler made while confronting the camerlengo and tells him to give it to the media.

With time running out, the Swiss Guard evacuates the Basilica. The camerlengo rushes back in, claiming that he has received a vision from God, who has revealed the location of the antimatter canister to him. With Langdon in pursuit, the camerlengo ventures into the catacombs and finds the canister sitting atop the tomb of Saint Peter. Langdon and the camerlengo retrieve the antimatter and get in a helicopter with only minutes to spare. The camerlengo manages to parachute safely onto the roof of St. Peter’s just as the canister explodes harmlessly in the sky. The crowd in St. Peter’s Square look in awe as the camerlengo stands triumphantly before them. Because of this “miracle,” the cardinals debate whether to elect the camerlengo as the new Pope. Langdon manages to survive the explosion using a window cover from the helicopter as a parachute, a trick he learned while touring CERN with Maximillian Kohler and lands in the Tiber River.

As Langdon regains consciousness, he finds himself in a hospital located on an island. He is given the video camera which he placed in the pocket of his tweed jacket. He is shocked when he hears the footage and becomes desperate to head back to the Vatican. The video shows the camerlengo branding himself with the Illuminati diamond and confessing that he himself is Janus, and who set in motion the night’s chain of events in order to sabotage the Vatican. He also confesses that he killed the Pope with an overdose of heparin, a powerful anticoagulant because the Pope revealed he had fathered a child.

After viewing Kohler’s tape, Langdon, Vittoria, and the cardinals confront the camerlengo. Shortly before the novel began, the Pope met with Leonardo Vetra, who believed that antimatter was capable of establishing a link between science and God. Vetra’s beliefs caused great discomfort to the camerlengo. While discussing Vetra, the pope revealed that his support was caused by science having given him a son. Without waiting to hear the explanation (that the child was the result of artificial insemination) and horrified that the Pope appeared to have broken his vow of chastity, the camerlengo plotted to rectify the situation. He poisoned the pope and, under the guise of an Illuminati master (Janus), recruited the assassin to kill Vetra, steal the antimatter and kidnap and murder the preferiti. The camerlengo planted the antimatter in St. Peter’s Basilica, feigned his last-minute vision from God, and retrieved the canister just in time to save the Vatican from the ensuing explosion, hoping to unite the struggling Catholic Church. The Illuminati involvement was merely a plot engineered by the camerlengo to cover his own involvement.

Upon the discovery and the camerlengo’s attempts to justify his murder of the Pope, Cardinal Saverio Mortati, Dean of the College of Cardinals, reveals that the camerlengo is, in fact, the late pope’s biological son, conceived with a nun through artificial insemination. Overcome with guilt, Ventresca soaks himself in oil and sets himself on fire before a crowd of onlookers in St. Peter’s Square. His ashes are recovered by Mortati, who places them in an urn which is placed inside his father’s sarcophagus. It is revealed that the cardinals’ endorsing of him would have made him Pope by acclamation. Mortati is unanimously elected pope by the cardinals, and Langdon and Vittoria reunite at Hotel Bernini. The last brand, the Illuminati Diamond, is given to Langdon on indefinite loan, provided that he return it to the Vatican in his will.

WINTER SEASON

Winter is the coldest season of the year in some parts of the northern and southern hemisphere, this season is characterized by falling snow and freezing cold temperatures, usually exacerbated by strong winds,… The sun comes out very late on winter mornings and when it does is not hot.

  1. Winter is the coldest season which starts in the month of December and last till mid of March.
  2. After autumn season winter season arrives, mainly due to the orientation in the axis of earth away from the sun.
  3. December and January are the coldest months of winter season.
  4. Winter season have temperature dropping of 3 degree to 5 degree in night in northwest region.
  5. During this season high speed of cold wings blows from north region in peak months.
  6. Winter seasons leads to the formation of thick fog because air is cooled to the fog droplets sue to low temperature.
  7. During winter season, nights become long and day becomes of shorter duration.
  8. Winter season is an ideal season for tours and travels to hilly region.
  9. It is the season of healthy fruits and green leafy vegetables.
  10. This season comprises of snowfall, winter storms, old rains, frost, fogs, and very low temperature most of the time.

Major festivals like Deepawali, Makar Sankranti, and Republic day fall in winter season. People enjoy many activities in hilly areas like ice skating, skiing, ice hockey, etc… Winter season gives relief from heat and humidity after long summer. Many people plan vacation and adventurous trips to tourist places during winter season.

Various beautiful birds like Siberian cranes and blue throat migrate to India during winter season. Rain during winter season has disadvantages too as it destroys crops, vegetables and fruits. Day during winters are pleasant because of the low heat intensity of sun. Excess cold during winter season also brings a period of discomfort to old and poor people.

I personally love winter season. This season brings a lot of happiness to all of us. All people get the chance to eat fresh fruits, vegetables and more. Apart from all of this things lots of flowers bloom during this winter season.

Photo by eberhard grossgasteiger on Pexels.com

The season are defined as spring (March, April, May), summer(June, July, August), Autumn( September, October, November) and winter (December, January, February) .

Antarctica is certainly the coldest country in the world , with temperature sinking as low as -67.3 degree celsius.

YAKUTSK:

Yakutsk, Russia – The capital city of the vast (1.2 million square miles). Siberian region known as the Sakha Republic, Yakutsk is widely identified as the world’s coldest city. ” No other place on the Earth experiences this temperature extreme”.

HARBIN:

Under the koppen climate classification , Harbin features a monsoon-influenced , humid continental climate (Dwa). Due to the Siberian high and its location above 45 degree north latitude, the city is known for its cold weather and ong winter.

Dras:

The coldest place in India. Dras is a lonely town in the infamous Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir, popularly known as ‘The gateway to Ladakh’ . Dras is the coldest place in India and often touted as second to the coldest place inhabited on Earth.

LEH:

Leh, no doubt, Leh is one of the coldest places to visit in India. Perched in the newly formed Union Territory of Ladakh, the temperature is known to drop to as less as -13 degrees celsius!.

INTRESTING ABOUT WINTER- Delhi is the city which is coldest in December one

Delhi, which is shivering under on intense spell of cold wave for two weeks, experienced its coldest recorded December day on Monday, with the maximum temperature being at just 9.4 degrees celsius, the IMD announced.

WINTER FORMS OUR CHARACTER AND BRINGS OUT OUR BEST ” .

What are germs?

The term “germ” encompasses an army of tiny terrors, including viruses, fungi, parasites, and bacteria. These “pathogens” all have the ability to spread from victim to victim(called a host). Germs are so small you can see them only through a microscope. They look like spiky blogs, oozing spirals,hairy hotdogs, or other microscopic monsters.

Why are germs bad for us?

These microorganisms hitch a ride into our bodies on the food we eat, in the air we breathe, or through a variety of other methods. Once they have invaded our personal spaces, germs reproduce and create toxic waste, which triggers our body’s most repulsive reactions. They make us sniffle, upchuck, run to the toilet, break out in rashes and fevers, and suffer even more unpleasant symptoms.

How do we get sick from viruses?

Most viruses are frail little things ( unlike bacteria and fungi, viruses are not even alive ) that can multiply only inside a living host ( including animals, plants, and even bacteria). There they spread overwhelming and attacking the host’s immune system and causing all sorts of nasty symptoms. Colds, flus, chicken pox, immune disorders, and measles are caused by viruses. Among the worst is a Ebola, which triggers bleeding and is fatal more than half the people who catch it.

How do we get sick from fungi?

Fungi are microscopic molds, yeasts, and other plant like pathogens that thrive in wet, warm places like our armpits, our belly buttons, and the dank spaces between our toes. They feed on our respect and dead tissues and produce stinky wastes that irritate our skin.

How do we get sick from parasites?

This ghastly germ group includes itty-bitty insect larvae, amoebas, and one celled organisms called Protozoa that live in nasty food, damp soil, or dirty water. Parasites depend on a living host for their survival. They sneak into our bodies in tainted water and food, costing of all sorts of gastrointestinal gripes: diarrhoea, vomiting, upset stomachs, and worse. Malaria – common diseases that causes chills, shaking, and fevers – is spread by a parasite passed in mosquito bites. These life-sucking relationships are often the stuff of nightmares.

How do we get sick from bacteria?

Unlike viruses, bacteria are living single celled organisms that can reproduce both outside and inside the body. Like all living things, bacteria create waste -microscopic poops that can act as a poison inside the host. You can blame sore throat, ear infections and tooth-tartar buildup on bacteria. One of the most famous bacteria is Escherichia coli. This rod shaped micorbe lives deep in your intestines, the body’s busiest bacterial neighborhood. Harmful ones make you puke for days.E.coli strains produce an important vitamin. That’s right – some bacteria are actually good for you!

How many bacteria are inside our body right now?

Your body is built of trillions of itty-bitty living blobs, called cells, that work together to make you you. But for every cell you call your own, ten foreign bacteria cluster around or near it. You are a microbe metropolis! Scientists call these communities of foreign bacteria your body’s “flora”, and no two people host the same mix of microorganisms. In fact, scientists are beginning to think of your flora as just another organ.

Can we see these bacteria?

No, they are microscopic. But you can certainly smell them. Like any living thing, bacteria eat, reproduce,die, and create waste which can make your life stink – literally !(Bacteria are the source of bad breath and body odor.)

Benefits of Bacteria

Your gut reaction might be to wrinkle your nose at the thought of bacteria inside your guts, but it turns out that many so-called good bacteria are essential to your health, the survival of life on Earth, and the making of tasty foods. Behold, the benefits of a microscopic allies…

Health boosting

Your body’s microbes support your immune system, which fights sickness.

Plant feeding

Blue-green algae and other types of bacteria convert the nitrogen in the air into compounds plants can use.

Food processing

Micorbes in our innards play a huge role in the digestive process, helping us absorb nutrients and vitamins from our food.

Food making

Bacteria are a vital ingredient in the process of turning milk into yogurt and tasty cheeses. The holes in Swiss cheese are created by carbon dioxide bubbles exhaled by bacteria during the cheese making process.

Planet Cleaning

Bacteria breakdown dead animals and plants, which “decompose” into nutrients for the living.

References :

WHY?-Answers to everything, Image publications.

A new way: Startups

Startups wow….. The newest way to an innovative world. Startups can be the most appropriate option for today’s world. Startups create job opportunities with better knowledge, technique, skill and experience. We can say these things provide a perfect balance for a good startup. Earlier startup was not seen as a career objective because there is high risk and no surity that the individual will succeed. But when people realised that there is so much competition and it’s almost impossible for any government to provide a secured job to every individual, start-ups came into existence . Startup does not need a qualified degree. It can be a group of people of village or an MBA individual. It’s just that one must have the passion to do it. Startups are employment creators and as we are seeing in the world the problem of unemployment, population crisis, lack of jobs people are thinking about it. People are accepting the fact that starups can be proved as a game changer in any economy. The youth is taking interest and participating into the startup programs and enhancing their skills. Not only the youth, there is a section which is neglected and that section is of our senior citizens. Yes u read it right senior citizens , they are in the habit of doing a particular job for a long period of time and once they get retired they can’t accept the fact mentally. They are in habit of doing something. Startups can be a good way to utilise their knowledge and experience. Start-ups makes an individual to be a boss of your own and who doesn’t like it. A tea seller who is selling tea is also doing a startup and a businessman too is doing the startup. By this we can say that startup not only creates employment opportunities but also eliminates the feeling of being superior. Any individual from any background can start his startup. It’s like a dream to come true and you are not being judged by the society at that time.

The world is looking towards India in the field of start-ups. The government is also understanding the need of startups and they have launched many schemes and loans for the people to do their own startup. Startup makes an individual self reliant and self dependent. Startup also develops communication and leadership skills to deal with the outside world with your own thoughts and ideas. A platform for a person to prove himself that nothing is greater than knowledge. If you have the correct guidance and passion you can do your work with complete devotion and that’s what startup is.

Hope you will like reading the article and encourage yourselves!!! Thank you

BOOK REVIEW “THE WIZARD’S OF OZ”

. ABOUT THE AUTHOR

L.Frank Baum was an American author born on May 15,1856 Chittenango New York. He has written 14 novel on Oz, plus 41 on others and many more works.

. SUMMARY

Let’s talk about one of the greatest literary work of L.Frank ‘The Wizard’s of Oz’ which became a classic of children literature. The novel is about a girl named Dorothy, who lives with her uncle Henry and aunt Em with her pet dog Toto in Kansas. A sudden cyclone strikes and swift away Dorothy and Toto along with her uncle’s farmhouse and dumped it in the land of Munchkin of Oz’s, in the process killing the wicked witch of East. Wanting to go back to her homeland the story embarks her journey on the yellow brick road to the emerald City of great wizard of oz. On the way she makes friends with the Scarecrow who wants a brain, the Tin woodmen who wants a heart and a cowardly Lion who wants courage. After many adventures they reach the Emerald City to the great wizard of Oz. The wizard lay’s a condition only if they kill the wicked witch of west the desires will be fulfilled. They commence their journey on killing the witch , after a lot of difficulties they are able to kill the witch. On returning back to the wizard they are left shocked………. Let me leave the summary on this note so the readers curiosity is not killed.

. THEME

The story has many theme ; one must find their strength in oneself and their friendship. The courage to tackle the problems comes from within and the good circle of friends who surrounds them. The grass is not greener on the other side , we should enjoy our present and stay contented from within . It also depicts there no place like home one can not find the happiness of a family to a foreign land but their own land . Life throws you many hurdles but one must fight with it with their full potential and never to lose hope .

Maharashtra Lockdown

Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray has urged people to behave in a Covid-appropriate manner, warning that if the number of coronavirus cases in the state rises, the state will be forced to reimpose a lockdown. Thackeray made the remarks after unfurling the national flag at the state secretariat ‘Mantralaya’ on the 75th anniversary of the country’s independence. “The majority of the COVID-19 restrictions have been lifted. However, the danger is far from finished. As new strains of the virus are discovered in other nations, we must remain vigilant to ensure that the threat does not reach us. Given the scarcity of medical oxygen, if the number of daily COVID-19 cases rises, the state will be placed under lockdown, according to Thackeray.

House of Cards

By – Sudha Murthy

Hello readers

House of Cards is the story of Mridula, a bright young woman with enormous enthusiasm for life who hails from a Karnataka village. A chance meeting with Sanjay, a talented but impoverished doctor, leads to love—and the couple marry and settle in Bangalore. The more Mridula sees of the world, the more she realizes how selfish and materialistic people can be. But she does not take the ups and downs of life to heart, and lives each day with positive energy. Trouble brews when Sanjay quits his government job and starts an immensely successful private practice. With affluence comes the neverending ambition for more, and the inevitable slide into corrupt practices. For a long time, Mridula has no idea that Sanjay has sold his soul; when the truth hits her, she has no recourse but to walk out on him. But can she really find a space of her own?

This intricately woven novel explores human relationships in telling detail, and holds up a mirror to our society with candour and with conviction.

This book is wonderfully written. The harsh realities of the real life are fictioned in a simple language. The story focus on both love and practical life. The end of the story is very good. The fictional village (Aaladahalli, Karnataka) amuses the readers. It tells us the power of money, and how it affects the relationships. This will keep you hooked up.

Would recommend it. As Sudha Murthy writes beautifully in a simple language it is easy for most of the readers to grab the information and relate to a few characters. For beginners, I suggest to start with her children’s books and then her novels. This book is worth a read.

Like I say : Reading books is magic, it makes you live hundreds of lives in a single one. Or atleast that’s what I believe. Hopefully this book will have an impact and magic you are/ were waiting for. I’ll take a leave.

And Thanks. 😇

Ways to practice self-love

Hey! Smile please….

Yes yes you only, you’re very special. Did you know that you’re very special. There’s nobody like you on the whole planet. You deserve to be loved immensely not only by the creatures around you but by the most important person in your life and that’s YOU. If you ever desire to be in a relationship, be in the everlasting one with yfourself first. Practicing self-love can be challenging for many of us, especially in times when we face serious challenges. It’s not about being self-absorbed or narcissistic, it’s about getting in touch with ourselves, our well-being and our happiness. We practice self-love so we can push through our limiting beliefs and live a life that truly shines.



So do yourself a favor, take a deep breath, give yourself a little hug and start practicing the following:

▪Begin each day by telling yourself something positive. It can be anything which makes you feel pleasant. How adorable you look today. How well you handled a situation.

▪ Fill your body with food and drink that nourishes it and makes it thrive.

▪ Move that gorgeous body of yours every single day and learn to love the skin you’re in. You can’t hate your way into loving yourself.

▪ Don’t believe everything which hits your mind. There is an inner critic inside of us trying to keep us small and safe. The downside of this also stops us from living a full life.

▪ Surround yourself with people who love and encourage you. Let them remind you just how amazing you are.

▪ End all toxic relationships. Seriously. Don’t just waste your time in it. Anyone who makes you feel anything less than amazing doesn’t deserve to be a part of your life.

▪ Avoid the comparisons. There is no one on this planet like you, so you cannot fairly compare yourself to someone else. The only person you should compare yourself to is you.

▪ Step outside of your comfort zone and try something new. It’s incredible the feeling we get when we realize we have achieved something we didn’t  think we could do before.

▪ Celebrate your wins no matter how big or small. Pat yourself on the back and be proud of what you have achieved.

▪ Embrace and love the things that make you different. This is what makes you special.

▪ Take time out to calm your mind every day. Breathe in and out, clear your mind of your thoughts and just be you.

▪ Follow your passion. You know the thing that gets you so excited but scares you at the same time. The thing you really want to do but have convinced yourself it won’t work. You should go do that!

▪ Be patient but persistent. Self-love is ever evolving. It’s something that needs to be practiced daily but can take a lifetime to master. So be kind and support yourself through the challenging times.

▪ Be mindful of what you think, feel and want. Live your life in ways that truly reflect this.

▪ Treat others with love and respect. It makes us feel better about ourselves when we treat others the way we hope to be treated. That doesn’t mean everybody will always repay the favor, but that’s their problem not yours.

▪ Find something to be grateful for every day. It’s inevitable that you are going to have your down days. This is fine and very human of you. It’s especially important on these days to find at least one thing you are grateful for as it helps to shift your mind and energy around what’s going on.

▪ Reach out to family, friends, healers, whomever you need to help you through the tough times. You are not expected to go through them alone.

▪ Learn to say no. Saying no sometimes doesn’t make you a bad person, it makes you a smart person.

▪ Forgive yourself. You know that thing you did one time (or maybe a few times) that made you feel bad, embarrassed, ashamed? It’s time to let that go. You can’t change the things you have done in the past but you can control your future. Look at it as a learning experience and believe in your ability to change.

▪ Write it down. So many thoughts running in your mind gives you headache? Write them all down on a piece of paper, no matter how crazy, mean, sad, or terrifying they are. Keep it in a journal, tear it up, burn it, whatever you need to do to, just let it go.

▪ Just you. Grab a cup of your favorite tea, coffee, wine, whatever your choice of drink, and sit down for a few minutes on your own. No TV or distractions, just you. Think about the wonderful things that are happening in your life right now, what your big dreams are and how you can make them happen.

▪ Give up the need for approval from others. Believe in yourself and go for it.

▪ Be realistic. There is no person on this earth that is happy every single moment of every single day. It’s because we are all human. We make mistakes, we feel emotions (good and bad) and this is OK. Allow yourself to be human.

▪ Get creative and express yourself in whatever way you like. Painting, writing, sculpting, dancing, reading, music, whatever takes your fancy, and make sure you leave your inner critic at the door. There are nothing called PERFECT to be creative.

▪ Find your happy place. Where’s the one place you feel totally at ease, calm, happy, positive, high on life? Go to that place when you are going through hard times, or imagine yourself being there. Adore each and every thing you’re surrounded with.Think about how it feels, what it smells like, what it looks like.

▪ Let go of past trauma and wounds. This can be a really tough one and it may be one of those times you need to turn to others for support. The truth is though, when we let go of things that have happened to us it’s almost like a weight is lifted off our shoulders. We don’t have to carry that around with us anymore. We deserve better.

▪ The next time you are feeling happy and on top of the world make a list of your best qualities and accomplishments. It may sound a little corny, but it can be a wonderful reminder when you are having a day that’s less than amazing.

▪ Get in touch with your inner self. If it’s anything less than loving, encouraging and supportive, it’s time to make a change. You deserve to be spoken to in the same way you would speak to your best friend, sister, brother, daughter, or son.

▪ Have fun! Get out there and do the things that light your fire. Enjoy them, enjoy being you and enjoy your incredible life.



Be happy:)

Khoob ladi Mardani Voh toh Jhansi Waali Raani thi…

Photo by Shakeb Tawheed on Pexels.com

Remember Something, or felt something? Or the memories of primary days of Hindi classes? If yes, then let me tell you the story of this Indian Poetess who wasn’t just dedicated to her literature and poems but also she was the first Satyagrahi to get an order of court arrest during our fight for freedom.

She wrote many poems which moved millions of hearts from its feeling of patriotism that she was able to awake in people through her writings.

The poetess wrote this down by remembering the sacrifices and courage of yet another freedom fighter but today it feels like she was defining herself too through the blend of different words under the impression of bravery and courage of Jhansi Ki Rani.

Shubharda Kumari Chauhan 

Today on the 16th of Aug, this day is celebrated as the 117th birth anniversary of Indian Poetess Mrs. Shubhadra Kumari Chauhan Ji.

She was a writer with a promising future and great importance even in the era wherein India there was male dominance in every field out there.

She was born in Nihalpur village in Allahabad (Prayagraj) and she started her first fight against Britishers at the age of 9 by writing a poem full of patriotism and inspiration to come forward and fight along with every Indian out there to restore India’s Independency.

To overcome every boundary

Being a dedicated wife and all above being a woman didn’t ever hinder the path of her tremendous willpower to always fight for her Country alongside everyone.

She took part in many marches alongside Gandhi Ji and even discarded every point of view that can differentiate people based on caste, creed, etc. 

Even though she was sent to Jail she continued her participation in the activity of freedom and contributed her part nevertheless.

The Calls

She was always enthusiastic and eager to help others and motivate them to help for the Country’s cause. She called for people’s unity and help through her poem and as result, the poem of this poetess now is of great Importance in Hindi literature.

She even took an active part in National Indian Movement resulting in inspiring many more women especially when she overcome the society norms, hardships and contributed her part as an independent individual.

She published many poems and short stories around 100 in number during her awakening of patriotism in countrymen and made many revolutionary statements too.

She lives 

After one year of our independent India our poetess, our warrior, and yet another one of our gems gone away too soon.

Once she was returning from an event in Nagpur the poetess met with a car accident resulting in the passing away of our first-ever woman Satyagrahi.

Even though her body passed away and her soul reached the height of salvation yet she lives through her writing, she is living through every young mind who all are getting inspired by her writing even at this modernized age of thoughts.

Oracle PL/SQL Exception Handling: Examples to Raise User-defined Exception

What is Exception Handling in PL/SQL?

An exception occurs when the PL/SQL engine encounters an instruction which it cannot execute due to an error that occurs at run-time. These errors will not be captured at the time of compilation and hence these needed to handle only at the run-time.

For example, if PL/SQL engine receives an instruction to divide any number by ‘0’, then the PL/SQL engine will throw it as an exception. The exception is only raised at the run-time by the PL/SQL engine.

Exceptions will stop the program from executing further, so to avoid such condition, they need to be captured and handled separately. This process is called as Exception-Handling, in which the programmer handles the exception that can occur at the run time.

In this tutorial, you will learn the following topics-

Exception-Handling Syntax

Exceptions are handled at the block, level, i.e., once if any exception occurs in any block then the control will come out of execution part of that block. The exception will then be handled at the exception handling part of that block. After handling the exception, it is not possible to resend control back to the execution section of that block.

The below syntax explains how to catch and handle the exception.

Exception Handling in PL/SQL
BEGIN
<execution block>
.
.
EXCEPTION
WHEN <exceptionl_name>
THEN
  <Exception handling code for the “exception 1 _name’' >
WHEN OTHERS
THEN
  <Default exception handling code for all exceptions >
END;

Syntax Explanation:

  • In the above syntax, the exception-handling block contains series of WHEN condition to handle the exception.
  • Each WHEN condition is followed by the exception name which is expected to be raised at the run time.
  • When any exception is raised at runtime, then the PL/SQL engine will look in the exception handling part for that particular exception. It will start from the first ‘WHEN’ clause and, sequentially it will search.
  • If it found the exception handling for the exception which has been raised, then it will execute that particular handling code part.
  • If none of the ‘WHEN’ clause is present for the exception which has been raised, then PL/SQL engine will execute the ‘WHEN OTHERS’ part (if present). This is common for all the exception.
  • After executing the exception, part control will go out of the current block.
  • Only one exception part can be executed for a block at run-time. After executing it, the controller will skip the remaining exception handling part and will go out of the current block.

Note: WHEN OTHERS should always be at the last position of the sequence. The exception handling part present after WHEN OTHERS will never get executed as the control will exit from the block after executing the WHEN OTHERS.

Types of Exception

There are two types of Exceptions in Pl/SQL.

  1. Predefined Exceptions
  2. User-defined Exception

Predefined Exceptions

Oracle has predefined some common exception. These exceptions have a unique exception name and error number. These exceptions are already defined in the ‘STANDARD’ package in Oracle. In code, we can directly use these predefined exception name to handle them.

Below are the few predefined exceptions

ExceptionError CodeException Reason
ACCESS_INTO_NULLORA-06530Assign a value to the attributes of uninitialized objects
CASE_NOT_FOUNDORA-06592None of the ‘WHEN’ clause in CASE statement satisfied and no ‘ELSE’ clause is specified
COLLECTION_IS_NULLORA-06531Using collection methods (except EXISTS) or accessing collection attributes on a uninitialized collections
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPENORA-06511Trying to open a cursor which is already opened
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEXORA-00001Storing a duplicate value in a database column that is a constrained by unique index
INVALID_CURSORORA-01001Illegal cursor operations like closing an unopened cursor
INVALID_NUMBERORA-01722Conversion of character to a number failed due to invalid number character
NO_DATA_FOUNDORA-01403When ‘SELECT’ statement that contains INTO clause fetches no rows.
ROW_MISMATCHORA-06504When cursor variable data type is incompatible with the actual cursor return type
SUBSCRIPT_BEYOND_COUNTORA-06533Referring collection by an index number that is larger than the collection size
SUBSCRIPT_OUTSIDE_LIMITORA-06532Referring collection by an index number that is outside the legal range (eg: -1)
TOO_MANY_ROWSORA-01422When a ‘SELECT’ statement with INTO clause returns more than one row
VALUE_ERRORORA-06502Arithmetic or size constraint error (eg: assigning a value to a variable that is larger than the variable size)
ZERO_DIVIDEORA-01476Dividing a number by ‘0’

User-defined Exception

In Oracle, other than the above-predefined exceptions, the programmer can create their own exception and handle them. They can be created at a subprogram level in the declaration part. These exceptions are visible only in that subprogram. The exception that is defined in the package specification is public exception, and it is visible wherever the package is accessible. <

Syntax: At subprogram level

DECLARE
<exception_name> EXCEPTION; 
BEGIN
<Execution block>
EXCEPTION
WHEN <exception_name> THEN 
<Handler>
END;
  • In the above syntax, the variable ‘exception_name’ is defined as ‘EXCEPTION’ type.
  • This can be used as in a similar way as a predefined exception.

Syntax:At Package Specification level

CREATE PACKAGE <package_name>
 IS
<exception_name> EXCEPTION;
.
.
END <package_name>;
  • In the above syntax, the variable ‘exception_name’ is defined as ‘EXCEPTION’ type in the package specification of <package_name>.
  • This can be used in the database wherever package ‘package_name’ can be called.

PL/SQL Raise Exception

All the predefined exceptions are raised implicitly whenever the error occurs. But the user-defined exceptions needs to be raised explicitly. This can be achieved using the keyword ‘RAISE’. This can be used in any of the ways mentioned below.

If ‘RAISE’ is used separately in the program, then it will propagate the already raised exception to the parent block. Only in exception block can be used as shown below.

Exception Handling in PL/SQL
CREATE [ PROCEDURE | FUNCTION ]
 AS
BEGIN
<Execution block>
EXCEPTION
WHEN <exception_name> THEN 
             <Handler>
RAISE;
END;

Syntax Explanation:

  • In the above syntax, the keyword RAISE is used in the exception handling block.
  • Whenever program encounters exception “exception_name”, the exception is handled and will be completed normally
  • But the keyword ‘RAISE’ in the exception handling part will propagate this particular exception to the parent program.

Note: While raising the exception to the parent block the exception that is getting raised should also be visible at parent block, else oracle will throw an error.

  • We can use keyword ‘RAISE’ followed by the exception name to raise that particular user-defined/predefined exception. This can be used in both execution part and in exception handling part to raise the exception.
Exception Handling in PL/SQL
CREATE [ PROCEDURE | FUNCTION ] 
AS
BEGIN
<Execution block>
RAISE <exception_name>
EXCEPTION
WHEN <exception_name> THEN
<Handler>
END;

Syntax Explanation:

  • In the above syntax, the keyword RAISE is used in the execution part followed by exception “exception_name”.
  • This will raise this particular exception at the time of execution, and this needs to be handled or raised further.

Example 1: In this example, we are going to see

  • How to declare the exception
  • How to raise the declared exception and
  • How to propagate it to the main block
Exception Handling in PL/SQL
Exception Handling in PL/SQL
DECLARE
Sample_exception EXCEPTION;
PROCEDURE nested_block
IS
BEGIN
Dbms_output.put_line(‘Inside nested block’);
Dbms_output.put_line(‘Raising sample_exception from nested block’);
RAISE sample_exception;
EXCEPTION
WHEN sample_exception THEN 
Dbms_output.put_line (‘Exception captured in nested block. Raising to main block’);
RAISE,
END;
BEGIN
Dbms_output.put_line(‘Inside main block’);
Dbms_output.put_line(‘Calling nested block’);
Nested_block;
EXCEPTION
WHEN sample_exception THEN	
Dbms_output.put_line (‘Exception captured in main block');
END:
/

Nostalgic Nightmares

Introduction

Dreams and Psychology

“Dreams are as simple or as complicated as dreamers.” The interpretations of the dreams are the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind. The theories state that dreams don’t mean anything. These are just images put in by the brain from the memories. These are the stimulants that help one face the tragedies of life. As it’s truly said, “an individual suffers more in imagination than in reality” proves in this situation. Before facing it in person if a being conquers it in the dreams, then it will encourage him to win easily in real life. Its history goes back to the early stages when it was used as a tool to fool enemies because though our bodies get paralyzed while dreaming minds stay active. There is a whole psychology behind the dream theory and an explanation of why we dream in the way we do?

You dream, what you believe!!

Interesting Facts

“I always dream about falling from great heights.” It symbolizes that something in your life isn’t well. It might mean you need to rethink a choice or consider a new direction in some areas of life. It characterizes fear in existence, perhaps falling in work or love. It often expresses a need to let go and enjoy more. 

“I was attacked by a chaser in my dream.” These types can be quite terrifying. It might indicate a desire to escape from your fears. Running away from an animal often depicts that you are hiding from your anger, passions and other feelings. If your pursuer is mysterious, it represents childhood trauma. And if a person is of opposite sex then it reveals that you are haunted by love or past relationships.

“I died, no not in real….in my sleep.” Death is a very common subject of dreams. People imagine death either of loved ones or about themselves. It reflects anxiety about a change. Just like death, change can be scary. Those approaching the end of life and loved ones around them experience significant and meaningful dreams, often relating to a confronting presence, preparing to go, watching or engaging with the deceased, loved ones waiting, distressing experiences, and unfinished business. 

 “I flew like a bird while dreaming.” It can be liberating at the same time, quite frightening. It can represent two sides. One, independence and freedom. On the other hand, escape from the realities of life. 

There are a lot of things that influence dreams. The first thing includes health conditions that affect the secretions of the brain causing sleep to disrupt. The type of food one intakes can also become the factor for the feeling of sickness and in turn affect the types of dreams one visualize. Daily exercises and a little change in daily activities can help improve sleep and at last the dreams. There are two ways to remember dreams; one by telling yourself that you want to remember them when you wake up and the other by grasping as many images as you can before getting out of bed or using a smartphone.

Dreams are more profound when they seem the craziest. “Life is only a dream and we are the imagination of  ourselves.”

How Does an Engineer Create a Programming Language?

Besides being a software engineer, Marianne Bellotti is also a kind of technological anthropologist. Back in 2016 at the Systems We Love conference, Bellotti began her talk by saying she appreciated the systems most engineers hate —”messy, archaic, duct-tape-and-chewing-gum.” Then she added, “Fortunately, I work for the federal government.”

At the time, Bellotti was working for the U.S. Digital Service, where talented technology workers are matched to federal systems in need of some consultation. (While there, she’d encountered a web application drawing its JSON-formatted data from a half-century-old IBM 7074 mainframe.)

The rich experiences led her to write a book with the irresistible title “Kill It with Fire: Manage Aging Computer Systems (and Future Proof Modern Ones).” Its official web page at Random House promises it offers “a far more forgiving modernization framework” with “illuminating case studies and jaw-dropping anecdotes from her work in the field,” including “Critical considerations every organization should weigh before moving data to the cloud.”

Kill it With Fire by Marianne Bellotti - book cover

Bellotti is now working on products for defense and national security agencies as the principal engineer for system safety at Rebellion Defense (handling identity and access control).

But her latest project is a podcast chronicling what she’s learned while trying to write her own programming language.

“Marianne Writes a Programming Language” captures a kind of expedition of the mind, showing how the hunger to know can keep leading a software engineer down ever-more-fascinating rabbit holes. But it’s also an inspiring example of the do-it-yourself spirit, and a fresh new perspective on the parsers, lexers and evaluators that make our code run.

In short, it’s a deeply informative deconstruction of where a programmer’s tools really come from.

Going Deep

In one blog post, Bellotti invited listeners to “start this strange journey with me through parsers, grammars, data structures and the like.”

And it is a journey, filled with hope and ambition — and a lot of unexpected twists and turns. “Along the way, I’ll interview researchers and engineers who are active in this space and go deep on areas of programming not typically discussed,” the podcast host promised. “All in all,  I’m hoping to start a conversation around program language design that’s less intimidating and more accessible to beginners.”

But the “Marianne Writes a Programming Language” podcast also comes with a healthy dose of self-deprecation. “Let’s get one question out of the way,” her first episode began. “Does the world really need another programming language? Probably not, no.” But she described it as a passion project, driven by good old-fashioned curiosity. “I have always wanted to write a programming language. I figured I would learn so much from the challenge.”

“In an industry filled with opinions, where people will fight to the death over tabs -vs.- spaces, there isn’t much guidance for would-be program language designers.”

—Marianne Bellotti, software engineer and podcast host

Fifteen years into a sparkling technology career, “I feel like there are all these weird holes in my knowledge,” Bellotti told her audience. And even with the things she does know — like bytecode and logic gates — “I don’t have a clear sense of how all those things work together.”

In the podcast’s third episode, Bellotti pointed out that, “for me at least, the hardest part of learning something is figuring out how to learn it in the first place.” She discovered a surprising lack of best-practices documents, she wrote in an essay in Medium. “In an industry filled with opinions, where people will fight to the death over tabs -vs.- spaces, there isn’t much guidance for would-be program language designers.”

Still, her podcast’s first episode showed the arrival of those first glimmers of insight. “Even knowing very little upfront, I had a sense that in order for a programming language to work, there had to be some sense of cohesion in its design.”

Where to Begin?

Her Medium post cited a 2012 article titled “Programming Paradigms for Dummies: What Every Programmer Should Know,” which offers a taxonomy of language types based on how exactly they’re providing their abstractions. That article apparently got her thinking about how exactly a programming language helps communicate the connections that exist between its various data structures — which led to more insights. (In a later podcast, Bellotti even says “technology suggests to its user how it should be used.”)

“Eventually I came to my own conclusions,” she wrote in her Medium article. To be successful at creating her own language, she realized that she needed to think of  programming paradigms like object-oriented or functional programming “as logical groupings of abstractions and be as intentional about what is included and what isn’t.”

Bellotti is also trying to design a language that will work for her specific needs: to know how likely certain types of problems are in a given system, to achieve model resilience. But on her first podcast episode, Bellotti acknowledged that she still had to begin by typing, “How do you design a programming language” into Google —and was surprised by how little came up. (Although she did discover “there’s a whole world of obscure experimental languages that appear in research papers, rack up a host of citations, and never touch an actual computer other than their inventor’s.”)

“I feel like I’ve been struggling to hang pictures around my home and one day someone knocks on my door and introduces me to the hammer,”

—Marianne Bellotti, software engineer and podcast host

So where to begin? Avoiding the standard dry collegiate textbooks like “Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools,” she instead found her way to the book Writing an Interpreter in Go, a book which by necessity also created its own programming language (a modified version of Scheme called Monkey) for its interpreter.

That book’s author, Thorsten Ball, became her podcast’s first guest, explaining that his language was not so much designed as experimented into existence. (Later, other people suggested something similar — that Bellotti “pick something you like in another language and copy the implementation to start, because figuring out all the edge cases from scratch is really hard.”)

In that first podcast episode, Bellotti explained her concern that “tiny little design decisions I don’t even realize I’m making could have dramatic impacts… it does seem to be the case that programmers create languages without being able to fully anticipate exactly how they will be used or how technology will change around them.”

Things Get Complicated

There are moments where it all sounds so simple. (“What you’re doing when you write a programming language is actually writing a series of applications that take string input and translate it into something the machine can execute.”)

But things get complicated pretty quickly, and by episode three Bellotti started to see a pattern: “Confronting what feels like a tidal wave of information is becoming an all too familiar feeling on this project.” Yet, while considering a need for her language’s source code-interpreting parser, she realized that parsers can be auto-generated — as long as she can supply that tool with the necessary grammar rules.

“I feel like I’ve been struggling to hang pictures around my home and one day someone knocks on my door and introduces me to the hammer,” she told her podcast audience.

She ends up talking to a linguist who studied under Noam Chomsky, who refers her to another linguistics professor, who begins by discussing whether language can be learned through the brute-force assimilation of machine learning, and ends up explaining why Chomsky’s “context-free grammar” ultimately became the basis for programming languages and compilers.

But there are resources to discover. Along the way, Bellotti found a Reddit forum about programming language design. (“This subreddit is full of great stories and people will give detailed explanations and encouragement, which is rare on the internet these days.”) She’s also found a forum for people building Domain Specific Languages.

By December, she’d received a comment from a grateful listener who was also writing their own programming language, and was glad to find a relevant podcast. And Bellotti acknowledged in a response that her whole journey “has been so much fun so far.”

Progress is clearly being made. By episode 12, Bellotti considered how hard it would be to add modules to her language. (“From my vantage point, being able to split a system specification into smaller parts means you get to reuse those parts and build progressively more complex systems that are in easily digestible chunks.”) And there’s also already an empty repository on GitHub that’s waiting expectantly for the code to arrive.

Then, in mid-April Bellotti announced that episode 12 would be the last one “for a while. I’ve made some design decisions that I feel really good about, but it’s clear that the only way to validate them is to write code and try things out.”

She’s also spending some time researching how to optimize her compiler, “But really, I just need to just be heads-down, hands-on-a-keyboard for a while on this.”

And so, the podcast has entered a productive hiatus, leaving listeners with this tantalizing promise.

“I’ll be back in a couple of months to let you know how that went.”