Food habits refers to eating habits of people like why do people eat? what type of food they eat? and how often they eat? First of all why do we eat food? we eat food in order to gain energy and carry on with our everyday work. It is important to know what type of food is good for our heath, the amount of food we intake. Nowadays the life is so hectic that people need everything so fast which leads to relying on fast food, packed food which contains too much of additives and preservatives. These kind of food when taken for a long time period leads to a lethal effect on our body. At the same time it is really necessary to take vitamins and other needed stuff regularly, taking vitamins less than that needed by your body could lead to vitamin deficiency, at the same time taking vitamins more than that required by your body could lead to vitamin toxicity or hypervitaminosis.
Over eating
Over eating is a term used when some person eats more than required by his/her body. What happens when a person over eats? His body slows down the process of digestion of the food he consumed, which obviously leads to fat accumulation which leads to obesity, again obesity leads to various other health complications. over eating causes nausea, bloating, sleepiness and also leads to complications like diabetes, high blood pressure and also it runs the risk of causing heart diseases. All we need to do is, eat healthy food in moderation and exercise regularly and stay fit . It is not possible to eat healthy all the time, of course we all have cravings when we see junk food, even though we know its unhealthy, but still we can eat healthy most of the time and have some cheat days to eat those junks. Always remember that a healthy person is a happy person.
The state of Kerala is well known for its luscious landscapes and beautiful backwaters. It is also home to a treasure trove of art forms and literature. These art and dance forms symbolize the rich historical and cultural heritage of the state. Let us take a look at some of the classical dance forms of Kerala that will no doubt mesmerize anyone.
Kathakali
Kathakali is one of the most famous dance forms of Kerala, iconic for its elaborate costumes, colourful make-up, complex gestures and facial expressions. Formally systematized in the 17th century, this dance form has its roots in the temple and folk arts which are traceable to at least the 1st millennium CE. The term ‘Kathakali’ literally means ‘Story-play’. It has elements and aspects taken from Bharatamuni’s Natya Shastra as well as movements incorporated from ancient Indian martial arts and athletic traditions of South India.
A Kathakali performance perfectly blends musical instruments like Maddalam, Chenda, and Idakka, vocal performers, choreography, hand gestures and facial expressions to express ideas. The performances show folk stories, religious legends and spiritual ideas from the Puranas and Hindu epics. Traditionally, it was performed only by males, with female roles also being performed by men. Since the 1970s, women have also entered this field of classical dance. The performances used to be long and extended to many nights but have now been shortened. Taught in the past through the ancient Gurukula-based training system, students of Kathakali today are trained in professional schools like the Kerala Kalamandalam and Trivandrum Margi School.
Kathakali has 6 basic make-up types – Pachcha (green, typically for noble characters like Krishna, Rama, Nala), Kathi (Knife, for villain characters), Kari (Black, for she-demons), Thaadi (Beard, for characters like Hanuman), Minukku (Shining, for female characters), and Teppu (for special characters like Garuda, Jatayu, Hamsa).
Mohiniyattam
Source: wikimedia commons.org
The roots of Mohiniyattam are in the Natya Shastra, following the Lasya style of delicate, graceful and feminine movements, The name comes from Mohini – a divine avatar of Lord Vishnu. It was traditionally performed solo by women although men perform it now as well. A typical Mohiniyattam performance includes Carnatic music and singing, with the songs in a Malayalam-Sanskrit hybrid called Manipravalam. The performers wear a plain white, off-white, or cream coloured saree with gold-laced embroidery. This dance form was banned by the British during their rule, ridiculed as a dance form of the devdasi system. The reintroduction and revival of Mohiniyattam after the Colonial era was spearheaded by the poet Vallathol Narayana Menon, who established the Kerala Kalamandalam dance school, encouraging the training and practice of the dance form.
Mohiniyattam and Kathakali form a part of the 7 classical dance forms of India.
Chakyar Koothu
Chakyar Koothu is an art form performed in a place specifically designed inside Hindu temples called a Koothambalam. This dance form was traditionally performed by members of the Chakyar community in times of temple festivals. It is performed solo, with the performer narrating stories from Puranas and Hindu epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata. The performer wears a distinctive headgear and black mustache and has his torso covered in sandalwood paste and red dots. The performance is basically a monologue, oftentimes incorporating humor and wit to comment on current events and members of the audience. The performer is accompanied by musical instruments namely the pot drum Mizhavu and a pair of Ilathalam.
Nangiar Koothu
source: nangiarkoothu.com
Nangiar Koothu is a traditional dance form related to the art of Koodiyattam. Similar to Chakyar Koothu, it was presented only in Koothambalams, Performed solely by women, this dance form traditionally allowed only women of the Ambalavasi Nambiar community to learn it, but now is open to all. Nangiar koothu shows stories from Sree Krishna Charitam – a text depicting the life of Lord Krishna. The performer or Nangyaramma presents stories of Krishna using body movements, hand gestures and facial expressions and is accompanied by the Mizhavu.
Koodiyattam
souce: Keralatourism.org
Koodiyattam which literally translates to ‘Combined Act’ is an art form recognized by UNESCO as Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. It is also performed in Koothambalams and combines Sanskrit theatre performances with elements of traditional Koothu, much like Chakyar Koothu. It is performed by Chakyars and Nangyarammas, who perform together on stage, unlike the solo performances of Chakyar Koothu and Nangiar Koothu.
In both Koodiyattam and Chakyar Koothu, Guru Mani Madhava Chakyar is considered the greatest master and artist. He introduced the art form to people outside the Chakyar community and outside Kerala.
Ottan Thullal
There are 3 varieties of Thullal – Ottan Thullal, Seekanthan Thullal and Parayan Thullal, of which Ottan Thullal is the most popular. It was introduced by the legendary poet Kunchan Nambiar in the 18th century, with its principles based on the Natya Shastra. It is said that Kunchan Nambiar developed this dance form to get back at a Chakyar who ridiculed him for falling asleep during a Chakyar Koothu performance. Ottan Thullal performances are often laced with humour, criticizing and commenting on society. The performer is accompanied by a Mridangam, Idakka and a pair of Ilathalam.
The performers wear green make-up much like a Pachcha character in Kathakali, with colourful costumes. They dance and recite while a chorus of 1 or more artists repeats the sentence that is recited. They perform in Malayalam, making it easily understandable for the local audience, and use old sayings and elements of folklore.
A country’s financial budget is a systematic representation of how it operates and is a defining factor of its reputation. The Indian Constitution does not use the word budget, rather it is stated as the “Annual Financial Statement”. This first Union Budget of British India was presented on 7th April 1860 by Sir James Nilson, and that of independent India, on 26th November 1947 by R.K. Shanmukhan Chetty.
This year on 1st February, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman delivered her 4th annual budget and the 10th under the Modi government. Before we get into the intrinsic details of this year’s budget, it is important to understand from where the Indian government attains most of its income.
35% of India’s reserves come from borrowing and other liabilities. GST, Income Tax, and Corporation Tax constitute 16%,15% and 15% respectively. 7% comes from Union excise duties and another 5% from Customs and Non-Tax Revenue. Thus a majority of India’s resources come from the taxpayers and loan lenders only.
One of the most important points mentioned was the prediction of the Indian economy’s estimated growth rate, set at 9.2%. This is the highest growth rate for any recovering economy, as confirmed by the International Monetary Fund(IMF). The backbone of this year’s budget was the auspiciousness of India entering Amrit Kaal, that is in 25 years, we will be celebrating 100 years of our Independence. With this in mind, the Finance Minister set out certain milestones we hope to achieve as a country before 2047.
The budget’s index is comprised of four important areas-PM GatisShakti, Inclusive Development, Productivity, and Financing of Investments.
On India’s 75th Independence Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that the Centre will launch ‘PM Gati Shakti Master Plan’, a Rs. 100 lakh-crore project for developing ‘holistic infrastructure’.PM Modi said that the Gati Shakti plan will help raise the global profile of local manufacturers and help them compete with their counterparts worldwide. It also raises possibilities of new future economic zones.
The prime minister also said that India needs to increase both manufacturing and exports. Every product that is sold globally from India is attached to India, which is why I am saying that every product of yours is a brand ambassador for India, he said.
A number of new schemes were also introduced, such as Kisan Drones, Ken Betwa Project, ECLGS, GTMSE, RAMP, DESH-Stake-Portal, DrAAS, “One Class One TV”, Saksham Anganwadi, Har Gar, Nal se Jal, etc.
But the most crucial part of a budget is its Fiscal Management. A few important pointers are as follows:
Proposed fiscal deficit of 4.5% of GDP by 2025/26.
Projected fiscal deficit of 6.4% of GDP in 2022/23.
Revised fiscal deficit for 2021/22 at 6.9% of GDP.
50-year interest-free loans over and above normal borrowing allowed for states.
Overall, even though this year a lot of improvements were seen, including the exemplary step towards mental health advocation, the middle class was left unimpressed. With no reduction in taxes and an extra 30% tax on the new cryptocurrency policies, the average man was yet again disappointed.
We all feel under the weather from time to time, but if you have been feeling emotianlly drained for a long length of time, then it is likely you are suffering from a mental disorder and you should immediately consult with an expert. Ignoring your mental health can have negative impacts on your physical health as well. Here are 5 common impacts that your mental health can impose on your body –
1) Weight fluctuation Mood disorders can often lead to you eating more and less and not maintaining a proper balanced diet and henceforth can result in weight gain and weight loss.
2) high blood pressure Extreme stress can cause your blood pressure levels to rise up and leave you feeling tired and weak.
3) Insomnia Poor mental health can cause you difficulty to sleep and lack of proper sleep can disrupt your daily schedule.
4) Drugs and Smoking People with mental health conditions often resort to drugs, liqour and smoking in order to avert their problems and feel at ease. This in turn proves detrimental to their health. Expert consultations are always recommended in such cases.
5) Weak Immune System Poor mental heath can weaken your immune system making you more vulnerable to get colds and other infections.
Ghana is well known for it’s dark chocolate. Infact, it is the 2nd largest chocolate exporter in the world. Several children are forced into child labour for the extraction of cocoa seeds and they are made to work from the crack of dawn till night. To keep the price of chocolate minimum, child labour is infused since children are not paid for their work. Top international chocolate brands such as Nestle, Hershey’s and Mars buy cocoa from them. Apart from child labour, there is another ritual since prevalent in Ghana that is inflicted upon young women. Trokosi or female ritual servitude still exists in parts of Ghana, Togo , Benin and parts of Nigeria too till this very day. It takes place when a member if a family commits a crime. The crime can be rape,theft , murder etc. And once the crime is uncovered the family members fear punishment from the gods. So in order to please the gods, the father of the family would take one of his virgin daughters and give her to a local shrine as atonement for the crimes made by the family member. The shrines are run by old male priests. The young girls are forced to work for these priests without any proper education, food or clothing and often raped and sexually assaulted and in many cases leaving her with children who continue to live and work in these shrines. However NGO’s and other human rights organizations are fighting this practice. Many individuals and private groups in Ghana have had successes in persuading priests to stop this practice. Since 1998, International Needs Ghana which is a local group played an integral part in a campaign which led to the release of around 2,800 Trokosi girls and the banning of the Trokosi practice in Ghana. Even Today, International Needs help many of the liberated girls by providing education and vocational training.At the Adidome Vocational Training Centre, the girls can take free training courses to learn new skills. They can learn how to bake, sew , make beauty products and so on. They are also given literacy classes.The centre also offers medical check-ups counselling and support for the girls. And once they are done with the training and leave the centre they are supported with equipments so they can begin their own small business and make a living.
The sculptor and father of the Indian Constitution, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar wrote the Indian constitution by studying the constitutions of about 60 countries. There was special status to Jammu and Kashmir and the northern region of India given in Article 370 of the Indian constitution. The larger region of Kashmir has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947.
British rules in India ends after the partition in 1947. Jammu and Kashmir ruler Hari Singh signed the instrument of accession of J & K following an attack by Pakistani armies for the fight between Pakistan and India. In 1948 the war ended with a resolution for the people of Jammu and Kashmir to decide whether the part of Pakistan or India. According to the signed document of Hari Singh, only defense, external affairs, and communications would be handed over to the Government of India. There was a separate flag and independence over all matters. Article 370 was therefore introduced in the constitution to preserve the specific terms under which Kashmir had agreed to accede to India.
On 5 August 2019, the Parliament of India voted in favor of a resolution tabled by Home Minister Amit Shah to revoke the temporary special status, or autonomy, granted under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir.
The most recent Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, Mehbooba Mufti called it the “blackest day of Indian democracy”. She felt that the Indian Parliament snatched away everything from the people of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian Government justified this action by saying that this will help end violence. The member of the Lok Sabha for Ladakh constituency praised the abrogation of Article 370 and proposed the formation of separate Ladakh union territory.
The studies of History never ceases to amaze us with its unfolding secrets, bizarre facts and notable events that took place throughout ages. History has made many rulers popular, many famous and many infamous through their deeds during their ruling periods. But, Cleopatra VII of Egypt, still remains a fantasy for the connoisseurs of History for her incredible brain and beauty. In Today’s editorial, we’re going to discuss about Cleopatra, the empress of Egypt who enticed the world with her inevitableruling skills and irresistiblecharm.
Cleopatra VII
Cleopatra: Who She Was
Cleopatra VII ruled ancient Egypt as co-regent (first with her father, then with her two younger brothers and finally with her son) for almost three decades. She was part of a dynasty of Macedonian rulers founded by Ptolemy, who served as general under Alexander the Great during his conquest of Egypt in 332 B.C. Well-educated and clever, Cleopatra could speak various languages and served as the dominant ruler in all three of her co-regencies. Her romantic liaisons and military alliances with the Roman leadersJulius Caesar and Mark Antony, as well as her supposed exotic beauty and powers of seduction, earned her an enduring place in history and popular myth.
Artwork of Cleopatra, by Frederick Arthur Bridgman (1896)
Early Life and Ascension to The Throne
Cleopatra, in full Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (born 70/69 BCE—died August 30 BCE, Alexandria) was the daughter of King Ptolemy XII Auletes. Cleopatra was destined to become the last queen of the Macedonian dynasty that ruled Egypt between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and its annexation by Rome in 30 BCE. The line had been founded by Alexander’s general Ptolemy, who became King Ptolemy I Soter of Egypt. Cleopatra was of Macedonian descent and had little, if any, Egyptian blood. Coin portraits of Cleopatra show a countenance alive rather than beautiful, with a sensitive mouth, firm chin, liquid eyes, broad forehead, and prominent nose. When Ptolemy XII died in 51 BCE, the throne passed to his young son, Ptolemy XIII, and daughter, Cleopatra VII. It is likely, but not proven, that the two married soon after their father’s death. The 18-year-old Cleopatra, older than her brother by about eight years, became the dominant ruler. Evidence shows that the first decree in which Ptolemy’s name precedes Cleopatra’s was in October of 50 BCE. Soon after, Cleopatra was forced to flee Egypt for Syria, where she raised an army and in 48 BCE returned to face her brother at Pelusium, on Egypt’s eastern border. The murder of the Roman general Pompey, who had sought refuge from Ptolemy XIII at Pelusium, and the arrival of Julius Caesar brought temporary peace.
Statue of Julius Caesar in Rome, Italy
Cleopatra’s Romantic Roman Connection
Cleopatra realized that she needed Roman support, or, more specifically, Caesar’s support, if she was to regain her throne. Each was determined to use the other. Caesar sought money for repayment of the debts incurred by Cleopatra’s father, Auletes, as he struggled to retain his throne. Cleopatra was determined to keep her throne and, if possible, to restore the glories of the first Ptolemies and recover as much as possible of their dominions, which had included southern Syria and Palestine. Caesar and Cleopatra became lovers and spent the winter besieged in Alexandria. Roman reinforcements arrived the following spring, and Ptolemy XIII fled and drowned in the Nile. Cleopatra, now married to her brother Ptolemy XIV, was restored to her throne. In June 47 BCE she gave birth to Ptolem Caesar . The Child was believed to be Caesar’s child, and was known by the Egyptian people as Caesarion, or Little Caesar.
Assassination of Julius Caesar
Sometime in 46-45 B.C., Cleopatra traveled with Ptolemy XIV and Caesarion to Rome to visit Caesar, who had returned earlier. After Caesar was assasinated in March 44 B.C., Cleopatra went back to Egypt; Ptolemy XIV was killed soon after (possibly by Cleopatra’s agents) and the three-year-old Caesarion was named co-regent with his mother, as Ptolemy XV.
Mark Antony
Mark Antony: The Love of Cleopatra
When, at the Battle of Phillpi in 42 BCE, Caesar’s assassins were routed, Mark Antony became the heir apparent of Caesar’s authority—or so it seemed, for Caesar’s great-nephew and personal heir, Octavian, was but a sickly boy. Antony, now controller of Rome’s eastern territories, sent for Cleopatra so that she might explain her role in the aftermath of Caesar’s assassination. She set out for Tarsus in Asia Minor loaded with gifts, having delayed her departure to heighten Antony’s expectation. She entered the city by sailing up the Cydnus River in a barge while dressed in the robes of the new Isis. Antony, who equated himself with the God Dionysus, was captivated.
Decadent affair between Mark Antony and Cleopatra
In 40 BCE Cleopatra gave birth to twins, whom she named Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene.
Cleopatra’s Death: The End
On September 2, 31 B.C., Octavian’s forces soundly defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium . Cleopatra’s ships deserted the battle and fled to Egypt, and Antony soon managed to break away and follow her with a few ships. With Alexandria under attack from Octavian’s forces, Antony heard a rumour that Cleopatra had committed suicide. He fell on his sword, and died just as news arrived that the rumour had been false.
Mark Antony‘s Death
On August 12, 30 B.C., after burying Antony and meeting with the victorious Octavian, Cleopatra closed herself in her chamber with two of her female servants. The means of her death is uncertain, but Plutarch and other writers advanced the theory that she used a poisonous snake known as the asp, a symbol of divine royalty, to commit suicide at age 39. According to her wishes, Cleopatra’s body was buried with Antony’s, leaving Octavian (later Emperor AugustusI) to celebrate his conquest of Egypt and his consolidation of power in Rome.
William Shakespeare‘s Antony and Cleopatra
Cleopatra: The Enchantress Throughout Ages
Cleopatra remains a charm to cultures having relevance even today. Her bizarre beauty hacks including pomegranatelip-tint and a bath regime curated out of jennet(female donkey) milk arestill a talk among Beauty enthusiasts. Her famous pearl in vinegar concoction drink stirs curiosity among people. Her life was made into various plays and movies. From Shakespeare stems a wealth of Cleopatra-themed art—plays, poetry, paintings, and operas. In the 20th century Cleopatra’s story was preserved and further developed through film.
Theda Bara as Cleopatra (1917)Claudette Colbert as Cleopatra (1934)Cleopatra (1934)Elizabeth Taylor as Cleopatra (1963)Cleopatra (1963)Cleopatra (1963) poster
Many actresses, including Theda Bara (1917), Claudette Colbert (1934), and Elizabeth Taylor (1963), have played the queen, typically in expensive, exotic films that concentrate on the queen’s love life rather than her politics. Caesar and Cleopatra, four-act play by George Barnard Shaw , written in 1898, published in 1901, and first produced in 1906. It is considered Shaw’s first great play. Cleopatra, American epic movie, released in 1963, that was perhaps best known for its off-screen drama, notably production overruns that nearly bankrupted Twentieth Century-Fox and the affair between stars Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton.
Conclusion
A queen, an empress, a ruler, a passionate lover, a beauty with brain – Cleopatra was literally all in one. She’s definitely considered as one of the most celebrated queen recorded in World history. Tales of her rule and of her beauty still make her unforgettable to the modern Era of History learners. She was a legend, who is encrypted in History forever, with the never ending myths surrounding her life.
Education is the process of learning, gaining knowledge, skills, morals, values, habits and helps us with our personality development. Education is a powerful tool for the development of a nation. It has the power to drive away poverty, when it is provided to each and every individual of the society.
Education Then and Now
What was education back then? place where education was taught back those days were called as gurukul, students used to stay there and learn and they had strict rules to follow , one more thing about gurukul is that, only a specific set of students were allowed to learn in gurukul. After some years education was developed a lot more and students who were denied to get education were also allowed to learn. Students used to sit on ground and used slate and chalk to write and learn. Now education has reached another level of growth, students use e-books, that is all their learning stuffs are available in mobiles, pcs, laptops or tablets. Even during COVID we managed to learn through online, but the question is, was it as effective as offline schooling? Majority of us felt that offline classes were lively and more interactive, rather than watching those screens sitting, surrounded by walls.
Education being a burden
Education was fine until it was limited, when we learnt things in moderation, when competition was less. The population plays an important role in education. Since the population increased a lot the competition for getting into a school, college and job has increased a lot. In order to cope up with the competition students learn a lot of stuff than needed, push themselves so hard to prove themselves in this society. There is this trend where all of us either want to be a doctor, engineer or collector, we just forget that there are thousands of fields to learn. If each one of us find what we really need and work on it, definitely there won’t be these many competitive exams to be either a doctor or a engineer. Once our population becomes steady and these toxic stereotypes comes to an end, the education won’t be a burden to students and all of us would get a quality education.
On 15th October 1932 Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata, a prominent figure in Indian commerce, completed one of the most historical flights of Indian aviation, from Karachi to Bombay thus laying the foundation stone for Tata Air Services. What would later become of this venture, couldn’t possibly be foreseen by the founder himself. From Tata Air Services to Tata Airlines up until Air India, the story of this majestic airline is a long road full of twists and turns. Tata Airlines was regarded as one of the most prosperous airlines in the world, gaining recognition from the United States and London to being an inspiration for Singapore Airlines as well. The experience, as described by travelers was one to remember. From an exquisite ambiance and top-notch cuisine to decorations of artworks, this airline was coined the “Palace in the sky”.
So what went wrong? Things took an unsettling turn when in 1953, the Government of India decided to nationalize the corporation. J.R.D. Tata was disheartened. Being an avid aviator himself, he was being asked to give up his dream, the company he founded. But, be as it may, Tata continued to be the Chairman of the airlines with little or no say in important matters. With the politicians and less experienced managers sitting at the top, the company’s downfall could have been easily predicted.
Air India went on to incur huge amounts of debts. In 2007 alone, the company bore a massive Rs. 541 crore loss, almost double of what another airline, Indian Airlines suffered. Since both of these companies were under the control of the government, to compensate for these losses it was decided to merge them into one, which would be known as National Aviation Co. of India Ltd.Even so, the government suffered major drawbacks, and could not reimburse its investors. Before this merger, the downfall of the airlines was already imminent. The poor leadership was unable to make wise decisions, and with unnecessary expenses and incompetency to manage the situation, the company suffered a total loss of 770 billion dollars. This situation was finally put to bed by the government when it decided to privatize Air India in 2017. Over a long process of bidding and legal processes, finally, on 8th October 2021, the airline was sold to its original owner, the Tata group for Rs. 180 billion. Now we wait, and let the airline unfurl its fate. Will it emerge once again on the top, or will it keep scraping the bottom of the barrel? Only time will tell.
The ancient Hindu tradition called sati, wherein a widow would throw herself on her husband’s pyre and burn to death, was initially a voluntary act considered courageous and heroic, but it later became a forced practice. Although sati is now banned all over India, it has a dark history.
“Sati” originally meant a woman who performed the act of immolating herself after her husband’s death. The word is derived from the Sanskrit word “asti’, which means “She is pure or true”.
In mythological terms, Sati was the name of the wife of Lord Shiva. Her father never respected Shiva and often despised him. To protest against the hatred that her father held for her husband, she burned herself. While she was burning, she prayed to be reborn as Shiva’s wife again. This did happen, and her new incarnation was called Parvati. People used to justify the practice based on this tale, but when Sati burned herself, she wasn’t a widow, and thus the practice is quite unrelated to this tale.
FROM VOLUNTARY TO FORCED
According to ancient Hindu customs, sati symbolised closure to a marriage. It was a voluntary act in which, as a sign of being a dutiful wife, a woman followed her husband to the afterlife. It was, therefore, considered to be the greatest form of devotion of a wife towards her dead husband.
With time, it became a forced practice. Women who did not wish to die like this were forced to do so in different ways. Traditionally, a widow had no role to play in society and was considered a burden. So, if a woman had no surviving children who could support her, she was pressurised to accept sati.
HISTORY OF SATI
Historical records tell us that sati first appeared between 320CE to 550CE, during the rule of Gupta Empire. Incidents of sati were first recorded in Nepal in 464CE, and later on in Madhya Pradesh in 510CE. The practice then spread to Rajasthan, where most number of sati cases happened over the centuries.
Initially, the practice of sati was confined to royal families of the Kshatriya caste and only later spread to the lower castes, becoming widely practised among all social classes.
Sati was at its peak between the 15th and 18th centuries. During this period, as many as 1000 widows were burned alive every year, most commonly in India and Nepal. However, records show that the practice was also popular in other traditions and in countries like Russia, Fiji and Vietnam.
In the contemporary international circumstances non-alignment or to put it more precisely its role and usefulness in general has become a highly controversial issue, certainly more so than earlier. Thus, the movement is passing through a critical period in its life. It finds itself today at the crossroad and seems to be finding it difficult to comprehend the path it has to rake. It is trying to find its identity, reorient its perception and endeavor to determine the role it has to play in the changed context of international relations. This has resulted in a heated debate about the validity and contemporary relevance of NAM and non-alignment as foreign policy behavior in this post cold war “unipolar world”. According to the critics, NAM is no longer relevant because of the changed international environment. It is engaged that the policy of Non-alignment had some utility in the period of cold war bipolarity, because it was child of cold war in the reaction of certain countries to the cold war. The two main contenders for political ascendancy had almost reached the point of extermination. It was the desire to preserve independence as distinct from merely formal sovereignty, which led some nation to resist absorption into one or the other power blocks. Presently the international system is no longer bipolar and the cold war is over, so what is its relevance today is a great question. In spite all the above statements regarding its irrelevance, the relevance of NAM in international affairs is unquestionable. As a matter of fact, the policy of Non-Alignment was not wholly related to a bipolar world and the cold war between the two super powers and the block they lead. It just happened that the Non-Alignment flowered in the immediate post-world war. Therefore, whatever the world is bi-polar or multipolar or unipolar, non-alignment as a foreign policy choice option of the small Third World countries will remain valid. In other words the policy will last as long as the sovereign nation system last. The declaration of the Jakarta Summit conference 1992 assured, NAM has contributed to the ending of bipolar in the world and to the elimination of the cold war. These new developments have in fact fully vindicated the validity and relevance of Non-Alignment. They affirmed NAM’s role is ensuring” its full participation in the building of the new world order”. No wonder, then that the membership of the NAM has more than quadrupled from about 25 states in 1961 to 120 today. The relevance of NAM continues as it looks after the interest of all Third World countries for which the movement was created. The beginning of the Non-Alignment can be traced to Afro-Asian resurgence as a reaction against European colonial systems and prior to that in the struggle of underdeveloped countries against the hegemony of great European powers since the birth of nation state system. Just when these countries begin to gain independence, they found themselves in bipolar worlds. Seeking membership of either block meant compromised on newly owned freedom by sovereign states, as well as an increased in international tensions, which is turned threatened the prospects of development- socio-economic and political. Although the term Third World has lost currency since the 1970s when other terms, such as ‘underdeveloped countries’, ‘developing countries’, and ‘South’ or ‘Global South’, became more widely used, revisiting the term conveys a sense of the conceptual foundations on which nonalignment rests. As Nehru’s brainchild, in essence non-alignment means the pursuit of equality in world affairs through pooling the diplomatic resources of Third World states in international forums. Equality should here be understood in political-economic terms.NAM was a front of political solidarity by supporting liberation struggles and making abstinence from military pacts or alliances a criterion of membership. Nevertheless, NAM together with the Group of 77 (G77–largely made up of NAM members) succeeded to keep Third World issues on the agenda in most UN forums and agencies due to their numerical strength. In the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), NAM and the G77 promoted the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) to rectify the perceived imbalances in information and communication flows between the North and the South. The end of the cold war has ended a period of strategic confrontations but an era of stable global peace is yet to be created. In fact the cold war is dead but not the regional conflicts and crises. The East-West conflict has dissolved but intense economic and technological competition is emerging among several strong nations. The Non-Alignment countries have to learn to maneuver among them and to successfully face the menace of new colonialism that is sought to be imposed through various WTO rounds. Thus, the NAM continues to be relevant so long as there is exploitation, war, hunger, poverty and disease on the earth. The uniqueness of NAM lies in the fact that its goals do not merely serve the national interest of member state but it stand to promote the cause humanity. They are universalistic in nature. It would not be an exaggeration to say that recent positive developments on international scene reflect the spirit of NAM. NAM is progressively putting more emphasis on economic independence. The NonAlignment nations have been demanding for a legitimate share in world trades. The determination of the quality and quantity of foreign aid from developed to developing countries is also task for the Non-Alignment nation. Economic cooperation between developed and developing states forms part of the threefold strategy advocated by the NAM. These stands are: reliance on their resources, promotion of cooperation among non-alignment states themselves, fostering cooperation with the advanced states, with the subjects of promoting self reliance as would restrict exploitation and contribute towards resolution of the problems of world economy as a whole. The fundamental concern of NAM has always been with global question of decolonization and consolidation of freedom, disarmament and development of economies through mutual cooperation as well as through a more equitable and just new international economic order. All these are interrelated and to make the package of peace and prosperity for humanity. Perhaps the most important role for NAM today lies in framing a concrete economic agenda for a just and fair international economic order. The globalization and liberalization trends worldwide have generated complex economic problems. The rich-poor divide has widened. The WTO rules and procedures have failed to provide adequate economic gains to the Third World. WTO summits have failed to reach a consensus on many issues. Its role in WTO negotiations to advance and protect the trading rights and opportunities of developing countries and in muscling up their negotiating position and skills would be the chief concerns. It should strive to reform and reorient the globalization process through a strong developmental agenda. NAM has an effective role to play in this regard provided member countries try to see the benefits from a unified angle without any partisan considerations. In 2007, Rejecting the US contention that Non-Aligned Movement has “lost its meaning”, India quickly asserted that its relevance continues in promoting democratization of the international system and New Delhi was committed to its ideals. External Affairs Ministry said India’s “firm and abiding commitment” to non-alignment could not be questioned. “The NonAligned Movement played a significant role in ending apartheid and colonialism. Today, itsrelevance continues in promoting South-South cooperation and democratization of the international system. NAM must play the positive role in making the globalization inclusive and must strive to achieve a faire, just international economic order.
The Indian Easements Act, 1882 defines the concept of easement under section 4. According to Section 4 of the Indian Easements Act, 1882, easement is a right of the owner or occupier of the land that enables the person to enjoy the land. The section 4 of the Easements At, 1882 provides the definition of easements as “ a right which the owner or occupier of certain land possesses as such for the beneficial enjoyment of that land, to do and to continue to do something or to prevent and continue to prevent something being done in upon or in respect of certain other land not is own”. In the case of an easement, there is absence of conveyance and this disqualifies it from being called a transfer of property. With easement rights the person gets to enjoy the benefits of the land. In the absence of this right, the owner is not in a position to enjoy the rights of the land.
The interpretation of easement also includes the right or capacity to act or not refrain the activities or stop the activities or opting to stop the activities continually in a different land, which does not belong to him, so that he can continue to enjoy the land in his ownership. Here, the understanding of the word ‘land’ includes all the things fixed to the earth. The understanding of the term ‘beneficial enjoyment’ is that it means necessities, amenities, convenience and other advantages.
The Easement Act in India can be dated back to 1882. This allowed all the citizens to exercise the right to an easement. This makes easement come under the bracket of the rights granted to the citizens. It tells that the right of easement allows the possessor of the land or citizens who occupy the land for enjoying the benefits of the land. This ownership allows the people who own or occupy to do the activities or continue to do or to not allow or to opt to continually forbid some activities done on the concerned land that does not belong to the person. Law requires the fulfilment of certain conditions for the qualification of a valid easement. In this context the possessor of the land or the person who is presently occupying the land, according to law, is called as the Dominant Owner. The concerned land for which there are easementary to protect the benefits is called Dominant Heritage.The person or the possessor on whom there is an imposition of the liability is called as the Serviant Owner. The land concerned in the above situation on which there is an imposition of liability is called as Servient Heritage.
Section 5 of the The Indian Easements Act, 1882 deals with the classification of easements. Easements can be classified as continuous and non continuous. Continuous easements can be defined as the ones that can be enjoyed without any human intervention and any action on the part of a human. This is seen as a special quality to the property. Whereas, in discontinuous easements human interventions is necessary to enjoy the right of easement. The right of easement which is discontinuous requires the owner to perform certain actions on the land of the other person. The right of easement can also be classified as apparent or non – apparent. An apparent easement has certain permanent signs to prove its existence. Reasonable foresightedness and thorough examination shows these signs. The other name for this type of easement is express easement.
Essentials of Easement
Law requires fulfilment of certain conditions for a valid easement. One essential is that there has to be a dominant and a servient heritage. This is an important and mandatory condition. For a person to enjoy or have the right of easement there has to be two properties called dominant and servient heritage. There has to an owner who imposes the liability and another person on whom it is imposed. There has to be a property on which the liability is imposed and a property for the enjoyment of which the liability is imposed. The presence of dominant heritage and servient heritage is the first and a compulsory element of easement. The heritage or property which is vested with certain privileges is called dominant heritage, and the person who owns the property is called the dominant owner. The property being subjected to certain liabilities is called as servient heritage. According to the definition, the possessor for his own benefit exercises the right of easement over another person. These concepts of dominant and servient heritage are opposites and cannot be one. This makes it a must for two completely different properties to exist in order to claim a right of easement. This understanding makes us deduce the requirement of two different owners for the right of easement. The right of easement is not required if the owner is one person. There have to be two people, so that the owner gets to exercise the right of easement over another.
The goal of right of easement is to benefit the dominant owner. It is to enable him to enjoy the land he owns. Expressed benefits and implied benefits are included in it. The right of easements can be either positive or negative or both. Positive easement right refers to an act through the performance of which the dominant owner gets to exercise over servient owner. Negative easement involves an act performed to prevent something or the act of preventing itself. This involves the restriction or forbidding the servient owner to do certain things. One important thing to be understood here is that the dominant owner does not have the right to ask or legally bind the other person to do something. Another mandatory condition is the adjacent existence of the concerned heritages. The right of easement is also a right in rem. The right of easement is claimable against the entire world. The right of easement is tied to the dominant tenement. The right of easement is also a right of re-aliena. It is a right that exists over a servient tenement and is not applicable to one’s own land. Another mandatory element is separate existence of both these properties. They have to be separate and owned by different people as an easement is not granted or vested on the happening of one property in two properties.
Section 4 explains this concept using these words “Which is not his own”. In the casw case Radhika Narayan VS. Chandra Devi, the High Court of Delhi said that the beneficial enjoyment should be on the land of a person who is not the owner or possessor of the occupied property for an easement to exist. This is essential for an easement to exist.
Another essential element is using easement as a status of power of land. It means that the person or dominant should exercise the right of easement as a status of power. It can be exercised only by the owner. As easement is attached to the property, without there is no easement. It is also necessary that the owner uses it for his own beneficial enjoyment. He has to utilise the right of easement to derive beneficial enjoyment from his property. Here the term ‘beneficial enjoyment’ can be interpreted as things like facilities, profits etc. In the case of Ramchandra VS. Diwakar, the High Court of Madhya Pradesh declared that the easement can be awarded only to the actual owner and not others.
The right of easement can be enjoyed only by the dominant owner and not by serivitude owner. It is not available to others.Another important essential of easement is that it is tied to the respective property. The right exists only if the property exists. It is related to the property and is not dependent on the person. It is transferred to another person after the transfer of property. Any act committed as a part of his right (owner of the property) is a positive easement. Any action or other things being forbidden by the owner is a negative easement. The right of easement is not only available against the owner of the adjacent land but against everyone. The dominant owner has the right to sue other if they interfere in the beneficial enjoyment of his land. Remedial action is available for such interferences. In the case of Mohammad VS. Anantehari, the High Court of Kerala gave out the essentials of an easement. According to the judgement dominant heritage and servient heritage is necessary, land has to be used for the beneficial enjoyment of the owner, it is necessary that the properties are owned by different people, the owner’s right of action and prevention, easement has to be definite and clear, and finally accommodation of easement along with the dominant property. In Laxman Patnayak VS. Cuttack Municipal Council, the court gave the three essentials of easements. They are: two different kinds of properties namely dominant heritage and serivient heritage have to exist, the properties to be owned by different people, and beneficial enjoyment as the motive to exercise the right of easement by the owner.
What Is DIGITAL MARKETING :Digital marketing is the component of marketing that utilizes internet and online based digital technologies such as desktop computers, mobile phones and other digital media and platforms to promote products and services.
It is the component of marketing that utilizes internet and online based digital technologies such as desktop computers, mobile phones and other digital media and platforms to promote products and services. Its development during the 1990s and 2000s, changed the way brands and businesses use technology for marketing. As digital platforms became increasingly incorporated into marketing plans and everyday life, and as people increasingly use digital devices instead of visiting physical shops, digital marketing campaigns have become prevalent, employing combinations of search engine optimization (SEO), search engine marketing (SEM), content marketing, influencer marketing, content automation, campaign marketing, data-driven marketing, e-commerce marketing, social media marketing, social media optimization, e-mail direct marketing, display advertising, e–books, and optical disks and games have become commonplace. Digital marketing extends to non-Internet channels that provide digital media, such as television, mobile phones (SMS and MMS), callback, and on-hold mobile ring tones.The extension to non-Internet channels differentiates digital marketing from online marketing.
Types of DIGITAL MARKETING :There are as many specializations within digital marketing as there are ways of interacting using digital media. Here are a few key examples. Search engine optimization Search engine optimization, or SEO, is technically a marketing tool rather than a form of marketing in itself. The Balance defines it as “the art and science of making web pages attractive to search engines.” The “art and science” part of SEO is what’s most important. SEO is a science because it requires you to research and weigh different contributing factors to achieve the highest possible ranking. Today, the most important elements to consider when optimizing a web page include: Quality of content Level of user engagement Mobile-friendliness Number and quality of inbound links The strategic use of these factors makes SEO a science, but the unpredictability involved makes it an art.Now a days through Digital Marketing student will earn a lot and build knowledge also.
The Benefits of Digital Marketing :Digital marketing has become prominent largely because it reaches such a wide audience of people, but it offers a number of other advantages as well. These are a few of the benefits. A broad geographic reach Cost efficiency Quantifiable results Easier personalization More connection with customers Easy and convenient conversions.Digital marketing should be one of the primary focuses of almost any business’s overall marketing strategy. Never before has there been a way to stay in such consistent contact with your customers, and nothing else offers the level of personalization that digital data can provide. The more you embrace the possibilities of digital marketing, the more you’ll be able to realize your company’s growth potential.
Brand Awareness :One of the key objectives of modern digital marketing is to raise brand awareness, the extent to which customers and the general public are familiar with and recognize a particular brand.
Enhancing brand awareness is important in digital marketing, and marketing in general, because of its impact on brand perception and consumer decision-making. According to the 2015 essay, “Impact of Brand on Consumer Behavior”:
“Brand awareness, as one of the fundamental dimensions of brand equity, is often considered to be a prerequisite of consumers’ buying decision, as it represents the main factor for including a brand in the consideration set. Brand awareness can also influence consumers’ perceived risk assessment and their confidence in the purchase decision, due to familiarity with the brand and its characteristics.”
Recent trends show that businesses and digital marketers are prioritizing brand awareness, focusing more on their digital marketing efforts on cultivating brand recognition and recall than in previous years. This is evidenced by a 2019 Content Marketing Institute study, which found that 81% of digital marketers have worked on enhancing brand recognition over the past year.
Another Content Marketing Institute survey revealed 89% of B2B marketers now believe improving brand awareness to be more important than efforts directed at increasing sales.
Increasing brand awareness is a focus of digital marketing strategy for a number of reasons:
1.The growth of online shopping
2.The role of digital interaction in customer behaviour
3.The growing influence and role of brand awareness in online consumer decision-making.
4. The use, convenience, and influence of social media
India is, the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grandmother of tradition. our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only. India is country whose foundation are culture and tradition. Indian culture is several centuries old and consist of ethical values and traditional practices. Today in 21st century, we have evolved, it’s a century where we have access to different societies and part of the globe. We are getting to know about the world and in this process, we are losing our culture which is our identity, we are influenced towards the western world and western culture. Culture is one of the strongest pillars of our country and I feel that we are losing it day by day. Although globalization has played an immense role towards the economic growth of our country, but when its dark side is witnessed, we get to know that a great amount of cultural identity and traditional values have been lost, which cannot be regained through any amount of economic prosperity.
It’s not a doubt that we have made English a superior language. If a person speaks his mother tongue, we may judge him on the other hand when someone speaks fluent English, we are impressed by it. Sanskrit is India’s one of the oldest languages which seems like it doesn’t exist much. Few years ago, touching feet of elders as a greeting was a mandatory practice but today its not followed in many parts of our nation. If we talk about Food, we want to eat pizza and burger over dal roti and when it comes to clothing, we find our comfort in western clothes. Today, for most of us western dresses are our daily wear clothes and not the traditional ones. If we talk about sports, our traditional games like kho-kho, kabaddi and our national sport Hockey is not much famous in our country. If given a choice we rather watch and play cricket, football or the digital gaming world like PlayStation games which is now the favorite of our youth. People get annoyed hearing Indian music which have Ragas, Talas which give us pleasure. But on the other hand the they like pop, rock and hip-hop. India offers a number of classical dance each of which can be traced to different parts of the country and because of the western outlook most of them tend to follow it. Some festivals are associated with renowned historical or cultural places like the Khajrao festival, Taj Mahoutsav, etc. We must give equal importance to the Indian culture as we are Indians and shouldn’t let any culture to come in our way.
Culture is the name for what people are interested in, their thoughts, their models, the books they read and the speeches they hear. Respect and preserve our culture because it gives us an identity and defines us- what we are, who we are and where we have come from, it makes us unique. Don’t forget your roots and be proud of our culture.
A Good Takeaway is something essential for all human beings.
There are only a few genres that create an inevitable impact in the hearts of readers and Autobiographies are considered to be one of the genres that stand out as an influencing factor in the lives of many people. Similarly, Most of us prefer less drama and Assertive pieces of work quite interesting, which makes nonfiction stories likeable. What could be more interesting when two most riveting genres combine! Yes, i will be writing about one of my favourite books, which is an ‘Autobiographical Nonfiction’- “Being Reshma” an impeccable life story of an acid attack survivor or to be more accurate, a warrior, who ought to overcome a traumatic experience of her life and has also succeeded, This book was written by Tania Singh and co-authored by Reshma Qureshi herself.
This book, an inspiration, is about Reshma (the protagonist) , a girl who faced a tragic incident and was thrown acid by her own sister’s former husband as an act of revenge. Her entire face, skin and bones were damaged then she was taken to a hospital. Reshma was shunned by The hospital and the police authorities responses, which was very harsh. Despite facing many hurdles, Reshma didn’t shatter and succumb to her condition, but shone bright by becoming the first acid attack survivor to walk the runway at Newyork fashion week in 2016 which is just two years post such a terrific incident. She made global headlines by proving herself.
Besides, Reshma participated in many such events and campaigns. In one such campaign called #endacidsale which was held in 2015, Reshma asserted a strong statement which was also mentioned in her book, that is, “You will find red lipstick easily in the market, just like concentrated acid. This is how, every day, a girl becomes a victim of an acid attack.”(Qureshi 138) Which is a very bold statement that made many people think twice and is emotional, also one of my personal favourite lines said by her. Reshma never stopped campaigning against acid Attacks. Reshma also asserts that she wouldn’t stop raising awareness and narrate the ordeal of her life until the discriminatory and diverse mentality of people against acid Attack survivors come to an end.
We all know acid attacks are not uncommon in India which is truly heartbreaking. Such inspiring autobiographies create powerful impressions and stimulate each of us to achieve big things in life regardless of insurmountable obstacles our life offers, which is nothing compared to life histories of many great personalities like Reshma Qureshi who proved herself and sets a great example for many more youngsters like me.
In the midst of people who are very much concerned about physical Appearance, there are also people who embrace themselves with open heart and acceptance, which makes them succeed in life in unimaginable ways.
Cover page of the book, “Being Reshma”
Hence, if at all people lack confidence in overcoming insecurities I would highly suggest this must-read Autobiographical nonfiction story, “Being Reshma” A Phenomenon.
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