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Cleaning India’s polluted rivers

A Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report of 2015 brought out the fact that 61,948 million liters of urban sewage is generated on a daily basis in India. But the cities have an installed sewage treatment capacity of only 38 per cent of this. In reality more than this amount goes untreated into the rivers or water bodies as the treatment capacity of major sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the country is around 66 per cent of the installed capacity as per CPCB findings of 2013. As a result, more than 38,000 million liters of waste water goes into the major rivers, water bodies and even percolates into the ground every day. Over and above this there is industrial effluent. The data on the raw sewage from rural areas is not available.

In April 2015, CPCB issued directions to all the state pollution control boards/pollution control committees in the country for setting up of STPs in their respective states so that untreated sewage does not enter the rivers. The same directions were also issued by CPCB to all 69 municipal authorities of metropolitan towns and capital cities in October 2015.

Crores of rupees have been pumped in for cleaning rivers under the Centre’s National River Conservation Plan (NRCP), Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), Smart Cities Mission programmers of the Ministry of Urban Development and the “Namami Gange” under Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (MOWR). Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS) is taking care of the sanitation projects for villages near Ganga along with MOWR. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has so far released Rs 2,066.98 crores for implementation of various pollution abatement projects and STPs of capacity 2,446.24 million liters per day (MLD) under NRCP. Till March 2017, around Rs 7,000 crores was spent only for cleaning the Ganga, as noted in an order of the National Green Tribunal (NGT). The states are also getting financial assistance in the form of loans and grants that are sanctioned by foreign agencies. The concerned citizens and civil societies have moved the courts time and again to save rivers from pollution. In March 2017, Uttarakhand declared Ganga and Yamuna as living entities thinking that this will conserve and rejuvenate the rivers faster. But in July, the Supreme Court stayed the order taking note of its legal and administrative ramifications.

Pollution levels

Still pollution level in rivers of India has not shown any sign of improvement. Around 302 polluted stretches on 275 rivers have been reported recently (See ‘Extent of contamination’,). The top five states showing maximum number of polluted stretches are Maharashtra, Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and West Bengal. Estimated polluted riverine length is 12,363 km, which is almost five times the length of Ganga main stem.

The Central Water Commission (CWC) report gives the maximum and minimum Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of river water between 2012-13 and 2016-17—hence a conclusion whether there is any change in pollution trend across 4-5 years due to implementation of different sewerage systems is difficult to draw. Data of total 222 CWC water quality sites was analysed and it was found that water quality at 67 locations is beyond the permissible limit. Out of the 67 sites, 14 sites show BOD more than 30 mg/l, falling under severely polluted, 12 sites show BOD between 10-30 mg/l and 30 sites show BOD 3-10 mg/l which are also substantially polluted. Other 11 sites are also polluted showing BOD range above the permissible level.

Since cleaning Ganga and its tributaries has always been the priority for the Central government, hence the monitoring of the pollution of the rivers and availability of data in the public domain is accessible.

Namami Gange projects

When the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) came to power at the Centre in 2014, cleaning of the Ganga was declared a priority. An umbrella programme Namami Gange was created in 2015 and a budget of Rs 20,000 crore was allocated for 2015-2020 and the cleaning of the river and its tributaries started. Namami Gange was even given a status of an authority in 2016.

In August 2017, data from MOWR shows that around 163 projects were sanctioned under Namami Gange, to cover all the ongoing and new initiatives. Out of 163 projects, 41 projects have been completed so far. In these completed projects 223.13 MLD of sewage capacity have been created along with 1,339 km of sewer network. The ministry’s website says that around 46 sewage treatment projects were launched under Namami Gange (May 14, 2015 to September, 2017). These sanctioned projects will create sewage capacity of 760 MLD in river Ganga. The details of this document show that none of these projects were completed till October 2017.

This means that whatever projects were claimed to be completed by MOWR were sanctioned pre-Namami Gange. However, in an announcement made by MOWR in October 2017, when Namami Gange completed one year as an authority, it was seen that 44 STPs were sanctioned under Namami Gange with a sewage capacity of 1,402.25 MLD. Nothing really moved on STPs under Namami Gange. The only projects perceived and started on the ground under Namami Gange were that of surface cleaning. Around 11 trash skimmers had been deployed at Haridwar, Garhmukteshwar, Kanpur, Varanasi, Allahabad, Patna, Sahibganj, Nabadwip, Kolkata, Delhi and Mathura Vrindavan. Around 1.3 million toilets were also constructed in rural areas near Ganga to reduce sewage inflow into Ganga and latest figure from MDWS show that the coverage of household toilets in these villages was 99 per cent. But no improvement was observed in the river water quality in the whole Ganga basin. This was because solid and liquid wastes are not managed in a planned and scientific way.

Quality of river still poor

Between 2014-15 to 2017-18, around Rs 1,942 crore has been spent against the allocated amount of Rs 3,633 crore. This means that only 10 per cent of Rs 20,000 crores allocated by the Union government has been spent till June 2017 and by 2020 the rest needs to be spent. In March this year, the Central government justified that the causes of the delay in implementation of the projects were tendering process, retendering, non-availability of land, legal issues, natural calamities like flood and earthquakes and delay in permission from local authorities on road cutting/crossing. The data of CWC (collected between May 2016-June 2017) shows that the average BOD value (a parameter to measure the pollution level) of Ganga between Garhmukteshwar and Shahzadpur was not even suitable for outdoor bathing.

Between 2006 and 2016, if the quality of Ganga is analysed for two major hotspots— Kanpur and Varanasi during the monsoon period when there is dissolution of contaminants—it is found that quality of river never dropped below 3 mg/l (CPCB standard for outdoor bathing) for Kanpur whereas there has been slight improvement in the quality of river at Varanasi. But at the same time the entry of raw sewage in the river at Varanasi did not stop between 2006 and 2016; this is indicated by high faecal colliform levels in the river water (higher than 2,500 mpn/100 ml).

But the Central government denied any such increase in the pollution trend in the monsoon session of Lok Sabha in 2017 although they agreed that there has been continuous entry of wastewater from the human settlements and industries. In 2017, when NGT gave an order in response to M C Mehta’s petition on Ganga pollution, the order document clearly showed that there has been a continuous increase in sewage and industrial effluent entering the river since 2008-09.

Yamuna also did not show any improvement during the monsoon. The quality of river is not even fit for outdoor bathing. The quality of river is poorer in 2017 in comparison to 2014 and 2016. Since 1993, the cleaning of Yamuna is being done under the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP). The Central government is supplementing the efforts of the states to reduce pollution in Yamuna by providing financial assistance to Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh in a phased manner. The total expenditure incurred on conservation of river Yamuna under the YAP Phase I & II is Rs 1,515 crore. Under Phase III, the Japan International Cooperation Agency assisted project is under implementation at an estimated cost of Rs 1,656 crore for rehabilitation and up-gradation of existing STPs (950 MLD) and trunk sewers (43 kms) in Delhi. In 2016, NGT had given directions to take up cleaning of the Yamuna under Maily Se Nirmal Yamuna Revitalisation Plan, 2017. Accordingly, the Delhi Jal Board that looks after water and sanitation of the city, has submitted a priority list of projects amounting to Rs 1,969 crore to be taken up under Phase I of Maily Se Nirmal Yamuna Revitalisation Plan, 2017.

The results of all these projects to clean Ganga and its tributaries were not satisfactory according to the experts and in September 2017, the Prime Minister handed over the gigantic task of cleaning Ganga to the Minister for Road Transport & Highways, Shipping and Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation Nitin Gadkari. Soon after Gadkari was entrusted with the Ministry, two STPs—one in Haridwar and another in Varanasi—were approved in a public private partnership (PPP) mode at a combined cost of Rs 325 crore. These were the first two agreements with private sector companies to build STPs under an innovative PPP called hybrid-annuity payment model that the government formulated with the help of the International Finance Corporation. Few more constructions of STPs in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal were announced under hybrid annuity.

Need of the hour

Only having a large number of sewerage projects and STPs will not clean the rivers. An analysis of 71 cities by Centre for Science and Environment (seventh State of India’s Environment report – Excreta Matters) has shown that sewerage systems are not seen as connected to rivers. The analysis says that a piece of “hardware” is installed and if the water utility does not have money, the hardware does not run.

In any case incomplete sewage networks, designed without a specific plan for pollution control, do not clean rivers. Most of the sewerage projects are centralized systems conveyed through pipelines and pumping stations to an STP, where it is supposed to be treated and disposed off. Very little thought is given to the re-use of treated effluents from these STPs. Most of it mixes with untreated effluents from colonies not connected to the sewerage network. The root problems are both programmers—river-cleaning and city infrastructure—remain hardware-driven and marked by poor understanding of the water-sewage situation. In October 2017, the Centre planned to move from hardware focus to bioremediation technologies for cleaning Ganga at 54 new sites. In-situ treatment is simple and easy-to-operate and does not require major modification of the drain, said a note from MOWR. Hence, the Centre understood that the centralized system is not the only solution and it can be supplemented by decentralized techniques. Looking at the long time period of implementation of STPs and their development, the ministry is interested now in such decentralized innovative technologies from different parts of the world.

What is the smallest particle in the universe?

In the early models of the atom were simple, with protons and neutrons forming a nucleus and negatively charged electrons orbiting it, it seemed like a tiny solar system. In the early 1930s, however, analysis of cosmic rays and experiments with particle acceleration showed the existence of new particles by the dozen. In the early of 1960s American physicist Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently conjectured that protons and neutrons were made of even more fundamental particles. They named the subatomic particles as Quark in 1964. The word quark came from James Joyce’s novel “Finnegan’s Wake” in which it is a nonsense word made by Joyce.  He key evidence for their existence came from a series of inelastic electron-nucleon scattering experiments conducted between 1967 and 1973 at the Stanford linear accelerator center. Other theoretical and experimental advances of the 1970s confirmed this discovery, leading to the standard model of elementary particle physics currently in force.

Properties of Quarks

Quarks are most commonly found inside protons and neutrons. They have many properties including mass, electric, charge, and color. There are six types of quarks, up quark, down quark, top quark, bottom quark, strange quark, charm quark. They can have positive (+) or negative (-) electric charge. Up, charm and top quarks have a positive 2/3 charge. Down, strange, bottom quarks have a negative 1/3 charge. So protons are positive because there are two quarks (+2/3) ups and one down quark (-1/3), giving a net positive charge (+2/3+2/3-1/3 =1). These three quarks are known as valence quarks, but the proton could have an additional up quark and anti-up quark pair.

 An anti-quark is the anti-particle of a quark and it could have other types of quarks. It includes pairs of strange quarks and anti-strange quarks, charm quarks, and anti-charm quarks. In fact, the proton has tons of quarks, anti-quarks pairs. The quarks are held together by the strong force which is carried by particles called gluons. So inside the proton, there are zillions of gluons and quarks all moving around close to the speed of light. The quarks that comprise a proton only make of 1% of the mass of that proton. A neutron consist two down quarks and one up quark which gave it an overall charge of 0. The quarks have a property called color change. It includes three color, red, blue, green and each of them is complemented with an anti-color. When we mix these three colors, we get white, that’s why proton is called colorless. The quarks change their colors constantly but, In order to maintain colorless state, the ant-color mix into it.The interaction between quarks and gluons is responsible for almost all the perceived mass of protons and neutrons and is therefore where we get our mass.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)- the world’s largest particle accelerator (27 kilometres).

Conclusion

The discovery of quarks was a gradual process that took over a decade for the entire sequence of events to unfold. A variety of theoretical insights and experimental results contributed to this discovery, but the MIT-SLAC deep inelastic electron scattering experiments plays a vital role. The existence of quarks is recognized today as a cornerstone of the standard model. I numerous experiments at CERN including those at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), physicists are measuring the properties of Gell-Mann and Zweig’s particles with ever-greater precision.

                  “Three quarks for muster mark!” – Author James Joyce

The problem of poverty in India

In India, poverty is presently estimated by fixing a poverty line based on a differentiated calorie-norm. This means that the level of poverty depends upon the capacity of a person to purchase food and a person who can buy specific amount of food to cross the poverty line margin for nutrients and calorie intake is above the poverty line. Whereas, the person who cannot buy enough food to meet the required nutrition value of calories and carbohydrates is below the poverty line. This level is not the correct parameter to check the level of poverty.

A task force of the Planning Commission in 1979 defined the poverty line as that per capita expenditure at which the average per capita per day calorie intake was 2400 calories in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas. Average per capita expenditures incurred by that population group in each State which consumed these quantities of calories, as per the 1973-74 survey of NSSO, were used as the poverty lines.

The debate on the extent of poverty in India has been a matter of global interest in the recent years. The primary reason for the global interest in the debate is that the levels of poverty in India and China have come to exert significant influence over the trends in world poverty itself.

Within India too, there has been growing contestation around poverty estimates, particularly in the period of economic reforms. First, there are persistent disagreements among economists on whether the rate of poverty decline after economic reforms was slower than in the preceding period. Secondly, the shift to targeted, rather than universal, welfare schemes has witnessed the use of poverty estimates to decide on the number of households eligible to access these schemes. The report of the Expert Group on the estimation of poverty, chaired by Suresh Tendulkar, is the latest input to the “Great Indian Poverty Debate.”

It is to be noted here that many subsidies and programs are launched by the government but these additional increments do not reach the actual people that are in need of them. Instead it is sent back to the businessman and thus a lot of profit is earned on these subsidized goods. Thus, to lower the level of poverty in India, schemes have to be launched in order to directly benefit the people in need.

The Hindu states that, “A final issue with the report, of much long-term consequence, relates to the wisdom of abandoning the calorie norm. It is indeed true that the levels of calorie intakes are not well correlated with nutritional outcomes. However, abandoning the calorie norm altogether and taking solace from the fortuitous fact that calorie intakes appear adequate at the new poverty lines is an arbitrary proposition. It is unclear whether there is any basis, theoretical or empirical, for this relationship to hold true across time.”

The Tendulkar Committee has pitched for a policy position that is stranded between the harsh realities of poverty in India and the fiscal conservativeness of a neo-liberal framework. The real challenge lies in preserving the positives from the report, and strongly persisting with the demand for a universal social security system.


Written by: Ananya Kaushal

What it means when you find yourself detaching from society?

Do you constantly find yourself cutting off from people without any reason? The feeling that you don’t belong? A major reason for such thoughts is that you find it difficult to blend in with your friends and family. While such mindset is not something permanent, it can develop from a constant state of neglect and lack of affection.

It is not necessary that such state of mind arises in only those who are generally closed off by nature. There is a larger percentage of so-called ‘extroverts’ who also suffer with the same complexion.

While this situation generally arises from a change in friend circle, or after losing a loved one, breakup, or a change in surroundings. Some other reasons like depression, heavy medicines, illness or other social factors can also be an imminent variable.

Some people can also call it a ‘Retreat’, a means to detach from society in order to better focus on their upcoming projects, a major people comprising this class will consist of authors, artists, and such other people in need of peace and tranquility.

The case is not always same for teenagers and young adults. Retreating from society in an abrupt manner is major teller of mental illness, depression, as it is generally termed. While it is not uncurable, a major support is required from family and loved ones in most cases. Emotional support goes a long way in providing support and a feeling of togetherness.



This does not mean that a person who appears to be detached from the general colorful society is weak. That would be a gross understatement. Such people are generally in need of a closure with whatever is it that they have suffering with. No other person can help solve this condition other than the person who suffers from it. All others can-do is provide an understanding gesture and emotional support.

The best ways to deal with such a swing of emotion could be to try to talk to someone and share your thoughts. Other than that, going out for a walk or eating your favorite dish will help make you feel better! The one thing that is imperative through the whole process is that you will emerge Stronger. A better version of your own self. With a better view of your dreams and desires. The only quality required is to have faith and be kind to yourself.

Think of your future self 5 or 10 years from now and how thankful they would be to you that in spite of all the hardships thrown your way, you held on, that is all that is required.

Just hold on!

Written by: Ananya Kaushal

Increase in Population in India

India with a population of about 950 million (in 1997) accounts for 16 per cent of the world population, as compared to about 15 per cent a dec­ade and a half ago. It is the second largest country in the world, next only to China with a population of about 1200 million (in 1995). Five coun­tries (China with 21.7%, India with 16.0%, US with 5%, Brazil with 3.5% and Russia with 3%) account for nearly half (49.2%) of the world population.

The scale at which India’s population is increasing is simply mind- boggling. While the total population of our country in 1941 was 31.86 crore, it increased to 36.10 crore in 1951, 43.92 crore in 1961, 54.81 crore in 1971, 68.33 crore in 1981, and 84.43 crore in 1991 (India, 1992:9). It is expected to reach 103 crore by 2,001, 126 crore by 2016 and 140 crore by 2,030 according to estimates of the Registrar General as well as according to a World Bank study.

While between 1921 and 1951 the percentage of increase was 43.65, between 1961 and 1991 it was 92.2. The addition of 16 crore people in the 1981-91 decade means an addition of little less than 2 crore persons every year, or about 17 lakh persons every month, or about 74 thousand persons every day, or about 52 persons every minute. In comparison to this, the increase in number of persons per minute was 21 in the 1961-71 decade, 15 in the 1951-61 decade, and 8 in the 1941-51 decade. The essence of the date is that whereas the rate of growth of population during the middle decades of the present century was moderate, now it is faster as well as alarming.

The disaster of galloping population in India is that:

1. Every sixth person on the globe today is an Indian, and by the turn of the century, every fifth living person will be an Indian.

2. India adds about 10 lakh persons to its population every fortnight.

3. Addition to India’s population is an equivalent of a Chandigarh a week, two Bhopal a month, and an Australia every eight months. During 1981-91, addition to the population was to the tune of 113 million, equaling the combined population of France, the UK and Italy.

4. By 2035, India would overtake China as the world’s most populous nation. While the rate of annual population growth in India is 1.9 per cent, in China it is 1.2 per cent. Thus, while China’s population would double in 60 years, India’s population would double in 34 years.

5. Around 49 per cent of the increase in India’s population in one dec­ade is from four states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh (known as BIMARU states).

6. More than three times as many couples enter the reproductive span than those leaving it, with the fertility rate of the younger group be­ing three times higher than that of those passing out of the reproductive range.

7. At the present rate of growth, life for most Indians would be unbear­able—medical facilities would be difficult to provide, expenses on education, housing, etc. would be exorbitant, technical and profes­sional education would become the exclusive prerogative of the elite, and the scarcity of food would once again plunge more than half of the nation below the poverty line.

The goals of containing India’s population at the level of 1,000 mil­lion by the turn of the century and that the population growth rate would decrease to 1.2 per cent per annum by 2000 A.D. have receded beyond redemption. No amount of jugglery with statistics, particularly in re­lation to the acceptance of contraception by couples, can wish away the harsh reality that India’s population would reach 101 crore by 2000 A.D.

Global Citizen Live 2021

Global Citizen Live is a charity concert organized by the Global Citizen Organization founded in 2008. It hosts an annual music festival, one of the main objectives of the event is to raise awareness of global poverty and climate change.

Broadcasting from sites on six continents, including New York’s Central Park and in front of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, Global Citizen also secured pledges from France for 60 million COVID-19 vaccine doses for developing countries and corporate pledges for planting 157 million trees around the world.

This year’s festival held across six continents, was the largest, part of global citizen’s 2021 Recovery Plan For The World Program. Added to the festival mission was an aim to help bring an end to the COVID-19 pandemic. The main focus was on equity.


Artists and politicians alike from around the world had converged for the cause of the festival. International artists like Shawn and Camilla Mendes, Ed Sheeran, Doja Cat, Billie Eilish, BTS, Metallika, Coldplay, Lizzo, One Republic, Jennifer Lopez, Paul Simon, Demi Lovato, H.E.R., among many others.

Personalities from India included Priyanka Chopra as the host. Others like Amitabh Bacchan, Anil Kapoor, Amit Trivedi, Farhan Akhtar, Badshah, Tanishk Bagchi, Ayushmann Khuranna, Dia Mirza, Hritik Roshan, Sonakshi Sinha also played their considerable part in the event.

Vaccine pledges, which also came from the governments of Croatia and Ireland, followed numerous pleas, including from Prince Harry and Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, onstage at Central Park on Saturday afternoon.

“This year, the world is expected to produce enough doses to meet the target of vaccinating 70per cent of people in every single country,” Meghan, the Duchess of Sussex, said to cheers from the Central Park crowd. “But it is wrong that so much of the vaccine supply has only gone to just 10 wealthy nations so far, and not everyone else.”

Written by : Ananya Kaushal

Juvenile Delinquency

By – Supriya

In ordinary terms, a child roughly between the age of 7 to 16 or 18 years who is involved in some kind of a ‘status offence’ such as vagrancy , immortality, truancy and ungovernability is a juvenile delinquent . Thus, juvenile delinquency is not just about under-aged criminals who get involved in criminal activities. In fact, the term ‘ juvenile delinquency ‘ refers to the violation of a code of conduct or a regular occurrence of certain patterns of disapproved behaviour of children and adolescents . The well accepted age at present for juvenile delinquents is 16 years for boys and 18 years for girls. Juvenile delinquents are mainly classified on the basis of their behavioural patterns. They range from the incorrigible truants who keep away from school to larcenies who are involved in petty thefts and armed robberies to destruction of property , violence and sexual offences. They are also classified according to the type of violation they commit. Thus psychologists have grouped juvenile delinquents on the basis of their personality traits as mentally defective , psychotic , neurotic, situational and cultural delinquents. According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report, the trend of children committed by minors was 1.7% of total crimes in the country, and in 2006 and 2007 it increased by 1.9% and 2%, respectively.It is extremely hard to trace and keep a check on juvenile delinquency as of all the delinquencies committed by juveniles, only 2% or so come to the notice of the police and the courts. Traditionally, surveys suggest that delinquencies like theft, burglary, robbery, dacoity and other such offences are most commonly committed by juveniles.
But recent statistics reveal that juveniles have also been found actively involved in riots, murder, rape, kidnapping and abduction as well. The delinquency rates are comparatively much higher among boys than in girls. Children from broken homes or disturbed families who are either homeless or living with guardians or parents are more likely to indulge in criminal activities. Low education or illiteracy and poor economic background are major features of juvenile delinquents. But nowadays, it’s not only street children who take to crime.Even children from well-off middle and upper middle class families are turning to crime due to peer pressure and crime thrill the hunger of adolescents to be heroes among their friends, the need to portray class and style, effect of Television and Cinema have propelled the rate of juvenile delinquency in the society. The media plays a major role in creating bogus desires and images of success in the minds of the youth, for which they are willing to do anything. Moreover, unmonitored access to the internet is another reason for growth in these crimes, as many are caught swindling money from bank accounts. Children belonging to the elite class,who are either sons or daughters of politicians , businessmrn are also found involved in criminal cases , so the fear barrier no longer exists. Increased exposure combined with isolation is the root cause of these behavioural issues. Children are growing up much faster, but their conscience and ability to distinguish right and wrong isn’t developing at the same rate and they don’t feel the need to think things through.
In most cases, the cause behind juvenile delinquency is defective upbringing or no upbringing , faulty or no family interaction. Children either then suffer from inferiority complex, jealousy or mental conflict and they many a times try to seek attention desperately, which results in some kind of an offence. Lack of good role models, unhappy or angry parents and even extra- discipline and sternness also pushes children over to the edge . Often, faulty companionship too drags children into unacceptable child – behaviour. Children are not born criminals. It’s the situations and circumstances that lead them into delinquencies. Mostly all juvenile offences have deeper roots and serious situational factors are responsible for a child behaving in a particular way.Family plays a vital role in structuring the mental, emotional and behavioral patterns of a child. Broken homes, parents with no time for children, strained relations between the spouses , are all the factors which distort a child’s thought process and if not checked in time,these result in serious consequences.Other factors that are responsible for the rise in juvenile delinquency are unhealthy neighborhood, cinema , pornographic literature and bad company.

These days we have Observation Homes , Reformatory Schools, Custody Institution , Probation Homes etc to help juvenile delinquents reform themselves so that they can be gradually absorbed into mainstream of the society. Moreover, we need to pay greater attention to improve the average conditions in a society so that no child confronts such situations that force him to adopt unacceptable behavioural patterns. We need to find ways and means to pool upon the youthful energy of the children in a constructive and desired direction.

THANKYOU

About that author James Baldwin

An American essayist and novelist, born in 1924 in Hampton, James Baldwin who addressed the issue of race in 20th century america. He grew up poor, in a black ghetto and in the 1930s, during a time when racism encompassed the whole of America and Baldwin too was subjected to it all his life.

His work revolves around the racial and social issues that existed in 20th century america.

Early life

James Baldwin never knew his biological father who was a drug addict, owing to this reason his mother left his father and moved to Harlem where she gave birth to James baldwin. Baldwin was the eldest to his 8 siblings. Baldwin figured out his affinity toward writing at an early age and was exceptional at it too. He wrote his first article when he was only 13, this article was published in his school magazine. Throughout his teenage years Baldwin published short stories and essays in local literary magazines. In his young teenage years Baldwin was a youth minister at the church. Bldwin was a devout christian, this could be because his father was a baptist minister. In later years of his life, he refused to being religious however his religious attitude shaped his perception to a great extent.

Throughout his life he faced incidents of racism, some of which he addresses in his work as well. 

Career

In 1943, he moved to Greenwich village to pursue literature and work with other writers and literaries. During his time at Greenwich he was also able to secure a writing fellowship. At this time Baldwin’s short stories were being published and not in local but well recognized and reputed magazines.

About 3 years later Baldwin emigrated to France under another fellowship where he would not be treated with the racist remarks of the American and would be able to make a name for himself beyond his african -american community. In France he was met with his sexual conflict and hoped to come to terms with it and understand it better.

Work

Baldwin wrote his first novel Go Tell It on the Mountain which was published in 1953. a near autobiographical novel which revolves around a young teenager growing up in Harlem, New York and his relationship with his father and the church. The book deals with several issues that prevailed in america. It talks about racism, poverty, Harlem, New York, basically all the things that Baldwin endured in his childhood are mentioned in this work through the eyes of another character.

Giovanni’s Room, was his second novel released in 1954, which deals with the sexul ambivalence of a man, and his relationship with other men  living in paris. Homosexuality was a tabboo during that time and who else could have talked about a topic so contreversial if not Baldwin.

Baldwin’s subsequent novels Another Country and Tell Me How Long The Train’s Been Gone, talk about race and homosexuality.

James Baldwin is known for his thought inducing essays. He had the ability to write about an issue giving the reader another highly intellectual way to look at it. In addition to being an important literary figure of the 20th century he was also an important figure in the Civil Rights Movement.

Baldwin in 1987 died in Saint-Paul-de-Vence, France due to stomach cancer leaving his work enriched with revolution behind.

Why Every Man Should Admire & Embrace His Singlehood

It’s no shame that so many people see relationships as the best part of their lives. Finding a boo for yourself and swinging to the tunes of romance is magical and mesmerising. 

You must have friends who are obsessed with crawling bars and clubs in search of their significant other stating that everything will be alright when they have one. But certainly, being single has its own significant identity to treasure.

1. You Are 100% Yourself

Being single provides you with a great opportunity to be and feel yourself as you are. You save yourself from an identity crisis, which is mostly seen in a relationship in order to make the other person happy or satisfied or modifying yourself so that your partner can easily accept you. You can expose your weaknesses, strengths, insecurities that help you to find who you really are. 

2. You Breathe Freedom

Being single doesn’t mean no one wants you; it’s about loving and finding yourself enough for you. It can be a choice to give yourself time to decide who you really want to be with. Singlehood is about having the freedom to explore what you really want and expect from your life. In singlehood, you are accountable to just yourself and you need no permissions or think of the repercussions before leading the journey of self-discovery.

3. You Are Your Own Master

Your single years can be the most liberating and productive days of your life. You are the boss of your own life, the whole and sole commander of your own actions. You need not to answer anyone where you were, why you were late, not to worry about what the other person will think about you, your outfits, the mistakes you make, the food you eat, the way you sit, blah blah… You are your own boss!

4. No Bars On Your Friendships

To your significant other, your friends are mostly the ‘snakes’ and you are the ‘ innocent admirer’. According to them, they are behind all your fights, silly arguments, parallel decisions etc. to your girlfriend your female friends are the troublemakers and vice-versa. Hence, in singlehood, you can do what your heart desires and be friends with anyone whom you like without always being conscious about the boundaries drawn by your bae.

5. Less Of Silly Quarrels/ Disagreements

While most people around the world feel that they are strong enough to take on anything, when it comes to conversations or the dreaded “we-need-to-talk”, they are the foremost customer of escapism. Those silly arguments presented in a PDF file by your partner, including facts and figures like the exact date, time and dialogues you spoke, are no less than mental torture, as half of the time it’s illogical. Being single saves you from all those emotional traumas and additional baggage.

Singlehood has perks exotic enough to applaud your decision or condition of not being in a relationship or be under any emotional commitments and attachments. Hope the above-mentioned list helps you to make better decisions in life and be happy with what you are surrounded with.

Top 7 Mobile Phones Under Rs15000 – Best Smartphones under Rs15000 in India

The availability of smartphones have made the price range significantly lower than what it would have cost a decade ago. This is due to competitions amongst the best selling companies where affordability and specifications played an important role.

POCOX3

POCO X3, with only ₹13,999 comes with 6GB RAM and 64 GB ROM which is expandable up to 512 GB. It is 6.7 inch with Full HD Display. Not only that the camera( Rear- 64MP+13MP+2MP+2MP, Front–20MP) is excellent, it also comes with a 6000mAh Li–Po  battery which is exceptionally good for gaming and that the battery could last up to 2days without charging. It contains Qualcomm Snapdragon 732G Processor which works super duper fast.

The reason why I kept this on top list is because I have experience using the smartphone and I love the fact that it does not hang ornheat up like most phone does. I highly recommend customers to buy this because with that amount, there is no other smartphone better than this.

SamsungGalaxyF22

Samsung Galaxy F22 is as good as POCO X3 in comparison with the battery offering 6000mAh and 15W charger. The smartphone ranging ₹14,999-15,999 comes with 6GB RAM | 64GB ROM with AMOLED Display and 90Hz refresh rate. It is 6.4 inch and has 48MP Quad Camera.

I recommend the smartphone to all the camera lovers who consume hours taking selfies and videos.

RedmiNote10S

Redmi Note10S is launched recently containing Android 11,MIUI 12.5 and Octa Core Processor. It is 6.23 inches with AMOLED Display and has 13MP Front Camera. Although the battery is 5000mAh Li-Po l, it is still better than most smartphones under ₹15,000. The price of this smartphone is ₹14,999 and comes with 64GM RAM | 128GB ROM

With the price, smartphones like this is rare to find. Many smartphone users face difficulties because of the storage and this perfectly fits the position.

POCO M3Pro

POCO M3 Pro comes with 4/6GB RAM | 64GB ROM, 5000mAh battery along with 18W fast charging. It is 6.5inch and has 90Hz refresh rate and is only ₹13,999.

POCO is one of the best MIUI products and because nod the updated Android version, I can assure the smartphone will do anyone a great deal.

Realme 8

Realme 8 is different from many smartphones ranging between ₹14,999-₹15,999 because it is a 5G smartphone. The battery 5000mAh as well as the camera 48MP–Rear, 16MP Front is for selfie lovers and gamers. It also comes with 90Hz refresh rate, 6.5 inch display and offers 4GB RAM | 64 GB ROM.

The bright side of the smartphone is that it contains features that other normal smartphone doesn’t.

Realme 7i

Realme 7i comes with 6.5inch and HD+LCD Display which gives a better resolution. The processor is Qualcomm Snapdragon 662Octa Core and the battery is 5000mAh with the camera 64Mp+8MP+2MP+2MP- Rear, 14MP Front. In just ₹14,999, one can get up to 4GB RAM | 128GB ROM. It is exceptionally good for gaming because it does not lag.

Oneplus5T

Oneplus 5T is a 6.1 inch smartphone and comes with 3300mAh, Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 Processor and 16MP Rear and Front camera. One can get 6GB RAM | 64GB ROM in just ₹14,999.

Oneplus being one of the best smartphone brands, I highly recommend the smartphone to customers who are indulge in doing projects and works.

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Talking about a mental disorder is like speaking about sexuality. Not that the latter is less important but the fact that both the subjects are hardly acknowledged is dangerous.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a common disorder found amongst all age groups. Especially children and young adults. Most probably, half of the population having this disorder are not even aware of its existence and effects.

What is ADHD?

It is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The name itself reveals a lot about.

In children it is often quite visible. The symptoms range from doing too much activities, not being able to be still for a time span and lacking focus. With regard to this age group, the symptoms are clearly visible and may hamper the child’s education and causes many more distress in home and school. Many children outgrow ADHD but others may be effected in their adolescence and adulthood.
In such scenarios, the teachers and the school should look after the learning impairment by introducing the child new teaching techniques, learning skills and modified curriculum

In teens the Symptoms may get worse due to the hormonal changes of adolescence and the sudden increase of academic pressure on them
Symptoms include forgetting dates of assignments, may interrupt their classmates and teachers, rush in assignments. The teens may often do a number of tasks while forgetting the primary tasks to be completed. Their lack of focus extends to peer relationships. This may lead to the teen securing bad grades in the school.

ADHD in adults is common. However, many adults are unaware about it. Anxiety and panic attacks have become so common in the generation that differentiating them from ADHD,especially in absence of knowledge about mental health, is too long a process for the face paced world. .
A comprehensive evaluation including review of their past and present symptoms, medical history and examination. Medications and psychotherapy is given to adults diagnosed with ADHD. Behaviour management strategies involving minimization of disruption and increase structure and organization and involving family members can be helpful

The Three Types Of ADHD

•ADHD, predominantly impulsive/hyperactive: The most least common type of ADHD. Symptoms include: Not being able to sit still, talking too much, always on the go as if driven by a motor, has difficulty waiting for his or her turn, Interrupts conversation

•Inattentive Type: Doesn’t pay close attention to details and makes careless mistakes in schools or workplace, does not seem to listen when spoken to (lost in some other thoughts),lacks focus, has problem organizing tasks, avoids and dislikes tasks requiring mental efforts, looses things of daily use

•ADHD Combined Type: The most common type of ADHD which is a combination of the above two types.

What Causes ADHD


ADHD is mostly hereditary.However,premature birth and the consumption of alcohol and cigarettes during pregnancy can also lead to ADHD developing in the child.

Can ADHD Be Cured?

ADHD has no permanent cure. However,it can be managed through a number of medications and therapies. In many cases medications alone is an effective treatment. However, in other cases therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy, support groups, anger management and counselling psychology are effective.

Jealousy, Inferiority Complex & Insecurities – Different Words, Same Emotions

Jealousy is common nowadays but none admits it. People love flaunting anger which is as destructive as jealousy but the former isn’t related to self image always. Its just a product of either our emotional state or our pride. But why is jealousy hidden? And why is it more dangerous? Because if anger means killing one’s peace and calmness, jealousy slowly poisons one’s self image,slowly,until there is a sudden awareness of one losing his true identity.

Its not a fault. But

the society perceives it as one. Most of the times people can’t help it. Anger can be controlled but jealousy cannot be controlled if it ever generates in their mind. Yes, it is true that perceptions help us to maintain a positive mental health but not always one can nurture a positive perception. Jealousy is a mirror of our insecurities, self doubt and inferiority complex because when one is truly happy with what they are, they never find the need to compare themselves with some other individuals who are possessing some other different talents or possessions. Often at work or even in colleges and schools, people face the problem of dealing with their insecurities and doubts. People usually applaud the ones who have some visible, well known, unique talents which they successfully convert into skills but however, we all tend to ignore the ones who fail to convert their talents into skills and instead of motivating them, most of the times we find them being cornered, which results to low self esteem. Such people may or may not be compared by their colleagues or family but they start comparing themselves with others and tend to pin point flaws which they think they possess. Whereas in reality these assumptions are worse than hallucinations. Such thoughts and mental state has often lead to many cases of severe depression and suicides as these people loose the interest in their lives and due to continuous comparison, they forget their worth. Henceforth,people who are jealous of others are not always the enemies or haters. They are mostly people who find themselves cornered in the presence of the other people or a particular person, and often loose their confidence and self esteem while comparing their achievements and talents with the others who are applauded in the room


Jealousy is also a product of perfection. When one is considered to be the BEST in the room, their fear often pokes them to hold on to their position and even if someone is applauded, they don’t take it positively. Their mind perceives it as a COMPETITION where they have to win. This is when one starts either being aggressive or a bully. Sometimes even a demotivator. That’s when one stops being a leader and starts being a boss. One compliment to someone else and the mental peace remains broken. This is how fragile jealousy makes our mind.
However in such cases one should talk. If not to their friends or family members, they can talk with themselves. If self comparison is worse than the others comparing us, self appraisal and motivation is way better than the others motivating us. Spending time with ourselves and discovering what we are good at supports our self image. Unless we polish ourselves, we can’t shine.

When our mind accepts the fact that we are a separate individual and that we can’t be someone’s replica, we often free ourselves from one of the most deadliest manmade mental torture device, jealousy. If someone has something better to offer to the world, instead of torturing our peace and our basic personality, we can learn from them. And to do that, we can keep aside our ego and accept the fact that none is the best and there will always be people around us who maybe better or worse than us. The choice is in our hands. We can learn from the better and be our best or we can compare ourselves with the better and be the worse.

10 Skin Care Hacks for Oily Skin

Oily skin can be challenging. Oftentimes, you put on your makeup only to have it start melting away by the middle of the day. Ugh, what gives? It’s time to upgrade your skin care routine! The good news is, there are a few easy skin care hacks you can add to your arsenal to help make managing oily skin a little bit easier. Don’t let greasiness get you down! The following 10 skin care hacks are worth incorporating into your beauty routine if you have oily skin. It’s time to stock up on skin care products formulated for your skin type, like facial cleanser and moisturizer. Sayonara, excess shine. 

HACK : USE skin care PRODUCTS FORMULATED FOR oily skin

When it comes to your skin care routine, you should look for products formulated for your specific skin type—and that’s especially the case if you have oily skin. After all, if you had straight hair, you wouldn’t use shampoo and conditioner designed for curly strands, would you? Nope! As far as oily skin goes, you may be able to get away with using a lightweight moisturizer, whereas dry skin might need something heavier. Before you spend your hard-earned money on new skin care products, be sure to check the labels and see if they’re formulated for oily skin. Looking for the word “matte” is a good idea—matte skin care products (and makeup) can help to reduce the look of excess shine. 

HACK : CLEANSE WITH MICELLAR WATER

Micellar water is a French-favorite cleanser that’s finally starting to become buzzy stateside—and for good reason. Micellar water is powered by tiny micelles—oil molecules—that act as a magnet to lift dirt, oil, and makeup up and away from the skin. The best part about using a micellar water is that you don’t have to rinse it off—all you have to do is saturate a cotton pad with it and wipe the pad across your face! It’s that simple. If you have oily skin, try the L’Oréal Paris Micellar Cleansing Water Complete Cleanser for Normal to Oily Skin, which purifies and mattifies. Cleansing should be the first step in your morning and evening skin care routine. You should especially focus on removing your makeup at night, since sleeping in it can lead to clogged pores, which can lead to breakouts. And that’s the last thing you want to deal with when you have oily skin, right? Since micellar water is so easy to use, keep a bottle on your night table (along with a pack of cotton rounds!) so that you can cleanse your complexion before bed, even when you’re too exhausted to haul yourself to the bathroom sink. If you have a little extra time to spare, consider adding the L’Oréal Paris Pure-Clay Purify & Mattify Cleanser to your skin care routine so that you can double cleanse. Designed to both cleanse skin and help absorb excess oil, you can expect a shine-free complexion post-wash.

HACK : TRY A WATER-BASED MOISTURIZER

Yes, you do need to use moisturizer if you have oily skin, so don’t skip out on this step! If you find many moisturizers to be too heavy, consider using a lightweight water-based one. In normal and oily skin, external factors like pollution, UV rays, and excessive cleansing can damage skin’s moisture barrier, causing loss of moisture and an increase in oil production. As a result, your complexion can end up looking overly shiny.

HACK : APPLY A PRIMER BEFORE MAKEUP

Do you always notice your makeup slipping and sliding halfway through the work day? It’s time to start using a primer before you apply your makeup! Primer can help make your makeup last longer and create a smooth base. The L’Oréal Paris Infallible Pro Matte Lock Primer has a lightweight, silky formula that glides onto skin, helping to smooth lines, hide pores, and banish imperfections. Importantly for oily-skinned ladies, it has a matte finish! After finishing your skin care routine, apply the primer dot by dot and blend it in a gentle circular motion over your whole face or to targeted areas (under your eyes to smooth over fine lines, nose and cheeks to minimize the appearance of pores and blemishes, and your T-zone for a matte result). 

HACK #5: APPLY AN EYE AND LIP PRIMER, TOO

In addition to using a face primer before you put on foundation, consider using an eye makeup primer and lip primer as well if you want to avoid your eye shadow, eyeliner, or lipstick migrating to different areas of your face. They can help make your makeup stay put and also create an even canvas for application. If you don’t have these primers, you can use a little bit of foundation or concealer in a pinch to get the job done. 

HACK #6: STICK TO POWDER MAKEUP

Liquid and cream makeup often has a radiant finish—which can leave oily skin looking overly greasy. That’s why you should stick to powder formulas as much as you can.

HACK #7: FINISH OFF YOUR MAKEUP WITH A SETTING SPRAY

To help ensure your makeup stays put, spritz on a setting spray, like the L’Oréal Paris Infallible Pro-Spray & Set Makeup Extender Setting Spray. Shake the bottle well first. Then, holding it 8-10 inches away from your face, spray it in an X and T motion 4-6 times.

HACK #8: OR USE A SETTING POWDER

No one likes having to touch up their foundation midday. An alternative to makeup setting spray is translucent loose setting powder. Once you’re done applying all of your makeup, take a big fluffy makeup brush, dip it into the L’Oréal Paris Infallible Pro Sweep & Lock Loose Setting Face Powder (a little goes a long way!), and lightly dust it all over your face to help set your look. 

HACK #9: ADD A face MASK TO YOUR BEAUTY ROUTINE 

Go ahead and treat yourself! Using a face mask after a long day is the perfect way to unwind—and it could be just the thing your oily skin has been craving. Day after day, dirt, makeup, and excess oils can build up on the surface of your skin, leaving your complexion looking overly oily. Oftentimes, a cleanser isn’t enough to solve this issue. Enter the L’Oréal Paris Pure-Clay Mask Purify & Mattify Face Mask. It’s formulated with three types of clay (kaolin, montmorillonite, and Moroccan) and infused with eucalyptus leaf extract to help draw out the buildup of impurities, dirt, and oils and reduce the look of excess shine. To use, apply an even layer to clean, dry skin, leave the mask on for 10-15 minutes, then rinse off with water. Use three times a week for best results. Who needs a spa when you can get your Zen on in the comfort of your own home? And why not set the mood by lighting a few candles and playing some chill tunes? 

HACK #10: CARRY BLOTTING SHEETS IN YOUR PURSE

Sick of all that excess grease? Toss a pack of blotting sheets in your tote so that you can sop up excess shine whenever you need to. Blotting papers are great because they’re so slim. Have a night out planned? You can easily fit a pack of blotting sheets in a small clutch. Just lightly press one onto your face to help absorb the extra grease. They shouldn’t interfere with your makeup, so don’t worry!

How To Manage Emotions

In my previous to previous article on thoughts and how it stimulates emotions I had put forward my view that no emotion exists without a reason. Its there because we think of a situation, a person or something in a particular way which kick starts our emotions accordingly.

I am a teenager and I suffer from unexplainable emotions sometimes. Thanks to the person who gave me the most brightest and the most practical solution to this issue. He is none other than Vex King.

Unlike thoughts, emotions CANNOT be controlled but are to understood. It is only after a thorough understanding of your feelings or emotions that you can conclude the root cause(the thoughts) which created it.

For example: Have you ever felt inferiority complex? The feeling which makes your confidence and belief shiver and which makes your mind the supreme critic of yourself.

How do you at all stop that kind of feeling? Its so common nowadays.

 

• The most important step to take before understanding why you feel the way you feel is to accept that you feel something negative crawling in you. Most of the people nowadays ignore their emotions by working and spending their time somehow. But that never ends the feelings. It just subjugates it and once the person is all by themselves before bed or even for a minute, those emotions swallow down his peace.

They say you cannot run from a truth and emotions are a truth. You cannot run from it. To fight it,you have to face it.

•Question It. (Asking such questions is not just helping you understand tour emotions better but helps you get a closer insight about your thought process, assumptions, perspectives)

Why do you feel emotions of anxiousness and panic? Why do you feel jealous and insecure in someone else’s presence? Why are you questioning your worth?

Because, you THINK and FEEL you are not enough. Somewhere you are so lost looking for validation and praises that even the minute criticism to receive makes your heart stop.

Because you feel what the other person possesses is much better than what you have as they get praised for it and your mind continuously reminds you how foolish you are for not being like them.

Its okay to feel this way. Half of the population of our race feels the similar nowadays.

Because our mind has no achievement to hold on to which it can spoil with ego(not an achievement which our pride can utilize). On further questioning you will find the answer. Just like when you have ego you can’t see anyone else but you, similarly when it breaks you see everyone else but you.  So, its not them who seems too good to be true, its your thoughts and emotions which cloud your awareness from knowing your own capabilities.

Its not our fault. We are so accustomed to feel empty and disposable after our ego is broken, we do not know who we are.

But if you choose to remain this way, it is your fault.

•Are they worth your energy?analyse & question the answers!After questioning and finding the answers to your emotions and understanding the reasons behind their presence, question the validity of the answers. Question the thoughts which made you feel in a particular way about the situation. Why did you think in that way?

Some questions for the given example situation of inferiority complex are as follows:

Can you be the person who, according to you, is better than you? (a rather negative perspective of someone being better than you)

Can you live your life being someone else? Pleasing everyone but you? Living like a puppet?

To which feature of them are you comparing yourself with? Do you know enough about that feature of yours? Have you ever tested it?

The list can go on… which, after a certain time will question your thoughts and changes it with positivity. Self introspection does wonders

•Realization:  This is the final step wherein the complete understanding of the emotions set in. Not only we become aware of the emotions but we have understood it by this stage and now its time to do the needful. With an understanding of your emotional state, now you can actually ‘move on’ in your life with a rather better understanding of yourself.

Emotions make us human. You can never be devoid of it but however, understanding your emotions cuts off the negative and self detoriating emotions and replaces them with calmness and a sense of freedom from the chaos.