PRISONS AND COVID-19

The world is currently facing a public health emergency in coronavirus (COVID-19), but little has been said about the people in our prisons and juvenile detention centers.

The impact is felt strongly by prisoners in the majority of countries around the world. Even relatively well-resourced criminal justice systems have significant problems in reducing the pandemic’s impact in prisons. The repercussions are particularly severe in prison systems that were already overburdened, whether as a result of systemic neglect, a lack of manpower, or other factors. As a result, insufficient sanitation, hygiene, and health services have resulted in bad prison conditions.

Today’s record-high prison populations are the result of the criminal justice system’s failure to make the necessary changes in response to the pandemic. There is a fear of an unregulated spread of infection and escalating death toll loom with little to no data from jail authorities on current prevalence of testing and total disinterest from judges on prison conditions. Even more concerning is the complete lack of priority given to prisoners nowadays.

In public places to limit the spread of COVID-19 and avoid overburdening our health system, governments and health experts have proposed that we use the most effective technique to help flatten the curve: social distance. In prisons, though, it is nearly impossible. Because of the nature of prisons, individuals are always in close proximity to one another, separating sick people from healthy people to avoid disease transmission is impossible. This makes prisons the ideal breeding environment for COVID-19, which would spread like wildfire across the prison system once one person became infected on the inside. Almost one-third of those who enter prison have a chronic medical condition, such as asthma, cancer, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes, or are disabled. It is quite risky for the inmates.

To avoid a mass outbreak, the government must take immediate steps to limit the number of inmates in prisons, particularly those who are most vulnerable to COVID-19.

Granting leave to those most vulnerable to COVID-19, such as the elderly, individuals with chronic illnesses, people with disabilities, and people with mental illnesses.
Granting early release to persons in prison who are nearing the conclusion of their sentence, as has been done in several places around the United States;
Granting parole or leave to those in prison who have been convicted of low-level offenses and who, if released, would pose a low risk to the community;
Granting children and young people parole or leave so that they can remain with and be supported by their families during this public health crisis; and
Making it easier for children, young people, and adults on remand to obtain bail if they have not been proven guilty of any criminal offense and pose a low risk to the community if freed.

Prisoners, like everyone else, are entitled to basic human rights. And despite requests from human rights organizations and others, nothing has been done to address these challenges effectively. State governments should endeavor to preserve the physical and mental well-being of people who stay in custody, particularly those who are most at danger, rather than relying solely on simple lock downs. If not, the coronavirus in prisons might be disastrous in more ways than one.

Madras HC Landmark Ruling on LGBTQ protection: Ignorance cannot justify Discrimination.

Since, June is considered as the pride month of the year and recently we got a landmark judgement from the Madras High Court regarding the LGBTQ+ Community. Looking at these situations, we can see that society is changing their perspective towards these people, especially the current generation which looks for equality everywhere. This article will mainly focus on the LGBTQ+ people and the recent landmark judgement.

First of all, I would like to explain the kind of people who come under the LGBTQ community and their rights and what their current situation is in the country and then would make a small analysis of the recent judgement.

The LGBTQ/LGBTQIA+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and/or Questioning, Intersex, and Asexual and/or Ally) Community can be simply defined as the group which contain same-sex couples. This community has been associated with certain symbols especially the flag which is denoted by rainbow colours where each colour signifies the value of the community.

The LGBTQ RIghts have evolved in India, but still they face social and legal issues which are not faced by the non- LGBTQ people. The country has however revoked the laws which were discriminating the homosexuals and transgender identities and they explicitly eludicated on Article 15 of the Constitution to restrain discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and the gender identity of a person. But still, there are many legal protections which have not been provided which includes same-sex marriage, etc.

CASES WHICH GAVE JUSTICE TO THE COMMUNITY

One of the first landmark case which came in favour of this community was the case of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, where the Supreme Court of India decriminalised Article 377 of the Indian Constitution and allowed consensual homosexual intercourse excluding consensual homosexual sex between adults and those which are away from the scope.

Despite seeing and having strong political and social changes, there are still a majority of people who are homophobic in nature who still reject the same-sex relationships but also a acceptance and tolerance has been recognised in big cities.

Furthermore, there was another case, i.e, National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India the Supreme Court of India held that discrimination whic is done on the basis of gender identity is prohibited.

CONVERSION THERAPY

Conversion therapy is the pseudoscientific practise of employing psychological, physical, or spiritual therapies to convert a person’s sexual orientation from gay or bisexual to heterosexual. Conversion therapy is unsuccessful and sometimes hazardous, according to medical institutions. There is no convincing evidence that sexual orientation can be reversed.

Its validity, efficacy, and ethics have been questioned by medical, scientific, and government groups in the United States and the United Kingdom. Conversion therapy is illegal in a number of places across the world.

Since, LGBTQ community is looked down upon in our country, the use of Conversion Therapy is used a lot here so that the people in this community convert themselve into the two dominant genders present in our country.

The recent landmark judgement S. Sushma v. Commissioner of Police has prohibited the Conversion Therapy in India.

SHORT ANALYSIS OF THE RECENT LANDMARK JUDGEMENT

The petitioner’s of this case is a lesbian couple whose relationship was opposed by both their respective parents, due to which they both fled to Chennai from Madhurai. The couple got help from the community in the financial matters. On the other hand their parents individually filed a missing complaint before the Inspector of Police and the two FIRs approached the couple as an apprehending threat to their safety and security.

Seeing it as a danger, the couple filed a petition regarding this matter which Justice N. Anand Venkatesh looked into and passed an interim order and asked their parents to undergo counselling with the psychologist Ms. Vidya Dinakaran and asked for a report after the first counselling. The report stated that their parents have understood the relationship between them and have agreed with the relationship, but still they feared that they might be against the relationship, the psychologist reported that that the parents are concerned about the society and the consequences they will have to face. In return the counsel for the petitioners asked for a set of guidelines which could help them live in peace. The judge in return took an unprecedented move, i.e, he himself said that he will take the counselling and look into the emotions and the problems the community faces in our country.

In the judgement he said that , he said that comprehensive measures should be taken to sensitize the society, state and federal government including the police and the judiciary to remove prejudices against the community. He also suggested that changes should be made in the school curriculum to educate and make the students understand this community. He also suggested that special NGOs should be made which professionally deal with the qeer community and. The court has also recognised that there is an absence of laws which deal with the community, therefore they should work in the area and should try to protect the community. Lastly he says that the medical cures which deal with the change in sexual orientation should be prohibited. Lastly, it can be said that a lot of changes are required to help the LGBTQ in the society as well as in the legal system which can help the people of the LGBTQ community live a better life.

Active Involvement in a Commission of an Offence is not a Pre- Condition for Common Intention.

Recently, within the case of Subed Ali v. The State of Assam Home Department, the Supreme Court three-judge bench of RF Nariman, Navin Sinha, and Indira Banerjee, JJ, has ruled that it’s not essential for someone to be actively participating within the physical activity of assault before being convicted on the idea of common intention. Common purposes are often inferred if the character of the evidence shows a prearranged plan and other people operating united to hold it out.held that just an energetic involvement of someone during a commission of an offence can not be considered a precondition for a typical intention.

The judgement came through an appeal within which the appellants, who had been found guilty under Section 302/34 of the Indian legal code and sentenced to life in prison, had sought acquittal during a case within which two persons died as a result of the appellants’ assault. The Sessions Court acquitted two of the five defendants, giving them the good thing about the doubt. While eye witnesses testified that appellants 2 and three were the sole ones who assaulted the 2 deceased. There was no allegation that appellant no. 1 was in any way armed or attacked either of the 2 dead. As a result, it had been argued that there’s insufficient evidence to determine common purpose within the case of appellant no. 1.

The case mainly forbade the common intention aspect, and noted that a typical intention is defined as a gaggle of individuals who are operating together to pursue a same goal, while their responsibilities are diverse. It makes no difference whether the role is active or passive after a shared goal has been established.

The bench stated that,

“It’s hard to believe there’s any concrete proof of shared intent. It’s more of a matter of drawing inferences from a case’s facts and circumstances to support a cumulative evaluation of the sort of evidence against the participants.”

The Court explained that the concept of vicarious liability, which holds an individual accountable for the actions of individuals with whom he shares a standard intention, is that the foundation for conviction supported common intention. Without an actual involvement within the attack, the existence of the mental element or the will to perform the offence, if evidently proven, is sufficient for conviction.

As a result, it’s not required for an individual to be actively participating within the physical conduct of assault before being convicted on the idea of common intention. Common purpose is inferred if the character of the evidence shows a prearranged plan and folks operating mutually to hold it out. A shared purpose to realize a particular goal can emerge spontaneously among a bunch of individuals supporting the facts and circumstances of a given instance.

The bench further stated that,

“The gathering of the accused to the scene of the crime, some or all of whom could also be armed, the fashion of assault, the accused’s active or passive involvement are merely some of the materials from which conclusions may well be drawn.”

Therefore, through this case the Supreme Court held that only within the basis of mere common intention, the appellant can’t be held liable, but if the Court gets proven evidence where they get to understand that the appellant had taken part within the assault and has attacked the person, then the appellant are held liable.

IMPORTANCE of personality development

In today’s era , personality development is an important part , one need to develop their personality along with skills and knowledge . Personality not only being intelligent or looking fashionable or classy , it means acting smartly , thinking maturely , talking less and working more. One should develop such a personality that people crave his vibes . Blindly copying others and following this character doesn’t work , one needs to make his or her own identity and be yourself . Personality development not only makes us look good but it also helps us to face the world with our smartness and smile. It helps to relieve is from mental stresses , looking physically good and healthy in turn keeps our mind healthier too. One starts thinking about the goodness of life and start looking on the positive side of the life .A charming face and a beautiful smile are enough to kill all the negativities and to live a thriller life. It helps to built positive attitude in an individual as neagative people and negative minds are more likely to get stuck in problems. It’s a worth saying , “the way we treat others , same way the others will treat us .”So ,It is essential for the individuals to behave well with other people present around us . Respect can’t be bought or earned it is only gained by behaving well and polite with others .Here are some of the tips to improve personality that are as follows: Be Impeccable to your word ,Bee yourself ,Don’t be very hard on yourself,Be kind Talk politely with everyone,Dress up in classy way , not so high class not so low , dressing simpler is the best , bee a good listener,Stay calm, Be a little fun ,Be a good communicator ,Speak only when needed ,Behave maturely , Don’t be negative ,Don’t complaint all the time ,Maintain proper eye contact and body language while communication ,Don’t be lazier ,Reach the work place at time being punctual shows that you are responsible ,Don’t fight with others ,Don’t be egoistic ,Make sure your message is understood by the reciever.One of the most important thing to be considered is education. Education is essential for all aspects of development. Personality development is a mixture of skills , knowledge, experiences and opportunities , without all theses it’s totally impossible to achieve .One should stay motivated and encouragred while performing the tasks and develop leadership qualities . Being the captain of the group directly shows that how much knowledge the person have . Be confident and don’t be nervous on tiny things , different things comes and go , nothing stays permanent , one need to understand this and must follow the flow of life .Life skills are actually needed for a successful career. One must be inspiring, motivating and be such a unique and positive in actions that it sets and example among youngster .

Tillage Practices and Their Potential to Impact the Soil Carbon Dynamics

Abstract
In dry regions, it is customary for farmers to use soil water conservation and/or water harvesting techniques. These practices have now become applicable to agriculturalists combating the adverse effects of drought on food production. In the semiarid areas of Zalingei in western Sudan, we quantified the soil erosion using traditional conservation measures and conducted experiments in two consecutive rainy seasons (2013 and 2014). A split-split plot design was used to quantify the respective influences of each variable on reducing soil erosion: A) three gentle gradients (Slope1 (0.98%), Slope2 (1.81%), and Slope3 (3.1%)); B) two cropping systems (mono-crop and mixed-crops); and C) five indigenous conservation tillage practices—chisel ploughing (CHP), cross slope tied bonding (CSTB), contour ridge with stone bonds (CRSB), cross slope bonding (CSB), and zero tillage (ZT). Our results showed that there were significant differences between the slopes in season 2 (2014); the soil eroded at Slope3 was more than that of Slope1 and Slope2 by 71% and 27%, respectively. Over two seasons, there were no significant differences between the cropping systems. Conversely, the erosion level observed with CHP was higher than with the other practices. However, the CSTB and CSB erosion levels were only higher in season 2 when compared with those of CRSB and ZT. The study concluded that under the above conditions, the rate of soil erosion was severe and exceeded the erosion tolerance. Based on these results, in western Sudan, CRSB and ZT may be the more effective indigenous conservation practices for the protection of agricultural soils and productivity.

INTRODUCTION
The level of soil degradation is increasing globally and is linked to an increased risk of drought . The growing human population faces increased pressure on its food supply, which is compounded by the limited availability of agricultural lands. To address these issues, the productivity of existing arable lands must be increased via better water use efficiency and soil conservation practices. . Moreover, climate change is also predicted to increase the incidence and severity of droughts in semiarid regions
The erosion of agricultural soils has long been a global environmental concern . Also, soil erosion is considered as one of the significant environmental problems worldwide due to its effects on water quality, soil productivity, and ecosystems. Rain flood erosion in agricultural lands strips the fertile topsoil on-site in arid and semiarid regions. Soil loss is often triggered and accelerated by poor or non-existing soil conservation practices promoting the transport of sediments and potentially hazardous pollutants via runoff to rivers and streams . In rainfed areas, the on-farm management of soil and water plays a critical role in achieving the full potential of soil conservation and water use . It is important to design conservation measures and strategies that are effective in controlling such soil losses on the Earth . Reasonable cultivation patterns combined with rainwater harvesting techniques can improve the management of degraded lands, which eventually leads to the sustainability of production, greater certainty, and lower marginal inputs. One type of soil conservation practices that are commonly used are conservation tillage practices (CTPs), which aim at no-tillage, little tillage, and cover crops . Other traditional or modern agricultural operations are used in conjunction with CTPs to reduce farmland degradation and to increase land productivity . In developing countries, the land is commonly fragile and degradable with poor vegetation as a result of the influence of frequent fires, tree logging, and free grazing. On top of these challenges, the area may suffer from climatic changes , rainfall fluctuations and the rapid advancement of the Sahara Desert. As a climatic adaptation strategy, rainfed, smallholder cultivation of grain crops is the predominant agricultural system in the hilly areas, where the terrace system is an interesting practice among indigenous water harvesting systems . However, the most effective method in conserving the soil surface is not well studied and reported so far in this area. Knowledge about the reduction in water and soil losses due to the practice of the terrace system is very limited in developing areas. Whether this traditional irrigation system helps in improving soil characteristics, crop production, and biodiversity richness in the area is also insufficiently quantified. Arid and semiarid areas account for about 60% of the national land in Sudan and account for approximately 8% of the world’s semiarid tropical regions . They are usually characterized by an unprotected soil surface, especially in clay areas, through which high-intensity rainfall cannot be infiltrated and thereby discharged dominantly by the surface runoff process . From these perspectives, this study aims to:
(A) evaluate the effect of the cultivation practices on the soil erosion;
(B) understand whether the cropping system affects water erosion, and
(C) recommend suitable field operations.
2. Method and Materials
2.1. Study Site
The field experiments were carried out during two consecutive seasons (2013 and 2014) at the experimental field of the University of Zalingei, western Sudan (between latitudes 12◦300–13◦300 N and 23◦300–23◦450 E) in the semiarid zone of North Africa. This is a mountainous area, where there are different types of waterways due to the land undulation, and large water streams (valley/wadi), streaming through from the Jebel Marra massif (approximately 100 km east of Zalingei) carrying fertile alluvial and volcanic soils [21]. The agriculture consists exclusively of small-scale family farms. Miehe [17] classified the soils of the area as Andosols with a bulk density of 1.32 g/cm3 . The climate is hot and rainy in the summer and harsh and dry during the winter. The average annual rainfall in Zalingei is approximately 600 mm/yr.; however, approximately two-thirds of it falls during July and August and about 90% from June to September, and there is very little or no rain from October to March [22,23]. The major crops for food are mostly grown during the rainy seasons (June to October) and include sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), millet (Pennisetum glaucum), and groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea), with vegetables mostly cultivated alongside the wadis’ lowland and flood plains during the winter. Water 2020, 12, 1554 3 of 11 Water 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 12 Figure 1. The study area, located in the semiarid zone of North Africa. In the first rainy season (May–September 2013), the accumulation of rainfall was 542 mm, and it was 675 mm in the second season (June–October 2014); thus, the rainfall in the second season was 24.5% greater than in the first (Figure 2). The rain distributions were also varied, particularly during July and August of the second season, as a higher amount of rain precipitated, compared to that of the same period in the first season. To be exact, it was higher by 116.2% and 46% in July and August, respectively. Figure 2. The distribution of the rainwater per month (mm/m) and the accumulation of rainfall in each of the growing seasons, Season 1 (2013) and Season 2 (2014).
2.2. Experimental Design:
In three-factor field trials, split-split plots, each with 3 replicates, were used to quantify the influence of the following factors on soil erosion control: slope, cropping systems, and indigenous Water 2020, 12, 1554 4 of 11 conservation tillage practices. Thus, the field trial layout consisted of 90 plots, i.e., 3 whole plots × 2 subplots × 5 sub-subplots × 3 replicates. Three whole plots (each 35 m × 10 m), each with a different slope (S): S1 = 0.98%, S2 = 1.81%, and S3 = 3.1% (gradient measured by manual clinometer), were subdivided into 3 subplots (each 11 m × 10 m), each with a different cropping system (CS): mono-crop; sorghum and mixed crop; sorghum + groundnut. Each cropping type subplot was further subdivided into 5 sub-subplots (each 2 m × 5 m), each cultivated with a different conservation tillage practice (CTP): chisel ploughing (CHP), cross slope tied bonding (CSTB), contour ridge with stone bonds (CRSB), cross slope bonding (CSB), and zero tillage (ZT) (Figures 3A and 4). Water 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 12 conservation tillage practices. Thus, the field trial layout consisted of 90 plots, i.e., 3 whole plots × 2 subplots × 5 sub-subplots × 3 replicates. Three whole plots (each 35 m × 10 m), each with a different slope (S): S1 = 0.98%, S2 = 1.81%, and S3 = 3.1% (gradient measured by manual clinometer), were subdivided into 3 subplots (each 11 m × 10 m), each with a different cropping system (CS): monocrop; sorghum and mixed crop; sorghum + groundnut. Each cropping type subplot was further subdivided into 5 sub-subplots (each 2 m × 5 m), each cultivated with a different conservation tillage practice (CTP): chisel ploughing (CHP), cross slope tied bonding (CSTB), contour ridge with stone bonds (CRSB), cross slope bonding (CSB), and zero tillage (ZT) (Figures 3A and 4). Figure 3. View of the prepared land of the experiment: (A) conservation tillage techniques; (B) collectors of soil particle deposits. Figure 4. The field layout of the simple methodology to determine the effect of conservation tillage on soil erosion. Chisel ploughing, CHP; cross slope tied bonding, CSTB; contour ridge with stone bonds, CRSB; cross slope bonding, CSB; and zero tillage, ZT. Arrows are in the flow direction.
2.3. Measurement of Soil Losses:
A small ditch (40 cm wide and 20 cm deep) was prepared, covered with a plastic sheet at the bottom end of each plot to receive the deposit of soil eroded, and transported by rain force out of the plot (Figures 3B and 4). After at least one day of rain events, the soil deposit was carefully taken from the field to the lab, where the samples were dried in an oven at 70 ◦C until a constant weight was obtained. At the rainy season’s end, the samples were weighed and the eroded soil mass per plot area was estimated.
2.4. Data Analysis
The procedure in Gomez and Gomez [24] was used for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and all statistical analyses were performed using the SAS 9.4 software package (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A least significant difference (LSD) of 5% probability was used in comparing the means of soil erosion for different treatment: (S), (CS), (CTP) (S × CS), (S × CTP), (CS × CTP) and (S × CS × CTP).
3. Results
3.1. Soil Erosion
There were significant differences in the mass of eroded soils among treatments with different land slopes in the second season (Figure 5A). However, the slope levels did not significantly affect the soil erosion in the first season. The cropping system factor also did not exhibit any significant variances among the treatment means over the two consecutive seasons (Figure 5B). The results showed differences as a result of the interaction between the land slope and the cropping system only in the first season (Figure 6A). The conservation tillage also significantly (p ≤ 5%) affected the soil erosion. There were no significant differences among treatments due to factor interactions over the two seasons: slope (S) × cropping system (CS) × conservation tillage practices (CTPs).
3.2. Effect of the Land Slopes and Cropping System
The slope factor clearly affected the magnitude of soil erosion, as we expected (Figure 5A). Only in the second season, S3 (3.1%) had significantly more eroded soil than S2 (1.81%); moreover, the masses of the eroded soil at the slopes were in the following order: S3 > S2 (by 27%), S2 > S1 (by 35%), and S3 > S1 (by 71%). However, there were no significant differences between S1 (0.98%) and S2 or S3 in the first season. The first season was unlike the second; the slope factor did not show any significant differences. The results did not show any significant differences between the mono- and mixed-crop systems (Figure 5B). Therefore, the two systems had no effects on soil erosion.
3.3. Effect of the Conservation Tillage Practices
The results in Figure 5C showed that the conservation tillage techniques in both seasons affected the soil water erosion significantly: in the first season, the CHP treatment differed significantly from CSTB and CRSB/CSB/ZT, whereas CRSB, CSB, and ZT were not markedly dissimilar from each other. In season 2, the soil loss measured in CRSB and ZT was significantly smaller than in the other three techniques. At the same time, the soil loss measured in CHP did not significantly differ from that in ZT; moreover, CSTB did not significantly differ from CSB. However, CHP and Z were not different from CRSB, but smaller than CSTB and CSB.

4. Discussion
Soil erosion occurs due to soil particle detachment, transportation, and sedimentation by erosion, such as water or wind. The problems caused by soil erosion can be both onsite and offsite, including nutrient lessening and limiting of crop production. As the topography affects these processes, the practices of CTP and CS also affect the soil erosion and crop production as a result. Not only is the quantity of annual rainfall essential to removing the soil particles from the original place, but the number of events, rain intensity in each event, and raindrop characteristics are also crucial factors. The mass of heavy rain with larger drops is more powerful for detaching and transporting the soil.

5. Conclusions
Our experiment provides a clear picture of how the conservation tillage practices (CTPs) affect the soil erosion of three slopes (S), and two cropping systems (CSs) in the hilly semiarid areas of the study area. According to the results of the experiment, we concluded that the conservation tillage practices (CTPs) strongly affected the soil erosion, such as the contour ridge with stone bonds and zero tillage. We found that the cropping systems (CSs) did not have significant effects; therefore, farmers need to apply more practices (i.e., CRSB) beside the CSs to conserve their land from soil erosion. We confirmed that the steeper the land, the more erodible the soil surface. The soil erosion due to cultivation practices in the study area is severe; therefore, the cultivation of cropland requires extensive 5. Conclusions Our experiment provides a clear picture of how the conservation tillage practices (CTPs) affect the soil erosion of three slopes (S), and two cropping systems (CSs) in the hilly semiarid areas of the study area. According to the results of the experiment, we concluded that the conservation tillage practices (CTPs) strongly affected the soil erosion, such as the contour ridge with stone bonds and zero tillage. We found that the cropping systems (CSs) did not have significant effects; therefore, farmers need to apply more practices (i.e., CRSB) beside the CSs to conserve their land from soil erosion. We confirmed that the steeper the land, the more erodible the soil surface. The soil erosion due to cultivation practices in the study area is severe; therefore, the cultivation of cropland requires extensive.

Exploring Business Approaches!

“Being business minded requires you to always approach things with humility and respect.”

– Strive Masiyiwa

We are by now familiar with two types of approaches which are of course, positive and negative but we miss out on another important one within the positive approach, the one that very subtly lets a wee bit of negativity drift in so that something positive can happen. Let us name it the Pogative Approach that uses negativity to make something positive occur in business. For instance, cheating with the delivery of your services to get a surplus is a good example of this approach. Thus, the point to be highlighted is that most businessmen resort to the Pogative Approach and assign it the positive tag. However, this approach isn’t acceptable in business owing to the fact that it has the capacity to damage your reputation which may only break the chain of regular customers and as stated in the earlier articles, you don’t want to compromise with the regular ones because they have the power to fetch you a new queue of customers through feedback. Thus, businessmen must shun the myopic perspective and have an agile future vision.

Before inaugurating your business on a large scale, it is better to begin as an entrepreneur because a bigger company comes with reputed customers and you don’t want to deal with them without any previous practice. You don’t want to mortify yourself by not being able to impart those perfect customer service skills. You don’t want a bad image owing to lack of expertise. That’s exactly why, we move from basics to advanced level of expertise because as the saying goes, Practice makes Perfect. Thus, practicality comes into handy as it lends us a helping hand towards the topsy turvy business route. Everything in life surely has stages. So, a company owner must have run errands or worked as an entrepreneur which is essential as it helps us understand whether or not we are interested in business. It can be considered the first stage. Many a times, after going through this basic stage, a person realizes that business isn’t his piece of cake, which eventually helps him back off and prevent future losses!

When customers come into the picture, businessmen have to adopt an emotional approach. Though, it may be a lipstick of sham that feeling needs to reach and penetrate deeply in the customers’ heart so that they feel impressed and prefer you yet again in the future. This is what constitutes customer service. However, instead of pretending to be emotional, it is advisable to be true to your feelings and respecting each and every customer who trusts you with their hard earned money. You don’t want to dupe them by showing a ruthless image that can never be dropped in the near future since First Impression is the Last Impression as we all know. Of course, you aren’t expected to have deep rooted loving emotions for each and every customer, but you surely must possess those ethics that dislocate your intentions of betraying them through lack of commitment. In short, emotions and ethics share a close relation which makes adopting the emotional approach mandatory since every customer matters.

Every business is a convenient spot for customers thus, expecting variety in conveniences is acceptable. Thus, one should adopt a flexible approach that welcomes all sorts of services to the society so that customers feel satisfied enough to approach you. For instance, if your business includes website designing then make sure you incorporate all sorts of web related activities. You too want a variety of sources that fetch you income, don’t you? Thus, don’t adopt a rigid approach and remember to remain open to the market trends as you digest new services in. Flexibility also comes into limelight when you are expected to fine tune your services. Don’t be rigid with the manner of your services and try streamlining them with new facilities each and every time, as the market trends transform! As we all know, we can either introduce new services or evolve convenient features in the existing one to make it look like a new service. Thus, both of these require a broad based mindset which accepts feedbacks be they in the form of criticism and takes these in a positive manner to enhance the quality of ones services.

Let us understand all of these approaches through a short story. Let us imagine a company selling children’s wear. The owner before beginning this business had been working as an entrepreneur and stitched pretty garments at home which received great demand later. Thus, it helped the owner evolve into a huge business since she had gained some expertise in customer handling and felt the need to occupy a bigger platform for herself. Customers receive a warm attitude that doesn’t back in pleasing them which lures them all the more. She stitches garments even better than the customer demands, which obviously melts them. They pledge to choose her always because the love mixed with the services clearly touches the customers’ heart. It’s been a year or so, she surveyed some people who informed her that including ladies wear could help which she flexibly considers with a positive approach and tries her hand on this new endeavor. She effectively learns the same and drags attention of women on a large scale after 6 months owing to the efforts she puts into perfectly constructing those beautiful garments with unique patterns that every lady feels eager to try out. In short, dedicated and flexible approach that accepts feedback helped her succeed and have a huge business. After ladies wear, she tried incorporating teen wear and this variety gained wider public admiration. In short, one mustn’t hesitate in introducing new services or trying hands on multiple ones so that success touches our feet!

Be Flexible, Be Vibrant, and Be Dedicated!

Happy Business- Ing!

New Plastic ammendments in india

Around the world, one to five trillion plastic sacks are devoured yearly. In the event that integrated, five trillion single-utilize plastic packs would cover a region twice the size of France. Before long, Indians should take cognisance of this ecological danger and embrace choices to convey sacks, straws and stick film as the nation begins to eliminate single-utilize plastic (SUP) beginning one year from now.

A focal government council has distinguished the SUP things to be prohibited dependent on a file of their utility and ecological effect. Ecological specialists have invited this move while plastic producers have communicated reservations and requested putting off the boycott by a year because of the pandemic-incited financial droop.

Resistance from the plastics business will make it harder to successfully execute the boycott, given how ineffectively existing boycotts have been authorized – as seen from a new request of the Public Green Court (NGT)- – and because of weaknesses in the draft warning, like inquiries over choices to SUP things, specialists say.

In this report, we inspect what the draft warning involves, the response of waste administration specialists and plastics exchange affiliations; the viability of existing boycotts and the part of expanded maker’s duty (EPR) in overseeing plastic waste.

What the notice looks to boycott

The new draft will supplant the current standards on plastic waste administration which were advised in 2016 and changed in 2018. The 2021 draft rules have proposed to restrict produce, import, loading, dispersion and offer of certain single-use plastics from January 1, 2022.

In the wake of looking for ideas and complaints on the draft from residents and partners for a time of two months until May 11, the service is presently thinking on the input it has gotten, service authorities told IndiaSpend, asking not to be named

In the three-stage boycott, the main class of SUP things proposed to be eliminated are plastic sticks utilized in inflatables, banners, candy, frozen yogurt and ear buds, and thermocol that is utilized in enhancements.

The subsequent class, proposed to be prohibited from July 1, 2022, incorporates things like plates, cups, glasses and cutlery like forks, spoons, blades, straws, plate; wrapping and pressing movies utilized in sweet boxes; greeting cards; cigarette parcels; stirrers and plastic standards that are under 100 microns in thickness.

A third classification of forbiddance is for non-woven sacks under 240 microns in thickness. This is proposed to begin from September 30, 2022.

The draft has, interestingly, characterized non-woven plastic packs – broadly utilized as shopping sacks – and brought brand proprietors (selling SUP under an enlisted brand name) just as plastic waste processors under its ambit. It has additionally, interestingly, characterized thermoset plastic- – which are irreversibly unbending and can’t be remolded- – and thermoplastics, which mellow on warming. Thermoset plastics are utilized in electrical fittings and flatware while thermoplastics are utilized in things, for example, toys, brushes and mugs.

The draft likewise proposes to build the thickness of do sacks made of virgin or reused plastic from 50 microns to 120 microns. The 2016 guidelines have effectively restricted utilization of plastic packs and sheets whose thickness is under 50 microns.

How things to be prohibited were distinguished

India has characterized SUP as expendable plastics (use-and-toss things) that are generally utilized for bundling and incorporate things proposed to be utilized just a single time before they are discarded or reused. These incorporate things, for example, convey sacks, food bundling, bottles, straws, compartments, cups and cutlery.

The SUP things to be eliminated have been related to the assistance of a report of a specialist board that was established by the Division of Synthetics and Petrochemicals. This panel was shaped after the public authority’s promise to dispense with SUP by 2022 to analyze, in addition to other things, classifications of SUP and to suggest which of them could be eliminated.

The 13-part master advisory group was going by resigned Association government secretary Indrajit Buddy, and included researchers and other specialized specialists who met multiple times in 2019. They cooperated with partners from industry bodies just as free specialists having a place with research foundations like The Energy and Assets Establishment (TERI) and non-benefit associations like Chintan and Toxics Connection. The report of this council had additionally noted in 2019 that yearly plastics utilization in India would cross 20 million metric tons by 2020.

The advisory group distinguished and suggested things for disallowance dependent on a file of the utility of a SUP and its unfriendly effect on the climate, according to their report. Five factors each for utility (cleanliness, item security, centrality, social effect and financial effect) and ecological effect (collectability, recyclability, probability of end-of-life arrangements, natural effect of substitute materials and littering penchant) were thought of. The SUP things were scored utilizing these 10 variables to measure their utility and ecological effects.

The things that had a low score on utility scale and high score on ecological effect scale were suggested for disallowance. Dainty convey sacks, non-woven convey packs and covers; little wrapping and pressing movies; straws, stirrers; frothed cutlery things; non-frothed cutlery things; plastic sticks; little drinking containers and plastic flags with thickness under 100 microns, and extended polystyrene utilized in enrichments were the things that were low on utility components and high in their effect on the climate.

Overall Effects

The measures taken will surely have a drastic impact on the future of non-sustainable use in India. Plastic being one of the major pollutants, needs to undergo immediate scrutiny under the environmental problems that it causes. And therefore, this step taken by India, even though small will have a drastic impact on the future of the country in terms of pollution and climate change.

Climate Change and its Immediate future in India

One of the significant regions that will be affected by environmental change in its furthest point in the near future is South Asia, particularly India principally due to its different territory. Environmental change is required to have a genuine effect around here as the nation is quickly debilitating its regular assets subsequently, annihilating its current circumstance generally because of “urbanization, industrialization and financial development.”

India faces a disturbing ecological and financial test in its push to ensure its quick draining of normal assets. Water and air quality are deteriorating step by step because of the increase of different toxins in the air. Furthermore, the areas that will be exposed to the most noteworthy openness to environmental change are the country’s waterfront eco frameworks, biodiversity and farming efficiency. Additionally, the locale is as of now subject to regular dangers, for example, the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, landslides, the 2015 Chennai flood and the 2016 dry spell.

There is additionally proof of unmistakable expansions in the force or potential recurrence of numerous outrageous climate occasions, for example, heat waves, expanded droughts and serious precipitation. The antagonistic effects of such calamities range from hunger, weakness to infections, loss of pay and livelihoods.15 According to the World Bank, an increment of 2°C on the planet’s normal temperature in the following not many years will just make India’s rainstorm more erratic. The change in downpour designs across India is anticipated to leave various regions submerged and others without enough water in any event, for drinking.

“In India, over 60% of the harvest region is downpour taken care of, making it profoundly defenseless against environment instigated changes in precipitation designs. It is assessed that by the 2050s, with a temperature increment of 2°C-2.5°C contrasted with pre-modern levels, water for rural creation in the stream bowls of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra will decrease further and may affect food sufficiency for about 63 million individuals.”

A hotter environment is likewise expected to hinder the neediness decrease rate. Despite the fact that environmental change will influence everybody’s lives in the area, poor people will be the most influenced as they are the once generally subject to rain-based farming and have no or insignificant assets to support their business. An expansion of 2°C by the 2040s will hit crop creation in South Asia as well and will lessen the yield by 12%, requiring more imports to satisfy needs at home. Likewise, diminishing food accessibility would lead to extensive medical conditions particularly among ladies and youngsters. Dissolving of icy masses and loss of

Snow presents a critical danger to solid water assets in India. Fundamental waterways like the Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra, rely altogether upon snow and frosty dissolved water, which makes them even more vulnerable to unfavorable effects of a dangerous atmospheric deviation. This could additionally expand the danger of flooding of low regions and represent a danger to horticulture. Having momentarily investigated the effect of environmental change, the accompanying area will have an endless supply of the new climate occasions that were generally an immediate consequence of environmental change in India.

Lower-carbon improvement, however, could yield quick advantages, for example, cleaner air, more prominent energy security and fast occupation creation. India’s environment targets are viewed as ‘2°C viable’, for example a decent amount of worldwide exertion. Be that as it may, seeking after a cleaner, more asset productive way could invigorate a quicker, more attractive monetary recuperation and secure India’s thriving and seriousness in the long haul.

INTO THE WORLD OF WEBTOONS

Everybody has heard of K-Pop, many people know K-Dramas. After all, the Hallyu wave from Korea has been stunning the world for a long time now. With the addition of K-Dramas of various genres to Netflix and the exponential rise in fame of bands like BTS and Blackpink, Korean culture is taking over hearts in almost every part of the world. There is another part of Korean entertainment that is also making waves. Though not as prevalent yet, as Kdramas or Kpop, this part is also creating waves in its own way. What I am talking about are Webtoons.

Webtoon is an app that is part of the online portal developed in Korea called Naver. It was initially launched in Korea but soon after its rising popularity, it was launched globally in languages that included Chinese, Japanese, English, French, Indonesian, Spanish, Thai and German.

Webtoon is home to hundreds and thousands of comics across almost 20 different genres ranging from romance, to slice-of-life, to action and horror. Webtoon brought attention to the Korean equivalent of ‘Manga’, called ‘Manhwa’. The translations of these ‘Manhwa’ comics were released through the Webtoon app and has now gained a lot of popularity.

People still prefer reading Manga as books and their digitized copies are also in the form of ‘pages’. But, ‘webtoons’, as the comics on the app are called, are different. They are made solely for the mobile phones. They have a continuous style of page distribution, where one episode is generally one long page that you can scroll through easily on a phone. To be honest, the best experience of reading a webtoon is on the phone. Reading it on a desktop just does not have the same feel. This is bringing a lot of change in the way artists are planning out storyboards and layouts too.

That is another thing about webtoon. They have something called ‘Canvas’. This is a space where any artist can upload their comics for people from around the world to read. Through competitions and contests, many of these comics are recognized and taken up by the Webtoon corporation and made into an ‘Original’ on the app. When released as ‘Originals’, the artist is hired under the corporation and is financed by the corporation. The comic is serialized with proper release schedules and a more wider audience range. In this way, Webtoon is a great platform for aspiring comic book artists to get their works recognized and applauded.

During the lockdown, I came across the app and now I am fully hooked. There is so much variety both in terms of art styles and in terms of stories. So, I have decided to compile a list of my favourite webtoons for those who want to start reading and for those who already know and are looking for something new to read. So here goes!

1. WINDBREAKER

Windbreaker.
(img source:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/nAHfAX6QMG7ht_6nAITp8VP3ATnOECEH5DIdEDf3wNAhLtAiMv6CFtGitzBYcRF3Orm0=h500)

Status: Ongoing
Genre: Sports
No. of Eps: 339 (so far)

This webtoon is one of my all time favorites. It is a sports webtoon about extreme and street cycling. Reading this webtoon made me, a couch potato at the best of times, to also want to ride a bicycle. It follows a group of high school kids who start a cycling crew to enter a street cycling competition. It is about how they grow together both as riders and human beings in general.

The art is amazing, the story is amazing and every week I am waiting excitedly for a new episode to release. It is a really nice webtoon to start off your foray into this world, especially for those who love cycling and even for those who don’t. It is a very underrated webtoon that I hope gets a lot more love.

2. SPIRIT FINGERS

spirit fingers
(img source:https://myseouldream.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/009-e1438849493245.jpg0

Status: completed
Genre: drama
No. of eps: 167

For anyone looking for a light hearted webtoon to start their day, this is the perfect one. It is the story about a girl who has lived all her life as an awkward teenager and lacking self-confidence. But then, she encounters a group of the ‘hippest, strangest, coolest (yet most welcoming)’ people ever in the form of an art club called ‘Spirit Fingers’. Then begins her journey of self discovery self love.

A webtoon filled with lovable characters, dumb incidents and just hilarious in many senses, it is one that also gives out the message that everyone is unique and a ‘COLOR’ of their own. It is just about taking our the time to find yourself and your group. It is a small webtoon compared to the others on the list with just 166 episodes but a fun read nevertheless. The art took me some getting used to. But it grows on you and by the end of it you are in love with not only ALL the characters but also with how they are drawn.

3.LOST IN TRANSLATION

lost in translation
(img source:https://i.quotev.com/ihmkhfxjzola.jpg)

Status: ongoing
Genre: drama
No. of eps: 71 (so far)

This is one of the webtoons I started reading as soon as it released, so I have been part of the whole journey so far. It is a webtoon that brings the two worlds of webtoons and the Kpop industry together. The webtoon is about an Idol group member whose stage name is ‘Wyld’. As ‘Wyld’ of group ‘Mayhem’ he is embroiled in scandals and has a persona of a player but in reality “Jaehwon’ is just a huge cinnamon roll who was forced to put on the persona by the company he works under. It is a new webtoon with not even a hundred episodes yet but I already love it. The art is distinctive and the story is really good so far. I cant wait to see how much better it is going to get.

Another thing about the band, Mayhem. It actually exists! It is a 2d band that has a huge fan following, basically readers of the series. If you go to YouTube and search for Mayhem, you can even listen to an original song along with a music video that was released by the band. Twitter pages for all band members is also there all having a huge amount of fan following. This is another thing about the webtoon that is keeping me hooked.

So there you have it. A small list of my favorite webtoons that I hope everyone will enjoy as much as me. There are so many more good ones that I haven’t included in the list. Many that can be found the minute you open the app. And new ones are getting added almost everyday. It is a new world in itself. One I have enjoyed stepping into and being a part of. I hope this helps you also in your foray into the world of webtoons.

Yoga!

Yoga Sanskrit: योग; Sanskrit for “yoking” or “union”, is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines that originated in ancient India. Yoga is one of the six orthodox philosophical schools of Hinduism. There are a broad variety of yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism and there are four paths or types of yoga: Karma yoga, Kriya yoga, Bhakti yoga, and Jnana yoga. Research studies have shown that traditional yoga systems that include breathing exercises and asanas or postures, chants, and meditation can reduce stress and improve immunity and lung functions. Traditional forms and modern methods of yoga are practiced worldwide.

The practice of yoga has been thought to date back to pre-vedic Indian traditions, possibly in the Indus valley civilization around 3000 BCE. Yoga is mentioned in the Rigveda, and also referenced in the Upanishads, though it most likely developed as a systematic study around the 5th and 6th centuries BCE, in ancient India’s ascetic and Śramaṇa movements.

The chronology of earliest texts describing yoga practices is unclear, varyingly credited to the Upanishads. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali date from the 2nd century BCE, and gained prominence in the West in the 20th century after being first introduced by Swami Vivekananda. Hatha yoga texts began to emerge sometime between the 9th and 11th century with origins in tantra.

Yoga gurus from India introduced yoga to the West following the success of Vivekananda’s adaptation of yoga without asanas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The term “yoga” in the Western world often denotes a modern form of hatha yoga and yoga as exercise, consisting largely of the asanas. Outside India, it has developed into a posture-based physical fitness, stress-relief and relaxation technique. Traditional yoga, however, includes physical exercise, meditation, and spirituality. Yoga has its own epistemological method, which assumes the ontology and metaphysics of the closely correlated Samkhya darsana.

In this today’s world it’s so difficult to spend our time and go to gym and take a diet and etc etc. But yoga is formed to pe in a peace of mind where we are not just physically but we are mentally fit too.

The Hybrid Work From Home model: Businesses ponder over the future of work

What is a hybrid WFH model, and for what reason are countless organizations currently thinking about it for their staff and employees?

Details show telecommute (WFH) drives soar during the Coronavirus pandemic and haven’t eased back down. Representatives and organizations the same are getting a charge out of all the financially savvy and usefulness improving advantages of distant work.

Nonetheless, a few organizations actually see the advantage of having an on-premises team. However long chiefs can ensure satisfactory wellbeing measures, these groups could feel great getting back to the workplace.

So should your collaboration in-house, keep working distantly, or embrace a mixture WFH model?

In case you don’t know what a cross breed WFH model really is, this aide will separate it and cover every one of the upsides and downsides. Then, at that point you can choose which alternative is best for your business.

We should begin with the rudiments so we’re all in total agreement:

What is a Half breed WFH Model?

A half breed WFH model permits a few representatives to work distantly while others work on-premises.

Inside this design, you may have groups or divisions split between working distantly and working in-house. Your advertising group might be off-site, for instance, while your business team appears at the workplace each day.

You may even assign certain positions or positions of authority as completely distant or in-house across all divisions.

Something significant to note here: a cross breed WFH model doesn’t mean representatives split their time working distantly and at the workplace during the week. That is all the more an adaptable work style.

When a worker gets delegated WFH, they’ll burn through most workdays far off (with the potential for incidental office visits). In premises groups will do the polar opposite.

There are a few advantages for organizations going to this work style, which we’ll get into straightaway. However, this model accompanies its own arrangement of difficulties to think about as well.

Turning into a Hybrid WFH Organization: Upsides and downsides

A crossover organization has both far off and in-house colleagues. Since we talked about the advantages and disadvantages of turning into a distant cordial organization in this aide, we’ll just offer a concise synopsis here to save time.

Benefits of a Crossover WFH Model

Business can exploit these advantages when they become a half and half organization:

Recruit unfathomable ability locally and across the globe. At the point when you open situations to worldwide competitors, you’ll construct a group with uncommon abilities. They may even work in various timezones to give ‘nonstop inclusion or additional intellectual prowess during top useful hours.

Representatives work to their qualities and raise efficiency. You’ll have the option to permit colleagues who need to concentrate discreetly at home and the individuals who flourish better locally office setting the capacity to work where and when they’re generally useful.

Better oblige colleagues with incapacities. Telecommuting gives individuals with inabilities or ailments the opportunity to work serenely while remaining associated.

Lower overhead. Less individuals in the workplace implies organizations have less exorbitant office costs. You might have the option to cut back to a more modest office with less cash spent on lease and power, for instance.

Diminishing wellbeing openness chances. Less in-house workers implies your organization might have the option to bring down the odds of colds, influenza, or Coronavirus spreading around the group, which may bring about less days off.

Regardless of these experts, there are a few disadvantages to consider…

Disadvantages of the WFH Model

A crossover WFH model isn’t without drawbacks, for example,

Far off workers may feel confined, left out, and separated from the in-house group. They can’t stop by one another’s work areas to visit or joke around the water cooler. Also, WFH workers may pass up advantages like catered snacks, birthday celebrations, and friends glad hours.

Time contrasts can turn into a test. Your in-house colleagues may have to stand by hours (or an entire day!) for a basic answer or answer to an inquiry if a far off representative works in a distant timezone.

Correspondence requires additional exertion. All contact with WFH colleagues happens for all intents and purposes through courier applications like Leeway, video calls, messages, and so forth This requires heavenly relational abilities on the two closures and a promise to registration, which is more difficult than building compatibility in-house.

On-premises representatives may get special treatment or quicker advancements basically in light of the fact that directors can cooperate with them and see what they’re up to the entire day. Telecommuters may not get enough facetime with higher-ups and key leaders to demonstrate they merit the opportunity to ascend the stepping stool.

Fortunately, there are less drawbacks to turning into a half breed organization than potential gains. Furthermore, they’re all sensibly simple to defeat with the right arranging and arrangement.

youtube

YouTube

YouTube the way of leaning…

What Are the Main Functions of YouTube?

Users can search for and watch videos.
Create a personal YouTube channel.
Upload videos to your channel.
Like/Comment/share other YouTube videos.
Users can subscribe/follow other YouTube channels and users.
Create playlists to organize videos and group videos together.

What is the main purpose of YouTube?

YouTube provides a simple way for people to store videos online and share them with others. YouTube videos cover any topic anyone cares to upload a video about. These videos are easy to share via other forms of social media, email and websites and can also be embedded in other websites

What are the benefits of being a YouTuber?

Benefits of Having a YouTube Channel

Give the Audience More Content. One really good reason to add video and a YouTube channel to your site is to give the audience more content. …

Extra Source of Traffic. …

Closer Personal Connection. …

Another Source Of Revenue. …

Modernizing. …

Creative Outlet. …

Get Outside Your Comfort Zone.

Teens Like YouTube because?

YouTube is a free to use service and a can be a great space for teens to discover things they like. For many young people, YouTube is used to watch music videos, comedy shows, how to guides, recipes, hacks and more. Teens also use the video-sharing service to follow their favourite vloggers (video blogger), subscribe to other YouTubers and celebrities they are interested in.

By YouTube what the people wish to like ?

The way the their mind sets and Intrest videos

there are different kind of people

Wish to learn new things

spend time on their mind sets

giving live news and events

Advantages and Disadvantages

1. In education YouTube help in term of provide the video of teaching and learning for the students to get the knowledge from the professors in another part of the world.

2. The students are able to access to the sources of learning anytime anywhere they want without any payment.

3. Provide the chance for all the learner to study with the high professional teacher especially for those who have no chance to go university.

4. There are many skill people who upload their video and we can learn from their skill.

5. YouTube is the very wide classroom for teaching and learning which we can save our time and budget.

6. It is a biggest source of study which easy to understand by the video such as video on how to make up, video on how to cook, video on how …etc.

Twitter V/s indian GOVERNMENT

Recently, there is a social media war between the Indian Government and Twitter India.The major topics of the clash between the two are as follows:

1. Privacy

2. Security

3. Violent tweets

Privacy:

Twitter is a platform where users can write their views in a limited text, image, or video format called tweets. The Twitter algorithm checks whether any tweet is legal or not, based on it any tweet shows on its platform. Here Indian Government is asking for permission that it should also be allowed to decide the legality of any tweet. So, there is a fight between these two on this topic as Twitter is saying it is the distortion of the fundamental right of privacy of the Indian constitution.

Security:

The Indian government is saying that Twitter India is using the user’s tweets’ data for their advertisement purpose, but on the contrary of this, Twitter is saying this is a false obligation. In, this way, there is a users’ data security clash between these two.

Violent tweets:

My tweets contain violent content and hate speeches that provoke the people of India against the Indian government. These content are also responsible for many criminal activities in India. So, the government is asking for control on Twitter in India but Twitter is not allowing to the government.
The Indian government has issued notice to Twitter India regarding these issues and asks Twitter to follow new social media rules in India and warned twitter for a ban But Twitter files a petition against this in Supreme Court.

Who is right and who is wrong and should twitter ban in India or not?

ISRO – A overlook- Part1

Over the past several years, SpaceX has received a lot of well deserved praise and acclamation for their strides and efforts in lowering the cost of rocket launches. The world knows about NASA and SpaceX. But there is another organisation that is not nearly as celebrated is India’s Space Organisation ISRO. For decades, ISRO has slowly but consistently been driving down the cost of mission across the board including orbital missions, lunar missions, and even Martian missions. Here is the story of the space underdog, ISRO.

ISRO was officially founded on August 15,1969, but the organisation’s roots stretch back a few decades. The earliest known roots trace back to Indian Physicist S.K.Mitra in 1920’s. Mitra was most known for his experiments related to Ionosphere soundings. An Ionosphere sounding is a telecommunications technique used to identify the most optional radio frequency in a given area. Apart from Mitra, Sir C.V Raman and Maghnad Saha also completed a variety of space related experiments throughout 1920’s and 1930’s. But, the first major leap forward wouldn’t come till the 1940’s until the physical research laboratory and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research were founded. These two organisations were founded by scientists Vikram Sarabhai and Homi Bhabha respectively. Each organisation leveraged nearly universities and research laboratories to conduct experiments related to cosmic radiation, upper atmosphere studies, and higher altitude tests. In 1962, Vikram Sarabhai would convince the Prime Minister Nehru to set up the Indian National Committee for Space Research. And soon after, India began experimenting with sounding rockets which eventually led to the formation of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969. Since then, ISRO has developed 5 different launch vehicles with the first being the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV). The SLV was a small rocket with a payload capacity of only 40 kgs. Though with the relative simplicity, it took nearly 7 years for ISRO to develop it and unfortunately the first launch in 1979 failed. A faulty valve would end up causing the rocket to crash into the Bay of Bengal in just 317 seconds after launch. ISRO launched another SLV in the next year 1980 and this time, the launch was successful. On July 18,1980, ISRO launched Rohini RS-1 sattilite into its orbit and became the sixth nation to reach orbit. Apart from the July 1980 launch, there were two more launches held in May 1981 and April 1983, orbiting Rohini satellites carrying remote sensing sensors. The third launch was successful, but the satellite was launched in too low of an orbit which caused the satellite to deorbit 9 days after launch and fell back to the earth. The fourth launch took place in 1983, and this mission was successful that ISRO sent an earth observation satellite into the orbit. The successful culmination of the SLV-3 project showed the way to advanced launch vehicle projects such as the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).

As everyone, I am too excited to know about ISRO and their achievements and records. I will learn new and continue this journey in next blog. Thank you. Stay safe!

FARMER SUICIDES

Farmer suicide is the intentional taking of one’s life by a person who relies on farming to earn a living. Farmer suicide is a serious issue in many states. Surveys reveal that suicide rate in farming is forty seven percent higher than any other profession. Farming was once considered a prosperous and peaceful way of living but now things have changed.Farmers` suicide rate varies with countries.

In recent years, farming has become a vulnerable livelihood option. According to reports, one farmer dies in every thirty minutes. By looking at the plight of farmers, it won’t be wrong to say that farmers are on the verge of extinction. Of late, it has become a global concern. According to statistics, more than three lakh farmers have killed themselves since 1995. Farmer suicide rate (FSR) was 16.3 which is almost 5 more than the suicide rate for the rest of the population in 2011.The phenomenal increase in the suicides committed by the farmers is becoming a social calamity and a drag on the quality of life of the farmers and their dependents. Various reasons attributed to farmer suicides are: indebtedness, poverty, natural calamities, low produce prices, marriage related issues etc. Surveys reveal that only twenty five percent of the suicides are due to farm related issues.In agrarian countries like India, important reasons are monsoon failure, unseasonal rains, lack of irrigation etc. Three important characteristics of high risk farmers are cash crop cultivators, people that own small lands(less than one hectare) and those who have debts with informal sources. These reasons cause seventy five percent of the suicides. The suicide rate among agricultural workers is also high due to low wage rate growth. In countries like India, the majority of the population is dependent on agriculture. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood in India. So, government policies that are ineffective affects people. The declining rate of agriculturalist population shows the lack of profits and support by government. These negative stats and reports question the effectiveness of government plans and highlights the flaws in policies framed by policy makers. Surveys reveal that small land owners are the most vulnerable ones.

Failure to fix proper produce prices, inefficient policies, loan waivers have resulted in the decline of farming as an occupation and it has also caused an increase in farmer suicide rates. This shows how the state has failed to concentrate on an important occupation like farming. Lower levels of the farmers welfare and prosperity shows the failure of a welfare state. Misconception of technology contributing to increased outputs has also been a factor. Over emphasis on technology has made no change. This shows the poor understanding of farmers issue by the policy makers and the government. Technology helped in increasing the output in earlier years but technology’s contribution in recent years has not been great.

Important reasons causing the decline in farmers and increased suicide rates of farmers are low produce price, indebtedness, ineffectiveness of loan waivers, inefficient policies, lack of profits, mental disorder, drug use, physical illness etc. Indebtedness and deterioration in economic status were stated as the major reasons in recent studies. The reasons are context specific. The agrarian crisis has had a huge impact on landless farmers and small farmers. The output from farming related activities has also decreased. The beginning of controlling seed supply has also been a reason. Seed monopoly robs farmers of life. The shift from farm saved seeds to corporate monopolies of seed supply is also a shift from biodiversity to monocultures in agriculture. This increases the risk of crop failure.

Various attempts by the Government to understand the issue and implement policies have been ineffective. These policies have focused on credit and loan rather than improving the livelihood of farmers. Farmers not only borrow for meeting the cost of production but also for meeting the cost of living. They borrow from both formal and informal sources. Victim farmers have borrowed mostly from informal sources such as money lenders, land lords, relatives etc. Studies reveal that victim farmers were pressurized by both formal and informal sources. Farmers avoid banks due to lengthy procedure.

Farmers have lost faith in the government due to its failure to make policies that support the poor. Policies implemented by the government have failed to reach farmers in many cases. The public investment on agriculture has decreased from thirty seven percent in first plan to seventeen percent in tenth plan in India. Economic reforms have failed to fulfill their motives. Farmers have struggled to avail loans despite government’s action to increase credit to farmers and decreasing interest rate to nine percent from fourteen percent. Many farmers are not aware of availability of credit. Banks and cooperatives have also failed in lending money to farmers. Banks have decreased interest rates for car and home loans and have kept it high for agriculture. Despite government’s measures to increase rural credit, farmers borrow money from money lenders. Rural investment has also declined over the years. There is a requirement of for a strong and flexible structure of rural banks still exists.

The burden of indebtedness is high in India. The situation has not changed much even after structural changes in credit institutions. Minimum Support Prices have increased steadily on par with the inflation rate in recent years. But the prevailing market structure has several inadequacies and various interlocking process leaving a majority of farmers selling the agricultural produce at a lower price than expected.

The agriculturalist to total population ratio has declined from twenty three percent to seventeen percent from 1951 to 1991. Farmers are selling their lands to other farmers as the occupation is becoming unviable. The implementation of policies has been pathetic. This indicates the need for innovative agricultural development policies to solve this issue. Loan waivers have been identified as the worst solution for decreasing farmer suicides.

RBI recently said that loan waivers can also effect credit culture. Loans and loan waivers in no way increase the income of farmers. The first loan waiver was announced in 1990. Loan waivers prove to be a burden on banks and economy. Loan waivers are announced with the motive of eliminating indebtedness and helping farmers. It is announced to help farmers cope up with the situation due to lack of monsoon rains. It is also seen as an initiative to retain the farmers. Loan waivers affect the discipline of the financial system. Farmers begin to expect loan waivers due to continuous announcements of loan waivers. Loan waiver also affects the tax payers. Loan waivers do not solve the fundamental problems causing farmer suicides. Lack of accountability and transparency affects the effectiveness of loan waivers.It is being used as a mere political strategy than a proper measure.

Recent studies have raised doubts over National Policy on Farmers 2007 and four percent agricultural growth solution. These policies aim to increase the net income of farmers and improve their economic status. The combined budgetary allocation for agriculture was 20,874 crores in 1990 and it has become 4,35,689crores in 2015-16. These policies have failed to reach the poor. The policies focus on urban farmers than rural farmers. Imposing price controls during price rise and its withdrawal during price stability is an example to this.

Agriculture became a burden due to poverty. Liberalization of the economy shifted the focus to industrial development from agricultural development. The government increased agricultural imports, reduced rural credit and stopped subsidies contributing to poverty. Agricultural sector is being neglected by the policy makers. Policies are framed without consulting farmers. There are no farmers present in the policy making committee. It was found that the state governments in states like Kerala had adopted neo liberal policies. These policies had decreased institutional credit, reduced public investment on agriculture, avoided irrigation facilities, commercialized agricultural inputs and increased the non-institutional credit.

Farmers are not able to recover their investments due to low produce price. “The WPI (wholesale price index) of food articles was lower than that of agricultural inputs for most years, indicating that farmers received lower market prices for agricultural commodities than the prices paid for the inputs,” according to the report, based on analysts of data from 1981-82. This is a result of increase in input costs like irrigation, electricity, pesticides and fertilizers. The rates of food articles have increased at a faster rate since 2008-09. This explains why farmers are making less money.

Loan waivers introduced by government regularly have failed to reach the needy. Reports reveal that actual sufferers have not benefitted from these waivers. Majority of farmers borrow from informal sources even today. These loan waivers are of no use to farmers who have borrowed from informal sources. Large land owners benefit from subsidies. Minimum prices have caused over-supply. Despite perks like loan waivers, low interest loans, high taxes to block food imports, seeds, fertilizers etc farming as an occupation has declined. Agriculture’s contribution to the GDP has reduced. It is mainly because of low produce prices. The tax exemption is not useful as many farmers earn less than the taxable income.

Agricultural development in economic theory has been regarded as a prerequisite for rapid economic transformation of the capitalist economy. Seventy percent of the population of the country is involved in agriculture. So, the per capita income of the country will increase significantly only when net income of farmers increases. Agricultural sector contributes about 17-18% to the GDP. It provides employment oppurtunities to 60% of the population.

Agricultural sector is the source of raw materials for many large scale industries. Many small scale industries depend on this sector for raw materials. Agriculture contributes significantly to the country’s exports. So, agricultural development is vital for a country like India’s development.

The government should frame effective policies to support agriculture. It should make provisions for easy availability of loans. It should recommend proper fertilizers according to the nature of soil. It should ensure just prices for produces that gives profits for farmers. Introduction of technology and awareness about modern farming can also help farmers.

Suicide of farmers has become an alarming and sensitive issue. Agriculture plays a major role in economic development. For a sector which provides sixty percent job opportunities and contributes significantly to the GDP proper government attention is necessary. Proper policy measures should be taken to curb this issue. Policies should aim to solve fundamental issues. Infrastructure and technology in rural areas should be developed. This projects shows the failure of implantation of policies. It also shows how improper policies fail to solve the core problem. Many suicides are due to indebtedness, low produce prices and lack of profits. Reliance on non formal sources for credit is also an issue that needs to be addressed. Efforts should be taken to increase the net income of farmers. Improper policy making and poor implementation is also a concern.

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1. WINDBREAKER

2. SPIRIT FINGERS

3.LOST IN TRANSLATION

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