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Persecution of Muslims

Persecution of Muslims is the religious and political persecution that is inflicted upon followers of the Islamic faith and/or those with a Muslim identity. This page lists incidents in which Muslim populations have been targeted for persecution by non-Muslim groups throughout the history of Islam, a history that coincides with medieval and modern history.

In the early days of Islam in Mecca, the new Muslims were often subjected to abuse and persecution by the pagan Meccans (often called Mushrikin: the unbelievers or the polytheists). In the contemporary period, Muslims face religious restrictions in some countries. Various incidents of Islamophobia have also occurred, such as the Christchurch mosque shootings, the Afghanistan conflict (1978–present), the Kashmir conflict, the Xinjiang Ethnic cleansing and the mass imprisonment of people in re-education camps, the West Bank annexation in Palestine, and many more incidents.

The ongoing Rohingya genocide has resulted in over 25,000 deaths from 2016 to the present, 700,000+ refugees being sent abroad since 2017, gang rapes and other acts of sexual violence which are mostly committed against Rohingya women and girls, mostly by Rakhine’s Buddhists and Burmese soldiers, the burning of Rohingya homes and mosques, as well as many other human rights violations.

The ongoing Uyghur genocide has led to more than one million Muslims (the majority of them are Uyghurs) being held in secret detention camps without any legal process, with birth rates plummeting in Xinjiang, falling by nearly 24% in 2019 alone compared to just 4.2% in the rest of China.

The heavy burden of social suffering!

The wretchedness the pandemic has caused to the helpless focuses to the repulsive manners by which social orders are composed.

It is a cliché that enduring is a piece of life. Nobody, actually nobody, is excluded from it.

A profound philosophical understanding of this case is given by the incomparable Buddha: the simple actuality of human presence involves enduring in light of the fact that everything on the planet is fleeting , transient. Its impending vanishing is experienced as a misfortune, causing anguish. This basic blemish on the planet keeps all of us in a close perpetual condition of ‘dukkha’ or radical uneasiness.

Unpreventable truth

There is a second, critical sense in which every single individual are liable to anguish. We as a whole experience a profoundly negative, undesirable experience when day by day schedule is disturbed by infection, affliction, maturing, demise, characteristic fiasco or when an incident surprisingly collides with our life. Some portion of their life cycle, all people are similarly powerless against it. Buddha conversed with extraordinary shrewdness about it as do the Indian stories. For sure, most religions on the planet endeavor to address and comprehend this pervasive, certain human enduring that is both physical and mental (sentiments of significant futility, misery and gloom). Incomprehensibly, our very ability to reflect, to recollect our past and envision a future increases this affliction.

Buddha talked not just about the profoundly felt enduring brought about by major, troublesome scenes throughout everyday life yet in addition minor, constant, day by day enduring — offense caused inside a person by an exertion going waste, an unfulfilled desire or a botched chance, by the persevering disturbances inside social cooperations. In a roundabout way, he separated enduring by its length — present moment, wordy or long haul, ceaseless. The incomparable Asoka presented another measurement, certainly recognizing enduring by its source, by what causes it, as emerging inside human office or outside it. Claiming up obligation, he communicated regret at the huge and proceeding with anguish he caused to the individuals of Kalinga. He recognized how the misery brought about by a war he pursued started a chain response, making an ever-enlarging circle of co-victims.

The dim and awful Mahabharata additionally talks about war, a moderately short 18-day scene wherein monstrous human enduring was caused by one gathering on another. Accordingly, we may recognize types of human enduring by their (a) source, (b) power and gravity and (c) length. With these, we can home in on a third type of ‘dukkha’ — in which grave disturbances brought about by people become a suffering component of day by day life, as when humankind was constantly assaulted by the two universal wars.

Horrible pictures

Such giant wretchedness dispensed by one gathering of people on another or by the rulers on the managed may be called socio-political affliction. This indefensible experience, a result of different demonstrations of commission or exclusion by influential individuals in the public arena who do battle, force cruel monetary measures, purposely sow social divisions or work to serve a couple with no respect for the government assistance of the bigger, feeble populace, is totally avoidable. As of not long ago in mankind’s history, this foundational brutality and organized persecution was scarcely perceived the truth about: something not given to however made by people.

It is this man-made enduring that has as of late attacked our lives. It is instigated neither exclusively by COVID-19 nor by the choice to lockdown however generally by how the lockdown has been taken care of, helping us to remember Arthur Schopenhauer’s remark that “the world is Hell, and men are from one viewpoint the wounded spirits and on the other the villains in it”. Lakhs of destitute, shoeless specialists walking many kilometers under the searing sun. A pregnant lady conveying a heap on her head, or lying in a truck pushed by her better half; a mother conveying an infant on the asphalt and minutes after the fact rising up to reestablish her excursion or pulling a wrecked bag on wheels with a four-year-old sticking to it; a 10-year-old crumbling on the side of the road, depleted by the heat;a cart puller from Delhi cycling right to Bihar with all his family and common merchandise; scores stowing away in the guts of a dumper to evade the correctional look of the police, thousands spending unlimited evenings on the stage trusting that the guaranteed train will show up and take them home, hundreds killed on the railroad track or the street by speeding vehicles or trains, their food, blood and chappals thronw all over the place.

These pictures that have flashed past us are breaking, first since they show the sheer corporeality of misery — agony and injury, incredible weariness and depletion, presentation to over the top warmth, stomachs throbbing with hunger, dried throats, sickness and tipsiness; and second, since they display unendurable mental trouble — stifled anger, pain at the predicament of old guardians or little youngsters, nostalgia, dread, loss of poise, mortification, social dismissal, selling out, the relentless acknowledgment that you live with other people who treat you as dispensable waste, as trash. They all join to produce a far reaching assault on one’s personhood joined by a sentiment of overpowering misery that one exists by any means. We have been seeing here a concentrated type of what a large number of individuals experience every day in a few or another piece of the world, distinctly bringing into help that huge scope disturbances, for example, the current pandemic compound basic enduring of millions and point to the repulsive manners by which numerous social orders are presently sorted out.

Moral detachment

There is some kind of problem with this world, and gravely, amazingly amiss with our ethical lack of concern to this every day forswearing of mankind to other people. How could it be that we, bodily creatures, similarly powerless against agony and pain, permit others to encounter expresses that we won’t acknowledge for a moment? How might we acknowledge a procedure of self-development that just neglects to make us moral? By what method can a country be worked without sahahridyata (mutual sentiments, empathy)?How can a social structure exist that renders unnecessary those very individuals who put their life and blood in looking after it? Is it accurate to say that we are occupied with an obsolete ceremony of savagery which we know to be inadequate without the penance of the most valuable, the most imperative among us?

Oh dear, this ethical coarseness — the capacity to separate from foiling conditions, to not see or feel for them, hear or consider them — isn’t only a protective mental methodology to keep normal yet an imbued propensity, comprising what we are, a piece of our preparation since adolescence, a quality in our character. Maybe, it is basic to our picked, liberal way of life — one supported by social and financial procedures that begin in the painstakingly shrouded abuse of others. Without a doubt, a portion of these practices have an old genealogy — for example, the various leveled station framework established on abuse of basic others; others are a lot of a result of present day innovation and association. Doesn’t a typical irreverent string go through the remote control bombarding of regular citizen populaces, the sorted out hardware of destructive savagery, the catastrophic demolition of the earth and the auxiliary destitution of millions?

We are largely at fault in this grave bad behavior. However, this common obligation is reviewed. Those with more influence and riches, the individuals who run the state and the huge companies must bear more noteworthy duty regarding aggregate affliction.

There may have been when a great many people arranged themselves to a world that was minimal more than what Schopenhauer called ‘a reformatory province’, where life itself was seen as discipline, in which nothing untoward or unpredictable was found in the tortures of life. Common cataclysms and man-made abuse were seen as a major aspect of the request for things. This appears to have changed all over the place and in India as well, especially by the experience of the counter pilgrim battle and the energy of contemporary political majority rules system. Today an ever increasing number of individuals consider some others liable for part of their anguish and expect governments that are run in their name to take care of business. Undoubtedly, when suitable, they straightforwardly, freely accuse governments as well. Along these lines, individual residents and governments, be careful!

ANTIBACTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY-INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

Antibacterial Chemotherapy refers to the use of any chemical or drug for the treatment of bacterial diseases. It is the part of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
Antimicrobial chemotherapy can be divided into several branches on the basis of type of pathogen, for e.g.
For bacterial pathogen – Antibacterial Chemotherapy
For viral pathogen – Antiviral Chemotherapy
For fungal pathogen – Antifungal Chemotherapy, etc

ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY –
Chemotherapy may either mean involvement of any drug that fight against any cancerous cell or it may involve the use of any antimicrobial drug to cure diseases caused by infectious microorganisms or pathogens.
Antimicrobial drugs work by different mechanisms for different type of organisms. The overall mechanism by which any antimicrobial drug functions is by interfering with the structure and/or function of microorganisms. They either directly kill microbial cell or function by inhibiting their growth.

DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY
The development of chemotherapy has been known to begin with the successful research of a German physician, Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915).
Ehrlich was always fascinated to learn more about the dyes that bind to and stain the microbial cells. He was sure and stated that one of the dyes could be used as a chemical that would selectively destroy or kill the infectious pathogen inside the human body without making any harm to human cell and he named it “Magic Bullet”. Working more on this, he was able to find that the dye, trypsan red was active against the trypanosome that causes African Sleeping Sickness. Later, Ehrlich with his assistant Sahachiro Hata tested a variety of arsenic-based chemicals on Syphilis-infected rabbits and was successful in finding that Arsphenamine (an arsenic based chemical compound) was active against the Syphilis spirochete which was then made available in the market.
The other German scientist, Domagk in 1927 found the another Magic Bullet to treat diseases. He observed the antimicrobial activity of a synthetic dye, Prontosil Red which was able to cure Streptococcal and Staphylococcal infections with very limited toxicity. Sulfanilamide (one of the active breakdown products of prontosil in body) was the first synthetic antimicrobial drug.

A Synthetic Antimicrobial is a drug that is developed from any type of a chemical compound that is not found in nature.

Penicillin was the first naturally synthesized antibiotic which was initially discovered by a 21 years old French medical student. No one remembered his work until Alexander Fleming in September 1928 accidently rediscovered the antibiotic. The petri plate of Staphylococcus which was inoculated by Fleming was found to develop certain molds which made the clear zone of inhibition of staph-bacterial species around them. It was meant that the mold infected the petri plates even before the bacteria were inoculated. Fleming suggested that the mold (probably the strain of Penicillium notatum) produced a substance which inhibited the bacterial growth surrounding it and hence had an antibacterial property.
Further experiment results concluded that Penicillin was active against streptococci, meningococci and Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which is the causative agent of diphtheria.
The isolation, mass production and purification of penicillin were accomplished by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain for which they got the nobel prize. They found that the penicillin once pured was effectively able to show antimicrobial properties against streptococcal infection in mice.
Later, Dorothy Hodgkin observed and analyzed the structure of various naturally synthesized products using X-rays. Because of her observation on the chemical structure of naturally synthesized penicillin, it was easier for many scientists to produce a variety of semi synthetic penicillin.

A semisynthetic antimicrobial is defined as the chemically modified product of a natural antibiotic.

After the discovery of penicillin, other scientists got the determination for the discovery of more antibiotics by natural or chemical synthesis.
Selman Waksman developed a new antibiotic, Streptomycin which was produced by the actinomycete, Streptomyces griseus. This antibiotic was discovered by the soil microorganisms, particularly bacteria and fungi. It was the first discovery of antibiotic- producing soil microorganism. It was found that streptomycin was successful in treating tuberculosis.
Other microorganisms producing chloramphenicol, neomycin, terramycin and tetracycline were also isolated later.