We know the term “city “that is on the ground,but there is another term when associated with the term city gives of a thrilling vibes and piques the curiosity of people and the term is “UNDERGROUND”
“Underground city” it is a city which is literally as the name says underneath the ground. So today we are going to discuss about a city called “Derinkuyu”.
From viator.com
It is an ancient multi-levelunderground city in Turkey.
It is the deepest excavated underground city in Cappadocia and a stunning wonder.
The city is said extends to a depth of 200 feet and could have sheltered as many as 20,000 people together.
Derinkuyu city is famous for its capacity to hold thousands of families that is one of the highest among many underground cities that were found.
It’s said that this city dwelling not only could hold thousands of people, but also contained everything an entire population would need to survive any crises.
There are numerous subterranean dwellings and secret tunnel passages that were used as shelters.
From:Getyourguide
The underground city at Derinkuyu could be closed from the inside with large stone doors enhancing the security measures up a notch and each floor could be closed off separately.
It had aminities such as wine and oil presses, stables, cellars, storage rooms, refectories, and chapels.
On the second floor is a spacious room with a barrel-vaulted ceilings ,and rooms were used as a religious school and for study purposes.
There is a series of vertical staircases between the 3rd and 4 th floor leading to the church located at lowest level.
From:Shutterstock
There is a large 55-metre ventilation shaft a which seemed to provide water to both the villagers above and, if the outside world was not accessible, to those in hiding.
What fascinates me is how did they build this city without having any access to the technology and designed it beautifully and they took all kinds off possibilities into account making a city which is anytime ready to face any kind of problem.
It is said to be one of the top most tourist destinations in Turkey. You can also visit this by booking tickets in a trusted website.
As per the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), a loan is considered a “bad loan”, or an NPA when the interest due for any quarter is not fully paid within 90 days from the end of the quarter. However, this time period may vary based on the terms and conditions agreed upon by the bank and the borrower.
When a bank offers a loan, it charges interest on the amount, which is why it is regarded as an asset to the bank. When the borrower stops paying the interest, or the principal, or both, the lender loses money. Such a loan then becomes a non-performing asset (NPA) for the bank. The banking industry in India is seriously affected by the NPA crisis with the rising number of defaulters.
he economic fallout of the pandemic is expected to push up non-performing assets (NPAs) of the banking sector, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) said on Friday, estimating the ratio of gross NPAs may rise to 12.5% by March next year, in a baseline scenario. The central bank’s Financial Stability report (FSR), noted the NPA ratio could jump to as high a level as 14.7% in the event of severe stress.
the report reveals that nearly half of the outstanding credit till April 30, was under moratorium, somewhat higher than estimates provided by bankers. A total of 48.6% customers by number and 50.1% by value had made use of the moratorium till April 30. While 66.6% of borrowers at state-owned banks opted for the deferral, the share for customers at private sector banks was 49.2%. Non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) had granted a moratorium to 49% of their customers.
The level of deferrals, availed of by borrowers, is being closely monitored as it reflects the potential stress in the system. Analysts at Macquarie had estimated the extent of loans under moratorium at 25-30% at the end of May. “The regulatory dispensations that the pandemic has necessitated in terms of the moratorium on loan instalments and deferment of interest payments may have implications for the financial health of banks going forward,” RBI cautioned.
Banks have observed there is a declining trend in the number of borrowers who want to delay repayments. HDFC said the share of its retail loan book, under moratorium, was down to 7% as of June 15 from 21% in May. Axis Bank reported that 9.7% of its outstanding loan book was under moratorium as of June 30; in April this number was 25%.
A method used by businesses to buy products and/or services. A purchasing system manages the entire acquisition process, from requisition, to purchase order, to product receipt, to payment. Purchasing systems are a key component of effective inventory management in that they monitor existing stock and help companies determine what to buy, how much to buy and when to buy it.
FUNCTIONS OF PURCHASE DEPARTMENT
Purchase materials at lowest possible cost while maintaining quality. Maintain good relationship with the suppliers. Take advantage of economies of scale. Maintain records efficiently. Develop highly competent personnel. Co-ordinate with all the departments of the organization.
TYPES OF PURCHASING SYSTEM Tender System Stockless Purchase System Blanket Order E-Purchasing / E-Procurement Subcontracting Rate Contract Method Petty Cash System Capital Equipment Purchase
Subcontracting refers to the process of entering a contractual agreement with an outside person or company to perform a certain amount of work. The outside person or company in this arrangement is known as a subcontractor. Many small businesses hire subcontractors to assist with a wide variety of functions
. Example: A small business may use an outside firm to prepare its payroll.Subcontracting is probably most prevalent in the construction industry, where builders often subcontract plumbing, electrical work, drywall, painting, and other tasks. In some cases, a general contractor may only be used as the construction manager or supervisor. In that case, subcontracting accounts for all of the physical work done on the premises. The general contractor’s only responsibility is to approve the contracts, keep the project within budget, and inspect the work.
Human intelligence is the intellectual capability of humans, which is marked by complex cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self-awareness.Through intelligence, humans possess the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, apply logic, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, plan, innovate, solve problems, make decisions, retain information, and use language to communicate. There are conflicting ideas about how intelligence is measured, ranging from the idea that intelligence is fixed upon birth, or that it is malleable and can change depending on an individual’s mindset and efforts.Several subcategories of intelligence, such as emotional intelligence or social intelligence, are heavily debated as to whether they are traditional forms of intelligence.They are generally thought to be distinct processes that occur, though there is speculation that they tie into traditional intelligence more than previously suspected.
Various definitions of intelligence tend to converge around similar notions designed to capture the essence of this psychological factor. Jensennotes Carl Bereiter’s definition of intelligence: “what you use when you don’t know what to do” (p 111). After their extensive survey, Snyderman and Rothmanunderscored reasoning, problem solving, and learning as crucial for intelligence. The “mainstream science on intelligence” report coordinated by Gottfredsonhighlights reasoning, planning, solving problems, thinking abstractly, comprehending complex ideas, learning quickly, and learning from experience. The American Psychological Association (APA) report on intelligence acknowledges that “individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought.
For more than a century, psychologists have developed hundreds of tests for the standardized measurement of intelligence with varying degrees of reliability and validityThe resulting measures allowed for the organization of taxonomies identifying minor and major cognitive abilities. J. B. Carroll,for example, proposed a threestratum theory of intelligence after the extensive reanalysis of more than 400 datasets with thousands of subjects from almost 20 different countries around the world.shows a simplified depiction of the taxonomy of cognitive abilities.
This survey of factor analytic studies supports the view that intelligence has a hierarchical structure (ie, like a pyramid). There is strong evidence for a factor representing general intelligence (g) located at the apex of the hierarchy (stratum III). This g factor provides an index of the level of difficulty that an individual can handle in performing induction, reasoning, visualization, or language comprehension tests. At a lower order in the hierarchy (stratum II), several broad ability factors are distinguished: fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, general memory, visual perception, auditory perception, retrieval, or cognitive speed. Lastly, stratum I is based on specific abilities, such as induction, lexical knowledge, associative memory, spatial relations, general sound discrimination, or ideational fluency.
Artificial Intelligence:-
INTRODUCTION:-
Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience. Since the development of the digital computer in the 1940s, it has been demonstrated that computers can be programmed to carry out very complex tasks—as, for example, discovering proofs for mathematical theorems or playing chess—with great proficiency. Still, despite continuing advances in computer processing speed and memory capacity, there are as yet no programs that can match human flexibility over wider domains or in tasks requiring much everyday knowledge. On the other hand, some programs have attained the performance levels of human experts and professionals in performing certain specific tasks, so that artificial intelligence in this limited sense is found in applications as diverse as medical diagnosis, computer search engines, and voice or handwriting recognition.
Today, Artificial Intelligence is a very popular subject that is widely discussed in the technology and business circles. Many experts and industry analysts argue that AI or machine learning is the future – but if we look around, we are convinced that it’s not the future – it is the present.With the advancement in technology, we are already connected to AI in one way or the other – whether it is Siri, Watson or Alexa. Yes, the technology is in its initial phase and more and more companies are investing resources in machine learning, indicating a robust growth in AI products and apps in the near future.
The following statistics will give you an idea of growth!
– In 2014, more than $300 million was invested in AI startups, showing an increase of 300%, compared to the previous year (Bloomberg)
– By 2018, 6 billion connected devices will proactively ask for support. (Gartner)
– By the end of 2018, “customer digital assistants” will recognize customers by face and voice across channels and partners (Gartner)
– Artificial intelligence will replace 16% of American jobs by the end of the decade (Forrester)
– 15% of Apple phone owners’ users use Siri’s voice recognition capabilities. (BGR)
Unlike general perception, artificial intelligence is not limited to just IT or technology industry; instead, it is being extensively used in other areas such as medical, business, education, law, and manufacturing.
In the following, we are listing down 9 very intelligent AI solutions that we are using today, marketing machine learning as a present thing – not the future.
Siri
Tesla
Cogito
Netflix
Pandora
Nest (Google)
Boxever
Flying Drones
Echo
1. Siri
Siri is one of the most popular personal assistant offered by Apple in iPhone and iPad. The friendly female voice-activated assistant interacts with the user on a daily routine. She assists us to find information, get directions, send messages, make voice calls, open applications and add events to the calendar.Siri uses machine-learning technology in order to get smarter and capable-to-understand natural language questions and requests. It is surely one of the most iconic examples of machine learning abilities of gadgets.
2. Tesla
Not only smartphones but automobiles are also shifting towards Artificial Intelligence. Tesla is something you are missing if you are a car geek. This is one of the best automobiles available until now. The car has not only been able to achieve many accolades but also features like self-driving, predictive capabilities, and absolute technological innovation.If you are a technology geek and dreamt of owning a car like shown in Hollywood movies, Tesla is one you need in your garage. The car is getting smarter day by day through over the air updates.
3. Cogito
Cogito originally co-founded by Dr. Sandy and Joshua is one of the best examples of the behavioral version to improve the intelligence of customer support representatives, currently on the market. The company is a synthesis of machine learning and behavioral science to enhance customer collaboration for phone professionals.Cogito is applicable on millions of voice calls that take place on a daily basis. The AI solution analyzes the human voice and provides real-time guidance to enhance behavior.
5. Pandora
Pandora is one of the most popular and highly demanded tech solutions that exist. It is also called the DNA of music. Depending on 400 musical characteristics, the team of expert musicians individually analyzes the song. The system is also good at recommending the track record for recommending songs that would never get noticed, despite people’s liking.
6. Nest (Google)
Nest was one of the most famous and successful artificial intelligence startups and it was acquired by Google in 2014 for $3.2 billion. The Nest Learning Thermostat uses behavioral algorithms to save energy based on your behavior and schedule.It employs a very intelligent machine learning process that learns the temperature you like and programs itself in about a week. Moreover, it will automatically turn off to save energy, if nobody is at home.In fact, it is a combination of both – artificial intelligence as well as Bluetooth low-energy because some components of this solution will use BLE services and solutions.
7. Boxever
Boxever is a company that heavily relies on machine learning to enhance the customer experience in the travel industry and conveys micro-moments or experiences that can please the customers.Boxover significantly improves customer engagement through machine learning and Artificial Intelligence to rule the playing field, helping customers to find new ways and make memorable journeys.
8. Flying Drones
The flying drones are already shipping products to customers home – though on a test mode. They indicate a powerful machine learning system that can translate the environment into a 3D model through sensors and video cameras.The sensors and cameras are able to notice the position of the drones in the room by attaching them to the ceiling. Trajectory generation algorithm guides the drone on how and where to move. Using a Wi-Fi system, we can control the drones and use them for specific purposes – product delivery, video-making, or news reporting.
9. Echo
Echo was launched by Amazon, which is getting smarter and adding new features. It is a revolutionary product that can help you to search the web for information, schedule appointments, shop, control lights, switches, thermostats, answers questions, reads audiobooks, reports traffic and weather, gives info on local businesses, provides sports scores and schedules, and more using the Alexa Voice Service
Conclusion
Artificial Intelligence is gaining popularity at a quicker pace; influencing the way we live, interact, and improve customer experience. There is much more to come in the coming years with more improvements, development, and governance.
Difference Between Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence is based on the human insights that can be decided in a way that can machine can effortlessly actualize the tasks, from the basic to those that are indeed more complex. The reason for manufactured insights is learning, problem-solving, reasoning, and perception. This term may be connected to any machines which show related to a human intellect such as examination and decision-making and increments the efficiency. AI covers assignments like robotics, control systems, face recognition, scheduling, data mining, and numerous others.
Human Intelligence: Human intelligence or the behaviour of the human being has come to past experiences and the doings based upon situation, environment. And it is completely based upon the ability to change his/her own surroundings through knowledge which we gained. It gives diverse sorts of information. It can provide data on things related to the particular aptitude and knowledge, which can be another human subject, or, within the case of locators and spies, diplomatic data to which they had to get to. So, after concluding all it can give data on interpersonal connections and arrange of interest.
Below is a table of differences between Artificial intelligence and Human intelligence:
Feature
Artificial Intelligence
Human Intelligence
Emergence
AI is an advancement made by human insights; its early improvement is credited to Norbert Weiner who theorized on criticism mechanisms.
On the other hand, human creatures are made with the intrinsic capacity to think, reason, review, etc.
Pace/Rate of AI and human
As compared to people, computers can handle more data at a speedier rate. For occurrence, in the event that the human intellect can solve a math problem in 5 minutes, AI can solve 10 problems in a minute.
In terms of speed human cannot beat the speed of AI, or, machines.
Decision Making
AI is profoundly objective in choice making because it analyzes based on absolutely accumulated data.
Human’s choices may be affected by subjective components which are not based on figures alone.
Perfection
AI frequently produces precise comes about because it capacities based on a set of modified rules.
For human insights, there’s more often than not a room for “human error” as certain subtle elements may be missed at one point or the other.
Energy Consumption
Modern computer generally uses 2 watts energy.
On the other hand, human brains uses about 25 watts
Modification of AI and Human
AI takes much more time to adjust to unused changes.
Human insights can be adaptable in reaction to the changes to its environment. This makes individuals able to memorize and ace different skills.
Versatility
AI can as it were perform less assignments at the same time as a framework can as it were learn duties one at a time.
The human judgment skills underpins multitasking as prove by differing and concurrent roles.
Social Networking
AI has not aced the capacity to choose up on related social and enthusiastic cues.
On the other hand, as social creatures, people are much way better at social interaction since they can prepare theoretical data, have self-awareness, and are delicate to others’ feelings.
communication plays a very important role in human life. It helps in the exchange of information and knowledge, it helps in developing relationships, the bonding on which the human life dwells itself. Conversations are key to language development. Ideas and thoughts also find a way to enhance through conversations. They make learning easier when combined with perfect facial and body expressions.
how do you define conversation skills?
A perfect conversation is the one which “serves the intention” and “transfers the information” perfectly. People may define it differently, But for the most part, conversation skills include ability to initiate, sustain and end a conversation. You may have the best information, but how you share, matters a lot. And also Engagement- an attempt to perfectly involve others in the conversation, is important.
“Conversation skills refer to a collective set of skills needed to communicate effectively with another person”. Better skills allow to understand and comprehend better to every person in the conversation.
The pandemic which hit the world very badly is forcefully making people to isolate themselves, replacing in person conversations to Vedio calls. Obviously there is a difference when you talk to a person when he is in front of you and when you talk through a screen. But rise in social media popularity did this before pandemic. Conversations have been changed to texting. These all are taking important conversation skills away from people. Clearly avoiding screen is not a solution, but maintaining a balance is very important.
ways to improve conversation skills
LISTEN ACTIVELY: Listening shows that we are in the person and the topic of conversation. Listening is as vital as speaking since a conversation involves sharing which needs both giving and receiving end. Practice active listening by paying attention, Asking questions to clarify confusions and repeating the message or its summary back to the speaker.
LOOK FOR NONVERBAL CUES: Non verbal communication has importance exactly as the words person chooses to do conversation. For example, consider body language. Try to have a good eye contact with the person in front of you. By saying a good eye contact I mean, the eye contact shouldn’t be making the person uncomfortable. Nodding your head to show your agreement or disagreement also helps. Keeping yourself in a position that makes you hear them correctly will also help. And if you are the speaker, make sure the message you are sending is consistent both verbally and non verbally.
HAVE EMPATHY: When you are listening to other person, try to put yourself in his/her shoes. Try to understand their point of view. Use statements which shows that you are understanding. For example ” I can understand your situation”. This will help to build trust. Learn to “agree to disagree”. Respect them even if you disagree. Be polite throughout the conversation.
PAY ATTENTION TOTHE DETAILS: A person with strong conversation skill will absorb more from the conversation than the average person just by noticing extra details. This will help you have more accuracy in the information. Noticing the accent and the motive in the conversation will help in long term.
OFFER INTRESTING INSIGHTS: People with good conversation skills frequently yell you things you didn’t know and find interesting. Increase your knowledge by reading books, magazines and listening to podcasts. Observe how they are choosing words or expressing them. Be Honest when you don’t know, that will not make you anything lesser.
TALK SLOWLY: A good conversationalist often act as they have abundance of time. Don’t hurry or cut others sentences. Take your time while speaking and be confident. Try to take a time before what you say to just reflect on it. be thoughtful.
USE RIGHT WORDS: A well ability to communicate has a lot to do with the words you choose. Bad choice of words will create misunderstandings. Constantly work on your vocabulary and practice communicating accurately.
A good communication skill will help you regardless of the field you are going to be in. Develop these skills as soon as possible and shine on!
This thought first crossed my mind when I was writing a letter to one of the stranger penpals that I met online (Although I left it long back). After putting this thought into words and re-reading it again, I realized how sound this phrase was and how accurately it represented what I lacked and what I had.
For all my life I’ve been too focused on productivity, change, and self-improvement so much so that often I ended up exhausting myself while trying to fulfill any of them. As I saw the people around me go through the ‘self-growth’ phase, I always downplayed my own self. I compared their self-growth with my own only to further degrade myself for not possessing enough ‘passion’ or ‘dedication’ to make anything work. Whatever little efforts I put in self-improvement always ended up as failures for they were driven by empty self-motivation. Be it daily work-out or developing a new habit or improving a previous habit, none of them were ever achieved.
Surprisingly, I have also found a link to this exact issue. This one came to me through one of the conversations that took place between my mom and brother. My brother stated that “When our needs increase, we ourselves start taking responsibilities.” After pondering upon this for long I found a path to my own problem. ‘To put myself in situations where I am forced to take responsibilities.’
As a person for whom self-motivation doesn’t last long but for whom deadlines and responsibilities make me work hard as hell, I realized that what I needed was not self-motivation or a human nagging at me to do work but a situation where I am endowed with responsibility. I thought if I can’t take responsibility on my own then putting myself in a situation where I am forced to take responsibility would force me to change. To explain this approach to you I’d take the example of school. When you are a student, the rules of the school make you take responsibility such as doing your assignments, being punctual, etc. By being in this system of school we have definitely changed from whom we initially were.
I know it’s easier said than done, but I think this is much easier than an empty self-motivation. And I can say this because I have tried it. One of the jobs that I got was less with the mindset of money and more with the mindset of responsibility. The only first step that I needed to do was force myself into the situation of a job interview. That’s it. What followed after that were the responsibilities linked with the job and my dedication to fulfill those responsibilities.
But what’s important to note is that you can’t rashly force yourself in any situation. It is important that you choose the situation carefully. Choose a situation and assess how it will help you change the things you want to change by forcing responsibilities upon you. But don’t let the responsibilities be a big burden. Just like this internship which I decided to put myself into, I am now dedicated to fulfilling the tasks of writings almost daily. Thereby, growing not only in terms of self-improvement but also improving my skills of writing. After all, practice makes perfect 🙂
Mysticism is a word derived from the Greek word ‘Mysticos’ which refers to the belief that a person has the potential to achieve oneness with the god. Spirituality and mystics have been around for a long time. It’s a part of humanity that defines a diviner affinity to the belief that God is watching over us and our ultimate goal in this life is to achieve oneness with God. Over the years, there have been several religions that have emerged all over the world, but one of the key differences that separates a spiritual mystic from the others is the fact that they have the tendency to break away from tradition and hence, other forms of religious practices which were considered the norm.
I watch the clouds rupture.
Mira says, nothing can harm him.
This passion has yet
to be slaked.
-Mirabai (Clouds)
A mystic might take on any sort of relationship with the God and it is not restricted to the traditional hierarchical relationship where God is the supreme force who rules over the devotees. The devotees might choose friendship, teacher-student bond, familial bonding or even romantic companionship with their God. Thus, the concept of Bridal mysticism isn’t a new one. It has been around for several ages and is a true form of devotion where a devotee loves their god as they would love their beloved.
Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth! For your love is more delightful than wine.
-Song of Solomon (1:2)
The mode of bridal mysticism is so unique, for it negates all the humane all the societal constraints that denies sexuality to women. Bridal Mysticism has no such earthly constraints, it celebrates and even glorifies the bodily union between a devotee and their god, for sexual union is considered to be one of the divinest methods of indicating oneness with God. In this relationship, it is not just the devotee who expresses love, they also understand that their God loves them similarly, just as passionately. The love that persists between the devotee and the heavenly one is pure and true.
If I adore You out of fear of Hell, burn me in Hell!
If I adore you out of desire for Paradise,
Lock me out of Paradise.
But if I adore you for Yourself alone,
Do not deny to me Your eternal beauty.”
-Rabia Al Basri
Bridal mysticism is a practice that can be seen all over the world across all religions. In Christianity, the most explicit, yet the purest form of Bridal mysticism can be found in ‘Songs of Solomon’; a collection of love poems that has been included in the first testament. In it, two lovers go through a series of events that includes periods of blissful union as well as separation. It has been interpreted in several ways over the years, but the love that is cherished between the lover and her beloved is pure. In Hinduism, we see clear indications of Bridal mysticism in the poems of Mirabai from northern India and Antal from southern India. Both of the women adored and loved the Hindu God Lord Krishna. Like any couples, they express their love, grief, jealousy and fiery passion to their beloved God and relish in the devotion that flows through them. In Islam, the Sufi mystics are known for their poetic works which are brimmed with their love for God. Sufi saints like Rabia spoke of a divine selfless love for God which criticised those who loved God out of fear.
Bridal mysticism is also not gender specific. There are numerous instances of devotees from all genders expressing a romantic love, despite the conventional norms. Bridal Mysticism is thus one of the purest forms of devotion that solidifies the bond between a God and their devotee.
Growing up, our relationship with our parents is less complex. They are the first best friends that we have. We talk to them about everything, and they listen to us. We look up to them and want to be like them when we grow up.
But after growing up, we realize our parents are not perfect. They make mistakes too. Well, that is not a bad thing because nobody is perfect. A lot of us then stay angry at our parents for being normal humans. We blame them for everything without realizing that they have a life of their own. Yes, we are their children, and they love us. But that does not mean they should stop living their lives. Our parents provide us with necessities, and they work hard to do it. They sacrifice their dreams to fulfill ours. But a lot of us do not give them the respect or the credit that we should.
Growing up, parents would appreciate us for every small achievement. Now they don’t say much. We can sense they are happy but have trouble expressing it. We need to understand that it is hard for parents to express their feelings of love towards us once we grow up. It is mainly because their parents were not so expressive towards them.
Here are a few ways that can help fix your relationship with your parents:
If parents have trouble expressing their love, we can express it to them instead. If we can tell our friends, we love them on a daily basis. So, why not do the same with the people raising us?
Communication is the key to fix all relationships. We all get a gap in our relationship with our parents. That gap can only be erased by communicating with them.
Keeping the generation gap aside. We often get distant from our parents because they don’t approve of a few things. But, for that we need to understand where they are coming from. They are trying to accept our generation, but there will still be a few things they will not approve of. Instead of hating on them for it, we need to start understanding them.
We need to understand that they care for us. We sometimes tend to disagree with our parents but agree with our friends if they say the same thing. We need to understand that our parents care more about us than our friends ever would.
We all need to build a deeper relationship with our parents. We need to ask them about their day and tell them about ours. If they accept us with our flaws, we need to do the same with them. I know my parents don’t agree on a few things with me. Which is fine. It doesn’t have to come in the way of our relationship. We all have our ups and downs. Our relationship with our parents will only work when we are willing to make it work.
Size range – 0.21nm(0.008inch)-5cm(2inch) in length.
Usually 4 membranous wings
Forewing and hindwing are held together by small hook.
Hind pair smaller than front pair
Complete metamorphosis (Holometabolous).
Mouthparts modified for chewing and sucking
In some form especially bees, certain Mouthparts (labium and maxillae) form a structure for sucking liquid food.
Antennae usually with 10 or more segment.
Larvae usually maggot like(i.e. Leg less)
Large compound eyes, usually 3 simple eyes(ocelli) present.
Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into host or places that are otherwise inaccessible.
Most have constriction between the first 2 segment of the abdomen which is known as a wasp waist.
Worldwide there are over 100,000 species included in the Hymenoptera.
In Australia, there are about 1275 ant, 10,000 wasp, 2000 bee and 176 sawfly species.
Habitat
Found in all terrestrial habitat throughout Australia.
May occur in soil, leaf litter and range of vegetation types especially flowers.
Life Cycle
Some female produce young one without mating, while other can store sperms and spread out their egg laying to coincide with available food.
Most species lay their egg to the host plant or paralysed food sources they have gathered into specially constructed nest.
The Larvae will moult several times before they pupate.
Development may range from a few weeks for some parasitoid to much longer in social species.
Feeding Habit
Feed on a wide range of foods depending on the species.
Adult wasp mostly feed on nectar and honeydew.
Some species are predator or parasites and spend their time searching out invertebrate hosts to lay their eggs on.
Some are predator, scavenger, omnivores, seedeaters, fungus feeders or honeydew feeders
Suborder of hymenoptera :
1) Symphyta(sawflies and horntails)
2)Apocrita(ants, bees and wasps)
Symphyta :(sawflies)
Most primitive Hymenoptera
Have a broad junction between thorax and abdomen.
Body has no waist.
Paraphyletic group
Females have a saw-like egg laying device for cutting slits in plants into which eggs are laid.
Larvae are caterpillar-like and feed on outside and inside of plant tissue.
There are one or two parasitic families
lack of constriction at the base of the abdomen
fly-like appearance and more extensive wing venation.
They are often confused with lepidopteron larvae but it include–six or more pair of abdominal prolegs(which lack chrochet ), one lateral ocellus on each side of head.
Apocrita :(wasps,bees,ants)
The body has a distinct waist.
The first segment of the abdomen is incorporated into the thorax. A narrow region called the petiole joins this to the rest of the abdomen, called the gaster.
Characterized by Larvae that feed on other Arthropods.
The larvae are maggotlike.
Have narrow junction between thorax and abdomen.
Contain largest no. of species.
Node is usually present.
Further divided into:- Terebrantia(parasitica) which use their ovipositor for egg laying and the Aculeata, which have the ovipositor modified as a sting.
Those big architectural windows blow me out with the air whenever I think about it. The sunshine touching the hair in the early morning descends to the feet as the day grows off. My dreamhouse is quite big and beautiful with a garden marking its boundaries. The adorable flowers at the entrance gate elate my visitors. The fragrance they shower off in that small place complements their colourful petals. Some trees are tall and thick while some are newly planted. The biggest of them all holds a small treehouse apt to keep my secret things. Moving on, there’s a pavement on the doorstep of the house with a welcome board.
The tour of the house now starts inside that door. Wooden furniture are the main highlight of my dreamhouse besides the open, airy windows. The hall bears a bouncy couch and table with a glass flower pot along with a dining set for six at the front of the kitchen. The kitchen has a well-settled chimney as a centre of attraction. There is always some extra space in the kitchen for new items. The walls are beautifully designed along with fascinating sculptures on the roof boundary.
Next comes the staircase which leads to the bedroom and guest room area. The stairs are covered with red carpets to make them look traditional and classy. The width is not much since they are attached at the corner of the hall. The hall is big but to keep it spacious and relaxing to look, everything is arranged at its minimum.
The staircase takes a turn to make us reach the first floor having a bedroom, a guest room and a servant quarter at the corner. The bedroom is the biggest, of-course. It is majorly pink coloured with beautiful prints representing nature. There’s a piano-set besides a bed and a wooden almirah in the room. The lamp aside the bed belongs to antique items. It is muddy yellow in colour and gives a pleasant look to the room at night. There’s a round carpet on the floor between the bed and the piano-set. There are a total of 3 windows among which one is the biggest and right beside the piano- set. It gives immense peace to play it there with open window. There is a study table too at the corner of the room- small and stuffed with books and magazines. The lamp at the study table is small and a modern type. The bathroom attached with the bedroom has also been kept modern style having blue walls with pictures of whales and ships.
The accompanying is the guest room, little smaller than the bedroom but remarkably spacious. It consists only a bed , an almirah, a sofa set and glass table. It too has a big window allowing abundant of sunlight to pass through in the morning. The speciality lies in the location of the house too, every window fetches the most of the sunlight to the house making it irrelevant to turn on lights during the day. The curtains need to be heavy since it becomes too hot in the summer. The servant quarter is comparatively small; approximately the size as of store room attached to the hall on the ground floor. It is however, convenient to stay there. It too includes a bed but relatively small, a table, a sofa, an almirah and attached with it is the washroom.
Next floor is build with terrace which is wide, and cold during winters. It is fenced at two edges with strong grills made of stones. The other two edges are joined via walls to other two houses in the neighbour. The view is wide and serene from the terrace. The designer table and chairs are specially placed to have a cup of tea under the beautiful sky whenever it feels like. The garden too is visible to an extent from the terrace. The chimney installed in the kitchen opens up at the top on the terrace.
The larger windows of the hall and the bedroom hold a wing chain each with different sounds knocking softly at the ears during a pleasant weather. It is therefore a good place for writers and poets to put up. The house in itself is a glory and has a lot to write about. This dreamhouse can be the best to reside in- neither too big nor too congested. Its beauty lies in how spacious and a mixture of traditional and modern architect it is!
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to adversely impact lives, livelihoods, and the economy in India, with a devastating second wave wreaking havoc even as the threat of a third wave looms large. Rising uncertainty has reduced consumer and business confidence. This follows an economic slowdown during the three years preceding the pandemic. With investments and trade performance weak, the Indian economy was firing mainly on consumption, which the first and second waves of the pandemic have hit badly.
Renewed restrictions to curb the current coronavirus wave have stalled economic activity, leaving many millions out of work and pushing economists – who have broadly been bullish – to downgrade their views for the second time since early April
India’s unemployment rate soared to a near one-year-high of 14.73% in the week ending May 23, according to the Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), reflecting the impact of the economic slowdown.
The Reserve Bank of India has kept its monetary policy loose, including several liquidity measures, and was expected to stay on an easy course for this fiscal year.
While calls have increased for more fiscal stimulus to speed up the economic healing, the government has limited space to respond to challenges posed by the health crisis.
“If the Indian government increases spending … it will probably prevent a loss in economic output in the short term, but this simultaneously puts more pressure on the sustainability of debt in the longer term, essentially mortgaging their future,” said Rabobank’s Eijkelenburg.
“India’s policymakers find themselves between a rock and a hard place when it comes to decisions on additional fiscal stimulus.”
Experts expressed apprehensions about the emergence of new and more virulent strains of the novel coronavirus, which might necessitate the re-imposition of lockdowns across the country, leading to a further (and possibly dramatic) reduction in growth estimates and adding to dampening demand. Complicating matters further is the fact that, as one economist noted, it is not known how consumers and households will react following the end of the second wave: How would household savings be impacted? Will consumers be reticent about spending again?
India’s already stressed banking sector, which is saddled with legacy non-performing assets, remains of concern. Experts fear a fresh wave of bankruptcies that add stress to the books of commercial banks, and that loan repayment schedules could be further delayed. India’s non-banking financial sector – which has traditionally lent to small and medium enterprises likely to be most affected by first and second wave lockdowns – could also contribute to the stress on the banks that lend to them. Similar fears hold about how pressure on microfinance institutions could systemically affect the banking sector.
smartphone addiction is generally known as nomophobia and is often caused by an internet addiction disorder after all it realise the Phone or tablet itself that creates the comparision why you spend more time on social media for playing games then you do interacting with real people are you cannot stop yourself from repeatedly checking text email or applications.Cell phones have become search powerful and versatile toll that for many people they fear me indispensable literally. For many people social interaction stimulates the the release of dopamine. Because so many people use their phones as tool of social interactions they become accustomed to constantly checking them all social media for that of dopamine that’s released when they connect with others or some other applications. Some applications even with old and release social reinforcements such as likes and comments so we received them in an unpredictable pattern that cycle can lead to a tipping point when your phone seizes to be something you were virtually compressed to use.
Conscious use of phones in dangerous situations or in prohibited context like while driving or excussive phone use controntations as well as loss of interestIn Aadarsh and activities containing the behaviour. The negative effect aap smartphone addiction sar it causes excussive use urgency noticeable physical mental work social for family disturbance chronic impulsiveness to check your device frequent and constant checking of phone is very brief period of time crossing insomnia and sleep disturbance. Increase in use to achieve satisfaction or relaxation or to counteract a dysphoric mood excessive use urgency need to be connected need to respond immediately to messages anxiety irritability if cellphones is not accessible extravests reported using the phone more as a mean of stimulation extravests and disagreeable. Spend more time configuring their phones some of the negative impact on your life due to smartphone addiction can be ee your life can I have addiction of smartphone increasing loneliness and depression while it may seem that losing yourself online while temporally make feeling such as depression and boredom evaporate into thin air it can actually make you feel even worse feeling and city is one of the most negative impact created by the smartphone in which the presence of the phone in a workplace tend to make more and society e and perform poorly on given task increasing in stress using smartphone for work off and mains work blends into your home and personal life you feel the presence to always be on never out of touch from work exacerbating attention defect disorder the constant stream of messages and information from a smartphone can over whelm the brain and make it impossible to focus attention dimension your ability to concentrate and think deeply are creatively instead fo ever being alone Vidyarthi thoughts where now always online and connectivity disturbance your sleep it can impact your memory affect your ability to think clearly and reduce your cognitive and learning skill encouraging self absorption snapping endless selfies posting all your thoughts and details about your life can create an unhealthy self-centeredness disturbing you from real life relationships and making it are to cope with stress addiction like compulsive gambling which may include loss of control over the behaviour presistence arriving real difficulty limiting the behaviour tolerance the need to engage in the behaviour more often to get the same feeling.
Some of the negative impact of smartphone addiction consequences teaming from the behaviour withdrawal or feeling of irritability and anxiety depression being highly extroverted relationship stress eye strain neck pain social anxiety escapist behaviour. Dependence on digital violence the neurotic disagreeable unconscionable and extroverted personality e-type up spend more time texting and engaging in mobile .
Born in 1927 in Tehri district in what is now Uttarakhand, Bahuguna grew up surrounded by sal, oak and fir trees and sweeping pasture lands. Bahuguna, who died with Covid-19 on Thursday aged 94, was known the world over as the man who taught Indians to hug trees to protect the environment. He was one of the main leaders of the Chipko movement in northern India in the 1970s. In Hindi, chipko literally means “hugging”.
A devastating flood in Uttarakhand in 1970 had come as a rude awakening for villagers. Three years later, Bahuguna and fellow activists began embracing trees. Young men took an oath in blood to protect nature.Very soon, women in the Himalayas became an integral part of the movement too, embracing trees and tying rakhis – a symbolic red thread tied around a brother’s wrist during the Hindu festival of Raksha Bandhan – onto the bark of trees. They walked in the snow and took away tools from loggers to stop felling.
Bahuguna, who grew up in the Himalayas, connected the dots well. He wrote that deforestation led to erosion of fertile land and pushed the men out of the villages to look for jobs in cities.
This left women to “bear all the responsibilities of collecting fodder, firewood and water, apart from farming”. Not surprisingly, the Chipko movement became an important milestone in the fight to secure women’s rights.
Over the years, Bahuguna, with his flowing beard and trademark bandana, went from strength to strength. College students and women joined him in greater numbers. They staged peaceful demonstrations, hugged trees and went on fasts.
It yielded results: a fast in 1981 led to a 15-year ban on commercial felling of trees in Uttarakahand. Two years later, he marched 4,000km (2,500 miles) in the Himalayas to draw attention to environmental degradation.
In 1992 he shaved his head and went on a fast to protest at the Tehri dam, India’s tallest. He was among those who lost their ancestral homes due to its construction.
Bahuguna was a charismatic ascetic, a spartan man of Gandhian principles. He lived in a small ashram, denounced violence and was essentially non-political. He believed in self-reliance and not in “so much foreign trade”. He despised materialism.
To become energy secure in a “non-violent and permanent society”, he said, India needed to produce biogas from human waste, harvest solar and wind energy and hydro power from the run of the river. Improve machines so they consume less energy, he suggested.
The Thyroid or Thyroid Gland is an endocrine gland in vertebrates. In humans it is in the neck and consists of two connected lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin band of tissue called the thyroid isthmus. The thyroid is located at the front of the neck, below the Adam’s apple. The functional unit of the thyroid gland is the spherical thyroid follicle, lined with follicular cells(thyrocytes), and occasional parafollicular cells that surrounds a lumen containing colloid. The thyroid gland secretes three hormones- triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine(T4), a peptide hormone- calcitonin.
The thyroid hormone influences the metabolic rate, protein synthesis and in children- growth and development. Calcitonin plays a role in calcium homeostasis. Secretion of the two thyroid hormones is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) which is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland.
When the thyroid doesn’t work properly, it can impact our entire body. If our body makes too much thyroid hormone, this can develop a condition called Hyperthyroidism. If our body makes too little thyroid hormone, it is called Hypothyroidism. Both the conditions are serious and needs a proper treatment.
WHO CAN BE AFFECTED BY THYROID DISEASE?
This disease can affect anyone be it men, women, infants, teenagers and the elderly. It can be present at birth(typically hypothyroidism) and it can develop as the person age(often after menopause in women). Thyroid disease has become a very common disease. A woman is about five to eight times more likely to be diagnosed with a thyroid condition than a man.
A person may be at a higher risk of developing this disease if he/she:-
has a family history of thyroid disease.
has a medical condition, such as type 1 diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis etc.
taking a medicine higher in iodine content.
SYMPTOMS OF THYROID DISEASE
Symptoms of an overactive thyroid(hyperthyroidism) include:-
experiencing anxiety, irritability and nervousness.
having trouble sleeping.
losing weight.
having an enlarged thyroid gland or goiter.
having muscle weakness and tremors.
experiencing irregular menstrual periods.
feelings sensitive to heat.
having vision problems.
Symptoms of an underactive thyroid(hypothyroidism) include:-
Gender refers to the widely shared set of expectations and norms linked to how women and men, and girls and boys, should behave. Unlike ‘sex’ which refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women, gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that are assigned to men and women in any given society. These expectations are are not fixed but are continually being constructed and reinforced through social relationships and economic and political power dynamics.
It is commonly assumed that your gender is determined by your biological sex. You are masculine because you are male, for example. The separation of gender and sex is most apparent in the experience of people who feel that their ascribed gender-identity is not aligned with their biological sex. Those people, who may identify as transgender, some will opt to change their biological sex while others may change their gender-identity but not their sex. The sexual orientation of those whose gender identity does not match their biological sex is not self-evident. Biological males who live as females may be attracted to males, females or other trans individuals. This is evident, for example, among travestis In Brazil, as Mountian observes in the policy audit conducted on the country’s ‘Brazil without Homophobia’ education policy, launched in 2004. Mountian found that travestis were discriminated against because they challenge the idea that gender identity is directly related to biological sex. Not all biological males feel themselves to have a masculine identity, and vice versa.
Gender equality is when people of all genders have equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities. Everyone is affected by gender inequality – women, men, trans and gender diverse people, children and families. … Societies that value women and men as equal are safer and healthier. Gender equality is a human right.
Gendered sexuality is the way in which gender and sexuality are often viewed as likened constructs, whereby the role of gender in an individual’s life is informed by and impacts others’ perceptions of their sexuality. For example, both the male and female genders are subject to assumptions of heterosexuality.
Sociology offers a unique perspective on gender and sexuality and their importance in our social world. A sociological perspective transcends biological notions of sex and emphasizes the social and cultural bases of gender. Sociological research points to the ubiquity of gender’s influence in both private and public spheres, and it identifies differences—and similarities—in how genders are treated socially and factors that change this treatment.
The sociological study of gender is often combined with the study of sexuality. Like gender, sexuality is not just biologically constructed, but is shaped by social and cultural factors. Empirical research on sexual identity and behavior reveals such great variation that sociologists refer to multiple sexualities rather than a single sexuality.
Gender equality is achieved when women, men, girls and boys have equal rights, conditions and opportunities, and the power to shape their own lives and contribute to the development of society. It is a matter of equitable distribution of power, influence and resources in society.
Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations and needs equally, regardless of gender.
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