Day: July 3, 2021

Saturn- The Jewel

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius of about nine and a half times that of Earth. It only has one-eighth the average density of Earth; however, with its larger volume, Saturn is over 95 times more massive. Saturn is named after the Roman god of wealth and agriculture. 

Some facts about Saturn

Diameter-  120,536 km

Orbital period-   29.4yr

Length of a Day-   10hrs 39min

Axis tilt- 26.7degrees

Distance from the Sun- 9.58AU

Moons- 82

Special features

The planet’s most famous feature is its prominent ring system, which is composed mostly of ice particles, with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust. At least 82 moons are known to orbit Saturn, of which 53 are officially named; this does not include the hundreds of moonlets in its rings. Titan, Saturn’s largest moon and the second largest in the Solar System, is larger than the planet Mercury, although less massive, and is the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere

The outer atmosphere is generally bland and lacking in contrast, although long-lived features can appear. Wind speeds on Saturn can reach 1,800 km/h (1,100 mph; 500 m/s), higher than on Jupiter but not as high as on Neptune.

Natural satellites and Rings 

Saturn has 82 known moons, 53 of which have formal names. In addition, there is evidence of dozens to hundreds of moonlets with diameters of 40–500 meters in Saturn’s rings, which are not considered to be true moons. Titan, the largest moon, comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings. Saturn’s second-largest moon, Rhea, may have a tenuous ring system of its own,along with a tenuous atmosphere.

Saturn is probably best known for the system of planetary rings that makes it visually unique.The rings extend from 6,630 to 120,700 kilometers (4,120 to 75,000 mi) outward from Saturn’s equator and average approximately 20 meters (66 ft) in thickness.The particles that make up the rings range in size from specks of dust up to 10 m. While the other gas giants also have ring systems, Saturn’s is the largest and most visible.

There are two main hypotheses regarding the origin of the rings. One hypothesis is that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn. The second hypothesis is that the rings are left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn was formed. 

See the source image

Structure

Despite consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium, most of Saturn’s mass is not in the gas phase, because hydrogen becomes a non-ideal liquid when the density is above 0.01 g/cm3, which is reached at a radius containing 99.9% of Saturn’s mass. The temperature, pressure, and density inside Saturn all rise steadily toward the core, which causes hydrogen to be a metal in the deeper layers.
Standard planetary models suggest that the interior of Saturn is similar to that of Jupiter, having a small rocky core surrounded by hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of various volatiles. This core is similar in composition to Earth, but is more dense. The examination of Saturn’s gravitational moment, in combination with physical models of the interior, has allowed constraints to be placed on the mass of Saturn’s core. In 2004, scientists estimated that the core must be 9–22 times the mass of Earth, which corresponds to a diameter of about 25,000 km. This is surrounded by a thicker liquid metallic hydrogen layer, followed by a liquid layer of helium-saturated molecular hydrogen that gradually transitions to a gas with increasing altitude. The outermost layer spans 1,000 km and consists of gas.

Exploration

Pioneer 11 made the first flyby of Saturn in September 1979, when it passed within 20,000 km of the planet’s cloud tops. Images were taken of the planet and a few of its moons, although their resolution was too low to discern surface detail. 
In November 1980, the Voyager 1 probe visited the Saturn system. It sent back the first high-resolution images of the planet, its rings and satellites. Surface features of various moons were seen for the first time. Voyager 1 performed a close flyby of Titan, increasing knowledge of the atmosphere of the moon.
The Cassini–Huygens space probe entered orbit around Saturn on 1 July 2004. In June 2004, it conducted a close flyby of Phoebe, sending back high-resolution images and data. Cassini’s flyby of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, captured radar images of large lakes and their coastlines with numerous islands and mountains. The orbiter completed two Titan flybys before releasing the Huygens probe on 25 December 2004. Huygens descended onto the surface of Titan on 14 January 2005.

Saturn – Wikipedia
https://space-facts.com/saturn/#:~:text=Saturn%20Facts%20%20%20Equatorial%20Diameter%3A%20%20,30%2B%20%287%20Groups%29%20%205%20more%20rows%20

Jupiter- The Giant

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter is the third-brightest natural object in the Earth’s night sky after the Moon and Venus. It has been observed since prehistoric times and is named after the Roman god Jupiter, the king of the gods, because of its observed size.More than eleven Earths would fit across its diameter. It’s also the most massive. More than 1,300 Earths could fit inside Jupiter, with room to spare. 

Some facts about Jupiter  

Diameter- 142,984  km                                                                                                               

 Orbital period-  11.8yrs 

Length of a Day-  10 hours 

Axis tilt-  3degrees

Distance from the Sun-  779 million km(5.2AU)

Moons- 79known moons

Special features

Jupiter is primarily composed of hydrogen, but helium comprises one quarter of its mass and one tenth of its volume. It likely has a rocky core of heavier elements, but like the other giant planets, Jupiter lacks a well-defined solid surface. The on-going contraction of its interior generates heat greater than the amount received from the Sun. Because of its rapid rotation, the planet’s shape is that of an oblate spheroid; it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator. The outer atmosphere is visibly segregated into several bands at different latitudes, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result of this is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm that is known to have existed since at least the 17th century, when it was first seen by telescope. Surrounding Jupiter is a powerful magnetosphere. Jupiter’s magnetic tail is nearly 800 million km long, covering the entire distance to Sa turn’s orbit. Jupiter has almost a hundred known moons and possibly many more, including the four large Galilean moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of these, has a diameter greater than that of the planet Mercury. 

Natural Satellites and Rings

Jupiter has 79 known natural satellites. Of these, 60 are less than 10 km in diameter. The four largest moons are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, collectively known as the “Galilean moons” Jupiter has a faint planetary ring system composed of three main segments: an inner torus of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring.These rings appear to be made of dust, rather than ice as with Saturn’s rings

Image result for jupiter structure

Structure

The composition of Jupiter is similar to that of the Sun—mostly hydrogen and helium. Deep in the atmosphere, pressure and temperature increase, compressing the hydrogen gas into a liquid. This gives Jupiter the largest ocean in the solar system—an ocean made of hydrogen instead of water. Scientists think that, at depths perhaps halfway to the planet’s center, the pressure becomes so great that electrons are squeezed off the hydrogen atoms, making the liquid electrically conducting like metal. Jupiter’s fast rotation is thought to drive electrical currents in this region, generating the planet’s powerful magnetic field. It is still unclear if, deeper down, Jupiter has a central core of solid material or if it may be a thick, super-hot and dense soup. It could be up to 90,032 degrees Fahrenheit (50,000 degrees Celsius) down there, made mostly of iron and silicate minerals (similar to quartz).

Exploration

Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter, making its closest approach to the planet in December 1973. Jupiter has since been explored on a number of occasions by robotic spacecraft, beginning with the Pioneer and Voyager flyby missions from 1973 to 1979, and later by the Galileo orbiter, which arrived at Jupiter in 1995. In 2007, Jupiter was visited by the New Horizons probe, which used Jupiter’s gravity to increase its speed and bend its trajectory en route to Pluto. The latest probe to visit the planet, Juno, entered orbit around Jupiter in July 2016. Future targets for exploration in the Jupiter system include the probable ice-covered liquid ocean of the moon Europa.

Jupiter – Wikipedia
https://www.bing.com/aclk?ld=e8k-pfHbjv-CV55VIl5abb_DVUCUz1ts_eBtiemCSpraSEheuOBIFn5ofp1EnODk3SRfdK9SS4VsZF0jXe2iaYVanAC3oPv4jWNaaOu2_WiBmnrz2FMCaeSWYay3tpoO2zWh3uJDSzpxMp8qmzs861Enln4hcX7sqAsEd3hHsHVrTQMqLN&u=aHR0cHMlM2ElMmYlMmZ3d3cuc2VsZmdhbGF4eS5jb20lMmYyMDIxJTJmMDQlMmZpbnRlcmVzdGluZy1mYWN0cy1hYm91dC1qdXBpdGVyLmh0bWw&rlid=5011e8abaa201a3eeb5488755f08da0f&ntb=1

Behavioural Economics

In an ideal world, people would always make optimal decisions that provide them with the greatest benefit and satisfaction. In economics, rational choice theory states that when humans are presented with various options under the conditions of scarcity , they would choose the option that maximizes their individual satisfaction. This theory assumes that people, given their preferences and constraints, are capable of making rational decisions by effectively weighing the costs and benefits of each option available to them. The final decision made will be the best choice for the individual. The rational person has self-control and is unmoved by emotions and external factors and, hence, knows what is best for himself. Alas behavioral economics explains that humans are not rational and are incapable of making good decisions.

Behavioral Economics is the study of psychology as it relates to the economic decision-making processes of individuals and institutions. Behavioral economics draws on psychology and economics to explore why people sometimes make irrational decisions, and why and how their behavior does not follow the predictions of economic models. Decisions such as how much to pay for a cup of coffee, whether to go to graduate school, whether to pursue a healthy lifestyle, how much to contribute towards retirement, etc. are the sorts of decisions that most people make at some point in their lives. Behavioral economics seeks to explain why an individual decided to go for choice A, instead of choice B.

Because humans are emotional and easily distracted beings, they make decisions that are not in their self-interest. For example, according to the rational choice theory, if Charles wants to lose weight and is equipped with information about the number of calories available in each edible product, he will opt only for the food products with minimal calories. Behavioral economics states that even if Charles wants to lose weight and sets his mind on eating healthy food going forward, his end behavior will be subject to cognitive bias, emotions, and social influences. If a commercial on TV advertises a brand of ice cream at an attractive price and quotes that all human beings need 2,000 calories a day to function effectively after all, the mouth-watering ice cream image, price, and seemingly valid statistics may lead Charles to fall into the sweet temptation and fall off of the weight loss bandwagon, showing his lack of self-control.

DESCRIPTION OF VERNIER CALIPER


The Vernier Caliper consists of a thin long steel scale graduated in cm and mm called main scale. To the left end of the main scale an upper and a lower jaw are fixed perpendicular to the bar. These are named as fixed jaws. To the right fixed jaws, a slider with an upper and a lower moveable jaw is fixed. The slider can be moved or fixed to any position using a screw.

The vernier scale is marked on the slider and it moves along with the moveable jaws and the slider. The lower jaws are used to measure the external dimensions and the upper jaws are used to measure the internal dimensions of the objects. The thin bar attached to the right side of the vernier scale is used to measure the depth of hollow objects.


USAGE OF VERNIER CALLIPER


The first step in using vernier calliper is to find out its least count, range and zero error.


LEAST COUNT


Least count of the instrument (L.C) is equal to the value of one main scale division divided by Total number of vernier scale division.
The main scale division will be in centimetre, further divided into millimetre. The value of the smallest main scale division is 1mm. In the vernier scale there will be 10 divisions.
Therefore L.C is equal to 0.01cm.


ZERO ERROR


Unscrew the slider and move it to the left, such that both the jaws touch each other. Check the zero marking of the main scale coincides with that of the zero of the vernier scale. If they coincide then there is no error. If they do not coincide with each other, the instrument is said to possess zero error. Zero error may be positive or negative. If the zero of a vernier is shifted to the right of main scale, it is called positive error. On the other hand, if the zero of the vernier is shifted to the left of the zero of main scale, then the error is negative


POSITIVE ZERO ERROR


That the zero of the vernier scale is shifted to the right of the zero of the main scale. In this case the reading will be more than the actual reading. Hence, this error should be corrected. In order to correct this error, find out which vernier division is coinciding with any of the main scale divisions. Here, fifth vernier division is coinciding with a main scale division. So, positive zero error = +5LC = +50.01 = 0.05cm and the zero correction is negative. Hence, zero correction is -0.05cm.


NEGATIVE ZERO ERROR


That the zero vernier scale shifted to the left of the zero of the main scale. So, the obtained reading will be less than the actual reading. To correct this error we should first find which vernier division is coinciding with any of the main scale divisions, as we found in the previous case. In this case, the sixth line coinciding. To find negative error, we can count backward (from 10). Here, the fourth line is coinciding. Therefore, negative zero error= -4 × LC = -4×0.01 = -0.04cm. Then zero correction is positive. Hence, zero correction is +0.04cm.

DIGITAL VERNIER CALIPERS

In this digital world, the digital version of vernier caliper are available. Digital vernier caliper has a digital display on the slider, which calculates and displays the measured value. The user need not manually calculate the least count, zero error etc.,

Smoking is injurious to health

Kill it before it kills you

Cigarette smoking is one of the major killers in the world .When a person smokes he simply invites all  kind of lung diseases and cancer towards its way . When people smoke they don’t realize how harmful smoking is for their lungs .Not only adults but also a lot of teenagers have started smoking . smoking cigarette is considered a boom and has become very popular amoung youngster.They  get influenced by their peers and don’t realize how much effect it can cause on their system .Smokers are at an increased risk for cancer of the larynx , oral  cavity , bladder , oesophagus , kidney and pancreas. Smoking causes five times increase in the risk of dying.

Several studies over the years say that’s the risk of lukaemia increases by 30% in active smokers . In todays time smokers who also get affected by corona virus are at higher risk as the virus also affects the lungs . Smoking decreases a persons immunity to fight disessea which is very harmful in todays times .Hence a person should realize the harm of smoking and think of being healthy and immune .

By Ishita Pillay

Climate change : In India and World today .

Let’s double down on solar energy, let’s be more energy-efficient, let’s weatherize our homes. We can build a better, healthier economy based on good-paying, clean energy jobs.”

Ian Somerhalder, Actor

Being one of the second largest country , climate change in India is having profound effect on India and all over the world . India is ranked fourth among the list of countries most affected by climate change in the period from 1996 to 2015 .

With 7% of global emissions , India emits about 3 gigatonnes (Gt) CO2eq of greenhouse gases each year; about two and a half tons per person, which is half the world average.

Due to the rise in temperature , the Tibetan plateau are causing problem to Himalayan glaciers . It directly effect in increasing the flow rate of the Ganges , Brahmaputra, Yamuna and other major rivers.

The Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research has reported that, if the prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is correct about Global warming than it may cause fall of GDP upto 9%.

In all over the world , climate change is drastically affecting the change in temperature of the globe 🌎 . Climate change includes both global warming driven by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns.

Causes :

Human envision and green house gasses are two important causes in the climate change. Greenhouse gases affect Earth’s energy balance and climate .Human activities have added greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Human activities are changing the climate.

Other causes :

  • Power Plants.
  • Farming .
  • Deforestation.
  • Fertilizers.
  • Oil drilling.
  • Natural gas drilling.
  • Permafrost.
  • Garbage .
  • Volcanic eruption.
  • Pollution.

Campaigns

There are many campaigns that are going on . One of them is The ActNow campaign . It was launched at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 24) in December 2018, with a call from Sir David Attenborough in conjunction with the award-winning “People’s Seat” initiative.

It signifies individual action on climate change and sustainability. By changing our habits and making choices that have less harmful effects on the environment, we can tackle the climate emergency and build a more sustainable world.

It is also working with other campaigns like The Good life goals , Anatomy of action , 170 actions to combat climate change , lazy person guide to saving the world , connect4climate , climate neutral now , trash hack , stop the waste , Think. Eat. Save. , Clean seas , breathe life , glowing glowing gone . Their may be others as well .


Prevention :

Becoming more energy efficient is a great way to prevent pollution. It causes the power plants to expend less energy that can lead to the production of greenhouse gases. … Replace your light bulbs with energy-efficient light bulbs that help you save electricity too.

  • Speak up!
  • Power your home with renewable energy.
  • Weatherize, weatherize, weatherize.
  • Invest in energy-efficient appliances.
  • Reduce water waste.
  • Actually eat the food you buy—and make less of it meat.
  • Buy better bulbs.
  • Pull the plug(s).

Conclusion

In the times , where the world is changing and taking measurements for saving the globe . Many Environmentalist , Actors , Politicians , Countries are taking precautions and actions on the climate change . It is our duty to prevent our world from falling . Take Initiative To Save The World .

Climate change is real. It is happening right now, it is the most urgent threat facing our entire species and we need to work collectively together and stop procrastinating.

Leonardo Di Caprio, Actor & Environmentalist

Link

Online Delivery of Alcohol

India is the world’s second-largest consumer of liquor. The WHO study also illustrates that India’s consumption was 2.4 liters per person in 2005, which surged up to 5.7 liters per person in 2016. The Research and Markets on changing behavioral patterns of Indian Alcohol consumption, says that the estimated consumption of alcohol would reach up to 16.8 billion liters by 2022. The report also says that the alcohol industry in Indian markets is growing at a CAGR of 8.8 percent. The figures infer that there is always a thriving market that creates an opportunity for the alcohol industry in India to strengthen its sales and revenue.

Despite pervasive alcohol harmful effects, India does not have a national alcohol policy system. Instead, alcohol policy solutions rely on state governments. Even though alcohol benefits the economy of India more than the revenue it generates. The state governments think of alcohol as a revenue-generating product. This thinking led to alcohol policy-making such as excise alcohol taxation being centered around revenue instead of public health.

Reason for online service

Alcohol stores were closed nationwide from March 25, 2020, accepting social distancing protocols due to the deadly pandemic of COVID-19. While the reopening in May 2020 caused people to throng outside stores in massive numbers, and the government had to quickly re-analyze. Meanwhile, the New Delhi authorities introduced a “Special Corona Fee” of 70% on top of retail liquor costs. On the other hand, Mumbai shut down its liquor stores entirely within two days of its reopening. So, the administration exercised online home delivery of alcohol. On May 8, 2020, the Supreme Court of India examined that the states should find alternatives to liquor delivery. Here is where players like Zomato and Swiggy came into the process.

Methods

As alcohol is regulated by the state government so different states are using different methods for online delivery of alcohol. These include,

Online purchase and issuing e-tokens for pickup,

Online purchase and home delivery through the alcohol portal, or

Online purchase and home delivery through a third-party delivery platform.

Difficulty faced

However, the delivery of liquor and its products is not as simple as the food delivery market. It is a highly regulated market. Different states have established different legal ages for alcohol consumption. Also, the suppliers have to obey multiple regulations and rules assessed by the government to stay within legal holds to deliver liquor.

Measure to ensure safe delivery

To secure the safe delivery of alcohol in obedience to laws, Swiggy introduced compulsory age confirmation and user authentication features on their application. Customers have to verify their age by uploading a picture of a valid government ID. A selfie is then also required for authentication that is verified by the platform using an AI-powered system. All the orders carry a special OTP, which is expected at the time of delivery and needs to be procured by the customer. There is also control over the quantity of liquor ordered.

Zomato, as well, has acquainted consumption and identity confirmation procedures, several safety procedures and inspections, to ensure credible and safe ordering and delivery of alcohol. There are age checks at the time of ordering as well as the delivery. There are product category maxima to stimulate responsible consumption. The application only has licensed alcohol retailers who have opted for the service.

Drawbacks

Although this move by the delivery companies like Zomato and Swiggy has opened a new way for alcohol orders through smartphones, which promotes social distancing and consumer safety. But there is a high possibility that the delivery man can be attacked by goons for the bottles and, we know, what a person can do if he does not get goods to which he is addicted. Moreover, the young generation knows how to use the internet very well. So there is a possibility of a bad influence on the young generation of the country.

World Photography Day

What’s a photograph?


It’s a memory, an idea, an experience, a feeling, an expression. In simple words, photographs are the medium that allows us to see the world from another person’s point of view. Isn’t it magical, I believe photography is one of the greatest inventions of mankind. That’s why it has been said; a photograph is worth a thousand words.

Every year World Photography Day is celebrated on the 19th of August to inspire all the shutterbugs to share a single photo and share their world with the world. Let’s have a look at photography over the years.

It originates from the invention of the photographic process called Daguerreotype developed by Frenchmen Louis Daguerre and Joseph Nicephore Niepce in 1837. Later, on the 9th of January 1839, the Daguerrotype process has been announced by the French Academy of Sciences. And on the 19th of August, the French government purchased the patent and declared the invention as a gift “free to the world”. 

But Daguerrotype was not the first photographic process. In 1826, Nicéphore Niépce invented a process called heliography, which he used to create the earliest known surviving photograph from nature; View from the Window at Le Gras.

On the 19th of August 2010, World Photography day hosted its first online gallery globally. In which approximately 300 shutterbugs shared their pictures and people from more than 100 countries visited the website. This marked the first official, globally reaching World Photography Day.

Some interesting photography facts:

★ In 1861, the first durable colored photograph was taken by Thomas Sutton. It was a combination of three black and white pictures taken through red, blue, and green filters.

★ The first selfie was taken in 1839 by an amateur chemist and photography enthusiast from Philadelphia named Robert Cornelius.

★ The first digital photograph was taken in 1957, almost 20 years before Kodak invented the first digital camera.

Don’t forget to share your world with the world on the coming World Photography Day.

“For me, the camera is a sketchbook, an instrument of intuition and spontaneity.”
– Henri Cartier-Bresson

Korean beauty routine

When you think about home remedies, you’re definitely thinking about turmeric, coconut oil. But today I’ve got something different for you which is rice water. In Korean culture, rice water has been used through generation for skin and hair. Rice is one of the most popular beauty ingredients used by them. The Japanese and Korean women are known for their flawless, glowing skin. Fortunately you don’t have to make a trip to Korea to learn this best-kept beauty secret. 

How to make a rice water? The type of rice which you use doesn’t matter. There are couple of methods to make rice water at home but this is the easiest one. You’ll need a half cup of uncooked rice after rinsing it atleast 3-4 times, one cup water and an air tight container. Then, place the rice into a glass bowl filled with water and soak for 30 minutes. Once the water become milky, store the water in an air tight container and it is ready to use. The reason rice water is so good for your skin is that it is rich in a lot of nutrients. Today rice water is gaining popularity for skin and hair care because of its large benefits.

Rice water is rich in antioxidants that keeps the skin. So if you’re looking to start an anti aging skincare journey. This will do wonders to your skin. There is limited evidence that rice water may reduce or slow skin aging but this will definitely help.Rice water helps in tightening the appearance of large pores and helps in reducing oilness and pimples. Soak a cotton pad in rice water and apply it over your face twice a day for it to work. Starch in rice water is beneficial in maintaining the natural barrier for the skin. Rice water have a cooling effect on mild sun damage. It lighten the skin or reduces dark patches and makes your skin glowing. You can also add rice water to your bath.

Rice water is comparatively safer to use than other kitchen DIY. There is no evidence that fresh rice water is harmful to the skin. Store the rice water in a spray bottle and you can directly use it on your skin. It can be used daily, has zero side-effects. Just make sure that it doesn’t smell sour.

Applying it to your skin and hair may bring positive benefits. 

The Adivasis of India

India is a largely populated country with many different kinds of people. There are variations in culture, traditions, language, food, etc. But more importantly, there are people with different origins and roots. Some such people are the ‘Adivasis’ who we more commonly refer to as the ‘Tribes’ or ‘Tribal People’ of India. The word Adivasi comes from the Sanskrit term meaning ‘original inhabitants’ (Adi= original/from the beginning, Vasi= inhabitant/resident). Therefore, when we use the term Adivasi or categorize a group as Adivasis, it is generally understood to mean that they are the inhabitants of that area from the very beginning. It is a blanket term used to refer to the indigenous people and groups of India, and helps forge a sense of identity for them. Sometimes you may hear the term ‘Scheduled Tribes’ being used in a legal or constitutional sense, but this differs from State to State and may exclude some groups which may be considered indigenous.

Background

Adivasis make up a substantial minority of the Indian population, comprising about 8% of the total population. They are of great numbers especially in the states like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. They are said to have arrived in India during the great human migration from Africa, and are believed to have been living in India from as early as 2000 BCE.  As the name suggest, their presence pre-dates even the Dravidians and Aryans in our country, and they were the original hunter-gatherer, foragers and agriculturists of these lands. But today, they hold little to no political power and most of them are below the poverty line. They have seen a relegation of their status in the country, with a loss of land, wealth and political presence and representation. The Adivasis have been conferred a classification of tribes or tribal communities under Article 366 (25) of the Indian constitution, the criteria for this being ‘geographical isolation, backwardness, and having a distinct culture, religion and ‘shyness of contact’.

Examples of Adivasis or tribes in India are communities like the Bhil, Chenchu, Korwa, Lodha, and Bonda. Perhaps the most well-known tribes are those of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, like the Jarawa, Onge and Sentinels, who have remained mostly untouched by modern civilization and continue to live like primitive tribes.

Modern Day Situation

Most of us today when we hear the word ‘Adivasi’ do not think of the people who first populated Indian territories and who possess ancient cultures and traditions tied to these lands. Instead, we think of those people living in rural and underdeveloped areas, living in poverty and struggling to make ends meet. While larger and more prominent tribal groups may survive as result of numbers, the destruction of their environmental and economic base will not allow them to continue their traditional way of life and may result in their cultural extinction. The primary reason for the Adivasis socioeconomic problems is that they have gradually been displaced from all their land and are constantly being denied land ownership. Today they are in a constant battle just to retain their economic and social identity. Today’s India is all about modernization and progress, and even government schemes only aim at integrating these tribes into normal society rather than allowing them to continue living by their distinctive way of life. Attempt are constantly being made to bring these tribes into mainstream Indian culture and integrate them into the national identity, disregarding their own unique and age-old cultures. Although they have been given schemes for reservation, the impact of the quota system upon Adivasis has remained negligible up until now. Also, many smaller tribal groups are quite sensitive to ecological degradation caused by modernization, and so government policies on forest reservation have also affected Adivasis profoundly. The 2006 Forest Rights Act (FRA) was enacted to secure the rights of Adivasis to their customary lands and forests, but they are still subject to encroachments on forest area.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that the Adivasis or tribal people of India represent an important cultural group of our country, but their modern-day situation is not good and not respected. The tribes in India are now under the impact of ‘mobility and change’. They have been subject to things like the caste system, and religions like Christianity and Hinduism which have transformed them completely. They have basically joined the ranks of peasantry in modern times, and have become wage-laborer’s in industries, plantations and mining. Hence, they are at the lowest point of the socioeconomic indicator, and are also subject to prejudice and oppression in mainstream Indian society. Furthermore, their issues are generally under reported, neglected or trivialized. We must try to change this situation for their betterment, and we as citizens must educate ourselves on who these people are and what they represent. 

Gully Boy- A Movie that amplifies the voices of the streets

Zoya Akhtar’s film is a story about a guy who rises from the slums of Dharavi, Mumbai to become one of India’s best Rappers. It is loosely based on the underground street rappers Divine and Naezy. This movie is a delight to watch if you are a music lover or someone who is passionate about unconventional career paths, this will definitely move you and push you forward to make your dreams come true.  The story revolves around a guy named Murad which is played by Ranveer Singh, whose dreams are bigger than his realities and someone who does not believe in Slumdog Millionaires. He believes in telling his story through his music, his rap.  There are many layers to the film: its about Murad’s coming of age discovery of what he is and what he truly stands for. It’s about finding something that makes you alive, its about finding one’s expression, in this case which is poetry and rap. It also has a beautiful love story and in some ways a letter to the city of dreams – Mumbai, where skyscrapers overlook the slums of the city and everyone is rewarded in some way or the other.

Murad is a “slum-dog”. He is caught in a cycle of poverty. His rap defines his circumstances and his home as a hellhole. His snappish father (played by Vijay Razz) has brought home his second wife without considering his family’s feelings. He is a chauffeur who is in hope that education is the only medium which will set his son free, His principle conflict is his son’s “khwaab” – dream and his “ aaju baaju ki asliyat” the reality around him is something that he never stops reminding him, but his son has other ideas and aspirations which he wants to fulfill. He measures his life by waiting for his childhood friend and lover Safina (which is played by Alia Bhatt ) is a feisty yet ambitious girl who wants to break the barriers of the society and live on her own terms.  While waiting for her to come he starts humming to himself “ Apna Time Aayega” . Away from his classes in college and responsibilities that his family has put on him, he pours his heart on sheets of papers, his escape from his reality and a doorway to his dreams. His rap is about his abusive father, his mother’s plight, seeking freedom, finding himself, rising from any circumstance, his dreams and his realities.  The words are his. But the beat is missing.

Then enters MC Sher (which is played by Siddhant Chaturvedi). Murad falls head over heels in love with this rapper when he comes to his college. He starts to follow every moment of his on Facebook and goes underground. This is a place where rap battles take place in this world of fight club the only weapon is rap. Murad blends in this scene seamlessly and he knows his future is about to change. He knew this was his calling. He is also supported by Sky (played by Kalki Koechlin) who is a student in Berklee School of Music. She is the one who helps Murad and MC Sher to record their First Music Video.

Despite being overlong, this film is undeniably entertaining and is a portrait of a robust life forged by adversity, tenacity and the courage to dream. The dialogues, the lingo, punchlines, they’re real.  The lyrics, the beats, all scream for revolution. Azadi. The makers of the film have done a great job at creating an immersive cinematic experience. Undoubtedly, the main star of the movie is its music. Many rappers and artists came together in this film to give the best soundtrack possible to showcase the lives of struggling rappers. If Ranveer Singh is life of the movie, then the Music is the soul of Gully Boy. Some sharp observations about the society and the minorities, the world we live in and the place that it is becoming for the people with lesser means, talks about beauty standards, dreams and feminism – This movie has a lot to offer and a Must Watch for people who think that their circumstances cannot limit their spheres of dreams!

UNION BUDGET

The union budget of india also referred to as the annual financial statement in article 112 of the constitution of india. is the annual budget of the republic of india. the government presents it on the first day of february so that it could be materialised before the beginning of new financial year in april. until 2016 it was presented on the last working day of the febraury by the finance minister in parliament. the budget which is presented by means of the finance bill and the appropriation bill has to be passed by loksabha before it can come into effect on 1 st april. union budget keeps the account of the government’s finances for the fiscal year that runs from 1st april to 31st march. union budget is classified into revenue budget and capital budget. revenue budget includes the governament’s revenue receipts and expenditure. there are two kinds of revenue receipts tax and non tax revenue. revenue expenditure incurred on day to day functioning of the government and on various services offered to citizens. if revenue expenditure exceeds revenue receipts, the government incures a revenue deficit.

TYPES OF UNION BUDGETS

The union budget is classified into 2 parts. revenue budget and capital budget. here is a look of those 2 budgets.

REVENUE BUDGET: Revenue budget comprises of the government’s revenue receipts and revenue expenditure. revenue receipts can be further classified into tax revenue and non tax revenue. revenue expenditure refers to the regular expenses incurred from the daily functioning of the government as well as for the range of services offered to public. in the event that the revenue expenditure is greater than the revenue receipts the government is said to incur a revenue deficit.

CAPITAL BUDGET: Capital budget whose components are of a long term nature consists of capital expenditure and capital receipts. some of the primary sources of government receipts include loans from citizens, reserve bank of india loans from citizens, and the foreign governments. capital expenditure, on the other hand, comprises of costs incurred on development and maintenance of equipment, machinery, health facilities, building, education, e.t.c. when the government’s expenditure is greater than the total revenue collected, a state of fiscal deficit occurs.

IMPORTANCE OF UNION BUDGET

The general objective of the union budget is to bring about a rapid and balanced economic growth of our country coupled with social justice and equality.

CHANGE TAX STRUCTURE: The union budget also dictates the possible changes in the direct and indirect taxes of the country. it brings about changes to income tax rates and tax brackets.

REDUCE WEALTH AND INCOME DISPARTIES: The budget Aids in influencing the distribution of income through subsidies and taxes. it helps to ensure that a high rate of tax is levied on the rich class, thereby reducing their disposable income. on the other hand a lower rate of tax is charged on the lower income group to ensure they have sufficient income in hand.

KEEP A CHECK ON PRICES: The union budget aids in controlling the economic fluctuations as well. it ensures proper handling of inflation and deflation, thus bringing about economic stability. during inflation, surplus budget policies are implemented which deficit budget policies are devised during deflation. this aids in maintaining a price stability in the economy.

Medieval English literature

Medieval literature is a broad subject, encompassing essentially all written works available in Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages (1000 years from the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Ad 500 to the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th 15th Boss 16th century.)

English in the middle age

Concerns the history of England during the medieval period, from the end of the 5th century through to the start of the early modern period in 1485. A rich and artistic culture flourished under Anglo-Saxons producing Epic poems such as Beowulf. The Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity in the 7th century and a network of monasteries and convents was built across England. In the 8th and 9th century England faced fierce Viking attacks, and the fight lasted for many decades, eventually established Wessex as the most powerful Kingdom and promoting the growth of an English identity. Despite the repeated crisis of succession and a Danish seizure of power at the start of the 11th century, it can also be argued that by the 1060s England was a powerful centralized state with a strong military and successful economy.

Invasion of England

The Norman invasion of England in 1066 led to the defeat and replacement of the Anglo-Saxon elite with Norman and French nobles and their supporters. The ruler introduced a feudal approach to governing England, eradicating the practice of slavery, but creating a much wider body to earn free laborers called serfs. The position of women in society changed as laws regarding land and lordship sifted. England’s population more than doubled during the 12th and 13th century fuelling an expansion of the town, cities, and trade. In the 14th century in England a great famine and the Black Death catastrophic events killed around half of England’s population throwing the economy into chaos and undermining the old political orders. Social unrest followed, resulting in the peasants’ revolt of 1381, while the changes in the economy resulted in the emergence of a new class of gentry and nobility who began to exercise power through the system term bastard feudalism. Nearly 1500 villages were deserted by their inhabitants and many men and women sought new opportunities in the town and cities.

End of Middle Age English

English king, in the 14th and 15th centuries, laid claim to the French throne resulting in a hundred-year war. At times England enjoyed its military success, with the economy beyond by profit from the international wool cloth trade, but by 1450 the country was in crisis, facing military failure in France and an ongoing recession. Social unrest broke out followed by the war of the Roses and fought between rival factions of the English nobility. Henry VII’s victory in 1485 conventionally marks the end of the Middle Age in England and the start of the early modern period

Delete Useless Emails, Save Environment

In our email id there are such emails which we’ve never opened. We know that these emails are not important to us so we ignored them. In fact every email is polluting our environment.

Emails are saved on servers and to run these servers huge amount of electricity is needed. Even now electricity is generated through fossil fuels. This shows that email generate carbon dioxide which is harmful for environment.

According to research, one spam email give rise to 0.3 grams of carbon dioxide, normal email 4 grams and attachment email can generate around 50 grams of carbon dioxide.

According to report around 60 billion spam emails are sent in a single day which produces 80,00,000 kilograms of carbon dioxide.

There are some simple steps which we can follow to save environment.

  • Delete useless/unwanted emails so that the data will be deleted from from servers.
  • Delete spams consistently.
  • Unsubscribe unwanted emails.
  • Turn off social media notifications.
  • Clean your trash bin.

Lets take some simple steps towards cleaning environment by deleting useless emails.