Month: July 2021

Elements of Yoga

Patanjali described eight element of Yoga in Yogasutras. The eight elements of yoga are Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Dharna, Dhyan and Samadhi.

1. Yama

It is the first element of astanga yoga. Through the practice of yama one can abstain from things that keep one’s mind involved in the inevitable struggle for survival. According to Patanjali there are five Yama Ahimsa ( Non-violence), Satya (Truthfulness), Asteya (Non-stealing), Brahmacharya and Aparigraha.

2. Niyama

Niyamas are related to one’s body and senses. Niyamas are also ethical practices as yamas. There are five niyamas Saucha (Purity), Santosh (Contentment), Tapa (Endurance), Swadhyaya( To study great Vedas, Holy books) and Tshwara Pranidhana ( dedicated to God).

3. Asana

Asana means ‘position or posture of body’. Asana gain so popularity that people thinks that yoga is nothing but asana but they are not aware that asana is a step towards yoga. Asana are performed to keep the body flexible, agile and young. There are various types of asana such as relaxative asana, meditative asana, etc. Each asana have different effects on various organ of body. It can be performed at any age without any problem.

4. Pranayama

It is the control of the process of breathing means appropriate control over inhalation and exhalation. There are three constituents of pranayama Puraka ( Inhalation), Kumbhaka ( Retaining the breath), and Rechka ( Exhalation). Pranayama helps in regulating the metabolic activities and enhance the functions of heart and lungs.

5. Pratyahara

It is a process of self control in which an individual is able to exercise control over his/her senses. To control the mind and senses is called pratyahara. The practitioner of pratyahara starts feeling extreme pleasure in remembering God.

6. Dharna

Dharna is concentration of mind. Dharna is the first step towards samadhi. Dharna is mental exercise which enables a yogi to go ahead towards dhyana and samadhi.

7. Dhyana

It is the process of complete constancy of mind. Dhyana is a complete concentration of mind over a period of time without any distractions.

8. Samadhi

The union of individual’s soul with absolute soul is called samdhi. During the stage of dhyana, when the disappearance of self-awareness takes place, the yogi attains the stage of samadhi.

The stock market bubble

A real concern or confused market parameters?

Introduction

An assertion like ‘Had you invested in the stock markets in 2011, your investments would have doubled by now’ triggers an urgent rush to invest in the market, bringing in the feel good hormones in most people. But often times, it is extremely misleading and the results could be catastrophic.

A stock market bubble is when the prices of assets rise exponentially, often not justifying their actual value.

Investors in 2020 faced a similar conundrum. With the pandemic induced lock-downs causing normal life and businesses to go haywire, the general investor felt it was better if they pulled their money out of the market. This led to the leading market index NIFTY50 dropping to 7,500 levels,a 40% decline from its value in January 2020(NSE india). As a result, the market became almost risk free and the only way ahead was up.

Investments started pouring in as the Covid-19 cases eased by August and significant institutional and foreign investors started pouring in money into the Indian stock markets because of their abnormally low levels. The domestic average investor soon followed suit and the markets saw a revival. In fact they rose to record highs( From record lows just a few months ago!) and the expectation of ‘winning’ a trade led to impulsive buys.

Perception versus Reality

Investors are not always sensible or rationale in their investing decisions and can be prone to various types of ‘bias’. These phenomena can explain the prevailing overtly optimistic market sentiments even when the macro-economic indicators are lacking behind.

Even with parameters like the G.D.P and inflation on the wrong side of desirable, and unemployment rate sky rocketing in 2021, the profits that the top 50 companies made in India in the last fiscal year has increased. This resulted in a lot of investors ignoring those macro-economic trends and could be the reason as to why the stock market segment is rising irrespective of it.

Hence the ever increasing corporate profits and the ‘feel good’ hormones can attribute to the ascend of the stock market levels from the previous years ruins but the question remains, ‘How long can this last’? Established wisdom suggests that corporates cannot sustain a contacting economy for long and that it is bound to catch up with it sooner rather than later. Caution is advised to investors with a majority of their money in these instruments. A bubble burst is in the realm of recurrent reality and cannot be ignored as a figment of the imagination.

Best Side Hustles to Start to Make Money Online

Money is a forever commodity, needs may remain the same but the ways have changed, traditional ways of 9-5 jobs are pretty much out of fashion, there are many resources available to give your bank account a kick start, one of them and most common is Online Business.

Online Business does not require any college degree, a particular interest, All of the above, can be started from anywhere as long as you have a stable internet connection,  a laptop/PC, and a willingness to work for part-time income.

There are various jobs available online based on easy-to-build-up skillsets, which may require no prior knowledge but guidance towards the interested hustle.

Therefore,  If you are starting from scratch here are some ideas and details you need to know. 

  1. Digital Marketing Agency & Social Media Marketing

Digital marketing can be done both online and offline but for social media marketing the only pathway followed is online.

These fields are based on traffic generated i.e the followers, views, and similar engagement of people on that account. Social media and digital marketing agencies particularly develop ads and engaging content usually for other businesses and their products and services for which the individual is paid up to $500.

Sources used for the job are Facebook and Instagram ads, Google Adsense, copywriting skills, hashtag marketing.

Required skillset can be developed using Youtube videos, Google skill shop, edX online courses, etc.

2)Blogging and SEO

This online field is often underrated but in reality, it has better scope for longer-term.

SEO stands for Search Engine Optimization, It is a process for making your published content ranked by the search engine and browser’s algorithms.

An informative blog following a trendy niche often gets regular views making blogger up to $700-1000 a month, Blogger can add $1000 more into the income with affiliate marketing and promoting well-paid ads on the blogging website.

SEO can give the outer edge if the blog uses keyword-rich phrases, catchy headlines, and user-friendly language.

Skills can be learned by any copywriting course.

Other interests such as content writing and designing are included in the same being a major part of it.

3)Making money with App Development.

This hustle requires basic coding skills but is in high demand, developers can earn up to $5000, by selling themselves on sites like Upwork, Fiverr, etc, or can promote themselves on social media or via email marketing to get more jobs as a freelancer.

The app development can be further subdivided into ios and android app development, both payback almost equally but requires skills in different coding languages.

App development skills can be learned from edX courses, Coursera, udemy , coding websites, etc.

4)Dropshipping with Shopify,  Affiliate Marketing,       Ecommerce

Shopify is one of the world’s biggest e-commerce platforms. You can promote the product you wanna sell ( not necessarily to be your product) , one can buy the product at a cheaper rate and sell it at on integrated price keeping the commission.

All products are sold online giving the sellers a huge passive income primarily based on the product’s demand and stock.

This program needs no prior skill set only the selection of the right product and planned selling tactics can earn you the profit. Also, the product price range will be decided by the seller along with the profit margins .while a portion of it will be taken by a service like Shopify, for advertising and helping with the sales.

There are many opportunities and despite age, gender or background, it is a matter of willingness and hard work, willpower to grow can dig canals to achievable wealth and part-time career goals. Online business is easy to start with many profits. Find and start your gig now! 

What do we know about Music?

“Music is the language of the spirit. It opens the secret of life bringing peace, abolishing strife.”

Kahlil Gibran

“Music is the moonlight in the gloomy night of life”

John Paul Friedrich Richter

“Music is the universal language of mankind”

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Introduction

These quotes on music give us a little idea about what music is to people and how it makes them feel. Music is defined as vocal or instrumental sounds or both combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion. Music is an art and so it is usually influenced by culture and it becomes an important part of all cultures. Music does not only have to be professional, even a mother singing a lullaby for her baby is music.

History of Music

The history of music is almost as old as humanity. Archaeologists have found a primitive flute made of bone and ivory which can be dated back to almost 43,000 years old. A lot of musical styles could have been oral and so there is not much evidence on that. The oldest song by man is known to be the “Hurrian Hymn No. 6” which was an ode to the goddess Nikkal composed in cuneiform by ancient Hurrians around 14th century B.C. But the earliest piece of music was found on a 4000-year-old Sumerian clay tablet which had instructions on how to play the hymn in honour of the ruler Lipit-Ishtar. The oldest musical composition to have survived is known to be from the first century A.D., a Greek tune called the “Seikilos Epitaph”. This song was found engraved on an ancient marble.

Types of Music

The world is filled with several music genres and music styles. Some of the common music genres with examples are:

  • Classical – Moonlight by Ludwig Van Beethoven
  • Country – You should be here by Cole Swindell
  • Electronic Dance Music (EDM) – Fade by NCIS
  • Hip Hop – Gangsters Paradise by Coolio
  • Indie Rock – Heaven Knows I’m Miserable Now by The Smiths
  • Jazz – A Kiss to Build a Dream on by Louis Armstrong
  • K-pop – Butter by BTS
  • Metal – Diary of Jane by Breaking Benjamin
  • Pop – Shape of You by Ed Sheeran
  • Rap – These Guys by Blay Vision
  • Rhythm & Blues (R&B) – You Got it Bad by usher
  • Rock – Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin
  • Blues – Sultans of Swing by Dire Straits

Benefits of Music

  • Research shows that music helps in keeping your heart healthy. Blood flows more easily when music is played, heart rate gets reduced, blood pressure lowers, it also decreased cortisol levels which is the stress hormone and it increases serotonin and endorphin in blood.
  • Music boosts the brain’s production of dopamine which helps in relieving anxiety and depression.
  • Music triggers some biochemical stress reducers which then help in reducing stress.
  • People going through depression are recommended to listen to music and it is supposed to help.
  • Music therapy is used for people suffering from Alzheimer’s or dementia. This music therapy relaxes the patients.
  • Music therapy also helps in managing the pain, it reduces the perceived intensity of pain.
  • Music is supposed to increase the workout endurance one might have.
  • For some people, music helps in concentration and minimizes the chances of getting distracted.
  • Music helps in regulating and understanding your emotions.

Conclusion

Music has existed for a very long time and that too in many forms. Most of us listen to different kinds of music just because we feel like it, without realizing the benefits it has. So, music isn’t just some sound with some instrument, it indeed is the moonlight in the gloomy night of light.

References

THE ARMED FORCES.

The Indian armed forces consist of the Army, Navy and the Indian Airforce of the Indian union including the armed forces of the Indian states. Now let’s look into the armed forces nature and their presence that help our nation.

The Indian Army is of the nature of the land -based forces that are more indulged in land branch and the Indian Army has the largest component of the Indian Armed forces. The Indian Army came into life on 1st April 1895 which is over 216 years ago, which play an virtual role in land warfare the shape of Indian Army is of 1237117 active and 960000 reserve personnel and the head quarters is situated in Integrated Defence Headquarters Ministry of Defence,New Delhi. The commander in chief is President Ramnath Kovind and chief of Army staff is General Manoj Mukund Naravan. The primary mission of Indian Army is to ensure National security and National unity and also to defend the nation from external aggression and internal threats and also to maintain peace and security within borders. The Army as been involved 4 wars with neighbouring countries Pakistan and China. The Army is an all volunteer force and comprises more than 80% of the countries active defence personnel. The Army has embarked on an infantry modernization program and is also upgrading and acquiring new assets for its armoured as armed and aviation branches. Currently, the Army is also looking at enhancing its special forces capabilities. The Army has taken up the responsibility of providing internal security especially against insurgencies in Kashmir and North-east India over the years.

The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the Indian armed forces that came into existence 1947 with the role to Naval welfare force projection, Sealift, nuclear deterrence the size of the Indian Navy is 67252 active and 55000 reserve personnel and around 150 ships and 300 aircraft. The chief of the Naval staff is Admiral Karambir singh. The primary objective of the Navy is to safeguard the Nations marine land boards and act to determine or defeat any threats or aggression against the territory, people or maritime interests of India. In case, of both war and peace India Navy promotes bilateral relation between nations. The Indian Navy also conducted an International fleet review bridges of friendship and many ships of friendly navies from all around the world participated.

The Indian Air force complements of personnel and aircraft assets ranks 4th amongst the air forces in the world. It aim in air arm of Indian Armed forces the Indian Air force came into existence on 8 Oct 1932 with the role of aerial welfare and consist of 139576 active and 140000 reserve personnel with 1850+ aircraft. Commander in Air staff Air chief Marshal Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria. After India gained independence the royal India name of Air force was kept and served in the name of Dominion of India. They also undertake the operation vipay, operation meghdoot, operation cactus, operation poomali. It expands beyond engagement with forces. There is never more than one serving ACM at any given time in Indian Air force. The IAF provides close air supporte to Indian Army troops on the battlefield, strategic and access to modern capabilities. The IAF has also undertaken relief mission such as operation Rainbow in Sri Lanka.

Marine force are typically a military force trained to operate on littoral zone. In most countries the marine are an integral part of that state’s Navy. The principal role is to military operation in littoral zone operating from ships they are trained to land on as well as amphibious operations. Marine troops are used in a variety of other naval roles they conduct small scale raiding, maritime boarding operation, security of naval vessels amd bases,riverine and coastal missions. And they perform other tasks including special operations and land warfare, ceremonial duties and miscellaneous other takes as directed by the Government.

City of Dreams

Mumbai, what can I say about this city?
It’s a place where dreams are born and are converted into reality.
Staying in Mumbai is itself a dream for thousands of people but very few of them can make it here. Even after facing thousands of difficulties, one will always say, “we will adjust”. The city will challenge you in different ways and once you pass the test, you will never think of leaving it.
Every year thousands of people come to Mumbai with a suitcase full of clothes and eyes full of dreams. These dreamers constitute about 37% of Mumbai’s population.

Every Megacity has skyscrapers, mass transport, infrastructure. opportunities, same as Mumbai, Then what so special here?
It is special because it never stops working. Days and nights have no difference and the energy seen in the Mumbaikars is next level.

It’s where you will find people from every corner of the world.
And yet you may never lose yourself in the crowd.

It’s where you cross a road with orange Hindu flags hung up to walk into a Muslim community and Green flags hung while you walk into a Hindu community.
It’s a place where you shall find a beautiful church next to a gurudwara, or a mosque next to a temple.

It’s where you can enjoy the best, cheapest food; and how can one forget about the vada-pav and chai stalls which make the city complete.

Travel in a chock full bus filled with sweaty men and women. Then find it fun while swinging in it, and miss it when you leave. The “local railways” the lifeline of the city which commutes 3.7 million passengers every day.

Burn your wallets in top brand shops and in buying exotic products. Find the same things available on the road, with substantially good quality at a much cheaper price.

Want to fill that empty hole in your stomach even at midnight. And find food vendor’s around every corner of the street waiting for you.

Chillax on a beach, drive by the sea, enjoy the breeze, feel cold in winter, feel wet in monsoon, sweat the hell out in summer, and still enjoy it all.

Ask the next person for directions, and be surprised to find that person accompanying you to your destination,
Learn Marathi by just daily journeying around, speak Gujarati without knowing it with friends, hear some French, and experience one of the best English knowledge the world can offer.

Still, what can one say about it because it’s “Aamchi Mumbai”

Social Change ( Meaning, Definitions, Causes )

Nothing social remains the same , nothing social abides .

Nature is never at rest . Change is present in the world because change is the Law of Nature .
Like Heraclitus an ancient Greek philosopher said ,
” It is impossible for a man to step into the same river twice “
According to Heraclitean philosophy , “Neither remains the same “, ” the reality of change , the impermanence of being the inconstancy of everything but change itself “

Society we live in is changing .
It’s not a static phenomenon but a dynamic entity . It’s an “ongoing process “subject to constant change due to many forces and factors that irresistibly cause changes .

The perfect example can be observed in our own history , where the man’s rise and growth from the Paleolithic age to the Neolithic age, then to the Stone Age and next to the copper age to development over time, technologies expand, ideologies and values take on new components; institutional functions , modernization etc .

Incessant changeability is the very inherent nature of human society .
Hence , social change is due to the fact that humans are dynamic beings and undergo variation .

Meaning of social change

Social change in general means change in society .
Society is a web of Social relationships .

Social relationships include social processes and social interactions .

Hence , ‘social change ‘ is used to indicate the changes that take place in human interaction and interrelations .

Society is composed of a vast and complex network of patterned human relationships in which all humans participate.
When human behaviour is in process of modification , this is another way of indicating social change.
Thus , apparent alteration in the mutual behaviour between individuals which takes place is a sign of social change .

Definitions :-

“Social change is a term used to describe variations in or modification of any aspect of social processes , social patterns , social interactions or social organisation .”
– M.E. Jones

“ By social change is meant only such alterations as occur in social organisation , that is structure and functions of society “
– Kingsley Davis

” Social change may be defined as a new fashion or mode , either modifying or replacing the old ,in the life of a people – or in the operation of society “
– Majumdar ,.H.T

” Social change refers to a ‘ process ‘ responsive to many types of changes ; to changes in the man-made conditions of life ; to changes in the attitudes and beliefs of men , and to the changes that go beyond human control to the biological and the physical nature of things .”
– MacIver and Page

MacIver also refers to social change as simply a change in human relationships .

Thus , social Change includes alternations in the structure and functions of the society .



Characteristics of Social Change

1:
Social Change is Continuous

2:
Social change is universal

3:
Social Change in Environment

4:
Social Change is Human change

5:
Social Change Results from Interaction of a Number of Factors

6:
Social Change May Create Chain Reaction

7:
Social Change Involves Tempo (or Rate) and
Direction of Change

8:
Social Change maybe planned or unplanned

9:
Social Change is an Objective Term

10:
Social Change can be a short as well as long run process.

11:
Social Change is Temporal


Sources of Social Change

There are several factors due to which social relationships undergo constant alterations .
Sociologists as well as many anthropologists have been debating and discussing the sources of social change .

Fundamentally , there are two factors that are major sources of social change according to various discussions by several sociologists.

• Diffusion
• Inventions

The source of social change is to be found in both diffusion and invention .

Social change takes place due to cultural diffusion i.e spread of elements of culture from one local group to another .
Every society borrows the cultural elements of another society for its progress directly or indirectly . Many tribes became more civilized by diffusion of cultural elements from several local groups.

Social change also takes place because of the inherent capacity of people to invent .
Invention refers to the rearrangement of known traits into new patterns or configurations .
Inventions in every field whether industrial , agricultural , communication or transportation had a huge impact on society .
Hence , inventions constitute the major source of social change.



Causes of Social Change



There is no single cause that produces change in society . Several factors operate together to cause social changes .

According to Harry M. Johnson the cause of social change are of three types

i) the causes of social change are inherent either in the general social system or in any specific social system.

ii) the change is caused because of some impact from the social environment of the social system.

iii) changes due to impact from a non – social environment .

The physical , biological , cultural and the technological factors have been generally regarded as the potential factors of social change.
Lapiere regarded these factors as ‘intervening variables ‘ rather than just ‘ causal or determining ‘ factors .



• Geographical / Physical Factors


This factor emphasised the impact of the geographical environment upon human society .
According to Huntington ,. alternation in climate is the sole cause of the evolution and devolution of civilization and cultures.
Some social ecologists have attributed much importance to geographical factors for social change.
The physical factors such as climate , rivers ,climate , mountains , natural vegetation etc have profound influence on human society but these factors cannot solely explain the cause of rise and fall of civilization . Hence , the influence of geographical factors are neither decisive nor negligible.

• Biological Factors

Biological factors include living and non living creatures. Man is influenced by non-human biological factors and modifies them to serve his purposes .
The biological factors influence the numbers , the composition ,the birth rate , the death rate , the fertility rate and hereditary quality of the successive generations.
Among the biological factors is the qualitative aspect of population , that produces major social change which has dynamic relations with man and society.

• Cultural Factors

According to Max Weber theory of comparative study of religious and economic institutions , the main cause of social change is cultural factors.
Cultural factors consist of values and beliefs , ideas and ideologies , morals and manners , customs and traditions and various institutions .
Ideas and ideals , ideologies and philosophies are inherently changeful ,hence not only social values direct social changes but change themselves .
Dawson and Getty have written that culture gives speed and direction to social change and determines the limits beyond which social change cannot occur .
Our behaviour , living , thinking etc are influenced by the changes in social values.

• Technological Factors

Technological Factors have immense influence on social change .
Ogburn stated , ” Technology changes society by changing our environments to which we ,in turn , adapt . The change is usually in a material environment and the adjustment we make to the changes often modifies customs and social institutions .”

The increase in new machines , new discoveries had a very great influence upon society.
Technology is the product of civilization .It is a systematic knowledge through which using tools and running machines helps to serve human purpose .
A single invention may have innumerable social changes . In the modern age technological factors are among the predominant causes of social change.



Role of Great Men in Social Change

Great Men like Buddha , Mahavira , Shankaracharya , Jesus Christ , Zoroaster , Prophet Mohammed , Confucius and many other great personalities introduced revolutionary change in the realms of religion .
Napoleon Bonaparte, Washington , Lincoln , Karl Marx, Lenin , Mao Tse Tung , Kemal Pasha , Mahatma Gandhi , Hitler , Mussolini , Khomeini and many others have caused revolutionary changes in the political field .
Similarly many writers , scientists , philosophers have many contributions to social changes .

Great Men and their leadership , revolutionary thoughts , extraordinary talents , powerful expression , ability and efficiency have brought revolutionary and long lasting changes in society .

All Social changes occur because of the actions of men and women .

As Robert Bierstedt said ,

” Culture is not self innovating , ideas are not self creating , and technology is not self inventing . Somehow , somewhere , in a society , a man breaks however slightly from tradition . He does some things in a different way . He finds a shortcut . He has a new idea or makes a new discovery . When that happens whether he is a ‘ great man’ or not , he has distributed the stream of culture and like a stone , tossed into the waters , it’s ripples may go on forever . It may affect a while , all the compartments of culture and all the sectors of society .”

66A IT ACT

News –Supreme Court found the enforcement of
Section 66A of the Information Technology
(IT) – six years after it was struck down.

Section 66 A of IT act

• Dealt with information related crimes

• Sending information – found to be offensive, disrespectful and threatening – are punishable offence
 Communication – sent by means of a computer resource or through any
communication device

THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000
CHAPTER XI – OFFENCES
66A.

Punishment for sending offensive messages through
communication service, etc.–Any person who sends, by
means of a computer resource or a communication device,–
(a) any information that is grossly offensive or has
menacing character; or
(b) any information which he knows to be false, but for the
purpose of causing annoyance, inconvenience, danger, obstruction, insult, injury, criminal intimidation, enmity, hatred or ill will, persistently by making use of such computer resource or a communication device;
(c) any electronic mail or electronic mail message for the purpose of causing annoyance or inconvenience or to deceive or to mislead the addressee or recipient about the origin of such messages, shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to three
years and with fine.

Weakness of Section 66A

• Created an offence on the basis of undefined actions
 Sub section (b) – law can be enforced when the information is found to be
causing inconvenience, danger, obstruction – fails to define the terms
 Gives a scope for wider interpretation – may go against the purpose of this
law
• Such terms do not fall among the exceptions granted under Article 19 of the Constitution

• Section 66A did not have procedural safeguards like other sections of the law.

Provide Poor Lunch Organization(PPLO)

PPLO is started by G.Sanjay on 2019 as an initiative to serve the lunch to the poor people who starve for food.

PPLO’s motive is to “Reduce Shortage by Donating the Wastage“.

FOOD WASTAGE- A SHORT GLIMPSE AND STATS:

Having food is something to celebrate but have you ever wondered consciously just much food you waste. Have you ever stopped to analyze just how much food is wasted in your household, society, country and the world? It is not something that people, who have food readily available whenever they feel hungry, worry about. However, for people who are not even able to eat one meal a day, often wonder if all the food that is being wasted around them on a daily basis could have filled their stomach.

Food waste is an issue of importance to global food security and the environment. But what a lot people may not realise is that is impacts a country’s economy as well. Every day, food suitable for human consumption is wasted in large quantities in medium and high-income countries at the retail and consumer level. In fact, a significant food loss and waste occur at the production to processing stages in the food supply chain in low-income countries. 

Food Wastage in India:

Contrary to the belief of Indians that we don’t waste food, data showed that India wastes as much food as the whole of United Kingdom consumes. In fact, food wastage is an alarming issue in India and country’s streets, garbage bins and landfills have sufficient evidence to prove this. According to the United Nations Development Programme, up to 40 per cent of the food produced in India is wasted and about 21 million tonnes of wheat are wasted annually. 

You don’t even have to scour through several resources to see how much food is wasted in the country. During the nationwide lockdown this year, India registered high wastage because of a poor supply chain. Food delivery website MilkBasket lost 15,000 litres of milk and 10,000 kg of vegetables in a single day after delivery agents were denied entry in societies due to lockdown. Farmers in Belagavi district of Karnataka spilt thousands of litres of milk in a river after they could not reach the people due to the lockdown. Several other reports surfaces which showed how much food was wasted.

Food Wastage stats:

  • Around 67 million tonnes of food is wasted in India every year which has been valued at around Rs 92,000 crores. For context, this amount is enough to feed all of Bihar for a year
  • Annually, nearly 21 million metric tonnes of wheat rots in India. This figure is equal to Australia’s total annual production
  • According to old 2018 BMC data, Mumbai generates close to 9,400 metric tonnes of solid waste per day, from which 73% is food, vegetable, and fruit waste, while only 3% is plastic. 
  • National Delhi also generates around 9,000 metric tonnes of waste per day, with the country’s largest landfill located in East Delhi.

Economic Impact:

Food Wastage not only leads to negative environmental impact but also causes economic loss. According to an FAO report, approximately one-third of all food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted. The economic costs of this food wastage are substantial and amount to about $1 trillion each year. However, the hidden costs of food wastage extend much further.  In addition to the $1 trillion of economic costs per year, environmental costs reach around $700 billion and social costs around $900 billion.

Global food wastage costs as per FAO report:

  • 3.5 Gt CO2e of greenhouse gas emissions. Based on the social cost of carbon, these are estimated to cause $394 billion of damages per year.
  • Increased water scarcity, particularly for dry regions and seasons. Globally, this is estimated to cost $164 billion per year.
  • Soil erosion due to water is estimated to cost USD 35 billion per year through nutrient loss, lower yields biological losses and off-site damages. The cost of wind erosion may be of a similar magnitude.
  • Risks to biodiversity including the impacts of pesticide use, nitrate and phosphorus eutrophication, pollinator losses and fisheries overexploitation are estimated to cost $32 billion per year.
  • Increased risk of conflict due to soil erosion, estimated to cost $396 billion per year.
  • Loss of livelihoods due to soil erosion estimated to cost $333 billion per year.
  • Adverse health effects due to pesticide exposure, estimated to cost $153 billion per year.

Earlier this year, former Union Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Ram Vilas Paswan said that in financial year 2019-20, foodgrain wastage in the country stood at 1,930 tonnes, which was 0.002 per cent of the total procurement. The total procurement in FY 2019-20 was 751.72 LMT (Lakh Metric Tonnes). The minister shared the data on Twitter and asserted that the notion that foodgrain wastage is high in FCI (Food Corporation of India) godowns is not true. While he was right, the truth is that over a thousand tonnes of foodgrains was wasted which could have fed millions of people. 

Now that it is clear that food wastage cripples a country’s economy to an extent that most are unaware, some measures that the government needs to take is to include containing wastage in transportation, improve storage facilities. Food processing also needs to be sped up so food is saved and wasted less to feed more. 

PPLO’s WORK:

In PPLO Sanjay and his friends collects the food wasted by common people from their schools and houses and test the quality of the food ensuring that only healthier and good food will be served. We then serve the lunch for the poor people in need instead of throwing to the dusbin. If we find the food has been contaminated we convert the food into a manure by composting.

So in PPLO we ensure that the food is not wasted and it is either used to feed humans or to nurture plants.

Chennai: Fish sales remain extremely poor

Why eat lunch?

Lunch is an important meal for everyone. It provides energy and nutrients to keep the body and brain working efficiently through the afternoon. A packed lunch made at home can be a healthy and delicious choice and gives you control over the foods and ingredients included so the mothers or fathers or children who cook their food for loved ones can able to help the people in need by donating their wastage. So, we took a step to serve the lunch to the needs.

We were able to provide lunch for the slum consisting of 370 people from food collected from a single school. So, we can able to feed the whole world if the wastage is managed properly.

Food waste as fertilizer.

Foods which we find contaminated are transformed to manure to Grow plants. We could use all the food waste and prepare a compost out of them which can be used as organic fertilizer. This way we save the earth from the pollution caused by food waste and also do something productive.

Food waste is unique as a composting agent, it is the main source of organic matters. Fruits, vegetables grains, coffee filters, eggshells can be composted.

PPLO MISSION:

FOOD FOR ALL AND WASTE FOR NONE.

PPLO ACCOMPLISHMENT:

PPLO was successful in providing lunch for nearly 400 people from the food remains generated by a school of 527 students.

If you would like to support PPLO or if you need support from PPLO

Please Contact: s98208366@gmail.com

Right to Information

 RTI

The word RTI stands for Right to Information .The Right to Information is an act that was passed by the Indian Parliament on 15th June 2005 and it came into effect on 12th October 2005. Right to Information could be considering as an effective part of fundamental rights that comes under Article 19(1) of the Constitution. Under this Act any citizens can request for information from The State and The Central Government departments and that request have to be processed on time which was mandated under the RTI Act 2005. Other than this every individual have the right to speech and manifestation. Except in Jammu and Kashmir the RTI Act was extended to whole part of India. This Act was like a power bank for the citizen of India because its inclusive in nature and covers every possible matters of the governance.

RTI and its Information

We can get any information from the RTI Act such as:

1. Right to Inspect Records or Works

2. Right to Certified Copies

3. Right to Get Samples and Models

4. Right to Get Information in Electronic Form

Where can one file an RTI Application?

One can separately file a complaint under the sec-18(1) (a-f) with the State or Central Information Commission as applicable. If the PIO or APIO does not accept the application, delays it, or refuses to provide the information (mala fide intention),or provides wrong information according to the applicant or the PIO knowingly destroyed the information for which requisition is asked for by the applicant or any other obstacle made in order to not to get the information.

If the following complaint is found correct by the concerned Information Commission, the relevant PIO/APIO would be personally fined a penalty of Rs 250 per day for each day delay subject to a maximum of Rs 25000/- and some departmental information action can also be initiated against him as given in Section 20(1)and (2).

Right to Information and its Objective

The basic agenda in the Act of Right to Information was to empower every individual of the contrary and to bring transparency, flexibility and accountability in the working process of the Government. India is a democratic country and it’s the basic right of the citizens to get democracy in true sense. If there is awareness and every citizen knows there rights then accountability sometimes become easy. One thing that should be noted is only the authorities which are lying in the hands of the government or held under public consultant covers this Act. The Act suggests that any information which can’t be denied to the Parliament or State Legislature intend not to be denied to any citizen. 

Conclusion

Right to Information is an Act which is itself certified by the Constitution. Arrival of such act could be considered as a powerful instrument for its citizens as this act gave us the right to known detailed information from our Government. Here, the Government have to give proper guidelines which could be easily comprehensible by every person. The basic purpose behind such acts is to build a strong country by making strong and effective steps and giving every possible information to the public about its Government.

ANXIETY-DOMINATING BRILLIANT MINDS

Anxiety is our body’s natural response to stress. It’s a feeling of fear or apprehension about what is going to come our way. Reason for the same can be many, such as first day of school, going for an interview, overthinking, personal life problems, career etc. Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints and rumination. It includes the feeling of uneasiness and worry, usually generalized and unfocused as an overreaction to a situation that is only subjectively seen as menacing. It is often accompanied by muscular tension, restlessness, fatigue, inability to catch one’s breath, tightness in abdominal region and problems in concentration. If longer than six months and are interfering with normal life, then this may be an Anxiety disorder.

WHAT ARE ANXIETY DISORDERS?

Ordinary Anxiety is a feeling that comes and goes but does not interfere with our everyday life. But incase of an anxiety disorder, the feeling of fear prevails all the time. It is intense and sometimes debilitating. This type of anxiety may cause the person to stop doing things he/she enjoys. They start losing interest in everything around them. In many cases, it may even prevent the person from entering the elevator, crossing the street and leaving home. If left untreated, it keeps getting worse. Anxiety disorders are the most common form of emotional disorder and can affect anyone at any age.

TYPES OF ANXIETY DISORDER

  1. Panic disorder– experiencing recurring panic attacks at unexpected times. A person with the same may live in fear.
  2. Phobia– excessive fear of specific object, situation or activity.
  3. Social Anxiety disorder– extreme fear of being judged by others in social situations.
  4. Obsessive- Compulsive disorder– recurring irrational thoughts that leads to perform specific, repeated behaviors.
  5. Separation Anxiety disorder– fear of being away from home or loved ones.
  6. Illness Anxiety disorder(formerly called Hypochondria)- anxiety about health.
  7. Post-Traumatic Stress disorder(PTSD)– anxiety following a traumatic event.

SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY

Anxiety feels different depending upon the person experiencing the same. The person might feel out of control, like there’s a disconnection between mind and body. Other ways people experience anxiety includes nightmares, panic attacks, painful thoughts or memories that can’t be controlled. General anxiety symptoms include:-

  • increased heart rate
  • rapid breathing
  • restlessness
  • trouble concentrating
  • difficulty falling asleep

TREATMENT

Once the person has been diagnosed with anxiety, it is not necessary that they would need medical treatment. Lifestyle changes may be enough to cope with the symptoms. In moderate or severe cases, treatment can help us to overcome the symptoms and lead a more manageable life. Seeing a Psychiatrist helps with proper medication required and physical assistance as well.

Money and it’s Functions

Money a commodity accepted by general consent as a medium of economic exchange. It is basically the legal tender of exchange. The paper currency which we use today has a long history behind it’s origin and evolution. Even today, money is continuously evolving, going from paper to plastic to digital. Over the years, money has changed it’s forms several times but what hasn’t changed is it’s functions. No matter what form it is used in, money almost always serves the same functions.
The functions of money are categorised as primary, secondary and contingent functions.

Primary Functions of Money:

Under this category, money performs it’s two main functions that are medium of exchange and unit of value. In the former case, money has removed the need of double coincidence of wants, something which was very much needed in the batter system which was used earlier. Being a medium of exchange means being generally acceptable. This gives the user freedom of choice and economic independence. It also acts as an intermediary and facilities exchange.
Money as unit of value means money is the standard for measuring values of all goods and services. This value is expressed in terms of price. Price is in terms of monetary unit and money acts as the determiner of rate of exchange. It also helps in calculating important economic parameters like costs, revenue, profits etc.

Secondary Functions of Money:

Under this, money performs three functions. It acts as a standard of deferred payments, it acts as a store of value and as a transfer of value. Money as a standard of deferred payments means that money acts as a standard for payments, which are to be made in future.
Money as a store of value means that money can be used to transfer purchasing power from present to future. Money is a way to store wealth. Although wealth can be stored in other forms also, but money is the most economical and convenient way. Money as a transfer value refers to the fact that money has velocity. It keeps transferring from person to other person.

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/money/primary-and-secondary-functions-of-money/30307

Contingent Functions of Money:


Money performs certain contingent functions. These include: distribution of national income, maximization of satisfaction, basis of credit system, money as the most liquid asset. Money helps in distribution of the national product in the form of rent, wage, interest and profit, which are expressed in money terms. Money helps the consumers and producers in maximizing their satisfaction. A consumer derives maximum satisfaction when marginal utility is greater than marginal cost. Money helps in credit creation for banks. Money as a store of value has encouraged savings by people in the form of demand deposits in banks. These deposits are used for generating credit. Money is the most liquid asset of all assets in which wealth is healed. Individuals hold wealth in numerous forms ranging from currency, demand deposits, time deposits to bonds , savings, treasury bills etc. All these forms can be converted into money and vice versa.

https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/money/contingent-functions-of-money-in-economics/30310

SPORTS.

The word sport is generally a system of activities that are based in physical athleticism or physical dexterity. Several organs that aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing the enjoyment to participants and in some cases, entertainment act as an spectators. Sports is usually governed by a consistent adjudication of winners. A sportsmanship is an attitude that strives for fair play, courtesy towards teammates and the opponents as well. Grace in victory or the defeat. It expresses an aspiration or ethos that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake the most impact thing is not winning but taking part in the game.

Sports are the way to relive stress and maintain a healthy body by engaging in different types and categories of sports. The sports promote friendliness, team work, hard work, and discipline. The satisfaction you get while playing the sport is equals or even exceeds the one you get from winning it. Sports can through casual or organised participation improve one’s physical health, Hundreds of sports exist from those between single contestants through to those with Hundreds of simultaneous participants either in teams or competing as individuals. When we look into the top sports played , Soccer or well known as football or also called as soccer is the most popular sport in the world. In the last global census FIFA it was established that there were around 265 million people who play this sport and have over 4 billion of fans in the world. One reason for the football popularity is all you need to play football is a ball and your foot. Moving on to the next sport that is Cricket which is the most popular all over the world including a long rectangular pitch at the centre of the cricket field. The International Cricket Council ICC identified that around 125 countries play This sport and have over 2.5 billion fans. Hockey is the sport consists of both ice and on-field. The game involves 2 teams trying to put a ball into the opposing team’s net with hockey stick and hockey as around 2 billion fans and over 100 counties and 5 continents play hockey sport which include both men and women. And next badminton is one of the most participated sports which is played regularly by an estimation their are over 220 million people who play badminton and have 2 billion fans around the world. The next sport is volleyball which was originated from America and around 998 participants both whether won or lost this sport was played all over the world. One popular variant of this game is it is played on sand and gained around 900 million fans. The most famous sport basket ball have around 825 million fans and is now played world wide and to the maximum 450 million people have played basketball. If you like to jump, run, and shoot then you will love this sport more. And then is tennis is widely recognised as individuals sports in world have around 60 million men and women players which has ranking in this sport and has around 875 million fans. It is the popular sport in Asia. Finally we speak about the sport Golf which is the one most popular pastimes in the world and owned around 450 million fans and approximately 60 million people have played this sport.

The top rated players in India are Pullelu Gopichand Jwala Gutta, Prakash Padukone, Sania Nehwal, P.V Sindhu ,Siril verma, players from badminton and Apurvi Chandela ,Ganga narana, Rajyavardhan Singh Gavaskar, Ravichandran Ashwin from cricket and Vishwanath from chess and Rohan Bopana, Sania Mirza, Leander Paes, Mahesh Bhupathi Sushil Kumar, Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav from tennis and Yogeshwar Dutt in wrestling and Vijender Singh from Boxing.

The awards given for the cricket achievers or players are most popularly Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Lauren’s world sports award.

The love for sports will never end till the history of sports man exist and make us give the Heritageous spirit that boost every Indians.

Looper : Loop back

Time travel is an idea adored by every science fiction enthusiast, it has been a popular concept in all kinds of media for a long time now. Time is a fascinating concept itself and the idea of somehow being able to traverse it is even more fascinating. First popularized by H.G.Wells in his novel “The Time Machine” in 1895, now a concept used by almost all form of media. There have been multiple fictional methods of time travel depicted in a wide spectrum, everything ranging from magic to advanced physical theories like blackholes have been used to explain time travel. Not many stories try to convey the possible consequences of time travel, most just end up brushing the very possible effects under the rug. This movie does its best to show the possible consequences of making changes to the past.

Looper is set in the year 2044 in a world quite similar to ours, technological advancements in 2074 have found a way to facilitate time travel. The use of time travel is not elegant or something good at all, it is instead use to coverup crimes of the future. The tracking in 2074 have reached a point where covering up a murder is almost impossible. The future crime bosses utilize time travel to care of their tracking problem, they simply send their targets to the past to be killed and disposed. Loopers are assassins hired by these crime syndicates who take care of the targets sent their way, the targets are bound and blindfolded before being sent back with silver bars on their body as a form of payment. The Looper shoots the target and recovers the silver bars to complete the contract.

The story follows Joe a 25 year old looper that works for the Kansas Crime syndicate played by Joseph Gordon-Levitt. His job is simple, execute the target and recover the silver. He has a pretty wild night life and is also addicted to a type of hallucinogenic. The crime syndicates of the future send the Loopers old self to be executed to hide their connections, these executions are identified with gold bars on the target instead of silver this is referred to as closing the loop. Every looper bides his time waiting for the day to come, Seth a Looper and friend of Joes lets his past self live. This action is frowned upon by the organisations and a manhunt for Seth begins, Joe reluctantly hides Seth in his place but gives him up when his finances are threatend.

The movie does a fantastic job of depicting the consequences to changing past, Seth is captured and used as a beacon for his old self to come back to. The movie shows in its own gruesome way what would happen to the future self if pain is inflicted on the present body. Seth is tortured by first by cutting an address on his arm which develops into scar tissue for his future self then slowly his limbs are severed, these effects appear on the future Seth’s body until he finally dies.

Joe gets to the location for his next target which turns out to be his old self played by Bruce Willis. The only surprising thing for Joe is that his future self is unbound and facing him, Joe fails to kill his old self and returns to his apartment. It is shown that the Joe who returned was successful in closing his loop, he moves on with his life waiting for the day to come. When the day eventually comes Joe is not ready to die and wishes to change the past to avenge his wife, so he returns to the past with the motive to stop “The Rainmaker” a person that overthrows all the crime bosses and forcefully closes the loops. It becomes a battle between Future Joe and the present Joe to save their respective lives.

In my conclusion this is a must watch movie for any science fiction enthusiast with interests in time travel. The cast included Joseph Gordon-Levitt as the primary protagonist, Bruce Willis plays the part of an antagonist, Emily Blunt plays the role of a mother trying to save her son who has psychic powers from the old Joe. Its an amazing movie with an enticing plot, written and directed by Rian Johnson.

My best Brother

Brother isn’t it sounds too good and having an elder brother is the best part of life because from childhood to old age he always care about us.

The best part is I have experienced all these things mentioned above because I have my elder brother and he is too good. I am at 16 and till now I don’t have to ask for help from anyone and you will think why he don’t have to ask for help because” I have my elder brother to help me out from all problems and difficulties”.

But sometimes we feel like having a we elder brother is like restrictions in our life not to do this and all. We all used to fight with them but at the end we reconcile together. I don’t know about anyone but believe me having elder brother is not less then blessing.

Brothers are the only one who protect us from everyone and take care of us after our father.