History of Indian Ocean Sea Trade-
The Indian Ocean, used, explored and travelled by the navigators for over 5000 years, is the
oldest sea in the records of history till now. It is believed that Indian Ocean is the third largest maritime space in the world. It is a well known fact that Indian Ocean has remained a major route of maritime trade since the ancient times.
Basically the Indian Ocean is too related with the history of the maritime trade in Asia
predominantly. The strength and efficiency of the navy belonging to an Indian Ocean power varied widely with respect to the value of the sea borne trade the ruler’s
income. It was from the period from Augustus up to the early 3rd century CE of the Principate that represents a high point for the direct Mediterranean involvement in the Indian Ocean
trade.. Also, on conquering Egypt, the Roman Empire secured direct access to the centuries-old Indian Ocean trade network that in Roman times brought together China,India, Arabia, Parthia and other regions. In addition to this, the archaeological evidences allow the scholars and historians to observe as well as analyse the peak of Roman involvement in the Indian Ocean sea trade during the 1st century CE.
A lot of cities near the Indian Ocean trade route came into being, of which few of them are
Aden, Jeddah, Arikkamedu, Zanzibar and much more.
The maritime explorations as well as trade through the Indian Ocean have remained in focus
from a very long time and to this date as well, it acquires a great position in terms of worldly
trade networks.

Various sites from Indian Ocean Sea Trade Network having Archaeological Remains-
Site 1 (the ancient site and the oldest known till now): one of the oldest sites is an ancient
port of Muziris (present day Pattanam), near Kochi in India, belonging to an early historic
period of 2nd century BCE. Archaeological
evidences suggest that Roman amphorae, pottery shards, precious gem stones, early Chera
coins, turquoise glazed potteries, semi precious stone with lion figure measuring 2cm
etc.were unearthed from the site.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tubular-jars-excavated-at-pattanam-puzzle-researchers/article7271893.ece/amp/ In this link one can find about the excavation of the site of Pattanam that took place few months ago.

Site 2 (one from the medieval times): one of the major sites from the medieval period is
Kilwa Kisiwani, one of the Swahili towns of eastern coast of Africa. Here, several architectural remains can be found, that shows it was one of the trading cities lying in
the Indian Ocean Sea trade route. Constructions such as the warehouses, mosques, wells and merchant houses have been found here, that were built in 14th to 15th centuries. It was also evidently analysed that from 13th to 16th centuries, the
merchants of Kilwa dealt in gold, silver, pearls, perfumes, Arabian crockery and much more
through Indian Ocean trade network. At present the Kilwa Kisiwani is under the
UNESCO world heritage site list along with her sister port named Songo Mnara.

Site 3 (from recent times): during the early modern period, the port town of Aceh emerged
as one of the important ports in the northern part of Sumatra.It became an
important port town from the early 17th century. Archaeological evidences
includes of material such as medieval ceramics, old stone grave markers, and the ruins of
structures and fortifications. This tells about Aceh history prior to the 17thcentury in the
Indian Ocean. As an archaeological remain, an inscription dated 1088 that
refers to the members of a major commercial guild of India of the South, the Ayyavole guild,
relating to rights to pay by the merchants visiting the place of Aceh, have been
found. Aceh emerged as a crucial centre of pepper trade in the 16th
century.

Colonial influence on the Indian Ocean sea trade –
The Indian Ocean trade began with the sea voyages and explorations by the Iberian nations, i.e, Portugal and Spain during the colonial times (from 13th century onwards) and it was
through the early sea voyages by Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus, that Portuguese
were able to set up a colony in various regions including India, Macao,Brazil, Madiera etc.
However, the trade network in the Indian Ocean too observed a colonial influence since the
times of French, Dutch as well as British, apart from the Spanish and Portuguese sea voyages.Through trade of commodities as well slaves, they all wanted to dominate India
along with Indian Ocean; originally their main motive was to control trade through Indian
Ocean to various regions of the world. The Portuguese also claimed as lords of the sea, the right to control, direct and tax all trade in the Indian Ocean. Imperial conquests, notably the extension of British power into the western Indian Ocean in
the second half of the 19th century, would seem to fit, as would the Omani, French, and
Portuguese imperial ventures.
Indian maritime trade was little affected by the Portuguese as they relied more on the customs of the Indian shipping. Subsequently,Gujarati ships enabled Goa to earn
about a sixth of its entire revenues from the surplus of Diu in the 17th century and henceforth, Diu became an Indo-Portuguese entrepot of importance. The Dutch were more interested in slave trading as well as Coromandel cloth trading while the Britishers
focussed mainly on commodities of export to Europe such as indigo, pepper, cardamom,
clove, precious stones, cloth and mercantile and much more. So this was how colonialisation impacted the Indian Ocean maritime trade during the colonial times, hence.

Conclusion-
As a conclusive part of this topic, it can be said that the Indian was itself a vast component and a factor in facilitating trade. This was due to the fact that Indian Ocean proved to be a better means for promotion of trade via various segmentary routes for distance trade. Also, the nature of the trade in the Indian Ocean has changed a lot as well. And these days the Indian Ocean is in the news as due to lockdown, the shipping traffic declined and in turn,less noise pollution has been noted. Just like in
ancient times, the trade in recent times from Indian Ocean is extracting out a huge variety of
commodities along with generating economic growth of all the countries involved in the sea trade via this ocean, henceforth.

When there is increment in corona patient then our government announced the unlock 1 .The question is what this is right time for unlock 1?

After the announcement of unlock 1 the number of positive patient is increase with very high rate.But the funniest part is that we Indians are not taking it seriously. Currently the number of corona patient is near about 250000 but now our government think about economy of country and releases approx all boundations .And we the public think that corona is no more in India and not taking any precaution and no doubt it is bad for our community.

After the announcement of unlock1 approx all public places are open without any precaution so the number of patients increase with the speed of light.In public places no one follow the rule that is social distancing they meeting with each other as in any festival.Public celebrate unlock as festival and avoiding social distancing.

After unlock1 all religious places are now open and no doubt the number of cases will increase automatically because we know that the social distancing will not follow by our intelligent Indians.

After all the current situation demands a strict lockdown otherwise the result is so bad which we can’t imagine.

First let us know what cookies actually are so a cookie is some sort of a message which is sent by the server to the web browser. It is generally a small piece of mechanism or data which is sent by the website you have visited. It generally stores the information like the items you have added in your shopping cart or when you allow the website to remember your password, the pages you have a visited etc.

How to delete the cookies in various browsers?

Chrome for andriod.

1 – First obviously you have to open the Google Chrome app in your android device.

2 – Then click to the right of your address bar which indicates 3 dots vertically and then select the option of settings.

3- After clicking settings move on to the privacy category and then select “clear browsing data”.

4- After that you can select the column of cookies and delete it permanently.

That’s how you clear cookies in your android device as your browser chrome.

Chrome for IOS.

IOS has somewhat similar process to remove cookies.

• Firstly open the Google Chrome app on your Apple device.
• Moving on you have to click the 3 vertical dots on the right of the web address bar and then click “settings”.
• Then move on to privacy and after that click “Clear browsing data”.
• Then choose the column of cookies and unselect the remaining columns.
• Lastly select Done.

Firefox for android.

Let’s see how can we delete the cookies using Firefox in an andriod device.

Click on the menu icon representing the 3 vertical dots located at the top right corner. On older Android devices you’ll have to press the hardware menu key and then tap “More.”

1. Go to the “Settings” after clicking on menu.
2. On the settings menu, look for “Privacy & security” and select “Clear private data.”
3. Then you will proceed to a list of what can be cleared and where you can select “Cookies & active logins.”
4. Select cookies , tap the “Clear data” button to finally delete cookies.

Firefox for IOS.

1. Move on to the “Settings” menu.
2. On the settings menu, click “Privacy & security” and then select “Clear private data.”
3. Then you will proceed to a list of what can be cleared where you select “Cookies & active logins.”
4. Then after selecting the right column , tap the “Clear data” button to finalize. deleting cookies.

Safari for IOS.

1. Move to the Settings menu on your device.
2. Scroll down to “Safari,” then “Advanced,” then “Website Data”
3. Tap on “Clear history and website data” to clear cookies it is that simple in this format.

Now regarding the Tablet operating system as it is run on Google Andriod system the process to delete the cook

With the growing advancements of this digital era, apps like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter have taken over our life in a huge way. Instagram has become one of the most essential and influential apps of today’s world among teenagers and adults who simply find it fascinating as to how the app works and also helps many of them become influencers with thousands of followers. Sounds amazing, right? This article aims at representing the major steps and strategies that should be followed by anyone and everyone in order to become an Instagram influencer in today’s world.

1. Stick to a Genre.

Choose the genre/ subject that your instagram account would be based on. If you have a fascination towards food, make an account with quality food pictures, delicious food recipes, remarkable restaurant reviews/locations and on. If you are an enthusiast traveller, make an account and start posting travel pictures along with distinctive locations of tourist spots, your experiences, write blogs about your journey so on and so forth.

2. Use a Good Camera.

No matter whether your aim is to become a fashion influencer or a travel blogger or a food blogger, always use a relatively good camera with a good picture durability. The more you put an effort to post clear and better pictures, the more engaging your account will get. Even many mobile phone cameras have good picture quality these days. All you have to do is to pick a good device that will help you post good pictures!

3. Make it Aesthetic!

There is a common misconception that only writers/poets/authors have aesthetic instagram profiles. If you are an aspiring food/ travel blogger and if you try your hand at aestheticism, you will surely get more followers in less time than people whole do not have an in-dept aesthetic and artistic touch in their feed.

4. Use proper Hashtags!

Hashtags bring more engagement to your feed. It helps your post reach to people from different countries and different tastes which eventually makes the post more engaging. And remember, more engagement leads to more followers! Maximum numbers of hasgtags to use in a single post is 30 (currently). Take some time to do your research on the popular hashtags that are related to your content and then use them properly!

5. Communicate With Your Followers!

Simply replying to some of the comments on your posts can bring nore engagement to your account. Try responding to some direct messages in free time. It will help in developing the numbers of followers in your account.

6. Put an Impressive Bio.

Whoever comes across your profile will notice your bio first bio first before anything else(yes, even that special post you put so much effort before uploading). Hence, do not make the mistake of putting a bio in a casual manner that makes no sense. Think, take your time and come up with an entertaining, humorous and impressive bio. Do not forget, bio is the first impression that you would be giving out!

7. Shift to a Business Account.

Making your account a business account will simply turn it into a public profile. Public profiles reach to people way faster than the private ones. Once it is a business account you will be offered to work with different brands which will eventually bring you more followers!

8. Put Thoughtful Captions.

Captions play a major role in the development of your instagram account. Take sufficient time to think of an impressive yet humorous caption related to your post that will engage your audience for 2-3 minutes minimum.

9. Go Out of The Box!

Posting similar things for a long period of time may create a sense of monotony in your audience. Therefore, come up with surprises. Go out of the box. Put up different content occasionally to bring about a shock value which will help in creating more engagement and traffic to your feed.
There are various ways that you can explore in order to become a successful instagram influencer, and these are some of the easy yet effective steps that will definitely work out if followed in a proper way. Good Luck !

– Suvasree Bandyopadhyay.

Covid-19 outbreak has created a complex sphere for everyone across the globe with different consequences and repercussions in terms of psychological, physical, social and economic domains as long as human existence is concerned. Apart from infecting around 6.6 million people from different parts of the world, it has also caused several other issues followed by a transformation that is gradually taking place in the society.

The Pessimistic Side

With the growing number of infected cases throughout the whole world, a sense of tension has taken over the mindset of people. The prolonged lockdown period has caused several mental and psychological issues that everyone at some point or the other has faced since the beginning point.

Due to the instructions from the government and the unpredictability of the situation everyone has refrained themselves from stepping out of their house which eventually led to the gradual downfall of economy and financial status of several countries and states. Along with that, a sense of nothingness has grasped around with the passage of time. Monotony and boredom have taken over and it has caused mental disturbances in people from time to time.

Having mentioned the aforementioned points, it should also be mentioned how it has gone to affect the aestheticism and creativity in a larger scale. Many lost their jobs, artists, actors and the others belonging to professions where their wage is depends on daily productivity are suffering quite a lot.

This prolonged period of lockdown across the globe has caused ‘a great depression’ that has eventually taken over our lifestyle. It has been extra harsh on people with mental illness. Those in need of therapists have had to stop their visits due to the lockdown protocols and needless to mention it has led to the deterioration of their mental health.

Lockdown has been really harsh for extroverts who generally find it really difficult confine themselves in a same place for a long period of time. Artists are suffering due to the current situation and with very little hope for their future. In order to maintain a minimum financial stability, several artists have taken up different freelance jobs, which is far from their comfort zone and preferences.

The Optimistic Side

However, despite of the depressive monotony caused by the lockdown, it has also provided us with a great opportunity to work on ourselves more than ever before. Painters, singers, digital artists, writers and others with the same kind of professional roles have found this time really helpful to work on their art works.

Art needs time to develop. Research activities and innovative ideas take time to be brought forth. This period of lockdown has provided these people with a huge amount of free time that they would never get anywhere else. For instance, writers are finding it really helpful and they are making use of the opportunity to write as much as possible which was nearly impossible in the pre-lockdown period with the monotonous hectic life schedules.

Even common people who are not associated with art works and aestheticism, are finding this time really useful. It is a great opportunity to work on ourselves. It has also been helping people to retrospect about literally anything and everything. Everyone has been working a lot in order for them to be better versions of themselves. Therefore, a psychological, mental, sociological and socio-political transformation is taking place due to this deadly virus. In other words, it has been an eye opener for many.

What’s Next?

Although nothing is as unpredictable as our life is right now, it would not be too hard to guess the future, or at least a supposed glimpse of it. This prolonged lockdown period has provided everyone with a huge amount of time which has caused a transformation in everyone at one way or the other. The post-lockdown period will be a new beginning for everyone. It will demand a new system with a fresh mindset of people along with an enthusiastic sense of belongingness. Everyone will be working on their respective professional roles but with more determination, hard work and passion.

Therefore, it can be said that it will go back to normal, but this ‘normal’ will be a different one than what it had been before. Along with the habit of cleaning and purifying ourselves with hand sanitizers and soaps a tendency of living in a purer way will also take place in an eventual manner. The usage of masks can be described in a metaphorical way to be a tool to keep ourselves away from the pollution in the form of negativity and pessimism. A ray of hope therefore is developing in the minds of people to make it a better tomorrow, and the world a better place for each and every organism residing in it.

– Suvasree Bandyopadhyay.

The culture of India known all over the world, but still it has a darker side to it that we are reluctant to talk about or say we tend to avoid to talk about it. If we start listing them there are a lot of evils that have existed from centuries and some are the newer ones, some of the conventional evils have started to take new forms as per the changing society. When we talk about the term dowry, we form an image in our minds that there are a cruel husband and his family that has done atrocities on the innocent daughter in law of their family. But, have you ever imagined it in the other way around, that the atrocities are being done by the daughter in law? In our society wherein, the gender gap is very much prevalent, no matter how much we say that the disparity between the males and females have started to disappear, but then too there are certain aspects in which there are still a lot needs to be done. Now, when I talk about gender disparity, I’ll not talk about the things that have already been talked about, the issue of the new era is that women are considered to be the ones who are the victims and the men are the ones who are the wrongdoers, we are very much reluctant to bear this fact that women can also commit a crime under the shadow of their innocence. The history of India is as such that there is no wonder that people have formed this image, there has been a time when women were the ones who existed only on the victims’ part, they experienced a lot of cruelty from the society as well as from their families, and still, there are regions and sects where women are experiencing the same.

If we take look back into our history, women had a really tough struggle in gaining equal rights as the male in our society, but then also we cannot say that they had achieved their rights for which they had been struggling so long. There have been a number of debates and disputes in India on this particular topic concerned with the position of women in Indian society. These debates arose on many matters such as their education, health-related matters, economic position, gender equality etc. The time phase between the duration of independence of our country and the present situation saw much difference in the condition of women.

There was a time when the exchange of gifts between the groom’s and bride’s family were in common practice, but that was done with their own will without any force or under any sort of compulsion, but soon the scenario changed, as men were considered to be on an upper hand in the society and women were a liability of the family, a mentality emerged were the groom’s family started demanding a huge amount of dowry from the bride’s family, and the bride’s family considered it to be their duty to give it as demanded. With time this practice became very much common and was impliedly accepted by the society, soon a situation emerged where the demands of the groom’s family started increasing on a drastic level, they started doing cruelty with the girl in order to demand more and more dowry, resulting the girls suffered a lot and even committed suicide due to it. After seeing this grave scenario, our legislature came up with an act which for the first time talked about the term dowry and came up with punishments and penalty for the same. This act brought a sense of fear among those who were practising this, all those families were punished under this, whether who took the dowry or the ones who gave it. Amendments were also done under the Indian Penal Code, which came with the provisions for the same.

All steps were taken to eradicate this evil practice from our culture, and it even worked to an extent, the number of deaths caused due to dowry demand started to decline, but there is the new trend that has come up, although its statistics are only around 10%, then to it brings up a really serious issue that needs to be taken care of. In recent years the number of fake cases of dowry has come up, the women in certain cases have used these laws for fulfilling their own selfish purposes and for their ego satisfaction. Nobody talks about it in the public forum as there is this concept among them that women cannot commit such grave crime rather they are the ones who have been tortured.

When the law regarding the dowry practice came up, it came with a drastic change in the common criminal procedure practice, under the criminal procedure, it is said that the accused is assumed to be innocent till the time he has not been proved guilty, that’s the basic principle under which all the cases are dealt with but the anti-dowry law came up with an exception, here the accused husband and his family are presumed to be guilty on the first hand and the burden of proof lies upon them to prove their innocence. Now, in the recent decades, the females and their families have started using this as a shield behind which they commit the alleged crime, also they’ve got this blanket protection from the society that they are the victims and they would not commit such crime.

Recently, the Supreme Court took a step ahead, taking into consideration this issue, where they gave a direction that till the time the charges are not proved there would be no arrest in the dowry cases. This shows that our judiciary is working in this area, but then too the changes only come when the society accepts certain things, till the time society doesn’t change its mindset nothing can be done.

The legislature and the judiciary always try to strike a balance between the legal and social current of the society, but then too it keeps oscillating like a pendulum. When there were no anti-dowry laws, the pendulum was on the men’s side and after the enactment of the law, this pendulum started oscillating towards the females. This oscillation would keep on going till the time there is actual gender equality in the society, apart from the documents and the debate forums. Gender equality not only favouring the women specifically but also keeping a check that the men of the society are not being harmed under the name of women empowerment.

If someone ask you to help them in their project?? You say yes or not . It is uncomplicated to say yes every request on your time when your goal or aim of your life are opaque and you have not inspired vision for . your upcoming life . So you have a unique opportunity to decide how you spend your precious time . To stay calm tension free and minimize your stress you have to learn and practice how you gracefully say no. May be it can hurt , it can take a form of anger and disappointment or show your rudeness toward the person you are saying no . If you have hope or any chance to work and collaborate with that person in future you have to go with good relationship with that and may be saying no in wrong way can destroy those relation with that I am so sure , so that we must remember or know the difference in saying no or saying yes to something more important .

There are few hack or tricks to saying no very gracefully and gently. 1.Know How Valuable Your Time Is. When you know the importance of your time than it is very easy to say no. You have to know and remember your commitments and how valuable your precious time is then someone is going to ask you to give some of your very precious time to knew commitments , you already know that you have already a lot of commitments and you just can’t do it so , just tell them my plate is overloaded as it is . Firstly go and set your priorities right now so no comes as a natural reply to anything which is less important and not included in your priority list . So even if you have extra time and free early from your work and literally which is very rare in our day to day life , for me more commitment means less time for me . My family , my loved ones and my close one who are important to me more than any thing so if I free earlier from my work and I have extra time so I will give it to my family . So no comes naturally when you see your priorities ands spare time for your family .

2. Practice the two letters word ‘NO’. To master this word you should practice saying no in day to day life and you have to be used to from this word . As you know the practice makes a man perfect. If someone is extremely insisting you again and again to take this commitment and involved with him , just keep saying no in the end they will get the message . Sometime repeating the word is the only way to get a message through it . Say no as often as you can in great way to better addict from the word and more comfortable with saying the word and keep control on your mind as well as on your feelings to divert from your path . Recall your resolution again and again to make it memorize .

3. Be unapologetic for guarding your time . Don’t apologize whenever you are saying no to anyone . Usually when people saying no as a human nature they start saying I am sorry and they regret that they say no and they overthink about it . You may think it is polite to say sorry and regret in front of the person and in personally , but apologizing just make the sound weaker and represent you weaker . You need to be firm , unapologetic and stick to your decision about guarding your time and saving your time . You may say to the person that I know you are hoping will be going to work together on this project but I have a lot of work already so I will not , I need to say no.

4. Give A Thought Before Saying Yes. If someone offer you new project and assignment to do, and you think to consider this then you can tell let me check my schedule and I’ll back to you. I can’t participate in one hour meeting but I am free after 8 on tomorrow. You can postpone your meeting or your new commitment.

5.Pre-empt The request It means prevent the request from being made. We can understand by taking a example means if someone is making a plane or postpone any meeting for any other day, you say normally that on that my schedule is too tight I can’t make any other plane or my schedule is already set, I can’t change it. So the person already understand that indirectly that you can’t attempt this or saying no. Prevent and pre-empt is quite pretty similar. Both giving the same message most of the time.

6.You Can’t Be Nice To Everyone Around You. Just stop being nice to everyone around you, but it is important to be polite. By doing this you make it easy for the for people to grab your time and money and they are going to continue it. Being nice by say yes all time on all help and commitment only hurt you and make you divert from your main task or goal of your life . You cannot even fullfil your all commitment which do to all. Keep in mind that you can’t happy or satisfied all the person around you.

7. Saying The Hardest No. Means say no in your work place like you already have a lot project to do within due date. And boss offer you another project you have to same no them politely by telling consequences that you have already a lot of project to do and I have to do it within due date so if I add this new one my pre project got disturb and they suffer from lack of time. But I can’t do this part of this project. You can do this very politely and strictly also means you are very much busy with you current projects.

8.Its Not You It’s Me you can appreciate the project which offered to you but it’s my bad that I will not participate in this project you can say say very humble no.

You can say that you have to collect all the energy from different directions and put it in the direction of your goal . And this going to make your secret of your success. You know the most effective people concentrate on their Areas of excellence this is ,on the thing they do best and on those high impact activities that will advance their lifework. We can take an example Jazz great Louis Armstrong did not spend his time selling tickets to his shows and seeting up chairs for the audience. He concentrate on his point of brilliance: means playing trumpet.

Steal time from all those extra commitment and devote and add it to those things which is fruitful for future and make your career. Learn to say no which is not important in your life. Learn this art this is very helpful to succeed in your life and make time for you and your closed ones.