Citation
Nwonovo, O. S. (2026). VAR’S Applicability to Rehabilitate Violent Victims in Sudan. Think India Quarterly, 29(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.26643/think/1
**Oluchukwu Sunday Nwonovo***
Department of Sociology and Anthropology,
Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities,
Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Agbani
Email: oluchukwu.nwonovo@esut.edu.ng
Corresponding author***
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7697-2323
Abstract
The victims’ humanitarian problems have been made worse by the international community’s passivity and disregard for the humanitarian crisis brought on by political upheaval in Sudan. Humanitarian aid is still inadequate, even when it is given. Thus, this article investigates the viability of rehabilitating and empowering victims of political upheaval in Sudan through the use of virtual and augmented reality. Newspapers, journal articles, textbooks, technology blogs, social media commentary, and websites were the secondary sources of data for the study. In order to eliminate obvious duplications and difficulties in handling the issue, consequently endangering the victims’ humanitarian requirements, the paper concludes by recommending the immediate use of virtual reality and augmented reality in rehabilitating and re-empowering victims of the Sudanese crisis. Adopting this technology in a timely manner can greatly lessen the victims’ humanitarian requirements and the aftermath of the war, given the precarious nature of the situation. The most effective approach to accomplish this is for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and other relevant parties to use technical visuals and animation from augmented reality and virtual reality into the treatment of the victims.
Keywords: Crisis, Humanitarian needs, VAR, Victims, Violence
Introduction
Due to widespread displacement, conflict, the impending collapse of the healthcare system, and economic suffering, the Sudanese crisis is currently expanding at the highest rate in the world (Chinweze et al., 2024). Ninety percent of Sudanese people suffer from emergency levels of hunger, and 1.8 million suffer from severe food insecurity. Humanitarian problems have also been exacerbated by ongoing power struggles between and among various interest groups, which have resulted in violent conflicts and unrest (World Food Program WFP, 2024). A power battle between General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo’s paramilitary organization, the Rapid Support Force (RSF), and General Abdul Fattah al-Burhan’s military is the cause of the current political upheaval. Unimaginable deaths and the largest humanitarian disaster in history have resulted from the turmoil (Chinweze et al., 2024).Before the current conflict, 15.8 million Sudanese needed humanitarian aid due to long-term political turbulence and economic challenges. Nearly 25 million people, or more than half of the country’s population, are facing a humanitarian crisis as a result of the continuous violence. Reports of mass murders, displacements, and restrictions on humanitarian access exacerbate humanitarian problems, endangering the entire Central African area (International Rescue Committee, 2024). According to WFP (2020), despite international cooperation during Sudan’s biggest hunger crisis less than 20 years ago, the Sudanese people appear to have been overlooked in a disturbance that is currently endangering the stability and peace of the whole African area. Unfortunately, thousands of people have died and nearly eight million have been displaced as a result of the unrest.According to the International Rescue Mission (2024), the dangerous civilian displacements are putting further pressure on Sudan’s healthcare system. Cholera and measles outbreaks have killed over 1,000 Sudanese children, and as of December 2023, there were over 8,500 probable cases. The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund reports that the fighting killed 330 children and injured over 1,900 Sudanese (UNICEF, 2023). Over 13 million children are in dire need of humanitarian aid, including protection, food, water, and medical care, as a result of severe limitations on access to vital life-saving services.Sudan’s future seems to be in danger, according to UNICEF’s observations. The residents are imprisoned in a never-ending nightmare, mistreated, injured, uprooted, caught in a crossfire, and exposed to illness and starvation. According to UNICEF (2023), the lack of sufficient water puts many Sudanese people at risk for starvation, dehydration, and diarrhoea. There are now 14,836 extremely malnourished children under five, and this number is predicted to rise due to public health threats. Additionally, children are now far more vulnerable to illness due to the looting and destruction of hospitals, vaccines, and other medical facilities. Lack of energy and insufficient medical supplies, such oxygen and functional incubators, make this considerably more difficult.Islamic Relief (2023) claims that political upheaval has interfered with Sudan’s already inadequate social services and educational system. The nation’s healthcare sector is in horrible state, with the majority of medical experts leaving the country and medical facilities being plundered and destroyed, while about 58% of schools have been forced to close. According to Basher, Sharif, and Cafiero (2023), millions of Sudanese urban residents have lost their jobs, raising the nation’s humanitarian requirements. UN Secretary-General António Guterres’ statement that the horrific reports emanating from Sudan are disheartening makes logic. Over 4000 people have been hurt, hundreds have fled their homes, and at least 450 people—including four members of the UN family—have died. Many hospitals are being taken over by armed groups, healthcare facilities are crumbling, and people are terrified and confined to their houses with little to no access to food, medicine, water, or petrol. Residents of Blue Nile and North Kordofan are reportedly fleeing their homes due to strong rumours of violent clashes throughout Sudan. This political turmoil has started a fire that has the potential to aggravate the already dire humanitarian situation and postpone the African region’s development for decades.The fact that funds intended for the nation’s socioeconomic growth are instead being used to handle urgent humanitarian needs including emergency assistance, housing for displaced people, and medical facilities is annoying. Long-term economic growth is hampered and already scarce resources are burdened. Due to significant interruptions to enterprises that account for 21% of the country’s GDP, Sudan will probably experience a protracted economic downturn following the conflict (Basher, Sharif & Cafiero, 2023). The agricultural industry, which accounts for 32.7% of the GDP and is vital to many Sudanese, would suffer the most from a shortage of petrol and fertiliser. Millions of Sudanese will thus be in grave danger of starving, which will raise the price of products and cause inflation.To date, however, no meaningful strategy has been used to realign crisis management with standard operating procedures for realistic results and the decrease of humanitarian crises. After the crisis, many of its victims experience worsening mental health. The way the humanitarian situation is handled should be a turning point for the victims, but instead it has turned into a dull experience. In Africa, this methodical approach to managing humanitarian crises has become the norm. The use of virtual reality and augmented reality by Florida Drug Courts in the US to rehabilitate drug addicts and inmates is an urgently needed method for this (Christopher, 2018). This is so crucial that it needs to be included in the treatment of victims of political unrest in Sudan. According to Ajah, Nnam, Ajah, Idemili-Aronu, Chukwuemeka, and Agboti (2021), using augmented reality and virtual reality therapy programs improves participants’ rehabilitation, reintegration, and re-empowerment into society. This and similar actions are a long way from controlling Sudan’s political unrest. The victims’ situation is made worse by systemic flaws connected to the present humanitarian issues. Identity crises, poorly trained workforce, armament infiltration, systematic delays in the delivery of humanitarian goods, and inefficient humanitarian administration are some of these flaws. The main result of these issues is that the victims of Sudan’s continuous political upheaval suffer from psychological diseases and the accompanying pain and suffering.However, other studies have looked at the difficulties and issues mentioned above (see Ferragamo & Roy, 2024; Marsden, 2023; McCarthy, 2023; Mutasa & Virk, 2017; Ottaway & El-Sadany, 2012). Our understanding of the problems caused by political upheaval and potential solutions is greatly advanced by these research. The studies are particularly valued for emphasising the urgent need for humanitarian attention, identifying hostilities between the various groups involved in the conflicts, allocating more funds for humanitarian purposes, supplying more humanitarian supplies, motivating more stakeholders to help put an end to the unrest, and much more. The humanitarian crisis management strategy that could establish the connections between the psychologies and social thought patterns of the victims of the political unrest, which virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) strongly promise to accomplish with far-reaching benefits and ease, has not been fully explained by the numerous studies on the Sudanese crisis. The overlapping therapies could help the victims overcome mental suffering and change their perspectives by using visualised psychosocial conflict-scene reconstructions and technological imaging. Thus, the current study examines what is effective in resocialising the victims in order to produce mental-sea shift in them: attitudinal transformation and inner-behavioral alteration employing technology-driven conflict scene attention recapture. It is very important to incorporate this method into the management of the humanitarian crisis in Sudan for better outcomes and the victims’ re-empowerment.
VAR’s Conceptual Overview
Using computer software to create virtual worlds with real-world characters and phenomena is known as virtual reality, or VR. “These imaginary environments are called virtual worlds, where viewers connect by wearing headsets and can interact with things in the virtual world using computer keyboards, mouse, or wired gloves,” in the words of Ajah et al. (2021: The experience of presence is significantly enhanced by the virtual world. With no components taken from actual film or recordings, virtual reality is a complete recreation of real-life occurrences. Tom Caudell, a researcher at Boeing, invented augmented reality (AR) in 1990 by adding computer-generated visuals to elements to create what looks like a real-world setting (Alice, 2017; Christopher, 2018; Ajah, Ajah & Obasi, 2019).
“AR technology” refers to devices or wearable screens that superimpose text, music, pictures, or videos on top of our experience of the real environment. The location and context of the physical world are incorporated into this digital data. AR is different from VR in that it blends the real world with computer-generated objects. In other words, augmented reality (AR) is the use of computer software to generate people, sounds, sceneries, or events that enhance real-world happenings. Imagine rebuilding an entire wedding party from intermittent wedding video clips, or reconstructing a whole crime scenario from early security camera records before the camera was broken. Augmented reality (AR) improves real-world events with simulated sounds or effects, in contrast to virtual reality (VR), which uses computer software to duplicate whole events without any portion of the virtual environment originating from real-world recordings. AR makes use of software technology to add features of support to the reality we live in today. AR allows for perfect interaction between the real and virtual worlds (Ajah et al, 2021:3-4).
Using VAR to Rehabilitate Victims of Sudanese Violence
By simulating scenarios, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) can enable victims of political unrest in Sudan envision various solutions to their challenging circumstances without causing them any discomfort. Because both technologies exhibit a high degree of viewer presence, the victims receive coaching and rehabilitation on better alternative ways to perceive the environment, whether it be virtual or real. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees and other conflict stakeholders might consider from views that would empower the victims and help them rediscover who they are thanks to data from these exercises, which broaden the victims’ perspectives more than therapy sessions.VR and AR are essential for healing and re-empowering victims of Sudan’s continuous political instability, as the previously described image clearly demonstrates. The victims will gain from the application in three ways: (1) by receiving training and upskilling to assist them find work and reintegrate economically into society. (2) Changing the way the patients think in order to stop mentally upsetting tendencies and encourage healing. (3) Teach victims who are currently struggling about everyday life and traditional social values. VR and AR can certainly be replaced by therapists and psychologists, but since they are not mutually exclusive, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and other conflict parties may use both to enhance results. Few theoretical and empirical studies have examined the application of VR and AR in the rehabilitation of victims of political unrest and violence. This paper’s significance arises from the urgent need to close this gap in literature and knowledge.
International Community and their Response to Violence in Sudan Up to This Point
Numerous swift and forceful measures have been made by nations all over the world, including those in Sub-Saharan Africa, to handle the political unrest; in certain cases, these efforts have been effective. According to the Inter-governmental Authority on Development (IGAD, 2024), the Quad for Sudan, which is made up of the United States, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, issued a press release on April 28, 2024, urging peace and an immediate end to hostilities between the parties involved in the political unrest.In a similar news release, UN Secretary-General António Guterres urged the warring parties to halt hostilities in observance of Ramadan (United Nations, 2024). The United Nations Security Council (2024) demanded that hostilities end immediately and that peace talks begin again. Furthermore, the African Union Peace and Security Council asked that all parties involved in the issue put an end to hostilities during their emergency session, according to the Sudan Tribune (2023). Former South African President Thabo Mbeki has called for an urgent end to the conflict, according to Sudan War Monitor (2023). Former Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok warned that political upheaval in Sudan could lead to regional conflict in Africa, according to The Guardian (2023).The United Nations Women’s Organization has been collaborating with Sudanese women and civic organisations to quickly assess the needs of young girls and women and guarantee that they receive the required assistance in a timely manner. To obtain the vital information on the gender dynamics of the disaster and its consequences, they have been conducting quick gender assessments and making the data accessible to all involved in the relief efforts. In order to guarantee essential life-saving aid, such as psychological support, dignity kits, PEP kits, emergency aid, trauma treatment, and more, they have also been collaborating with a number of partners, groups, and other UN agencies (UN Women, 2023).In a similar vein, the United Nations International Organization for Migration (IOM, 2024) stated that it has been working with its partners to provide vital life-saving aid to lessen the worsening humanitarian situation in and around Sudan. Continuous updates on population movement, including cross-border mobility and displacement in South Sudan, Ethiopia, the Central African Republic, and Chad, are provided by the IOM’s Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM). In addition, the International Medical Corps has been offering protective services, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), mental health and psychological support (MHPSS), and medical facilities. The organization has initiated a regional response to the increasing humanitarian needs of internally displaced people. IDPs have also received assistance from the International Rescue Committee (IRC) in the form of programs for economic empowerment, water, sanitation, hygiene, and health and nutrition. The aforementioned interventions make it clear that the humanitarian situation is getting out of control. This could be the result of a lack of political will or a well-defined strategy to deal with the disruption. Remembering that the therapies’ effects are still being felt is crucial.
Conclusion and Recommendations
It has been shown that the humanitarian needs of those affected by Sudan’s political upheaval are made worse by foreign apathy and inaction. Sudanese people are gradually losing faith in the outside world. The world’s indifference and lack of focus are due to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which has dominated international news headlines. The essay calls for the quick use of virtual reality and augmented reality in the rehabilitation and reintegration of Sudanese crisis victims in order to remove evident duplications and challenges in managing the situation that jeopardise the victims’ humanitarian needs. Given the dangerous nature of the situation, prompt adoption of this technology can significantly reduce the humanitarian needs of the victims and the aftermath of the battle. The best way to do this is for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and other pertinent parties to use augmented reality and virtual reality animation and visuals in the victims’ care.
The integration of virtual reality and augmented reality in the management of the victims will have a major impact on Sudan’s political situation by reconstructing the psychological traumas of the victims, redesigning the lives of the mentally disturbed victims, and upskilling them. Ajah, Nnam, Ajah, Ngozi-Idemili, Onyejegbu, and Agboti (2021) claim that by unintentionally rearranging their cognitive processes, the victims are cultured by the technology. Incorporating virtual and augmented reality into the crisis would also assist the victims in reorganising and reconstructing their thought processes so they can take advantage of opportunities and conform to social norms. With the use of technology, the victims might gain new skills and experiences that would enable them to engage in more economic activity. This aids in the sufferers’ successful life reconstruction.
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