Day: July 22, 2020

United States attempts to increase military power by testing Hypersonic Missile, 17 times faster than sound

The United States has designed a Hypersonic Missile which speeds 17 times faster than sound. According to a Senior American Military Official, this Hypersonic was successfully tested in the Pacific Ocean in March. CNN gave information on this test in its report. American President Donald Trump hinted towards designing a missile like this in May. However, this is the first a Military Official claimed to this.

The US is also testing a Cruise Missile. However, it will not be equipped with nuclear power. The US did inform about the successful test of missile 5 times faster than the speed of sound on March 20.

America will test 40 hypersonic missiles

On June 30, Mark Lewis, director of the US Defense Research and Engineering Department said they will conduct 40 flight tests of hypersonic missiles over the span of 4 years. America has already tested the long-range missile X-51 in the Pacific Ocean region in March. Russia and China are ahead in the race with such weapons. In view of this, Trump administration is also focusing on designing hypersonic missiles. US defense scientist says China has acquired this technology using sources from The United States.

Russia and China are already acquired with such missiles

Hypersonic missiles can normally hit targets up to 5 times faster than sound and can be fired from a high altitude. In December 2019, Russia’s President Vladimir Putin announced to include the first hypersonic missile Avanguard in its defense fleet. While China already informed about its DF-17 hypersonic missile in October 2019, two months before Russia.

Sexual Harassment

Sexual harassment includes unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature in the workplace or learning environment, according to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). 

It is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors.Sexual harassment includes a range of actions from verbal transgressions to sexual abuse or assault.Harassment can occur in many different social settings such as the workplace, the home, school, churches, etc. Harassers or victims may be of any gender.

Sexual harassment by an employer is a form of illegal employment discrimination. For example many businesses or organizations, preventing sexual harassment and defending employees from sexual harassment charges have become key goals of legal decision-making.

Where can sexual harassment occur?

Sexual harassment may occur in a variety of circumstances and in places as varied as factories, schools, colleges, the theater, and the music business.Often, the perpetrator has or is about to have power or authority over the victim (owing to differences in social, political, educational or employment relationships as well as in age). Harassment relationships are specified in many ways:

•The perpetrator can be anyone, such as a client, a co-worker, a parent or legal guardian, relative, a teacher or professor, a student, a friend, or a stranger.
•Harassment can occur in varying locations, in schools,colleges, workplaces, in public, and in other places.
•Harassment can occur whether or not there are witnesses to it.
•The perpetrator may be completely unaware that his or her behavior is offensive or constitutes sexual harassment. •The perpetrator may be completely unaware that his or her actions could be unlawful.

With the advent of the internet, social interactions, including sexual harassment, increasingly occur online, for example in video games or in chat rooms, social networking sites such as Instagram, Twitter, Facebook etc .

Status in India

Sexual harassment in India is termed “Eve teasing” and is described as: unwelcome sexual gesture or behaviour whether directly or indirectly as sexually coloured remarks; physical contact and advances; showing pornography; a demand or request for sexual favours; any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct being sexual in nature or passing sexually offensive and unacceptable remarks. 

According to the Indian constitution, sexual harassment infringes the fundamental right of a woman to gender equality under Article 14 and her right to life and live with dignity under Article 21.

In 1997, the Supreme Court of India in a Public Interest Litigation, defined sexual harassment at workplace, preventive measures and redress mechanism. The judgment is popularly known as Vishaka judgement.In April 2013, India enacted its own law on sexual harassment in the workplace—The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013. Almost 16 years after the Supreme Court’s landmark guidelines on prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace (known as the “Vishaka Guidelines”), the Act has endorsed many of the guidelines, and is a step towards codifying gender equality.. The Act is intended to include all women employees in its ambit, including those employed in the unorganized sector, as well as domestic workers. The Indian law does not permit the victim or complainant to take assistance of a legal professional in the inquiry, however, in Arti Devi Vs Jawaharlal Nehru University,the High Court of Delhi permitted the complainant to avail the services of a counsel as her defence assistant.

The Act has identified sexual harassment as a violation of the fundamental rights of a woman to equality under Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India and her right to life and to live with dignity under article 21 of the Constitution; as well as the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business which includes a right to a safe environment free from sexual harassment. The Act also states that the protection against sexual harassment and the right to work with dignity are universally recognized human rights by international conventions and instruments such as Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, which has been ratified on the 25th June, 1993 by the Government of India.

The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 introduced changes to the Indian Penal Code, making sexual harassment an expressed offense under Section 354 A, which is punishable up to three years of imprisonment and or with fine. The Amendment also introduced new sections making acts like disrobing a woman without consent, stalking and sexual acts by person in authority an offense.

What are some effects of sexual harassment?

Experiencing sexual harassment may cause some survivors to face emotional, physical, or mental health concerns. Some of them might include:


Emotional effects:

  • Anger
  • Fear
  • Humiliation
  • Shame
  • Guilt
  • Betrayal
  • Violation
  • Powerlessness and loss of control

Mental health effects:

  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Panic attacks
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Loss of motivation
  • Sucidial ideation

Physical effects:

  • Increased stress levels
  • Headaches
  • Fatigue
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Eating disturbances

Rajasthan Crisis on the door of SC

Rajasthan Political crisis has knocked the door of Supreme Court. Speaker of the state assembly, CP Joshi has filed the Special Leave Petition to the Apex court challenging the High Court order. The SC is likely to hear the matter on 23rd july.

Judiciary vs. Legislature

Former Deputy Chief Minister of state, Sachin Pilot and eighteen other rebel congress MLAs were served disqualification notices by the state assembly to the dissidents for “anti-party activities” last week. Against this notice Pilot and his supporter MLAs approached the High Court. On July 21st the HC granted some relief and had requested to the Speaker to extend the period given to the Pilot and his camp to reply the notice till the evening of July 24.

Differing to the decision of the High Court, Speaker C.P Joshi called a press conference and showed his displeasure against the HC order. Joshi said, “There should be no conflict between the judiciary and the legislature. The role of everyone in the parliamentary system is well defined. The Supreme Court gave instructions in 1992 to stop Aya Ram Gaya Ram culture, in which the Speaker has the right to disqualify members for defection. No one has the right to interfere in the process.”

He also said that, “In 1992, the constitutional bench of the Supreme Court made it clear that under the anti-defection law, the speaker has the right on the issue of disqualification. No one can interfere in the Speaker’s decision,” adding further he said, ‘‘whatever judgment the court has given, I have respected till now. However, does this respect and acceptance mean that one authority overlaps the role of the other?”

Drama in the SC

After filing of Special Leave Petition by the Speaker, Pilot camp has also filed a caveat in the SC, asking to be heard before the court takes a decision on the Speaker’s request.The apex court will hear the matter on July 23rd.  Congress leader and Senior Advocate Kapil Sibal will represent the Speaker in this case. From Pilot’s camp Mukul Rohatgi, will be their lawyer.

What is Special Leave Petition?

Special Leave Petitions or SLP is filed in the Supreme Court only when any substantial question of law is involved or gross injustice has been done. This is a “residual power” given to the Supreme Court by the Constitution of India under article 136.

It provides the aggrieved party a special permission to be heard in Apex court. It can be appealed against any judgment or order of any Court or tribunal in the territory of India, except the military court.

SLP is not a right to the aggrieved party but the Supreme Court has privilege to grant special leave. The SC may also refuse to grant the leave to appeal by exercising its discretion.

10 Movies to Watch on Netflix Right Now

Netflix has a higher turnover rate for it’s movie library. And since the Netflix home screen often promotes Netflix Original content above all else, it’s easy to miss the full breadth of movies available on the service.

Here’s the compilation of excellent movies from the last couple of decades that are now on Netflix.

  1. Uncut Gems (2019)

In this gambling thriller set in 2012 New York City, a jeweler with a gambling addiction accepts extreme risks in both his personal and professional life on day to-day basis.

Runtime: 2 hours and 15 mins

2. There Will be Blood (2007)

In this period drama set in the early 1990s West Coast, an oilman tries to expand his drilling empire through any means necessary.

“There Will be Blood” earned nine Academy Award nominations and won two categories: Best Actor (Daniel Day-Lewis) and best cinematography.

Runtime: 2 hours and 38 mins

3. A Serious Man (2009)

In this black comedy set in 1967 Minnesota, a Jewish professor grapples with the collapse of his family, health and professional aspirations as everything that seemingly can go wrong does.

“A Serious Man” earned two Academy Award nominations: Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay.

Runtime: 1 hour and 46 mins

4. 20th Century Women (2016)

In this comedy drama, a single mother and her younger neighbors help raise a young boy in Santa Barbara, California, during the end of the 1970s.

“20th Century Women” earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay.

Runtime: 1 hour and 59 mins

5. The Master (2012)

In this psychological drama, an aimless war veteran stumbles inti a nascent religious cult in 1950.

“The Master” earned three Academy Award nominations: Best Actor (Joaquin Phoenix), Best Supporting Actor (Phillip Seymour Hoffman), Best Supporting Actress (Amy Adams).

Runtime: 2 hours and 18 mins

6. The Lobster (2015)

In this abundant comedy, a recently single man must find a partner within 45 days or he’ll be forcibly turned into a lobster.

“The Lobster” earned one Academy Award nominations for Best Original Screenplay.

Runtime: 1 hour 49 mins

7. Steve Jobs (2015)

In this period drama, Steve Jobs becomes one of the most venerated tech leaders in history while ignoring friendships and familial obligations.

“Steve Jobs” earned two Academy Award nominations for Best Actor (Michael Fassbender) and Best Supporting Actress (Kate Winslet).

Runtime: 2 hours and 2 mins

8. The Little hours (2017)

In this comedy, nuns in a convent break religious rules and wreak havoc.

“The Little Hours” has a long cast of comedy stars from the 2010s.

Runtime: 1 hour 30 mins

9. Spider-Man into the Spider-Verse (2018)

In this animated superhero movie, a young, Black Spider-Man discovers the existence of other universes (and other Spider-Men) that will come to help him save his own universe.

“Spider-Man into the Spider-Verse” won the Best Animated Feature category at the Academy Awards.

Runtime: 1 hour 57 mins

10. Drive (2011)

In this action dram, a Hollywood stuntman also works as a getaway driver for violent criminals.

“Drive” earned one Academy Award nomination for Best Sound Editing.

Runtime: 1 hour 40 mins

Pollution

Pollution is a term which even kids are aware of these days. It has become so common that almost everyone acknowledges the fact that pollution is rising continuously. The term ‘pollution’ means the manifestation of any unsolicited foreign substance in something. When we talk about pollution on earth, we refer to the contamination that is happening of the natural resources by various pollutants. All this is mainly caused by human activities which harm the environment in ways more than one. Therefore, an urgent need has arisen to tackle this issue straightaway. That is to say, pollution is damaging our earth severely and we need to realize its effects and prevent this damage. In this essay on pollution, we will see what are the effects of pollution and how to reduce it.

Effects of Pollution

Pollution affects the quality of life more than one can imagine. It works in mysterious ways, sometimes which cannot be seen by the naked eye. However, it is very much present in the environment. For instance, you might not be able to see the natural gases present in the air, but they are still there. Similarly, the pollutants which are messing up the air and increasing the levels of carbon dioxide is very dangerous for humans. Increased level of carbon dioxide will lead to global warming.

Further, the water is polluted in the name of industrial development, religious practices and more will cause a shortage of drinking water. Without water, human life is not possible. Moreover, the way waste is dumped on the land eventually ends up in the soil and turns toxic. If land pollution keeps on happening at this rate, we won’t have fertile soil to grow our crops on. Therefore, serious measures must be taken to reduce pollution to the core.

Types of Pollution

How to Reduce Pollution?

After learning the harmful effects of pollution, one must get on the task of preventing or reducing pollution as soon as possible. To reduce air pollution, people should take public transport or carpool to reduce vehicular smoke. While it may be hard, avoiding firecrackers at festivals and celebrations can also cut down on air and noise pollution. Above all, we must adopt the habit of recycling. All the used plastic ends up in the oceans and land, which pollutes them.

So, remember to not dispose of them off after use, rather reuse them as long as you can. We must also encourage everyone to plant more trees which will absorb the harmful gases and make the air cleaner. When talking on a bigger level, the government must limit the usage of fertilizers to maintain the soil’s fertility. In addition, industries must be banned from dumping their waste into oceans and rivers, causing water pollution.

To sum it up, all types of pollution is hazardous and comes with grave consequences. Everyone must take a step towards change ranging from individuals to the industries. As tackling this problem calls for a joint effort, so we must join hands now. Moreover, the innocent lives of animals are being lost because of such human activities. So, all of us must take a stand and become a voice for the unheard in order to make this earth pollution-free.

JOB WORK UNDER GST

Introduction

The Indian economy is one of the most robust economies in the World and one of the key components which constitutes it significantly is known as Job work. So what’s the definition of Job Work?

Definition

As per Section  2(68) of the CGST Act, 2017 Job Work is defined as ‘any treatment or process undertaken by a person on goods belonging to another registered person’. 

Meaning

Job-work means it is the processing of goods supplied by principal. The job worker is required to carry out the process specified and it includes outsourced activities that may or may not culminate into manufacture. 

The one who does the said job would be termed as ‘job worker’. The ownership of the goods does not transfer to the job worker but it rests with the principal.

About the Concept

The concept of job work is stated and explained in the Central Excise. It is a concept wherein a principal manufacturer can send an input or semi-finished good to a job worker for further processing. 

Many facilities and procedural concessions have been given to the job workers as well as the principal supplier who sends goods for job work.

The whole idea behind this is that the principal must be made responsible for meeting the compliances on behalf of the job worker on the goods processed by the worker.

One must also consider the fact that typically the job-workers are small persons who are unable to comply with the discrete provisions of the law.

The most relevant and pertinent point is what are the Procedural aspects that have to be dealt with in regards to the Job Work?

Certain facilities with the specific conditions are offered in relation to job work some of which are as under:

a) A registered person (Principal) can send inputs/capital goods under intimation and subject to the certain conditions without payment of tax to a job worker and from there to another job worker and after completion of job work bring back such goods without payment of tax.

The principal is not required to reverse the ITC availed on inputs or capital goods dispatched to job worker.

b) Principal can send inputs or capital goods directly to the job worker without bringing them to his premises, still the principal can avail the credit of tax paid on such inputs or capital goods. 

c) However, inputs and/or capital goods sent to a job worker are required to be returned to the principal within 1 year and 3 years,respectively, from the date of sending such goods to the job worker.

d) After processing of goods, the job worker may clear the goods to-

(i) Another job worker for further processing;

(ii) Dispatch the goods to any of the place of business of the principal without payment of 

(iii) Remove the goods on payment of tax within tax;

(iv) India or without payment of tax for export outside India on fulfilment of conditions.

The facility of supply of goods by principal to the third party directly from the premises of the job worker on payment of tax in India likewise with or without payment of tax for export may be availed by the principal on declaring premise of the job worker as his additional place of business in registration. In case the job worker is a registered person under GST, even declaring the premises of the job worker as additional place of business is not required. 

Before supply of goods to job worker, principal would be required to intimate the Jurisdictional Officer containing the details of description of inputs intended to be sent by the principal and the nature of processing to be carried out by the job worker.

The said intimation shall also contain the details of another job worker, if any. The inputs or capital goods shall be sent to the job worker under the cover of a challan issued by the principal. 

The challan shall be issued even for the inputs or capital goods sent directly to the job worker. The challan shall contain the details specified in Rule 10 of the Invoice Rules.

The responsibility for keeping proper accounts for the inputs or capital goods shall lie with the principal.

Input Tax credit on goods supplied to job worker under Section 19 of the CGST Act, 2017 provides that the principal (a person supplying taxable goods to the job worker) shall be entitled to take the credit of input tax paid on inputs sent to the job- worker for the job work. 

Further, the proviso also provides that the principal can take the credit even when the goods have been directly supplied to the job worker without bringing into the premise of the principal.

The principal need not wait till the inputs are first brought to his place of business.

Time Limits for return of processed goods

As per section 19 of the CGST Act, 2017, inputs and capital goods after processing shall be returned back to principal within one year or three years respectively of their being sent out.

Extended meaning of input

As per the explanation provided in section 143 of the CGST Act, 2017, where certain process is carried out on the input before removal of the same to the job worker, such product after carrying out the process to be referred as the intermediate product.

Waste clearing provisions

Pursuant to section 143 (5) of the CGST Act, 2017, waste generated at the premises of the job worker may be supplied directly by the registered job worker from his place of business on payment of tax or s such waste 

may be cleared by the principal, in case the job worker is not registered. 

Transitional provisions 

Inputs or partially processed inputs which are sent to a job worker prior to introduction of GST under the provisions of existing law [Central Excise] and if such goods are returned within 6 months from the appointed day i.e. 1st July, 2017 no tax would be payable. 

If such goods are not returned within prescribed time, the input tax credit availed on such goods will be liable to be recovered. 

If manufactured goods are removed, prior to the appointed day, without payment of duty for testing or any other process which does not amount to manufacture, and such goods are returned within 6 months from the appointed day, then no tax will be payable. 

For the purpose of these provisions during the transitional period, the manufacturer and the job worker are required to declare the details of such goods sent/received for job work in prescribed format GST TRAN-1, within 90 days of the introduction of the GST.

Conclusion

The tax treatment of job work under GST remains largely similar to the current regime. An important point to note is that the period within which inputs should be brought back or supplied from the job worker’s place is now 1 year instead of 180 days earlier. 

Similarly, the period within which capital goods should be brought back or supplied is now 3 years instead of 1 year earlier. Also, GST will now be levied on processing charges charged by the job worker.

For the manufacturing industry, these provisions are positive and in line with the Government’s all-out support for the sector.

WEBSITES REFERRED

  1. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.cbic.gov.in/htdocs-cbec/gst/Job_Work.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiM4NO6weDqAhXyzjgGHczlBlEQFjAAegQIBRAB&usg=AOvVaw2keJbawF1WoGvEOssOT6H9
  1. https://blog.saginfotech.com/job-work-under-gst
  1. https://www.google.com/amp/s/blogs.tallysolutions.com/job-work-under-gst/amp/
  1. https://www.simpletaxindia.net/2017/07/job-work-under-gst.html?m=1
  1. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.taxscan.in/job-work-gst-need-know/12594/%3famp
  1. https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/VijayaKumarKavilikat/central-goods-and-sales-tax-act-overview

5 SECRETS TO FINDING TRUE LOVE

Everybody desires to find their one true love with whom we can live our fairy tale of falling in love and living happily forever and ever. Welcome to reality my friends because these fairy tales exist only in movies and fiction stories.

Love is no fairy tale, so you can stop looking for a perfect “10” who fulfills all the qualifications on your wish list. It is possible, however, to find someone to stand by your side, brave the messiness of the world, and help you experience life to its fullest potential.

How do you work towards finding this ” someone ” ? Here are the 5 tried and tested secrets to finding your companian:

  1. BE REAL

To find real love, you must first emphasize your true self. If you want someone to love you through your moments of imperfection, you must first be willing to do that for someone else. Be real with yourself, so you are ready for someone else’s true self.

If you shift your personality, passions, or purpose to impress another person, you are not being your true self. People are attracted to genuine souls. Get to know yourself, love yourself, and learn to act and speak authentically.

2. BE CONFIDENT

Be confident in yourself, your decisions, and your ability to attract love into your life. If you are being your authentic, best self, this CONFIDENCE will radiate from you in a glow of SELF-WORTH. You will attract someone who recognizes, appreciates, and loves who you are.

Foster this confidence by knowing that you are whole and complete just by being you. Understand that a soul mate is nice to have, but not a must-have. You, alone, are enough.

3. BE OPEN

If your desire is to meet someone new, then you must be willing to connect and open up with the people around you. If someone next to you in the coffee line strikes up a conversation, be willing to engage. Even if that person is not to be the love of your life, practice BEING HONEST anyway. Developing this energy of openness will help you facilitate iterations that may lead to lasting relationships.

4. BE HAPPY

Perhaps the most important secret of this list is to be happy. Everyone wants to be around happy people; HAPPINESSS is magnetic. So focus your energy on thinking about and doing the things that make you happy. This energy of yours will also attract a similar kind of person which wiill only further amplify your life.

Will Smith said, “her happiness is not my responsibility. She should be happy and I should be happy individually. Then we come together and share our happiness. Giving someone a responsibility to make you happy when you can’t do it for yourself is selfish” let that sink in.

5. BE IN LOVE WITH YOURSELF

Loving yourself allows you to make healthier choices.When you put yourself first, you make choices that will only improve your quality of life. You eat better and sleep and exercise more because you realize that taking care of your mental and physical well-being are essential to your success.

By not loving yourself, you‘ll create extra work for your partner because they‘ll have to pick up that slack and carry your weight. When you struggle with self-doubt and low self-esteem, your partner will have to work extra hard to make you happy.

The next time you enter a relationship, see to it that it will be with your true love already. This would save you from heartaches due to being with the wrong person.

Let love find you.
These tips can only help you increase the chance of finding the right person for you. However, there is no formula that can create true love. It just happens beyond conscious effort, and if handled well, it will surely last.

Do not try too hard on finding your true love. Let love find you, instead. And while waiting for it to arrive, focus on loving yourself.

JUVENILE JUSTICE BOARD

Introduction:

In the last few decades, the crime rate by the children under the age of 16 years has increased. The reason of increasing crime rate is may be due to the upbringing environment of the child, economic conditions, lack of education and the parental care. These are the some of the basic reasons. And the most disappointing part is that, children (especially under the age group of 5 to 7 years) now a days are used as tool for committing the crime as at that this stage their mind is very innocent and can easily be manipulated.

The Introduction of the Act has replaced the existing juvenile laws and has introduced some remarkable changes. One of the remarkable changes is juvenile under the age group of 16 to 18 years should be tried as an adult.

The frightful incident of “Nirbhaya Delhi Gang Rape Case” on December 16, 2012 shocked the whole nation and many debates were started among legal fraternity and socialists. The main reason and issue of the debate was the involvement of accused, who was just six months short to attain the age of 18 years. The involvement of the accused in such a heinous crime of rape forced the Indian Legislation to introduce a new law and thus, Indian Parliament came up with a new law which is known as “Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection), 2015.

Definition of Child and Juvenile under the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 and other various laws

Generally, a “child” means a person who has not attain the age of 18 years and is not mature to understand that what is right and wrong. In modern era, the penal laws of most countries have adopted the principle of ‘Doli Incapex’ “which means of knowing that act there are committing is a crime”.

The penal laws also state that Only child between the age of seven to twelve age can be convicted, provided that, the act they have committed is a heinous crime and they have knowledge and has attained the sufficient knowledge to understand the consequences of their act.

According to sub- section 12 of Section 2 of The Juvenile (Care and Protection) Act, 2015 a “child” means a person who has not completed eighteen years of age. The Act classifies the term “child” into two categories: –

  • “child in conflict with law” 
  • “child in need of care and protection

The child who has committed an offence and he or she is under the age of 18 years on the date of commission of the offence is basically called as “ child in conflict with law”. The second sub – category is “ child in need of care and protection”  means a child ad defined under Section 14 of the Act.

  • Children Act, 1960 :- Section 2(e) of the Act states “ child” means a boy who has not attained the age of sixteen years or a girl who has not attained the age of eighteen years.
  • United Nations Convention: – The UN Convention on the Rights of Child, 1989 defines that “child” means a human being below the age of eighteen years unless the law declaration applicable to child, majority is attained earlier.

Juvenile Justice Act, 2015

The aims to consolidate the laws relating to children alleged and found to be in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection by catering and considering their basic needs through proper care& protection , development, treatment , social- integration , by adopting a child friendly approach in the adjudication and disposal of matters in the best interest of children. The act also focuses on rehabilitation of juvenile offenders through various child care houses and institutions.

Juvenile Justice Board

There shall be a constitution of Board for the purpose of inquiry and hearing in the matters of juvenile in conflict with law.

The Board shall consist of Principal Magistrate and two social workers, among whom one should be a women. The Act provides that under no circumstances the Board can regulate and operate from regular court premises. The decision taken by the Principal Magistrate shall be final.

  1. Special Procedure of Juvenile Justice Board:-  The Act has provided the procedure against the juvenile offender .Following are the main special procedure –
  2. The proceedings cannot be initiated on a complaint registered by the police or citizen
  3. The hearing must be informal and should be strictly confidential.
  4. The offenders should be kept under Observation Home after detention.
  5. The trial of juvenile in conflict with law shall be conducted by lady Magistrate.
  6. A child in conflict with law may be produced before an individual member of the Board, when Board is not sitting.

Juvenile Justice and Constitution of India

The Constitution of India is consider as the fundamental law of India. Constitution provides rights and duties of citizens. It also provides provision for the working of the government machineries. Constitution in Part III has provided Fundamental Rights for its citizens in the same manner in its Part IV it has provided Directive Principles of State Policies (DPSP) which acts as general guidelines in framing government policies. Constitution has provided some   basic rights and provisions especially for the welfare of children.

  1. Right to free and compulsory elementary education for all the children under the age of 6 to 14 years. (Article 21A)
  2. Right to be protected from any hazardous employment under the age of fourteen age. (Article 24)
  3. Right to be protected from being abused in any form by an adult. (Article 39(e)).
  4. Right to be protected from human trafficking and forced bonded labor system. (Article (Article 39)
  5. Right to be provided with good nutrition and proper standard of living. (Article 47)
  6. Article 15(3) of the Constitution of India provides special powers to State to make any special laws for the upliftment and the betterment of children and women.

Therefore, the law makers while drafting the Juvenile Act, 2015 has consider all the necessary provisions laid down by the Constitution so that child’s rights are protected in all the possible ways.

Case laws :

  1. 1998 SCC, Del 879 : (1999) 77 DLT 181
  2.  Section 82 of IPC states that a child below the age of seven years is doli incapex.
  3. Section 13 of The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act,2015.
  4. Section 14 of The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act,2015.
  5.   AIR 2014 SC 2726.
  6. Section 4 of Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2015
  7. Section 4(2) of Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2015.
  8. Section 5 of Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) Act, 2015.
  9. Section 7(2) 0f the Juvenile Justice( Care and Protection) Act, 2015.

Conclusion

The increasing rates of juvenile crime in India in very concerning issue and need to be focused upon. Although government has laid various legislation and rules to stop the incidents of juvenile crimes but the present laws on juveniles is not creating a deterrent effect on the juveniles and thus the results are not fruitful and legislative intent is not accomplishing.

 References

  1. https://blog.ipleaders.in/juvenile-justice-system-india
  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_Justice
  3. https://thefactfactor.com/facts/law/legal

Digitization with a human touch

A couple of days back, I was experiencing a bit of headache due to such long hours of online classes and so I decided to buy a pair of spectacles. During an online session, I just casually mentioned my intention when my friend suggested me to schedule an online appointment in Lenskart. I was a bit surprised that I failed to think about that in the first place, so I said I will check that out. So booked an appointment today and waiting for their response.

Now one might think that this is so weird because this method of digital appointment and 3D trying existed for such a long time and that’s true, no doubt. But what’s surprising is that, may people, including me, who looked for things in offline mode, they are now resorting to try out even the rarest of things in the online mode. We are constantly being surrounded by technology and all kinds of buzzwords “WFH”, “webinar”, ‘zoom’, ‘virtual coffee break’ and so are constantly bugging our life. We are progressing towards ‘humanized technology’ where technology, especially Artificial Intelligence, is completely integrated with a normal human life.

That being said, technology also needs to adapt to human life, meaning that the technology should also be human-friendly. Just engineering a technology to do human-like work will not help, rather it should also be capable enough to assist the humans in every possible way. Multiple reasons exist as to why such integration or amalgamation between technology and human is necessary. Firstly, for convenience. Human being are such generations who need specific information in the fastest and efficient way possible. So technology should be streamlined in a way to alleviate the situation. Presently, Microsoft and Google are looking out for such avenues. Second, is the simplification. We always look up to technology when we face any complex situation because we have always known technology to reduce the complexities of our lives. Since we are dealing with apps and software all the time, organizations should pay heed to the situation so that we, human being can find it easy to search and asses the information. Thirdly, emotional quotient factor. Technology is in fact great when it comes to assess human beings, especially during performance appraisal process, to provide the ratings. Now since we have converted our homes to cubicles, it is imperative that surveys which previously used to work, will fail. Technology should be leveraged to use emoticons and mood sensors to understand the non-verbal cues as well as which emoticons they use to respond to certain events. Fourth, and last but not the least, which is the most important is inclusion. Not all of us are tech-savvy. Many are trying to learn and grasp the technical way outs. It is very important that technology creates an inclusion environment so as to make them relevant in the workforce.

To summarize, we might be progressing rapidly towards the digitization phase, but we should not forget the human aspect to bring about this change. Both has to exist concurrently.

Without the other, one cannot exist.

Source: Self

Best low-risk Investments in 2020

Due to the Corona Virus Global Pandemic 2020, our economy has faced unprecedented challenges. With businesses shutting down and stocks facing a fall, INVESTORS are looking for stability in their returns by opting for low-risk investment options. Low-risk investments earn only modest or meager returns; and inflation can erode the purchasing power of money stashed in low-risk investments. But it all depends on what your economic requirement is and how much risk you are willing to accept.

Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com

Lets dive into the top low-risk Investments in the year 2020.

  • High YEILD Savings Accounts.

Savings accounts offer a modest return on your money. A savings account is completely safe in the sense that you’ll never lose money. Most accounts are Government insured up to certain limits, so you’ll be compensated even if the financial institution fails.

  • Saving Bonds

Scrictly speaking rather than investments these bonds are more like saving instruments. Bond is a good choice for protection against inflation because you get a fixed rate and an inflation rate added to that every six months.

  • Certificate of Deposits

With a CD, the bank promises to pay you a set rate of interest over a specified term if you leave the Certificate of deposits intact until the term ends. Some savings accounts pay higher rates of interest than some CDs, but those so-called high-yield accounts may require a large deposit.

  • Money Market Funds

Unlike a CD, a Money market fund is liquid, which means you typically can take out your funds at any time without being penalized. Money market funds usually are pretty safe. The bank tells you what rate you’ll get, and its goal is that the value per share won’t be less than $1.

  • Corporate Bonds

Companies also issue bonds, which can come in relatively low-risk varieties (issued by large profitable companies) down to very risky ones. The lowest of the low are known as “junk bonds.” When you buy a corporate bond, you’re loaning money to the company. In return, you receive periodic interest payments until the bond matures and your principal investment is returned.

  • Dividend paying stocks

A dividend is a portion of a company’s profits paid out to the company’s shareholders. When a company makes a profit, it can choose to reinvest that profit back into the business, but sometimes it pays a percentage of it back out to shareholders. Not every company pays dividends, but those that do often have slow, reliable growth.

  • Preferred Stocks

Preferred stock is more like a lower-grade bond than it is a stock. Still, it may fluctuate substantially if the market falls. Like a bond, preferred stock makes a regular cash payout. But, unusually, preferred stock may be able to suspend this dividend in some circumstances, though often it has to make up any missed payments.

Building an investment portfolio that has at least some less-risky assets can be useful in helping you ride out the volatility in the market, and there’s been no shortage of that this year.

The unsung corona warriors

Despite odds and amid crises, farmers deliver produce. Today, farmers need government

Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic. But destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city”.
— William Jennings Bryan, 
‘Cross of Gold’ Speech (1896)

COVID-19 may go down as India’s first ever natural disaster not to register widespread starvation in terms of a total collapse in food consumption levels. About three million people perished in the Great Bengal Famine of 1943. The 1966-67 Bihar famine led to the state’s

The novel coronavirus pandemic and the ensuing lockdown have had a far wider, nationwide impact. Yet, they haven’t produced the severe food deprivation, soaring prices and hoarding that defined the previous great calamities. We have had reports of stranded migrant workers not getting enough cooked food or dry rations. But these are largely stories of localised administrative neglect, and not comparable to the general lack of access to food seen in past catastrophes.

This time, not only is there no food crisis, the problem has been more about demand than supply. Panic buying of milk, atta, dal, sugar or cooking oil in the initial period of lockdown has given way to demand destruction from the closure of hotels, restaurants, tea stalls, caterers, sweetmeat shops and other business consumers. As a result, producers are the ones really suffering. Even with all the supply chain disruptions, there aren’t too many cases of food not being available in markets or at ration shops, community kitchens and relief camps. People may be hungry, but not starving.

daily per capita calorie intake dropping from 2,200 to nearly 1,200 in several regions. Maharashtra’s drought of 1972-73 caused an estimated 1,33,000-plus “excess deaths”.

The credit for this not-small transformation goes partly to the much-derided government foodgrain procurement and distribution system. India entered the lockdown with roughly 77 million tonnes (mt) of rice and wheat, plus another 2.25 mt of pulses, in public godowns. But the unsung heroes — without whom all this grain, now being distributed or cooked in food camps, wouldn’t have been produced at all — are the country’s farmers. These women and men have kept supplies going, even without being designated Frontline Corona Warriors.

The abundance of produce that farmers have delivered comes in spite of the many “coronas” faced by them in recent times — from droughts in 2014 and 2015, growing stray cattle menace, an anti-producer inflation-targeting policy and the demonetisation-induced crash in crop realisations. Each time, they have risen, phoenix-like, from the ashes. They weathered the DeMo storm by simply replacing cash with deferred payments for farm inputs. Currently, they are harvesting wheat and sugarcane using whatever labour is available, whether of family members or non-farm workers rendered jobless by the lockdown. Theirs is a tale of resilience and human endurance.

What is it that makes our true Corona Warriors carry on, come rain or shine, drought or flood?

One is, of course, the nature of their work that allows little rest or procrastination. The period from about mid-February to mid-July is the busiest for farmers, when they are harvesting wheat, mustard, chana, potato, onion or sugarcane and then preparing the field to sow paddy, cotton, soyabean, maize or bajra. The workload reduces somewhat subsequently till around mid-September, being limited to day-to-day monitoring of the crop and giving water, fertilisers and pesticides or removing weeds. From mid-September till end-December, it’s back to harvesting and marketing the kharif crop and planting for the rabi season. For dairy farmers, even the 3-3.5 months of relative relaxation is ruled out, as their animals have to be fed, cleaned and milked daily.

This full-time activity — which involves following the dictates of nature and managing production as well as price risks — breeds toughness and equanimity in the face of adversity. Last year, when auto companies were announcing factory shutdowns amid a pile-up of inventories, a plain message circulated in a farmers’ WhatsApp group: “Why can’t they slash car prices from Rs 10 lakh to Rs 2 lakh, if we can sell Rs 20 onions for Rs 2? If we can bear losses and continue to farm, what stops them from running their plants?” Survival against all odds is hardwired into their genes.

A second reason why farmers are able to soldier on may have to do with their not having a narrow accountant’s approach to profits. Operating income, return on capital employed or earnings per share are all alien concepts; the key metric for them is bhaav (price). So long as it covers costs, not the most rigidly defined, and generates cash flows to run the home and finance the next crop cycle, they will keep producing.

How should we express gratitude to this Frontline Corona Warrior? Farmers don’t need our thalis and taalis (beating of plates or clapping of hands). They have filled our stomachs even in this hour of crisis. The least we can do is return the favour. As mentioned earlier, the problem now isn’t supply, but demand. With private trade practically non-existent and nobody apart from households buying, the onus to guarantee a market for farm produce lies on the state.

Government agencies have begun procuring the rabi crop, but in the name of maintaining social distancing, only few farmers are being allowed to come to the mandis every day. They are being issued coupons or SMSs to bring quantities as low as 5-10 quintals, similar to women Jan Dhan bank account-holders having to queue up for hours to withdraw a measly Rs 500. Why not open purchase centres at rice and dal mills or even schools, colleges, panchayat offices, cooperative societies, district courts and other public places shut during the lockdown? Wheat just has to be unloaded, cleaned, weighed, bagged and reloaded for dispatch to Food Corporation of India warehouses. If overcrowding is to be avoided, the best way is to spread out buying beyond the mandis.

Tailpiece: My friend and editor of Outlook Hindi magazine, Harvir Singh, recalls a door-to-door survey conducted at his village near Uttar Pradesh’s Shamli in 1976. The district authorities checked how much freshly-harvested wheat each farm household had stocked. After assessing the self-consumption requirement, they requisitioned the entire balance quantity as levy. Procurement was done without any fuss at the village’s junior high school. That was during the Emergency, when the government needed grain. Today, the farmer needs the government.

Abortion – The Debate on the Sole Choice of the Mother

Abortion is the term used to identify the act of intentionally interrupting pregnancy and not allowing the embryo or foetus to continue its normal process. The definition clearly recognizes only women reproductive parts giving a clear message that it only affects the women. But the question is whether it is actually true and justified from a general point of view. 

Up to some extent, we find the world comfortable with the debate being a sole decision of the mother because there is no proper legislation regarding it yet. Our Legislation gives special Right to Women in order to encourage them to be at par to men in day to day life but no where does it mention that Men should compromise for the same. What is fair should remain fair according to law. If it is a “women’s choice” whether or not she wants to become a mother then it is also a man’s choice whether or not he wants to become a father.

When a father doesn’t have an opportunity to express his opinion it only disapproves that he as a human, can have feelings. It is totally unjust that he doesn’t have a preference in the birth of his own child. In the support of my argument, there are provisions that I feel can be enforced. Like, if both parents choose to have an abortion then the child is aborted where both of them have an equal share in costs of the procedure. But if the mother chooses to have an abortion and the father wants to keep the child then she shall not be required to fund any part of procedure or any costs that may arise from it. Similarly, if the mother chooses to keep the child but the father wanted the abortion, then the father shall have zero legal or financial obligations from the day forward. In each case, the father shall likewise be recognized, and his choice duly recorded as a matter of legal record.

Another point to give light to is, when we claim that it is only about the mother’s choice, we tend to deny the whole of father’s responsibility in the scenario. Perpetually like that men need to stay out of the discussion about abortion because it is a woman’s body is not only untrue, it is catastrophic for generations to come. It is a sort of hindrance to the society we need for its utmost development. What we need is a generation of young men who honour ladies by helping them protect the precious gift of their sexuality as it was intended to be. We need a generation of young men who will not treat women like objects but honour them with dignity and respect. A generation who will not run away when they get a woman pregnant or pressure a woman to end their life. We need a generation of men who will love their unborn child and go to utmost lengths to encourage the mother to have their baby. They must be willing to help raise the child or place the child for adoption. In addition to that, we also need a generation of women who will encourage men to take responsibility and show the sacrificial love and empathy that ought to mark men, not push them out of the conversation of abortion.

Though abortion uniquely affects women, it is not only about women. It is also about the child in her womb, and the child’s father. Because in the end, it is her body but it is THEIR baby.

RIGHTS OF MIGRANT WORKERS

INTRODUCTION

Capital and labour were main factors of production in the production procedures of industrial revolution. Subsequently, producers or owners and workers were appeared in the private economy. So far as welfare of the society is concerned, it was essential to maintain labour standards for workers and provide them welfare amenities as per labour standards. Therefore, the ‘International Labour Organization’ was established in 1919, under the ‘treaty of Versailles’. After the second war period, the ‘United Nations General Assembly’ adopted the ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’. The most important fundamental international instrument informing much social, economic and political polices of many developed and developing countries in the world is the ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’, December 10, 1948. However, the human rights have been incorporated in the constitutions of many countries in the world. According to ‘International Labour Organization’s’ doctrines and rights at work, essential rights are important for working class in the in the world economy. India is evolving and is a developing country. India embraced new economic policy in 1991, which is known as liberalization, Privatization and Globalizations (LPG). In the period of globalization, it is needed to discuss relevant aspects of labour standards and labour rights, aspects of decent work in respect of migrant workers in the emerging countries like India.

WHO IS A MIGRANT?

A migrant is “any person who lives temporarily or permanently in a country where he or she was not born”[1] Migrants leave one place for another in search of a respectable living or better education, to escape persecution, or to be near to family or friends.

 Migration is an antique and natural human reaction to starvation, deprivation, maltreatment, war, or natural disaster. Today, most governments regulate their boundaries and govern who enters or leaves the country. Migrants are classified based on their intent and the manner in which they enter a country. Tourists, business travellers, students, temporary workers, asylum seekers, refugees, permanent residents, and undocumented migrants all are part of the universal migrant population.

Some human rights bodies and experts distinguish between international migrants and internal migrants, also known as internally moved persons, and between migrants who were forced to move and migrants who voluntarily moved to improve their situation. Therefore, generally, there are four types of mobile persons to which international law may refer: people who have moved voluntarily within one State for the purpose of enlightening their situation, people who were compelled to move internally within one State, people who moved voluntarily across a border for the purpose of improving their situation, and people who were compelled to move across a border. This guide defines migrants as those who cross borders either because they were compelled to or because they chose to do so voluntarily.

The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (ICRMW) defines migrant worker under Article 1 as “a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national.”[2]

RIGHTS OF A MIGRANT

In accordance with international human rights standards, which are based upon the inherent pride of every person, migrants enjoy the fundamental rights afforded to all persons irrespective of their legal status in a State.

Right to Life

All migrants have a right to life, and States have a duty to safeguard that no migrant is arbitrarily underprivileged of this right. States should prosecute right to life violations, including extrajudicial killings that take place during a migrant’s journey from the country of origin to the country of destination and vice versa. States also have a duty to alleviate loss of life during land and sea border crossings.

Equality and Non-Discrimination

International human rights law promises freedom from discrimination in the enjoyment of human rights for all people, including migrants. Article 2(2) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights states, “The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to guarantee that the rights articulated in the present Covenant will be practiced without discernment of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.”[3]

Protection against Arbitrary Arrest and Detention

Individuals, including migrants, should not be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention under international human rights law. A State must not subjectively arrest and detain an individual, and the State must show that other less intrusive measures besides detention have been considered and found to be insufficient to prove detention is not arbitrary. The prolonged detention of a migrant is not justified simply by the need to wait for an entry permit or until the end of removal proceedings when reporting duties or other requirements would be less intrusive measures to ensure that the migrant’s condition complies with domestic law. 

Protection against Torture or Inhuman Treatment

The prohibition of torture is a ‘jus cogens’ or dictatorial standard of international law, which means that States have an obligation to enforce the prohibition of torment even if that State has not ratified a relevant treaty. Additionally, Article 2(2) of the Convention against Torture states that a State may never cite exceptional circumstances, including war or a public emergency, to justify torture.

Family Rights

International human rights norms require States to consider migrants’ family life and their family members in decisions regarding their admission, detention, or exclusion. For example, the ICRMW obligates States parties to “pay attention to the problems that may be posed for members of his or her family, in particular for spouses and minor children” when a migrant worker is detained and to “take appropriate measures to ensure the protection of the unity of the families of migrant workers.”

Protection against Labour Exploitation

Migrants are protected against labour exploitation under ILO conventions, the ICRMW, and other major human rights treaties. Article 11 of the ICRMW openly forbids forced labour, slavery, and servitude. Article 8 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states that no one shall be held in slavery or servitude. States have an obligation to take actions to prevent all forms of forced or compulsory labour by migrant workers, which includes eliminating the use of illegal imprisonment and withholding travel documents as a means to force migrants into compulsory labour.[4]

Right to Social Security 

Article 27 of the ICRMW outlines the right to social security and notes that all migrant workers and their families, regardless of their status, have the right to obtain the same treatment as nationals “insofar as they fulfil the requirements provided for by the applicable legislation of that State and the applicable bilateral and multilateral treaties.” If migrants are not qualified for a particular benefit, States have an obligation to determine whether it is possible to reimburse individuals who have made contributions with respect to that benefit.

Right to Primary Education

States have an obligation to provide free and compulsory primary education at public institutions for all children. Article 30 of the ICRMW expands on this obligation, noting that States may not refuse or limit a child’s access to public pre-school educational institutions or schools based on a parent’s or child’s irregular situation.

Freedom of Movement

Migrants have the right to freedom of movement within the territory of the State in which they are located, the right to leave a State, and the right to return home to their own State. Restrictions to the right to leave a State or to freedom of movement in a State of residence must be provided by law and necessary to achieve a legitimate aim, and if a migrant wishes to return to her own State, another State cannot arbitrarily prevent her from doing so.

CASE LAW

Good v. Botswana[5]

The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights held that the inability to challenge an order of removal in the judicial system is a violation of the right to fair trial and right of non-nationals to be expelled according to the law. The complainant is a national of Australia who was working in Botswana when the President ordered him removed from the country after he wrote and published an article critical of the government. National legislation prohibited the domestic courts from hearing an appeal of an executive order of removal. The African Commission found violations of articles 7(1) and 12(4) of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, which guarantees the right to have one’s cause heard by a competent tribunal and the right of non-nationals to only be expelled in accordance with the law. Moreover, because the deportation orders, which were carried out the same day as the court’s ruling that it could not hear the complainant’s case, did not take into account the complainant’s family and the mutual support they derive from one another, the removal of the complainant violated his right to family life under Article 18.

REFERENCES

[1]United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, “Migrant”, http://www.unesco.org/

[2]Adopted on 18 December 1990, entered into force on 01 July 2003

[3]Adopted on 16 December 1966, came into force on 3 January 1976, 993 UNTS 3, art. 2(2)

[4]ILO Forced Labour Convention (No. 29), art. 11; General Comment No. 2

[5] Communication No. 313/05, 47th Ordinary Session, Judgment of 26 May 2010.

INDIAN FLAG ADOPTION DAY

On today, July 22 within the year 1947, India had formally adopted the “tricolor” as the nationwide flag. The flag has remained unchanged since then. The identical flew excessive above all democratic establishments within the Dominion of India between August 15, 1947 and January 26, 1950 and the Constitutional Republic of India since then.

Evolution of the Tricolor

It is really amazing to see the various changes that our National Flag went through since its first inception. It was discovered or recognised during our national struggle for freedom. The evolution of the Indian National Flag sailed through many vicissitudes to arrive at what it is today. In one way it reflects the political developments in the nation. Some of the historical milestones in the evolution of our National Flag involve the following:
Unofficial flag of India in 1906

The first national flag in India is said to have been hoisted on August 7, 1906, in the Parsee Bagan Square (Green Park) in Calcutta now Kolkata. The flag was composed of three horizontal strips of red, yellow and green.


The Berlin committee flag, first raised by Bhikaiji Cama in 1907

The second flag was hoisted in Paris by Madame Cama and her band of exiled revolutionaries in 1907. This was very similar to the first flag except that the top strip had only one lotus but seven stars denoting the Saptarishi. This flag was also exhibited at a socialist conference in Berlin.


The flag used during the Home Rule movement in 1917.

The third flag went up in 1917 when our political struggle had taken a definite turn. Dr. Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak hoisted it during the Home rule movement. This flag had five red and four green horizontal strips arranged alternately, with seven stars in the saptarishi configuration super-imposed on them. In the left-hand top corner was the Union Jack. There was also a white crescent and star in one corner.


The flag unofficially adopted in 1921


During the session of the All India Congress Committee which met at Bezwada in 1921 (now Vijayawada) an Andhra youth prepared a flag and took it to Gandhiji. It was made up of two colours-red and green-representing the two major communities i.e. Hindus and Muslims. Gandhiji suggested the addition of a white strip to represent the remaining communities of India and the spinning wheel to symbolise progress of the Nation.


The flag adopted in 1931. This flag was also the battle ensign of the Indian National Army.


The year 1931 was a landmark in the history of the flag. A resolution was passed adopting a tricolor flag as our national flag. This flag, the forbear of the present one, was saffron, white and green with Mahatma Gandhi’s spinning wheel at the center. It was, however, clearly stated that it bore no communal significance and was to be interpreted thus.


The present Tricolour flag of India


On July 22, 1947, the Constituent Assembly adopted it as Free India National Flag. After the advent of Independence, the colours and their significance remained the same. Only the Dharma Charkha of Emperor Asoka was adopted in place of the spinning wheel as the emblem on the flag. Thus, the tricolour flag of the Congress Party eventually became the tricolour flag of Independent India.

Who Designed The Indian Flag?

In 1929, agriculturalist and freedom fighter Pingali Venkayya had drawn the design on which the Indian nationwide flag relies. Venkayya started engaged on the flag design after Mahatma Gandhi had raised the significance of envisaging a flag which displays the aspirations of an unbiased India. 

What The Indian Flag Represents?

The color saffron of the flag represents braveness, valour and sacrifice of all countrymen. The center white portion displays the aspiration for peace and justice. The green color of the flag is reflective of India’s agricultural prosperity and environmental assets.

indian national flag colours represent لم يسبق له مثيل الصور + ...

5 days past but no clue of Pilot’s supporters and their whereabouts.

Since last 5 days, SOG team is inspecting in Delhi and Haryana but the’ve got no clue about Sachin Pilot’s loyalists and their whereabouts.

It’s been 5 days since Former Dept. Chief Minister Sachin Pilot’s supporting MLA’s have been absconding from Rajasthan. Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot ordered the SOG Team to find out the rebellious 19 MLA’s location. It is said that even after the letter of DGP Bhupinder Singh there is no helping hand or co-operation offered by the Delhi and Haryana Police.

The SOG and ACB team have lodged various complaints against the politicians. The list includes the name of famous leaders Bhanwar Lal Sharma and ex-minister Vishwendra Singh. These two are the main targets of Congress Government.

ADG, SOG-ATS- Ashok Rathod told that CID-CB, ASP Vikas Sharma along with his team is out there in Delhi and Haryana in search of the politicians in suspected areas.

Although, they have mot been successful until now. We also got to know from the sources that more than half a dozen hotels have been inspected in Delhi and Haryana.

It is said that DGP Bhupinder Singh asked for aid from Delhi and Haryana Police by writing through a letter so that they can ask out the MLA’s for further investigation.