Tag: Education

Teen Depression and Mental Health

We have heard a lot of cases of teen depression and suicides due to the same, it’s a common problem of the modern and developing world. But have you ever been able to share something that’s bothering you frankly with your family? Or were you forced to keep that feeling inside you and decided to move on with it?

MYTH VERSUS FACTS

Growing up in an Indian family, most of us must have undergone the pressure of having strict parents who always behaved like the devil with two horns on its head. With that, we were well aware to not talk about our mental being with them because usually, the topic was avoided or changed by the intervention of your marks or the progress in the subject you were failing.

If ever kids try to explain how they feel, they are often shut or are scolded for the reason of their messed up schedule. The adults who are literate and know about mental well-being, ignore this aspect thinking that it’s taboo and shouldn’t be considered for discussion. 

The pressure of acting neutral before parents and gulping their actual feelings make new teens undergo phases that are not only depressive but disturbing, which leads to self-harm and suicide.

Depression isn’t a disease but a mental state, and people should understand that it cannot be cured by fixing the monotonous schedule or by waking up earlier than the individual normally does.

CAUSES OF DEPRESSION

Mental health refers to psychological, emotional, and social well-being, and should be considered as an important factor at all stages of life. 

Excessive stress about work, studies, and peer pressure of doing what one is forced to leads to depression. If a child spends most of the time alone, instead of indulging with kids of their own age results in loneliness in the long term, which is often harmful to their mental development.

The constant nagging from parents and people around about any activity that the teen performs, might lead to long term trauma and fear of coming out to people, which will force them to stay hidden from society because of the fear of being judged will let them down and they’ll probably start liking being alone for a time period until it becomes addictive and courses way to depression and mental instability.

Depression isn’t supposed to look like, a person who is always sitting in the dark and does nothing, it has nothing to do with one’s psychical appearances because that can be faked way too easily; it’s about their mental state which might not be stable even when they’re sitting with you, laughing and having a good time of their lives. We should never judge a person by how they look or what they do because we’re absolutely unaware of what they’re going through.

EARLY SIGNS OF DEPRESSION

Experiencing any such following thing might be seen as an indicating warning sign of depression:

  • eating too much not eating at all
  • having low or no energy
  • pulling away from people and usual activities
  • feeling numb or useless
  • yelling or fighting, friends, and family
  • sleeping too much or not at all
  • having persistent thoughts and memories you can’t get out of your head
  • thinking of harming yourself or others
  • feeling unusually confused, forgetful, on edge, angry, upset, worried, or scared
  • experiencing severe mood swings
  • hearing voices or believing things that are not true
CONCLUSION
Depression should be normalized and talked freely, teens should be educated over this topic and should be provided an environment where they feel safe about sharing their feelings and mental state. The unnecessary pressure must be avoided from the side of parents and mentors, letting them have the space to think correctly and not by force.

ETHOS OF VEDANTA IN MANAGEMENT

Ethos of Vedanta are based on supreme truth & supreme soul. If you do good to someone , you will get good . If you are good , the whole world is good to you . Management ethics is the ethical treatment of employees, stockholders, owners and the public by a company. A company, while needing to make a profit, should have good ethics. Employees should be treated well, whether they are employed here or overseas. By being respectful of the environment in the community a compound ethics, and good, honest records also show respect to stockholders and owners. Most of us would agree that it is ethics in practice that makes sense; just having it carefully drafted and redrafted in books may not serve the purpose. Of course all of us want businesses to be fair, clean and beneficial to the society. For that to happen, organizations need to abide by ethics or rule of law, engage themselves in fair practices and competition; all of which will benefit the consumer, the society and organization.

When ethics are used in management , organization grow at a different level .

In these days of globalization, Vedanta-based values will surely have to make a sympathetic assessment of values of those brought up according to Islamic or Christian faith. However desirable it may be to universalize the teachings culled from the Vedanta philosophy, ultimately one will have to find in that same school the lessons of co-existence with alien cultures and roots.

Ethics are about making choices that may not always feel good or seem like they benefit you but are the ‘right’ choices to make. They are the choices that are examples of ‘model citizen’ and are the examples of ‘golden rules’ like; don’t hurt, don’t steal, don’t be dishonest, don’t lie. But if we take Ethics as a subjective philosophy then what will happen to these golden rules. Especially at the time of facing any ethical dilemma how one should decide-what is ethical and what’s unethical? Organization provides rules, regulations, code of conduct, protocols which provide guidelines to work, it shows how to walk, but it does not show the correct path to walk on. Ethical dilemmas faced by managers are often more real to life and highly complex with no clear guidelines, whether in law or often in religion. Ethics gives us a message to always look forward , which gives a message to look at a long go . Ethics teaches a management the most important thing that is forward looking approach . With this forward looking approach , it teaches to be always true to the organization .

Some of the principles of Indian ethos are :

  1. Know who you are & what is your purpose of existence , this concept is used in management because a management’s main motive is to know what who they have to manage & what they have to deal through
  2. Holistic approach : We should behave with others in the manner which we expect from them . Effectiveness & efficiency of an organization increases when the employees are highly motivated.
  3. Service motive : A person should have service motive & at the same time should have a smiling face while providing that service . An organizations main motive is to provide service to other , & they should not be profit oriented .
  4. Self sacrifice : One should have self sacrifice attitude , means sacrificing self ego , & should always be helpful to others

Be Safe With Your Dinnerware

Are you staring at your plate right now with suspicious eyes? If so, then relax and take off that crease from your forehead. If you are worried about lead being present in your dishes, then we are here for you. Here all your doubts about how to test dinnerware for lead will be addressed and you don’t have to worry.

Safety is the first thing anyone wants while buying any product. You wouldn’t have thought about searching for lead in your dinnerware. Did you? Dinnerware is the most regularly used item in our homes, but to find that unsafe for us is disappointing. And also you shouldn’t be even asking this question. Think about it, you bought a nice dinner set from a respectable company, but here you are getting suspicious? Don’t worry any further. We will clear all your suspicions. Come on, let’s have a look at how to test your dinnerware for lead?

Why is Lead unsafe?

Lead is a harmful toxin that if ingested, may cause serious damage to the body systems. Children and pregnant women stay at a higher risk of health issues from the toxic effects of lead. You may have heard of lead poisoning too. It is very real and lethal.

Lead does not leave your body after entering. It accumulates there and due to this, even small amounts are harmful to health. You need to remove lead from your dinnerware so that you can eat your food safely.

Why is Lead Used in Dinnerware?

Lead is used in dinnerware for glazes and bright colors. It is basically used to beautify the dishes. The glazes that make the dishes shine like glass, the bright red color designs, these all are lead. It seems nice but it’s lethal. Lead also provides strength to the dishes and prevents them from moisture.

How Does Lead Enter Our Body?

There are many ways in which lead can enter our bodies. Let us point them out for you.

  1. If hot food is served on plates with glaze, the heat tends to extract the traces of chemicals from the surface and enter the food.
  • If you heat your food in the microwave, it can get lead into it. So don’t heat too many times.
  • Serving too much acidic food on a plate can also cause lead to enter the food. Acids tend to fast forward the process.

What Type of Dishes Contain Lead?

Dishes come in many varieties, so it can be hard to figure out the safest one. But we have something for you that can help. Now try to avoid the following things when looking for dishes:

  1. Antique dishes that may be passed down in your family from generations.
  • Heavily designed dishes, especially with bright colors like red, yellow, or orange.
  • Used dinnerware found in thrift stores or second-hand dishes you bought at a lower price.
  • Terra cotta dishes which are heavily glazed
  • Handmade dishes or pots.
  • Any dish with corroded glaze, or old dishes with worn-out designs.
  • Dishes with designs made above the glazed surface.

How to Test For Lead in Dishes?

You didn’t think you can check for the lead with plain sight, did you? No, you can’t. But there are some ways to test dishes for lead. One of them is to avoid the above mentioned types of dishes. Another useful way is by testing the dinnerware by home kit for testing lead in dinnerware.

Home Kit for testing lead in dinnerware is mainly useful for high content lead testing. It does not detect if there are only small amounts of lead in the dishes.

Another way is to send the dishes to a laboratory. But this may be a bit of absurd advice considering everyone doesn’t have access to labs and it is a bit expensive as well.

Method to Test For Lead With Home Kit

  1. Buy the chemically tested swabs, which are not very expensive.
  • Clean your dish with the swab.
  • If your dish contains lead, the lead detector on the swab with turn bright red indicating the presence of lead in your dish.
  • Or use a small chipped section of the glaze from the dish.
  • Peel a small part of the glaze and test it with the swab for more accuracy.

This method doesn’t tell you the exact amount of lead present in the dish. It is not much use but is fine for testing at home.

Method For Testing Lead in Laboratories

  1. Laboratories use X-ray systems to test for lead in dishes.
  • This method tells the accurate amount of lead present in the dish by using some electron reactions (which you don’t need to know about).

There are many ways to test for lead in laboratories. But some of them might damage the dish in the process. So this method is not feasible.

How to Reduce Exposure to Lead From Dishes?

The following points might be of some help:

  1. Stop using antique dishes
  • Don’t heat food in contaminated dishes
  • Don’t use highly glazed dishes for regular use
  • Stop storing food in contaminated dishes for a long time
  • Don’t wash the dishes containing lead in the dishwasher
  • Don’t serve acidic food on dishes containing lead. It speeds up the process.

Safest Lead Free Dinnerware

Choosing lead-free dinnerware for your safety is not that hard as it sounds. Just keep some points in mind next time while shopping for dishes.

  1. Choose the dishes with minimum designs
  2. Dishes with less glaze will be safe
  3. Plain white plates or dishes is definitely a winner
  4. Try to find less bright colored dishes
  5. We recommend more glass dishes. With them, you can be sure they are lead-free.
  6. If you are an appreciator for old, vintage dishes, you may want to restrict to the plain white ones.
  7. Melamine is considered to be the safest as it is more plastic than a glazed surface.

Now you are just a step away from buying lead-free dinnerware. Step out, go to that store, keep these few points in mind and find the perfect dinner set for you. And we hope now you know how to test for lead in dinnerware.

Curtailment of Academic Freedom.

Academic freedom can be defined as a right to educate and learn any diverse course without intervention or any objection. Academic freedom is a very broad spectrum topic that has different meanings when used at different strata. Institutional academic freedom is referred to the right of an institution to teach any diverse course without interference from the government. Whereas the right of an individual professor to teach his/her curriculum without undue interference from university is known as individual academic freedom.

According to the All India Survey in 2018-19, India has 993 universities, 39,931 colleges and 10,725 standalone institutions. Of these, 385 universities and 78% of the colleges are privately managed while 394 universities and 60.53% of the colleges are located in rural areas. The enrolment in higher education in India is 37.4 million persons (19.2 million males and 18.2 million females). The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education in India is 26.3%. Certain categories of citizens have less access to higher education – for instance, Scheduled Castes have a GER of 23% and Scheduled Tribes have a GER of 17.2% as compared to the national GER of 26.3%. Muslims constitute only 5.2% of the student population, compared to their overall percentage of about 14.2% in the population.

A new education policy (NEP) has been introduced in the year 2020 that promises, certain reforms in the field of education in India. Under this policy 5+3+3+4 structure will be followed and rigid separation between science, arts and commerce stream will not be there in the education system. Furthermore, internships and vocational courses, as well as workshops, will be included in the study module after 5th grade. And coding would be a must for 6th grader. No doubt, NEP could help up to very extent to reform the education in India if it would be implemented as stated.

Academic freedom becomes challenging when authorities put limitations on the right to express ideology. To protect favoured position, officials or authorities deny the rightfulness of academic enquiry which makes it even more complex. Scholars, researchers and institutions should be free to conduct research and publish papers in whatsoever field that is suitable and convenient for the study. Academic freedom is necessary and it must be protected.

References

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_freedom

https://www.britannica.com/topic/academic-freedom

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Education_Policy_2020

CIVIC SENSE

However, humans are born with 6 sense but none are born with civic sense. Callousness and irresponsibility seem to be the order of the day. Its high time that we inculcate strong civic sense in your young generation.

CIVIC simply means social ethics. It reflects personality and responsibility of an individual and shows who the real person is. It is consideration by the people for the unspoken norms of society. Its not only about keeping roads or streets clean. Its more than that. It is abiding with the laws, respecting fellow human being and also maintaining a sort of decorum in the public.

But unfortunately, these days we lack basic civic sense. Modern lifestyle has given birth to different and uncivilized individuals who lack the basic moral behavior. The society is no longer etched with the goodness of people instead people are driven with their own selfishness and individual needs.

WHY CIVIC SENSE IS IMPORTANT?

If basic civic sense is absent in the society it leads to a lot of problems and to avoid these problems civic sense is necessary. It is important because people with high civic sense does not resort to unethical tactics and shortcuts. Civic sense leads to a more cleaner and fresh environment and also results in a high hygienic society. Civic sense leads you to be more social, mature and unbiased when it comes to situations in public.

LACK OF CIVIC SENSE LEADS TO?

Why is there a sense of detachment from the society? Why a person is always self centered? What are the factors that causes Separatism, vandalism, intolerance and racism? Why are people less tolerant now a days? The answer to all these questions are simple and its due to LACK OF CIVIC SENSE.

INCULCATE CIVIC SENSE:

Its high time that we inculcate civic sense. We can do so by inculcating young minds about the importance of civil sense at a very young age. Civic education should be made mandatory in school. One can also spread awareness about civic sense through rallies, educational programs, medias etc. Strict laws must be enforced. Penalties and stricter punishment’s should be considered if violated.

All these adds up to the society. If all these are followed properly and if people get to know the importance of civic sense then society will be a better place to live.

QUASAI- CONTRACT

Introduction:- There are many situations in which law, as well as justice, require that a person be required to conform to an obligation, although he has neither broken any contract nor committed any tort. Chapter V of the Indian Contract Act deals with the situations under the heading “Of certain relations resembling those created by Contract”. The chapter avoids the word “Quasi-contract” and given the clear statutory authorization, the courts in India are not hindered in allowing relief under the different sections of the Act by the theoretical considerations concerning quasi-contracts.

Conditions of quasi- contract:-

(1) A legal agreement created by the courts between two parties who did not a previous obligation to each other.

(2) A normal contract requires two parties to consent to mutually agreeable terms under a quasi-contract neither party is originally intended to create an agreement. Instead, an agreement is imposed by a judge to rectify an occurrence of unjust enrichment.

(3) Courts create quasi-contracts to protect the unjust enrichment of the parties in dispute over payments of goods and services.

Salient Features of quasi-contractual rights:-

(a) Firstly, it does not arise from any agreement of the parties concerned but is imposed by the law, and

(b) Secondly, it is a right that is available not against the entire world but a particular person or persons only.

Kinds of quasi-contractual Obligations:- Section 68 to 72 provide for 5 kinds of quasi-contractual obligations are as follows:

(1) Supply of necessaries

S.68. Claim for necessaries supplied to a person incapable of contracting, or on his account.

Persons incapable of contracting includes:

• a minor

• person of unsound mind

• person disqualified by law to which they are subjected

Illustration:- A supplies B, a lunatic, with necessaries suitable to his condition in life. A is entitled to be reimbursed from B‘s property.

(2) Payment by interested person

S.69. Reimbursement of person paying money due to another, in payment of which he is interested.

Essential requirements of section 69:

• payer must be interested in making payment

• but should not be bound to pay

• defendant should be under legal compulsion to pay

• payment should be by one to another

(3) Liability to pay for non-gratuitous acts

S.70. Obligation of person enjoying the benefit of non-gratuitous act.

Essentials:

• a person should lawfully do something for another person or deliver something to him;

• in doing the said thing or delivered the said thing he must not intend to act gratuitously;

• the other person for whom something is done or to whom something is delivered must enjoy the benefit thereof.

(4) Finder of goods

S.71. Responsibility of finder of goods.

• Entitled to retain the goods until he receives the lawful charges or consequences for retaining the goods and taking care of them.

• However, he cannot sue for such compensation unless a specified reward has been advertised by the owner.

• Entitled to possess the goods until the true owner was found.

(5) Mistake or coercion

S.72. Liability of person to whom money is paid, or thing delivered by mistake or under coercion- A person to whom money has been paid, or anything delivered, by mistake or under coercion, must repay or return it.

Illustration: A and B jointly owe 100 rupees to C. A alone pays the amount to C, and B, not knowing this fact, pats 100 rupees over again to C. C is bound to repay the amount to B.

Mental Health

Today in the 21st century where we can get things at the tip of our fingers, where there are flying cars, one can see each other from any corner of the world; where one can shop for food, clothes, house everything from their mobile phone but still our mind is not happy or is at peace which creates mental
health issues.

Today we are physically strong but mentally weak. Our body is perfect yet our minds are chaotic. Today we have everything but still, our mind desires more of other things which makes our minds unhappy, jealous, and unsatisfied with our life.
Mental health has been one of the most important health issues in today’s time. People have thousands of friends on Facebook but still no one to hear their problems. It makes a person feel low self-esteem, self-doubt, depression, and anxiety too. If your mind is not happy then no matter what you do; no matter whom you are with, you won’t feel good at all.

It feels like you are with all the people around you, and yet you may lose yourself in the crowd. Mental health issues make you feel sad and add negative contemplations to your brain which impacts your daily life.

It makes you feel bored and lazy to do the job. One going through mental health problems always try to isolate themselves and they don’t socialize with people usually. They have irregular sleeping patterns. They start consuming alcohol and smoking cigarettes which makes them feel better.

One of the most important reasons behind the rise of this Issue is today’s digital world we live in. Where we are provided with every information we want but also exposes us to the information we are not supposed to have. Too much exposure to something always leads you to the negative side. People get wrongly influenced by this information which results in wrong thoughts.

But still today in our society having mental health problems is a stigma. People are afraid to tell others about their problems because society judges them. Which makes it even more worse for people to talk. But this stereotype is slowly breaking, people are now accepting this as completely normal.

People can talk to their friends, family, or with someone, they can connect with. Talking about problems and feelings will always help you to reduce your stress and stay calm. People can start doing meditation or play outdoor games, or socialize with people which would definitely help them with their problems.

Kargil Vijay Diwas

July 26 is celebrated as the Kargil Vijay Diwas to cerebrate the victory of Operation Vijay, the moment which was launched by Indian army to recapture Indian Territories from Pakistani Army and Pakistani militants .Since 1999,This day is celebrated to show respect and gratitude to our brave soldiers who laid down their life to recapture the seized position from Pakistani Army.

The Kargil war was fought in 1999 between India and Pakistan. Kargil war was fought for more than 60 days and ended on 26 July 1999. however Indian prime minister at that time declared operation successful on 14 July. This war started when Pakistani troops silently occupied some Indian posts. However, Pakistani army denied their involvement . But later their Prime minister and other big officials revealed about the involvement of Pakistani forces, that was led by general Ashraf rashid.to give a response Indian army launched operation Vijay to clear the Pakistani Forces and militants.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the prime minister of India at that time. This war was not an easy war to be a part of. because this war was in high attitude in mountaineous terrain. Initially Pakistan captured various important Indian posts and India very well responded with recapturing the posts and pushing Pakistani troops back to their country.

To respond back ,India sent 5 infantory divisions, 44 battalions of Paramilitary forces in Kashmir and 73000 Indian troops. and after that deployment of 60 frontline aircrafts was also done. But all these things were not so easy.it was a high altitude region and very few tracks were connected with main roads. and snow was also a factor. Pakistan had occupied those posts keeping these factors in mind. The Pakistani army was trying to take a strong position in Kashmir by doing this. They were divided into many groups of intruders in Kargil. There total strength was considered to be 1000. with heavily armed with guns like AK-47, mortars, artillery and many other weapons.(Source:https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/kargil-war-history-1595672853-1)

But soon Indian army detected the intruders occupying , and without wasting much time Indian army operations were planned in may 1999,’ operation Vijay’ was launched by Indian army. Indian army was successful in clearing of Drass sector. and many of those were pushed back to Batalik sector. Indian army with the help of Indian Air force attacked those intruders. Thousands of guns, bombs artillery guns were used which created havoc in kargil. Indian troops destroyed their positions and forced them to leave .till July 1999, Tiger hill was recaptured.In July 7,mashkoh valley was also re-captured. Gradually many were recaptured by our army. Air force also made a huge rule in the kargil war , over 300 aircrafts were used.It was believed that 700 intruders were killed by aircrafts.

The war was concluded on July 26,1999. with Indian army regaining all occupied posts by Pakistani Forces, but India also had to sacrifice a lot in Kargil war. More than 500 soldiers laid down their life in Kargil war, and more than 1300 were injured. Today is 22 nd Anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas and today whole nation is remembering soldiers’ Sacrifice for the country.

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FACTS ABOUT DEAREST DOGS

  1. Their sense of smell is at least 40x better than ours.
  2. Some have such good noses they can sniff out medical problems.
  3. All puppies are born deaf – they are not fully developed at birth.
  4. Dogs have twice as many ear muscles as people and their sense of hearing is more than 10 times more accurate than that of a person.
  5. Dogs mostly sweat only from their footpads and nose.
  6. The world’s oldest dog died at age 29.
  7. Petting dogs can actually reduce your blood pressure.
  8. It is a myth that dogs are color blind. They can actually see in color, just not as vividly as humans. It is similar to our vision at dusk.
  9. A one year old dog is as mature, physically, as a 15-year old human.
  10. Dogs have no sense of “time”.
  11. Every dog on earth likely descended from a species known as the Tomarctus – a creature that roamed the earth over 15 million years ago.
  12. The oldest known dog breed is most likely the Saluki – originally trained by Egyptians to help them track game.
  13. Dogs are pack animals — they don’t enjoy being alone.
  14. Dogs are direct descendants of wolves.
  15. Dogs can see best at dawn and dusk.

WHAT IS A NOVEL

The novel owes its existence to man’s interest in other men and the great panorama of human passion and action. Both the drama and the novel are compounded of the same material but in drama and the literary element is bound up with the elements of stage settings and interpretations through acting. So, Marion Crawford terms the novel as “Pocket theatre”. The novel may be defined as long narrative prose detailing the actions of fictitious people. Meredith calls it a ‘summing of actual life’. The novel combines narration and description, history and philosophy, poetry and fantasy, social criticism, and a particular view of life.

Elements of the Novel:

The novel has various elements.

  1. In the first place, it should have a plot. The novel deals with elements and actions and how these are presented is the plot.
  2. Secondly, the men and women who are involved in these elements and actions appear as characters in the novel.
  3. The third element is the dialogue the mean of interaction among the characters.
  4. The fourth element is the scene and the time of action because the characters must interact, do or suffer at some place or time.
  5. The fifth element is the style in which the narration is done.
  6. The Sixth Element is the view of life presented by the novelist.

The Plot:

The plot in a novel is the organization of incidents. The theme should have substantial value and human interest. It is primarily concerned with the things which make life strenuous, intense, and morally significant.

There are two types of plots – organic and episodic. In the first, the characters and events are well interwoven that no character or incident can be removed from the novel without causing damages to the whole. The plot and Jane Austen novels are examples. The second type of plot is loosely formed and characters and incidents have no essential bearing on each other. The picaresque novels of Fielding and even some of the novels of Dickens have episodic plots. How the various elements in the plot or organized to achieve a definite artistic purpose is called the structure. Unity in structure and plot is to be observed.

The Characterization:

Characterization is the act of presenting the characters alive and real to our imagination. The men and women in the novel must move through it like living beings they should remain in the readers’ memory after the novel is laid aside. There are two types of characterization – the direct or the analytic and the indirect or dramatic. In the analytical method, the novelist portrays his Characters from outside, dissects their passion, thoughts, and feelings, and even passes judgment upon them.

The Dialogue:

Dialogue is well managed, gives vividness, and actually to the plot and the characters. Dialogue reveals the passion and the emotion of the character and advises the movement of the plot. Dialogue should Constitute an organic element in the story. It should be natural, appropriate, and dramatic. It should be in keeping with the personality of the speaker.

The Time and Place of Action:

Time and place of action in a novel refer to the whole setting of the story, both social and material. They are novels of sea life, military life, industrial life of district life, and life of different classes of people. There are novels with a regional background; there are novels written in the historical background. whatever may be the setting, the novelist should master its details and then present a lively picture of it.

The novel is concerned with life and so the novelist’s view of life may be revealed in the novel. A novelist may make creative observations on human life. By the selection and organization of the material, and by the presentation of character and development of the plot, the novelist can show us what he thinks of life. However, the novelist should not indulge in propaganda or preaching. His philosophy is a part of the structure of the novel and should reveal itself through the interpretation of life, thought, character, and temper of the work as a whole.

The chief characteristics of Shakespearean novels

Must read two books by Paulo Coelho-2

Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution: Articles 244(2)

• Tribal Areas:- The tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Manipur are separately dealt with in Article 244(2), and provisions for their administration are to be found in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

• Sixth Schedule:- The 6th Schedule is related to the administration of the Tribal Areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Manipur are specified in the table appended to the 6th Schedule( paragraph 20) of the Constitution, which has undergone several amendments originally. It consisted of two parts A and B. But since the creation of the State Nagaland, the table (as amended in 1972, 1984, 1988, 2003) includes 10 areas in four parts. These special provisions are provided under Article 244(2) and Article 275(1) of the Constitution.

Part I – (1) The North Cachar Hills District. (2) Karbi Anglong District. (3) Bodoland Territory Areas District.

Part II (I) – (1) Khasi Hills District. (2) Jaintia Hills District. (3) Garo Hills Districts (in Meghalaya)

Part II (A)- Tripura Tribal Areas District.

Part III – (1) The Chakma District. (2) The Mara District. (3) The Lai District

• Administration under Sixth Schedule:-

(1) Executive and Legislative powers- Under the provisions of the 6th Schedule of the Constitution of India, Autonomous District Councils can make laws, rules, and regulations in the areas like land management, water resources, forest management, agricultural, cultivation, formation of village councils, public health, sanitation, village, and town level planning, the appointment of traditional chiefs and headman, inheritance of property, marriage, and divorce, social customs, money-lending, mining and minerals.

• Judicial powers:- Autonomous District Councils have the powers to form courts to hear cases where both the parties are members of Scheduled Tribes and the maximum sentence, is less than 5years in prison. It has the power to settle certain types of civil and criminal cases also. Thus the councils under the 6th Schedule have been given more power than the local government under the 73rd and 74th Amendments of the Constitution 1992.

• Role of the Governor:- The Governor is empowered to determine areas under the administration of the councils. He has the authority to form a new Autonomous District. He can also increase or decrease the areas of any autonomous district, or district council. The act of Parliament or the State Legislature so not apply to Autonomous Districts and Autonomous Regions or apply by specified modifications and exceptions. He is also empowered to unite two or more districts or its part to carve out one autonomous district from it. The Governor can also define the boundaries or alter the name of any autonomous district.

• District Councils and Regional Councils:- Each District Council and Regional Council consists of not more than 30 members of which 4 are nominated by the Governor and the rest via elections. All of them remain in the power for a term of 5years. District Council and Regional Council under the 6th Schedule have the real power for making laws on various legislative subjects.

• Taxation Revenue:-

(1) The Regional Council and Autonomous District Councils have the powers to assess and collect revenue concerning such lands by the principles for the time being followed by the government of the State.

(2) They also have the power to levy/collect all taxes on lands, buildings, and tolls on a person resident within the area.

(3) It also has the power to levy/ collect all or any of the following taxes:

(i) Profession, trades, callings, employments.

(ii) Animals, vehicles, boats

(iii) Entry of goods into a market, and tolls on passengers, goods carried in ferries.

(iv) Maintenance of schools, dispensaries, or roads.

Comparing Writing forms of two Indian Writers- Twinkle Khanna and Dr. Shashi Tharoor

Twinkle Khanna has disarmed the audience with her thought- provoking writing and her charming wit. She is a popular newspaper columnist, Indian author, interior designer, film producer and a former Bollywood actress. She writes columns in The Times of India and Daily News Analysis (DNA), her discernible writing skills and her liberal opinions have captured the attention of her readers. Her craft of penning down funny fables and satirical writing has set her apart. She firmly believes that in life nothing is more sacred than laughter.

  • She writes anecdotes about everyday situations that a woman has to go through. The situations are mundane yet significant incidents in life. Her columns are random, though interesting, slice of life entries, adds life to her words through her self-deprecatory humour and unmatched wit with bits and pieces of life- learnings.
  • Her Popular works include – Mrs.Funnybones, Pyjamas are forgiving, The Legend of Laxmi Prasad
  • Her style of writing can be described as discernible, easy to read and has a smooth way of expressing herself through her writings. If a person is not an adamant reader, they will still be able to understand the picture that she is framing through her writings. Her flow of words is effortless.

 She deals with a wide range of topics from focusing on women empowerment, mental health and normalizing finding love at the age of sixty to WhatsApp forwards and her staff members being a menace to her. She masterfully manages to never belittle a problem or the issue and never diminishes their relevance in any way. Through her columns she can give words to your thoughts. Her columns are an amalgamation of intelligence, sarcasm, practicality and adulation.

  • Her choice of words is interesting, mostly uses expressive adjectives which intensifies her anecdotes. Includes – details that are distinctive, uses similes in her work which adds humor in situations and uses satire and irony which conveys absurdity and silliness of people, situations and things.
  • Her tone is joyful, sarcastic and cheerful.
  • Mood – she is comical, humorous and maddening.
Twinkle Khanna is ready with her third book and it is all about 'pyjama girls' | Lifestyle News,The Indian Express

Dr. Shashi Tharoor is a best-selling author, columnist and a politician. He is currently member of parliament of Thiruvananthapuram. He has also served as a peacemaker and an administrator in the United Nations for over three decades. He certainly did not let his political career stop his pen. He is known to be the man of having many skills. Over the years he has made a reputation of an impactful orator and a prolific writer.

  • His popular work includes- The paradoxical prime minister, An era of darkness: The British Empire in India, Why I am a Hindu
  • He writes about politics and topical issues of caste system, society, democracy, foreign policy, patriotism, citizenship, nationalism and modern India. He chooses an immersive narrative for all his books and columns. His way of writing exhibits the qualities of good research and personal knowledge which gives a different and a new perspective to readers.

Readers who are looking for a refined viewpoint on the current events that unfold in our country’s political system must read his work. His ability to include the application of critical analysis creates better understanding of important matters that the country is facing or has faced.

  • He is known for having an inimitable style of writing. He has an extensive vocabulary and many people cannot perceive his work easily and often call it obscure in a way. His books are not an easy read and takes a time and efforts to understand vast concepts, debates, history and terminologies that he includes in his columns.
  • His choice of words is complex and informative. His work is recognized for brilliancy in the usage of satire to deliver serious messages. In his columns he has shown that a strong and thoughtful argument can be presented in a humorous way to prevent monotonousness, yet he manages to deliver the required message. By inculcating satire in his work, he candidly expresses himself.
  • His tone is firm, serious and formal.
  • Mood – critical and humorous  

The similarities in their work are that both have chosen topics that are relevant in our country. They both have strong stands and a sense of individuality which sets them apart in their felid of work. They are not hesitant to candidly express themselves and explain their point of views to the readers. Both have an interesting way to put across their messages. There writings include a few scathing statements but are thought-provoking and will entice the readers.

Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution: Scheduled Areas Articles-244(1)

• Scheduled Areas:- The Fifth Schedule Article-244(1), being a very important provision of the Constitution deals with the control and administration of the Scheduled Areas. The Constitution makes special provisions for the administration of certain areas called Scheduled Areas in the states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Manipur despite such areas are situated within a State or Union Territory A- 244(1), probably because of the backwardness of the people of these areas.

• Criterion:-

The criteria for declaring any areas as Scheduled Areas under the Fifth Schedule are as follows :

(1) Preponderance of Tribal population in such area.

(2) Compactness and reasonable size of the area.

(3) Viable administration entity such as a district, block, or Taluk, etc.

(4) Economic backwardness of the area as compared to the neighboring areas.

• Features of the 5th Schedule-

(1) Declaration of Scheduled Areas- The Constitution empowers the President to declare any areas as Scheduled Areas. He can increase or decrease or even alter the boundaries of a Scheduled Area. He can also cancel such designation after consultation with the Governor of the concerned State or can make fresh orders to redefine any Scheduled Area.

(2) Executive powers of State and Union- Subject to the provisions of this schedule the executive powers of State extend to the Scheduled Areas therein. The executive powers of the Union are limited to giving directions to the State for the administration of such areas.

(3) Tribal Advisory Council- Any state having a Scheduled Area needs to establish a Tribal Advisory Council consisting of not more than 20 members of whom about 3/4 members should be the representative of the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly of the State.

(4) Law Applicable to Scheduled Areas– The Governor is empowered to direct that any particular Act of Parliament or the Legislature of the State, does not apply directly to a Scheduled Area and is subject to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify in the notification:

(a) Prohibit the transfer of land by or among members of the Scheduled Tribe in such areas;

(b) Regulate the allotments of land to the members of the Scheduled Tribes in such areas;

(c) Regulate the carrying out of businesses as money lenders by persons who lend money to members of the Scheduled Tribes in such areas.

• States Under Fifth Schedule:-

The Fifth Schedule designates Tribal majority areas in the ten Tribal minority States within peninsular India including:

(1) Andhra Pradesh

(2) Himachal Pradesh

(3) Madhya Pradesh

(4) Odisha

(5) Rajasthan

(6) Jharkhand

(7) Gujarat

(8) Chhattisgarh

(9) Telangana

(10) Maharashtra

• Some Important points:-

(1) Tribal Advisory Council(TAC) in Scheduled Areas do not perform administrative actions directly and do not have much autonomy.

(2) Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas is applicable here.

(3) PRIs in non-6th Scheduled Areas are liberally funded so direct funding of the Council is done under Article 280 of the Constitution.

(4) The Council in the 5th Schedule is the creation of the State Legislature.

(5) 5th Schedule Areas have an implementation of various schemes like MGNAREGA ( Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) 2005.

#Thepurestbond : "A father-daughter bond"

Everyone has different relationship with their parents , but the most purest bond that one will find is of a father- daughter . Each one of have witnessed it , dads taking care of their little girls , making their hairs , paint their nails , trying new makeup hacks on their daddy , doing their dad’s makeup , etc. Their is something so sweet & beautiful to watch both of them interact . A father protects her daughter from every things which is bad for her , he tends to make her girl the prettiest & the most perfectionist in the world . It is important for girls to have good relationship with their father , as it impacts their personality , their success , their behavior.

FATHER DAUGHTER BOND IS THE PURREST !

Women who have a good relationship with their fathers are lucky enough to look back at their fond memories when they grow up. Having a good relationship with her father not only shapes a girl’s childhood experience but also influences her behavior towards other men later in life. If a girl’s father is erratic or completely absent by nature, then it creates a feeling of low self-esteem in her, and she might have trouble trusting men in general.

A girl’s father act as a hero for her , this is because he is the first man she is introduced to , he is the first man who holds her , her perception about a man is developed the way her father treats her . This perception is important for a girls’ growth . A girl calls her dad her hero because , he gives a sense of security , he tends to protect her from every thing , dads tends as he would take here girl’s each & every problem .

The father’s connection and communication will help the daughter make the right decisions. A father should provide stability and moral guidance to his daughter because that is the time( teenage ) when she is surrounded and tempted by bad influences. Daughters learn more about relationships by observing their father’s actions and behavior. They judge men based on the standard their father sets. Happy marriages are connected to a warm parent-child relationship. If the parents have marital problems, the girl tends to be insecure, anxious, and aggressive.

Father’s presence not only directs girls in the early stage of life but also assure her that what ever the problem is her father is standing as an iceberg in front of her & will protect her from every problem .

Consumer Rights and Responsibilities

Consumer Rights:

  1. Right to safety:- Means the right to be protected from the marketing of goods and services that endanger life and property. The items and services acquired should not only suit their current requirements, but also their long-term interests. Consumers should insist on the quality of the items as well as the guarantee of the products and services before making a purchase. They should rather choose quality-marked items such as ISI, AGMARK, and so on.
  2. Right to choose:- Means the right to be guaranteed, whenever feasible, of access to a diverse range of products and services at a reasonable price. In the case of monopolies, it entails the right to expect good quality and service at a reasonable price. It also covers the right to fundamental goods and services. This is because the minority’s unfettered ability to choose might imply a rejection of the majority’s fair share. This right is better exercised in a competitive market when a wide range of items are accessible at reasonable costs.
  3. Right to be informed:- Means the customer has the right to be informed about the quality, amount, potency, purity, standard, and price of goods in order to defend themselves from unfair commercial practises. Before making a choice or decision, consumers should insist on receiving all available information about the product or service. This will allow him to behave intelligently and responsibly, as well as avoid falling victim to high-pressure marketing methods.
  4. Right to consumer education:- The right to gain the information and skills necessary to be an educated consumer throughout one’s life. Consumer ignorance, particularly among rural customers, is largely to blame for their exploitation. They should be aware of their rights and should exercise them. Only then can successful consumer protection be achieved.
  5. Right to be heard:- This means that the interests of consumers will be taken into account in relevant forums. It also involves the right to be represented in different forums established to examine the welfare of consumers. Consumers should create non-political and non-commercial consumer groups that may be represented in various consumer committees formed by the government and other entities.
  6. Right to Seek redressal:- Means the right to seek remedy for unjust trade practises or unethical consumer exploitation. It also includes the consumer’s right to a fair resolution of legitimate issues. Consumers must file a complaint if they have legitimate issues. Many times, their complaint may be of minor importance, but its influence on society as a whole may be significant. They can also seek resolution of their concerns via consumer organisations.
  7. Consumer Protection Act:- An Act to provide for the protection of consumers’ interests and, for that purpose, to create agencies for the prompt and effective administration and resolution of consumer disputes, as well as for matters associated therewith.” (From the Consumer Protection Act of 2019.) “An Act to provide for greater consumer protection and to make provision for the formation of consumer councils and other agencies for the resolution of consumer disputes and for issues connected therewith.”(From the Consumer Protection Act of 1986.) The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 aims to promote and defend customers’ interests against inadequacies and faults in goods or services. It also aims to protect consumers’ rights against unfair or restrictive trade practises. This act was passed in the Lok Sabha on December 9, 1986, and the Rajya Sabha on December 10, 1986, and it was signed by the President of India on December 24, 1986, and it was published in the Gazette of India on December 26, 1986.

Consumer Responsibilities:

  1. Ask Yourself!:-
  • Have you had any issues as a consumer?
  • Have you ever complained about an issue like this?
  • Do you aware that you may seek the help of a consumer organization to safeguard your interests?

2. Be Critically Aware:- The responsibility to be more alert and to question more – about prices, about quantity and quality of goods bought and services used.

3. Be Involved:- The obligation to be forceful – to guarantee that you, as a customer, get a fair bargain. Remember that if you remain passive, you will most likely be exploited.

4. Be Organized:- The duty to join hands and raise one’s voice as a customer; to fight as a group and to build the power and influence necessary to promote and safeguard consumer interests.

5. Practice Sustainable Consumption:- The responsibility to be aware of the impact of your consumption on other citizens, especially the disadvantaged or powerless groups; and to consume based on needs – not wants.

6. Be Responsible to the Environment:- The obligation to be aware of and comprehend the environmental repercussions of our consumption. We must acknowledge our personal and social duty to conserve natural resources and maintain the environment for future generations.