Natural resources play an important role for the sustenance of human habitation. One of the most important of them is Soil. Apart from being an important natural resource, it is the top covering of the earth’s surface. The formation of soil takes place due to wear and tear of rocks by natural and human-made forces.

How is soil formed?– Formation of soil is related to the parent rock material, relief, climatic conditions, natural vegetation, and animal and human activities. Fine vegetable and animal remains, called humus add to the fertility of the soil. The importance of the soil lies in its fertility.  The formation of soil is a slow process. It takes thousands of years to from a very thin layer of it. Thickness of soil is usually one to three metres. The reason being beyond this depth, rocks do not have the elements necessary for plant growth. Right mix of minerals and organic matter are important requisites to make the soil fertile. Soil formation takes place under specific natural conditions. The quality of soil varies from place to place. Soil also differs in colour, texture and fertility. Various factors influence the formation of soil. These are as follows:

1. Parent rock material-  Underlying rocks which contain minerals and make up the bulk of the soil are called parent rocks. Parent rocks influence the colour, texture, chemical properties, mineral content and permeability of the soil so formed.
2. Relief- Elevation and the nature of slope influence the rate of weathering and drainage of water. Thus, flat areas have thicker layer of soil as compared to steep slopes.
3. Climatic conditions- Climatic conditions exert both direct and indirect influences on soil formation. Seasonal distribution of temperature and rainfall determine the type and effectiveness of weathering of rocks and humus formation.
4. Plant and Animal remains- Plants and micro-organisms help converting young soil into mature soil. Dead plants provide humus which is consumed by other forms of life, like bacteria. The dark brown colour of the soil is due to the humus.
5. Time- A body of soil is considered mature if the soil forming processes have acted over a sufficient period of time and the soil has developed a distinct soil profile. Soil develops more quickly in humid regions than the dry ones.

Soil profile – A vertical section of soil from the surface to the parent rock is the soil profile. The process of formation of soil gives rise to well- marked horizontal layers in the soil profile. These horizontal layers are called soil horizons. The soil horizons are usually named A.B.C, and D from the uppermost layer of the soil to the parent rock below.

Soil erosion– Soil erosion has become really common and it is alarming. More trees must be planted for the soil to remain intact. Soil erosion can lead to death of microorganisms that help fix and convert various gases of atmosphere and aid humans in farming and agriculture. Also, soil erosion in areas where soil is present in large quantities can lead to landslides and loss of human lives. Hence, we must be considerate towards the environment and do our best to save it.

Sources- Google, Quora, Newspaper Articles

A variety of people exist in our country. People of different religions, castes, colors, and beliefs. Harmony cannot always be ensured. But society has to work in decorum and someone has to lay down the rules for the society to function in an organized way. These rules and principles are laid down in the constitution.

A constitution is an important document laying down the fundamental principles of a country. The country is governed by these principles. The constitution is regarded as the fundamental law of the country. 

Importance of the constitution 

1. Our constitution contains valuable information regarding the structure, organs, duties, and responsibilities of the government.
2. Our constitution regulates the relationship between the various organs in existence and also tries to ensure a harmonious relationship between the citizens and the government.
3. Also, it contains a system of checks and balances which prevents misuse of power vested in the government.
4. Since a good proportion of the population is minorities, their rights are also protected by the constitution. 
5. It also guarantees certain fundamental rights to the citizens to protect them against any injustice by the government.

Need for laws – Laws are meant for the welfare and security of the people. They serve as a means of bringing about social change and establishing a near to perfect society. In a traditionally unequal society like India, which is plagued by social evils such as dowry and female foeticide, the need for laws becomes even more important.

It is important to look into some early social practices which were overcome by the use and bringing of laws.

1. Dowry-  It is the money or gifts given to the groom and his family by the bride’s family at the time of marriage. Often dowry demands continue long after marriage. The inability to fulfill the same results in physical or mental torture of the bride and some unfortunate and extreme cases leads to death. To bring control over this evil practice, the government passed the Dowry Prohibition Act in 1961. This prohibited giving and taking of dowry. Anyone caught indulging in these practices is liable for both imprisonment and a fine.
2. Female foeticide- One of the fallouts of the dowry system is the practice of female foeticide. Even today daughters are considered a financial burden by many people. Thus, female foeticide is on the rise. This practice has affected India’s sex ratio. To curb this practice, the government passed the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of misuse) Act in 1994. This act strictly prohibits the determination and disclosure of the sex of the fetus.

Many social evils like these exist and the Constitution provides laws for the eradication of the same.

Hence, we must follow these laws to make the country even better.

Source- Wikipedia, Quora

Out of the many important things needed for the survival of life, food holds an important place. The primary source of food is agriculture. Not only is providing food the sole task agriculture is done for, in fact, but it is also one of the most important economic activities as well. The different economic activities are broadly categorized into three types- primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Primary activities include the extraction of raw materials from the earth’s surface. The main primary activities are hunting, food gathering, pastoralism, fishing, forestry, mining, and agriculture.

Secondary activities include the processing of raw materials and converting them into finished goods of higher value. The main secondary activities are industries, such as making steel from iron ore and weaving cloth.

Tertiary activities include all types of services that support primary and secondary activities. The main tertiary activities are transport, trade, education, banking, insurance, and advertising.

With a basic knowledge of different categories of economic activities, it is imperative that we delve into agriculture, the factors influencing it, and its effects on society.

As mentioned, agriculture is a primary activity and is closely related to the natural environment. The term agriculture has been derived from the Latin words ‘ager’ meaning soil and ‘culture’ meaning cultivation. Though we are living in a highly technical and industrial-driven world, still more than half of the world’s population is directly or indirectly engaged in agriculture. Humans have also developed various means and techniques to increase agricultural production. This was done to meet the increasing demand for food for the growing population.

FACTORS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE –  The methods of farming, types of crops grown, and the amount of production vary from place to place. This is due to changing environmental conditions. Following are the factors that affect agriculture at a place : 

1. Relief-  Land on which crops are grown is known as arable land. The lowlands such as river basins, flood plains, and deltas are more suitable for the growth and development of agriculture than the highlands. In the lowlands, the dense population not only provides adequate and cheap labour, but also a ready market for farm products.
2. Climatic conditions- The climate of a place plays an important role in agriculture. The hot and humid climate favors agriculture. This is the reason that cultivation is possible almost throughout the year in the equatorial and tropical regions. In the winter season and colder regions, the temperature is too low for plant growth.
3. Soil-  The soil not only supports the plant but also acts as a medium to supply moisture and nutrients to the plant. Porous soil is soft and can be tilled easily. Clayey soil has high moisture- retentive capacity.
4. Economic factors – The economic factors include the availability of farm inputs, adequate and cheap labor, transport facilities, markets, and loans for the farmers. The main farm inputs are seeds, fertilizers, machinery, and labor. Other important factors are the system of land tenure, land use, availability of farm machinery, and technological developments.

There are times when we struggle with remembering information. This can be general information such as the name of a person you met a week back or information related to academics. Many times this can be shameful if you are unable to remember correct information at the required time.

While the fact that there can be serious memory issues due to which people tend to forget things cannot be ignored, but most of the time it is our own issue or rather our own conception that makes us forget things. The capacity of our brain to sort out, store and recall information can beat the best computer in the world. The brain is extraordinarily faster and much better than any computer. But still, some people find it difficult to remember even the slightest of information. 

Now the next question is that can this issue be solved? Is there a way that one can almost everything that he/she hears, sees, listens, or reads? Well, every problem has a solution and so does this.

Mentioned below are some factors of low memory and given along with them are ways to overcome this and develop a sharp memory.

1. Meaningfulness is important-  Meaningless information is difficult to remember. So if you want to remember and retain something for long, you must somehow make it meaningful. This is can be achieved by making diagrams or charts, organizing the information, and applying mnemonic systems. This way the concerned information will get interesting and easier to remember.
2. Aural and Visual Memory- Some people have better visual memory (sharp memory of what they see), while some possess better aural memory (memory of what they hear). Take time and decide which of these two you are better at and try remembering information using that medium. This will aid you in remembering information better and for a longer period of time.
3. Making the learning process interesting- We do not pay heed and remember information that we do not like or find interesting. Making information interesting is important for better connectivity and relativity and remembrance of information.
4. Learn from whom you like- At times the subject or information in question might be uninteresting but the person imparting that knowledge might do so in an interesting and simple way. This is also a way to keep information to be stored in the memory bank for a long.
5. Attention is important- Many a time it is not our memory but we who are at fault. This is because due attention is not given when some information is tried to be consumed. Hence, giving proper attention while hearing, reading, or listening to information is necessary for a better memory span.
6. Adequate sleep – Proper sleep schedule not being followed can be another vital reason for a degraded memory.

Our brain is really powerful and can do wonders if used properly. The harnessing of the magical powers of the brain requires practice and determination. You may fail in the beginning but you will eventually learn and remember things better. 

Good Luck!

A systematic way of living life evolved gradually over the years. Early humans, over time, developed ways to sustain. Earlier they survived on grass and leaves and slowly tools were devised for hunting down animals. The invention of fire played a crucial role in the life of man. 

All this happened years ago, but the zeal of man to invent and develop new things, for his smooth lifestyle sees no stop. We live in a highly technology-driven world. A world where technology has become an inevitable part of our life. These technological developments include the invention of machines and artificial intelligence. 

When it comes to artificial intelligence, which is very popular these days, versus the human brain, some people believe artificial intelligence is more efficient than the human brain. As time passed by, humans became dependent on machines. Humans need to interact with each other because communication is not possible with machines. We feel comfortable in expressing, probing, and getting our problems solved with humans.

Is it possible that technology will one day surpass the human brain or rather, humans collectively? That we will be subject to the technological devices we are making for our ease? Let us try to see.

They are a creation of mankind – Humans are the most superior ( though not important) creatures on the earth. They have emotions and feelings, they express different emotions at different times. Machines work with their mechanical brain which is programmed by humans. Humans understand the situation and respond accordingly whereas machines do not have the capability of understanding. This makes humans superior to machines because though they may solve technical problems and materialistic ones, but at the emotional level, a human requires the presence of another human.

Impact of technology on human life – 

Machines and technology are replacing manpower for certain jobs and this is the big reason for unemployment and which is also a drawback of the machines. As humans are being replaced by machines hence certain jobs are disappearing. The industrial revolution has also led to unemployment, as a result, there is a loss of medium-skill jobs in various sectors.

Some effects of a machine on humans are competency, wars, and destruction, The radiation released from smartphones is absorbed by human bodies which can cause tumors, and also the power consumption has increased.

The increasing use of vehicles has increased air pollution that is damaging the environment. The effect of technology on our environment is severe and is responsible for drastic climate changes such as Global warming which leads to several diseases in humans. Technological machines are also responsible for the extinction of several birds, plants, and animal species due to climate changes.

Conclusion–

Machines have become a very important part of our lives and undoubtedly are helpful in many ways, though it also harms our lives. There is no competition between humans and machines because humans are the creators of the machine. Humans have created machines for their use and it is also important to know the purpose of developing machines and artificial intelligence and their impact on human life. Machines can be used for creation as well as destruction by the power of human intelligence for the very humans who created them.

The mother earth has been blessed with a large variety of resources, like land, water, soil, forests, animals and minerals. These resources can be discovered, exploited, developed and converted into useful articles. This implies that human beings are the greatest resource on earth. They develop these resources as per their requirements.

Ancient times did not witness machines and equipment and therefore most of the work was done manually. Thus, the total number of people living in a country determined the strength of the country. More people meant more production and thus more prosperity. Nowadays, emphasis on human skills is laid rather than number of people involved in a certain task. Skills here mean the very ability and capability to convert natural resources into useful products. This capacity of people to convert natural resources into useful articles for the mankind depend on certain factors. These are listed below :

1. Literacy plays an important role. Possession of technical, vocational and professional skills is also important.
2. Must be provided with proper tools and equipment for successful fulfilment of the task.
3. The chosen labour must be hard working and must understand dignity of labour.
4. A balanced and diet full of nutrition is also important for energy to be supplied in order to complete the task at hand.

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION –  Population is not distributed evenly anywhere in the world. People prefer residing in areas that are better suited to accessibility, are productive and rich in natural resources. More than 90% of the world’s total population live in about 10% of the total land surface available. Density of population ( number of people living in one sq.km area of land) varies from one area to another.

On the basis of density of population, the world can be divided into three regions

• Thickly populated areas – Industrial regions and fertile river valleys are densely populated. Eastern and southern Asia are densely populated. This is because of the intensive cultivation suitability in these areas. The warm climate and fertile soil available help cultivate crops almost throughout the year, resulting in more population.
• Moderately populated areas- These areas are, as the name suggests, mainly found between densely populated and sparsely populated regions. Most of these areas have developed new industries, facilities for irrigation and mining. Thus people start migrating and settling in these areas. In these regions, people have migrated from other areas due to favourable natural and economic factors.
• Sparsely populated areas- These are the hot deserts, cold deserts and the high mountainous areas. They do not favour crop growth and irrigation and that is the primary reason a very minimal fraction people decide to reside in such areas.

SOURCES – Google, Quora

Life is not fair for everyone. People come and go, sometimes in unexpected ways and after showing a completely unexpected side of themselves. Some people cope up with this faster while for some the healing process takes time. Among all the people around you, the most you can trust, blindly, is a dog. Dogs have not just been helping hands for humans since time immemorial, but are now being treated as a part of the family. They serve in a lot of areas such as police forces, helping blind people find their way, or as therapeutic beings for people in depression or who are recuperating from losses.

Over the years, different breeds of dogs have evolved, for different purposes and almost all of them are now kept as pets. But are they all made to be kept at home? Mentioned below are the factors that one needs to keep in mind before buying a dog from a breeder or adopting from a shelter :

1. Size of your house and the dog-  The size of your house should be big enough if you are trying to accommodate a big and powerful dog like a German Shepherd or a Rottweiler. Such big dogs, if kept in one-room apartments or small houses can turn out aggressive.
2. The devotion of time-  Every dog needs to go for a walk. Frequency depends on the breed and size of the dog. In addition to that, exercise is needed for medium to large breeds such as Labrador retrievers, Pitbulls, and Dobermans. If this is not provided, they become obese as well develop aggressive behavior. Not only this, many other things such as grooming a dog, taking him to the vet, brushing his teeth require time. And if you are not ready for taking up the tasks, it is advisable not to bring one in the first place.
3. Expenditure- Not only do dogs need care and affection, but a good amount of money is also required for their mental and physical well-being. Grooming, their toys, vaccinations, treats, and many other things require money. If you are economically prepared for this, coupled with the two aforementioned factors, you are almost ready for a dog.
4. Are other members of your family ready? – Many times, we as individuals, are ready to get home a dog and care for it. But since people differ and so do their choices and interests, some members of your family may not agree to this step. Hence, it is very important to have a consensus between all members of the family to bring in the new member. This is the most important step and all other steps follow. Not only this, if all members are ready for a dog, the dog will be cared for by all of them and a lot of love will be showered upon him.

A dog becomes a very important member of the family once brought in. It is important and necessary to take good care of him. For us, the dog is only a part of our life. But for the dog, we are his whole life and world. 

So, keep this in mind and bring home a dog only if you are ready for the same.

Good Luck!

The term Panchayati Raj in India signifies the system of rural local self-government. It has been established in all the states of India by the Acts of the state legislatures to build democracy at the grass-root level. It is entrusted with rural development. It was constitutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992.

Evolution- 

BALWANT 

RAI MEHTA COMMITTEE-  In January 1957, the Government of India appointed a committee to examine the working of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953) and to suggest measures for their better working. The chairman of this committee was Balwant Rai G Mehta. The committee submitted its report in 1957 and recommended the establishment of the scheme of democratic decentralization which ultimately came to be known as Panchayati Raj.

Rajasthan was the first state to establish Panchayati Raj. The scheme was inaugurated by the prime minister on October 2, 1959, in Nagaur District. Andhra Pradesh succeeded Rajasthan, which also adopted the system in 1959. Thereafter, most of the states adopted the system.

Though most of the states created Panchayati raj institutions by the mid-1960s. There were differences among states concerning the number of tiers, the relative position of Samiti and Parishad, their tenure, composition, functions, finances, and so on. For example. Rajasthan adopted the three-tier system while Tamil Nadu adopted the two-tier system. Further, in the Rajasthan- Andhra Pradesh Pattern, panchayat Samiti was powerful as the block was the unit of planning and development, while in the Maharashtra-Gujarat pattern, Zila Parishad was powerful as the district was the unit of planning and development.

Ashok Mehta Committee-  In December 1977, the Janata Government appointed a committee on Panchayati raj institutions under the chairmanship of Ashok Mehta. It submitted its report in August 1978 and made 132 recommendations to revive and strengthen the declining Panchayati raj system in the country.

73rd Amendment Act of 1992 –  This act has added a new Part- IX to the Constitution of India. This part is entitled ‘The Panchayats’ and consists of provisions from articles 243 to 243 O . In addition, the act has also added a new Eleventh Schedule to the constitution. This schedule contains 29 functional items of the panchayats. 

The act has given a practical shape to Article 40 of the constitution which says that “ The state shall take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government”. This article forms a part of Directive Principles of State Policy.

The basic features discussed in the act are – Gram Sabha, Three- Tier system, Election of Members and Chairpersons, Duration of panchayats, Reservation of seats, Disqualifications, State Election Commission, Powers and Functions, Finances, and Audit of Accounts.

Drawbacks –  

1. Unscientific distribution of functions.
2. Incompatible relation between the three tiers.
3. Inadequate Finance.
4. Lack of conceptual clarity
5. Lack of cordial relations between officials and people.

Sources – Google, Wikipedia, Quora

Many times we, as a couple or family members argue fight each other in an ugly manner. This is completely normal in any relationship. People are different and so are their thoughts and opinions on crucial matters. Arguments arise and are settled through talks ( mostly I suppose!).
The problem arises when this act is carried out in front of children. To be more specific, children aged between 1-7 years. Although traumatic experiences at home or elsewhere may affect an individual at any age, the age between one to seven years is a learning stage for children.
Children are very sensitive and have to be looked after very carefully. During the initial years, they learn and grasp from their surroundings quickly. What is portrayed before them, remains in their memories and becomes an essential part of their personality.
No doubt, after growing up and in their teenage stage, they may fall into bad company. Also, display of decency in their initial years may not guarantee a lifelong embedment of those traits, but that is not, in any way an excuse for not sticking to the same.
It is observed in schools that students of even class 4th indulge in gruesome fights and display aggression levels par their age. This not only throws light on the upbringing of the child but also is dangerous for him at a personal level. The child may become a potent criminal if his behavior is not corrected at the earliest. Therefore, it becomes extremely important to make the child learn mannerisms that are good for him as well as the society.
It is not a rare sight when parents are found arguing with teachers during parent-teacher meetings. All parents love their children. They face every hardship, so that their child/children may live a smooth and happy life. But loving your child too much can prove dangerous for them. Now some may ask how much is ‘too much?’
Too much love comes into existence when we start ignoring the mistakes of our children and blame others for their acts. Children must be corrected at every wrong turn they take, else the dark path awaits them.
One common mistake that parents make while correcting their child from doing anything or when he has done something is by scolding and shouting at them. In some cases, a beating follows. This is a very wrong move and makes a negative impact on the tender mind of children. This leads them to believe that violence and anger are the only resort to get things done.
They should be made to understand things with patience and love so that elements of generosity are planted in them.
Children learn around 75% of behaviorisms and activities by the age of six years. Therefore carefulness must be taken so that they come out to be good human beings and contribute towards a better world.

Good Luck!

Youtube brings to us content ranging from varied fields. From stand-up comedies to mini web series, we have wide-ranging content to choose from. One category of content that we must have encountered at least once is that of motivational videos. Videos that encourage us to do better, start from scratch or get rid of bad habits.
While we live in an era where a lot of distractions exist, it is important to keep ourselves on track to living life in an orderly way and achieve our dreams. For this, we often resort to videos to keep ourselves motivated or try seeking validation from other people.
This we do when we feel low and need the motivation to work. But one thing that we must have observed is that the external motivation that we receive does not last long. You may get all boosted up after watching one of the many Youtube videos available, but after a couple of hours or a day later, the zeal disappears.
All of us are talented and unique in some way or the other. Many of us even have a clear aim in life. Someone might want to become a footballer and might be having the requirements for the same, but at the same time, he might not be dedicated enough for the long hours of training and grind. This makes him lose hope in life. But what exactly is stopping him or what can be done to curb this?
The real motivation that stays for long is the one that comes from within. For that to happen, the real purpose of the goal is to be understood and it must be realized that why the goal matters in the first place.
For example, a person who is not very well of has a meager source of income and knows that he has to be the breadwinner of the family and the only way for this is to study hard and gain some reputed position in society. This can act as a motivation for the person to achieve his goal of providing his family with all adequate commodities of life.
A solid reason to fulfill the purpose in life is required for a person to work with grit determination.
Another example can be of a person who lost his repute at a global level in a particular sport. He knows that gaining the repute back will require a solid comeback, but he may not be willing to do so due to a lack of motivation. The only way he will be able to achieve the purpose will be by realizing the importance of the reputation he once had. It is the inner motivation to gain it back that will drive him to make a comeback in the sport.
It is nowhere said that youtube videos or experts’ guidance is not appropriate. But it constitutes a small proportion of the motivation. The real motivation comes from within. Self-motivation is important and best. Hope you give yourself some boost and achieve what you desire.
Good luck!

The Tokyo Olympics were to be held last year, but due to the ongoing pandemic, they were postponed. They are being held now and over 60 countries are participating in the same.

At the time this article is being written, India ranks 48 with China on top. While a decent performance is being shown by the Indian athletes, the rank is not very appreciable.

What could be the reason for this? Is it that the players are not well prepared or they have not been trained in a way to compete with top-level global players?

Observing the performance of the athletes, there is no doubt that they have worked hard for the games and they are giving their best.

The reason for ranks such low traces back to times when not just these athletes, but we all are kids or rather students. Remember how our parents (not all parents though) advised us to stop playing and study rather? In India, people are crazy about marks and prefer neglecting their child’s passion and talents just to rote learn some topics and write them down in the exams and secure rank 1. 

Many children, who could be potent sportspersons, who possess the skills required for a particular sport and are willing to achieve heights, give up their dreams just for the sake of their parents. 

The fact that there are people who are not able to afford money for pieces of equipment and coaching cannot be denied. But this brings us to the second point, which is the lack of government resources in the field of sports. There have been instances when aspirants had to train in areas not-so-perfect for the sport due to a lack of infrastructural development. How can you expect sportspersons to perform their best with such degraded infrastructural development and equipment? An instance of this is from the movie Dangal when the girls had to practice at their rooftop because of the lack of fund pool and corruption. 

Another point is the promotion of sports in schools. While some schools lay focus on sports, many do not. It does need much thought about the number of sports periods we used to have in school. While each one of us waited eagerly for that 30-35 minute period, as exams approached, a time when physical exercise is important to keep the stress at bay, teachers of other subjects used to take that period to complete the syllabus they should have done a long time back. 

Over the years, sports have developed as an important factor to measure the growth of a country. Sportsperson needs encouragement and before that proper training, pieces of equipment and guidance. 

It is high time that we start encouraging children to take part in sports and boost their morale to perform in the field they are best suited for. 

Parents need to understand that there exist career options except for engineers, doctors, and lawyers. If people are encouraged for sports since childhood, there is no stopping us from getting a bag full of gold medals in the Olympics or any other tournament. After all, we are Indians!

Everyone is unique. Someone might be a good painter and someone might be a good sportsperson. There might be children who do not like neither of the two and like spending their time doing scientific experiments and learning new concepts. This is a macro view of the interests and talents of different people in different fields.

Coming to a micro view, there are times when we are expected to study since there is no other option for us. It may be because of a lack of self-introspection, wherein the person does not know what he is good at or it might be a parental compulsion. Hence, we are bound to study the subjects at hand whether regardless of our like or dislike for them.

One subject that many students find uninteresting or hardwired at is Mathematics. Admit it or not, sometimes or the other the subject of mathematics has haunted most of us. Either we found the whole subject boring or if by any chance, someone liked it, they must have found a topic or too boring or a tad too difficult to understand. We’ve all been through it. Some would have devised ways to tackle the subjects and related problems and some would have left the subject in higher classes for good. 

The article is only for people who have no other option but to study maths. This is because students who are good at the subject or have dropped it, have no relation to the article in the first place.

So since you have no other choice but to continue with the subject why not do it in a way so that you do not get stressed over it and maximum output can be brought out?

Try following the tips given below.

1. Make it interesting-  Human mind is such that it remembers knowledge and information based on our likes ( mostly). A simple example of this is you remember every character from a web series or movie that you found interesting and relatable. So, try relating the formulas and concepts to something you find interesting or in the form of a story. Make a thread of chunks of little stories and see the difference.
2. Start from the very basic-  We often try copying our peers who have mastered the basic concepts and are solving problems of advanced levels. With this, a lot of chaos is created leading to negativity towards the subject. Always master the basics first. Solve problems at the rookie-level and then move to advance problems.
3. Practice, practice, and practice! – Studying a concept once and being able to solve related problems in one go does not make you a master of the topic. To get a proper hold of the same, keep practicing until you are confident of solving any problem of any type from that particular topic.
4. Go at your own pace- Do not try competing with some other person. A lot of factors differ between you and the other guy. Be yourself. Master topics at your own pace and ace the exams ( try keeping the pace such that the topics are covered before the exam!)

Good luck!

Everything comes with its own set of pros and cons. Water, which is very essential for the existence of life, if consumed in excess, can cause problems such as excessive pressure on the kidneys and a hurting stomach.

Similarly, the internet, which has proved to be an amazing friend and has now become a necessity in these times of pandemic, can also swing both ways.

The Internet has made life extremely easy. One can gain any information, of any sort just by sitting at their home. You may live in countries apart from your cousins, but a video call using the facility of the internet can connect you two, albeit virtually.

The pandemic has shifted offline education completely to online platforms and the internet has played an immense role in keeping people busy amidst these tough times. Be it OTT platforms, online games, and stream of favorite Youtubers, people kept themselves busy and saved themselves from the pangs of boredom.

But as mentioned, the internet brings with it some aspects that may harm people’s lives. Some of them are mentioned below along with solutions for the same.

1. Obesity- A common problem on the rise not only during pandemic times but way before it. Often people ( mostly teenagers) end up spending a good part of the day on devices and the internet, paying little heed to physical exercise, as a result of which they keep on gaining weight and end up obese. Obesity brings with it another set of diseases such as higher risk of cardiac arrest.

What can be done – Parental control is important. Limited time for use of the internet must be set. Children must be encouraged to exercise and play. Parents should lead by example.

2 Unsuitable content-  Many times children or people with sensitive and tender minds come in contact with content that might not be suitable for them. Content that may affect them and also people surrounding them negatively.

What can be done –  Monitoring the online activity of children is important. Devices should be set to block certain sites and content automatically.

3 Digital thefts- Unemployment is a reality and a grave problem. People resort to unfair means for earning money. Digital theft is one such solution they find easy to earn some quick bucks.

What can be done- Educating oneself about the possible frauds and keeping passwords and important information safe is extremely important in this era full of frauds and deceits.

4 Lowering count of readership of books – With the advent of the internet and various choices available in the form of web series, movies, and documentaries, there is a decline in the number of people who read books. Though there exist, people who indulge in reading, the proportion is less as compared to the pre-internet era.

Hence, it is evident that the internet can have some disadvantages too but its advantageous nature outweighs the former. It is our duty as well as a necessity to be aware of the harms of the internet and blend ourselves accordingly.

Good luck!

It is common knowledge that if a person commits a crime, he is the one who pays for it. That implies that the person responsible for specific wrong conduct will face damages, imprisonment, or punishment of any sort for the same. But is it possible that you can be held liable for the wrongdoings or mistakes of some other person?

It might seem a stupid question, but the matter of fact is that you can. This principle of Vicarious Liability is described under the Law of Torts.

In certain cases, one may be held for the act of the other if there exists a certain kind of relationship between the two persons concerned. But the act under inspection must have been done in connection with that ‘relationship’.

Common examples of such a relationship are 

1. Liability of the principal for the tort of his agent
2. Liability of partners of each other’s tort
3. Liability of the master for the tort of his servant.

When an agent, in the course of performance of his duty as an agent, commits a wrongful act, the principal is the person held liable. The principal is made liable ‘vicariously’ because of the principal-agent relationship between the two. The same is the case in a master-servant relationship.

The doctrine followed in the above two conditions is based on the maxim of respondeat superior, which means ‘let the principal be liable’ and it puts the master in the same position as if he had done the act himself.

Does a natural question arise that who is a servant? Is the person in question a servant and should the master (so-called) be held liable?

A servant is a person employed by another to do work under the directions and controls of his master. As a general rule, the master is liable for the tort of his servant but not for the tort of an independent contractor.

Servant and independent contractor distinguished –  A servant is an agent who is subject to the control and supervision of his employer regarding how the work is to be done. Whereas the independent contractor is not subject to such control.

An employer is not liable for acts of an independent contractor.

Exceptions- 

The general rule that an employer is not liable for the acts of an independent contractor is subject to some exceptions. In the following cases, an employer can be made liable for the wrongs of the independent contractor.

1. If an employer authorizes the doing of an illegal act or subsequently ratifies the same, he can be made liable for such an act. The real reason for such liability is that the employer himself is a party to the wrongful act, along with the independent contractor, and therefore, he is liable.
2. An employer is liable for the act of an independent contractor in cases of strict liability. Also, if some hazardous work is engaged in, even then the employer is held liable.

Therefore, it is evident that one can be held liable for the actions of another. Such is the beauty of our law!

We often come across advertisements of tyres where bikes stop immediately when the brakes are applied without any time lag. Also, most of us must have seen children playing with cycle tyres, rolling them across the floor with a stick. And remember when our parents used to pull the bag of luggage across the floor when looking for a taxi when we were all set for a vacation?

But how do phenomena like these and many others work? How are we able to walk and run? How is a bus able to move smoothly on the road?

The phenomenon at work here is friction. An important characteristic of friction is that it always opposes the applied force. When we apply force on an object in the left direction, the friction acts in the opposite, i.e. the right direction and that is the reason why pushing or pulling heavy boxes across the floor comes out as a strenuous task.

What factor affects friction?- Just as no human is perfect, similarly no object is devoid of irregularities. A glass slab that may look completely new, smooth, and shiny too contains a large number of irregularities on its surface. It is these irregularities that cause friction to come into play. Irregularities on the two surfaces lock into each other and when we have to move any object, we have to apply a force large enough to break the interlocking of the surfaces. The force required to overcome friction at the instant an object starts moving from rest is a measure of static friction. On the other hand, the force required to keep the object moving at the same speed is a measure of sliding friction.

Friction: A necessary Evil – It might seem that friction is not important and it only creates hurdles such as in moving objects. But that is not the case. Friction indeed plays an important role in carrying day-to-day activities.

Given below are few pointers that prove that friction might be evil, but is a necessity.

1. Stopping moving objects– If there were no friction, an object that once started moving or was once set into motion, would never stop. The concept of ‘irregularities’ helps stop a moving object.
2. Vehicles to be driven– It is due to friction that we can move forward and backward our vehicles.
3. It would not have been possible to hammer a nail or tie a knot if there were no friction.

Demerits of friction –  Friction alongside playing the role of friend also has some demerits. It is responsible for the wearing out of materials whether they are screws, ball bearings, or soles of shoes. Friction also produces heat which can be both useful as well as dangerous.

Is it in our control to increase or decrease friction? Sure it is.

This can be done by using treaded tyres in vehicles for a better grip. The use of lubricants also makes surfaces smooth to some extent (not wholly though) and form a thin layer thereby preventing the two rough surfaces to come in contact. 

Friction is both, a friend and foe and it is inevitable.