The United States, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan have agreed to establish a new quadrilateral diplomatic platform to enhance regional connectivity. The US State Department announced the setting up of the new diplomatic platform on July 16, 2021 to help strengthen economic connectivity across the region. The department announced that representatives from Washington, Kabul, Islamabad, and Tashkent had agreed, in principle, to establish a new quadrilateral diplomatic platform focused on enhancing regional connectivity.
“The parties consider long-term peace and stability in Afghanistan critical to regional connectivity and agree that peace and regional connectivity are mutually reinforcing,” the State Department said. Afghanistan’s strategic location has for a long time been touted as a competitive advantage for the country.
This development comes as the security situation in Afghanistan has been deteriorating following the withdrawal of US military forces from the country. The drawdown is set to be complete by the end of August. As the Taliban continues to seize new territory, US officials have been engaged in talks with countries neighboring Afghanistan to support the Afghan defense forces. Other south and central Asian countries are also engaged in talks to advance peace talks.
The new quad group’s formation is significant as it comes amid China’s efforts to extend its Belt Road Initiative (BRI) to Afghanistan. The Belt Road Initiative was launched by Chinese President Xi Jinping when he came to power in 2013. The Belt Road Initiative aims to link Southeast Asia, Central Asia, the Gulf region, Africa and Europe with a network of land and sea routes. Afghanistan due to its strategic location can provide China with a strategic base to spread its influence across the world. Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan had visited Uzbekistan in the past week for an official two-day visit during which he highlighted the benefits of regional connectivity and invited the nation to become party to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
Some people always wanted to move different countries for their education and to upgrade their lifestyle. If you are one of them and have always had a mind to study abroad then here is the top 8 places to study with the most affordable price.
8. Taiwan
Taiwan in Asia is a one of the cheapest country to study abroad. The universities of the country offer more than 120 Courses which are taught in English. One of the top universities like National Taiwan University ranked top 20 Universities in ASIA and 66th in the world. The fees for undergraduate programs can cost US $ 3350 and can go till US $ 4050. The cost of living is quite cheaper than other countries and it is US $ 2900.
Paris, the capital of the country was named the best place for student and ranked 1st in a row. The cost of living may get expensive, but the school and tuition fees are way less than other countries. The fees are same for Local as well as for international students. A year back it was US $200 for a bachelor degree, and US $300 for the master program. If you think that your french should be fluent or you must know how to speak french to study in that country, then it’s not, One can easily study opting English while studying In France.
India, One of the most affordable and the best country to study in Asia. The country is well known for its culture, Tourism, and the best education around the world. English is often used in High level education and in universities. The tuition fee varies with the different courses and universities in the country. The maximum it can be US $7900 and less in a year. The living is affordable and one can live luxuriously just with US $4700 a year.
One of the best country for education with cheapest the cost of the student’s living and tuition fees. The capital city, Kuala Lumpur was ranked 1st by QS 2016 and named as the best and affordable city for the student’s living and education. The living can cost as high as 4000 US $ and the tuition fee varies for different courses, but maximum it can be US $ 4200 a year. They also have the International University’s branch for offering international degrees to the students.
One of the most beautiful country around the world, Spain is one of the Cheapest for education as well as for living of students. It can cost 7400 US $ per semester for tuition fees and less and more, varies from different courses and a university. The cost of living is quite higher than the fees if one lives in the city, it can cost US $ 8000 per year.
Sweden was always set as a priority to study by a student. The country with one of the safest environment for the students and as well as for citizens. One who wants to enjoy his/her education while living in a beautiful environment and having a sustainable able, Sweden can provide all those facilities to a student. The tuition fee cost US $ 5000 per semester, which also varies with different courses and universities. The living cost can be up to US $ 8000 per year.
If one can speak Polish and are prepared to give entrance exams for the courses in polish, then the tuition fee can costs US $ 0 to a student. There are many English based courses which can cost US $5000 per year and also varies with different courses and universities. The country’s capital was Ranked Under top 20 cities by QS for affordability.
Number 1 in the list of best education all over the world with affordable costs. Germany is targeted by the students for their education the way of living. It has the reputed universities, International Branches and the best atmosphere for the education of the children. One can have a sustainable and balanced life for their education and living. The universities also help to build the extra skills for their children with 100% of its working in real life. The cost of living can be higher in the way of one’s living which is US $ 10,000 per year. The tuition fees vary from different courses and universities. It costs around US & 12,000 a year and one also can get scholarships as per their skills. One should set Germany as in their top of the priority list for their Education with affordable prices.
Above All the country’s was listed as per their cheaper costs of living and education. There are countries like US, UK, CANADA and many others who offer the best education in the world, but their costs were higher than above all the above listed Countries.
Water is a vital part of our everyday lives and is used by our body in many different ways. It is so important that humans can’t survive for more than a week without fresh water. However, a lot of us underestimate the importance of drinking water daily and do not truly appreciate what water does for our bodies. Depending on factors such as location, fat index, age and sex, the average human is between 55-60% water. In fact, the brain alone is made up of 73% water, the lungs are 83%, and even bones contain some amount of water. Despite all this, many people take it for granted, not drinking even close to the adequate amount of water needed for bodily functions to take place properly. So, an understanding of how water helps us may encourage people to drink water more frequently.
Some of its Benefits
You need water to stay hydrated and maintain an adequate amount of fluid in your body. Water helps in the production of sweat, which keeps body temperatures cool as you exercise. When you perspire, the excess heat from your body is lost to the atmosphere through evaporation, regulating your body at an optimal temperature. Water also prevents your muscles from getting tired as fast and allows you to have a quicker recovery post-workout.
Drinking more water can actually help in weight loss. When your stomach senses that it is full, it sends signals to the brain to make you feel full. This reduces your hunger and makes you less likely to overeat.
There is a strong correlation between your mental energy levels and how hydrated you are. Water is needed in every cell in your body and your brain cells are no exception. Water helps transport oxygen and nutrients to the brain for optimal mental function.
One of the most common causes of headaches is dehydration. When you are dehydrated, the brain contracts temporarily due to fluid loss. Hence, drinking water helps in preventing headaches and other minor health problems.
Constipation occurs when the stools in your colon don’t get enough water. When you are dehydrated, water is diverted from the large intestine to hydrate the rest of your body. So, ample amount of water needs to be consumed to ensure healthy bowel movements.
Kidney stones are hard deposits of salt and minerals that form within the kidney or urinary tract. You need enough fluids in your system to dilute the concentration of minerals that can turn into these stones. Hence, water prevents the formation of kidney stones.
When your skin is dehydrated, it will become dry, tight and flaky. Staying hydrated can reduce the appearance of ageing, making you look younger and fresher.
How much water should you drink?
The body constantly loses water throughout the day, mostly through urine and sweat but also from regular body functions like breathing. To prevent dehydration, you need to get plenty of water from drink and food every day. The recommended daily water intake for adults is 8 – 10 glasses of 250ml each glass. However, there is no universally agreed quantity of water that must be consumed daily, and the amount may vary depending on the person. Many internal and external factors determine how much water a person should drink per day. So, we must identify in our own lives whether we think we are getting enough water or not. In case you are feeling excessive thirst, dry mouth, dry skin, headaches, sleepiness, dizziness, etc., it is an indication that you are not drinking enough water.
It is also important to highlight that though drinking ample amount of water everyday is important, one should not overdo it. Drinking too much water can lead to water intoxication, which is when the levels of salt and other electrolytes in your body become too diluted. While it is rare, this can be a medical emergency if the electrolytes in your body fall too low and too fast.
At the end of the day, we should drink an adequate amount of water as per our requirements. This will allow us to reap the benefits of water, and prevent symptoms of not drinking water.
There are two kinds of people around us. First are the spontaneous ones, the ones who make their decisions and act on it immediately. And then there are over-thinkers, the ones who will think about something for such a long time and often end up not making any decision at all. It is basic human nature to think about every aspect before coming to a decision but that turns overthinking when you can’t get out of your own head. It often starts with you having troubles making big decisions and soon you start to overthink every decision you take.
WHY DO PEOPLE OVERTHINK?
Overthinking is the rot cause of many problems such as depression and anxiety. If we think about the future, the past and all the other things that are not in our control , our mind is bound to go in a spiral leaving us feeling anxious and depressed. There are genuine psychological reasons as to why people tend to overthink everything. Some of the common reasons include:
HABIT OF WORRYING: People who develop the habit of worrying about every little detail early in their life become textbook over-thinkers later on. The worry could be about their household situation or some situation at school and this habit turns into bigger worries over time.
STRUGGLE TO MAKE DECISIONS: It is generally believed that the more you think about something, the better would be the decision. However, this might not always be the case. Over-analyzing is actually a barrier in decision making. Soon you will find yourself struggling to make everyday decision like what to eat and this is a huge waste of time and energy as well.
PERFECTIONIST: People who are not satisfied with mediocre work and do everything perfectly are more likely to be over-thinkers. In order to make a simple decision, they will mull it over in their mind a thousand times. It is a great way of distracting yourself because if you convince yourself that there’s more you need to do, that means there’s more you need to think about. And this doesn’t make you feel inadequate and imperfect. If you don’t try to handle this insecurity, you will not be able to move on.
PAST DECISIONS: This is one of the major reasons that leads to overthinking. Your bad and impulsive decisions of the past force you to take every step carefully and you start to second guess every aspect of it. You don’t even realize when this turns you into a blown over-thinker.
Some of the other reasons that triggers overthinking include having trouble going to sleep, reliving past mistakes, reliving all the embarrassing memories, asking “what if” questions, finding hidden meaning in things people say to you, or constantly rehearsing conversations in your mind so that you sound smart and don’t say the wrong thing.
The sense of control we try to earn by over-analyzing every situation can be very harmful for our mental health. We need to get a hold over our thoughts. The fear that we are trying to fight with overthinking is actually penetrating further in our minds rather than leaving it. Overthinking might not be all bad but it is always better to get control over your thoughts before the mind goes into a spiral.
As humans, we’re accustomed to using visual hints to guess the age of someone.
The neighbor’s dog with flecks of gray fur and a stiff walk is obviously getting up in years.
That huge gnarled tree in the park must have been there for decades.
But Birds are different. They don’t get gray ,they don’t get bigger with each passing year, they don’t leave growth rings for us to count.
In fact, once most birds develop their adult plumage, they essentially become impossible to age.
The reality that birds don’t show physical signs of aging creates a challenge for understanding how long they live.
Many birds live much longer than we might expect. Some expects say that birds can live up to 120 years and more..
Here are some characteristics that can help us to guess which species are likely to be longer-lived:
Number of chicks:Birds with longer lifespans often have fewer young, while those with shorter lifespans tend to have more.
Years to reach adulthood:Shorter-lived species tend to reach adulthood more quickly than longer-lived species.
Life on the ground: Birds that live in the nest on the ground have often adapted for shorter lifespans than those that live higher up, such as in the shelter of the tree canopy.
According to M N Srinivas “westernization refers to the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels of technology, institutions, ideology, values”.
Main features of westernization:
Westernization is a simpler concept. It explains the impact of Western contact (particularly of British rule) on the Indian society and culture. M N Srinivas defends the use of the term when he says that there is need for such as when analysing the changes that a non western country undergoes as a result of prolonged contact with the western one.
It not only includes the introduction of new institutions (for example newspaper, elections, Christian Missionaries) but also fundamental changes in old Institutions. For example, India had schools long before the arrival of the British, but they were different from British introduced schools in that they had been restricted to upper caste children and transmitted mostly traditional knowledge. Other institutions such as the Army, civil service and law courts were also similarly affected.
The form and pace of westernization of India varied from region to region and from one section of population to another. For example one group of people became Westernized in dress, manners, speech while other absorbed Western science, knowledge and literature remaining relatively free from certain aspects. For example brahmins accepted the western dress habits and educational systems and also used gadgets such as radio, television, telephone but they did not accept the British diet, dancing, hunting and such other habits. This distinction is however only relative, not absolute.
According to M N Srinivas in the political and cultural field westernisation has given birth not only to nationalism but also to revivalism, communalism, casteism and heightened linguistic consciousness and regionalism. To make matters even more bewildering revivalist movements have used Western type schools and colleges and books, pamphlets and journals to propagate their ideas .
The term westernisation, unlike modernisation, is ethically neutral, its use does not carry the implication that it is good or bad where modernisation is normally used in the sense that it is good, according to M N Srinivas.
Viruses have been the talk of the town since its high intake in the previous year. For instance Covid that has booked its seat for a long stay in the country along with its innumerous variants has caused a lot of problems. Zika Virus is one such deadly virus which is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae and spreads from Aedes mosquitoes. It existence has been marked since ages detected first in monkeys in 1947 and then in humans in 1952 in Uganda.
The first recorded outbreak of Zika virus disease was reported from the Island of Yap in 2007.Its symptomatic time period is from 3 to 14 days. Its symptoms are almost equal to dengue fever which includes fever, rash, muscle and joint pain, conjunctivitis, malaise, and headache, and usually last for 2–7 days. Its infection is deadly during pregnancy and leads to microcephaly which leads to small head size since it disrupts brain growth by hijacking a pathway which regulates growth of new neurons and other congenital abnormalities in the developing fetus and newborn. It can also lead to fetal loss, and preterm birth.
Zika Virus Capsid Model
It can also transfer from men and women to their sexual partners and during blood transfusion. Although no clinically proven vaccine has been developed so far but clinical trials are in progress. Therefore no proper treatment is available and the only treatment that is done is by using the medicines to lower a particular symptom. For example in case of fever paracetamol comes handy. If symptoms worsen, they should seek medical care and advice.
In such case prevention is the best remedy. Water should not be stagnant, sanitary conditions should be maintained, pregnant women should sleep under mosquito nets and should avoid going to unhygienic places. Windows and doors should be kept closed. Mosquito repellant creams should be applied.
The term “Sanskritization” was introduced into Indian sociology by Prof M N Srinivas.
The term refers to a process whereby people of lower caste collectively try to adopt upper caste practices and beliefs as a preliminary step to acquire higher status. Thus, it indicates a process of cultural mobility that is taking place in the traditional social system of India.
MN Srinivas in his study of the Coorg in Karnataka found that lower caste in order to raise their position in the caste hierarchy adopted some customs and practices of the Brahmin and give up their own which were considered to be impure by the higher caste, for example, they gave up meat eating, drinking liquor, animal sacrifice, imitated Brahmins in matters of dress food and rituals by doing so within a generation of so they could claim higher positions in the hierarchy of castes.
Some features of the sanskritization:
Sanskritization denotes the process in which the lower caste try to imitate the lifestyle of the upper caste in their attempt to raise their social status.
It denotes the process of upward mobility. In this process, a caste is trying to increase his position in the caste hierarchy not at once but over a period of time, it would sometimes take a period of one or two generations.
Mobility that is involved in the process of sanskritization results only in positional changes for particular caste or section of castes, and need not necessarily lead to a structural change; it means while individuals move up or down the structure as such remains the same.
The castes which enjoyed higher economic and political power but related relatively low in the ritual ranking went after sanskritization for they felt that their claim to higher position was not fully effective.
The British rule in India provided a favourable atmosphere for Sanskritization to take place. Political Independence has weakened the trend towards this change now the emphasis is on vertical social mobility and not on horizontal mobility.
Significant development in the realm of material culture has accelerated the process of sanskritization. Industrialisation, occupational mobility, mass media, communication, spread of literacy, advent of Western technology, improvement in transportation system etc, has speeded up the process of sanskritization.
Horticulture, the branch of plant agriculture dealing with garden crops, generally fruits,vegetables, and ornamental plants. The Horticulture falls between domestic gardening and field agriculture, through all forms of cultivation naturally have close links.
It is divided into the cultivation of plants for food and plants for ornament. Pomology deals with fruit and nut crops. Oliericuture deals with herbaceous plants for the kitchen, including, for example carrots, cauliflower. Floriculture deals with the production of flowers and ornamental plants; generally, cut flowers, pot plants, and greenery. Landscape Horticulture is a broad category that includes plants for the landscape, including lawn turf but particularly nursery crops such as shrubs, trees, and vines. The specialisation of the horticulture and the success of the crop are influenced by many factors. Among these are climate, terrain, and other regional variations.
HORTICULTURAL REGIONS :
TEMPERATURE ZONES :
Temperature zones for horticulture cannot be defined exactly by lines of latitude or longitude but are usually regarded as including those areas where frost in winter occurs, even though rarely. Thus, most parts of Europe, North America and Northern Asia are included, though some parts of the United States, such as southern Florida, are considered subtropical. The temperature zones are also the areas of the grasses – the finest lawns particularly are in the regions of moderate or high rainfall- and of the great cereal crops. Rice is excluded as being tropical, but wheat, barley, corn and Rye grow well in the temperature zones. Plants in the temperature zones benefit from a winter resting season, which clearly differentiates them from tropical plants which tend to grow continuously. Most of the great gardens of the world have been developed in temperature zones. Particular features such as rose gardens, herbaceous borders, annual borders, woodland gardens, and rock gardens are also those of temperature zone gardens. Nearly all depends for their success on the winter resting period.
TROPICAL ZONES :
There is no sharp line of demarcation between the topics and the subtropics. Just as many tropical plants can be cultivated in the subtropics, so also many subtropical and even temperature plants can be grown satisfactorily in the tropics. Elevation is a determining factor. In addition to Elevation, another determinant is the annual distribution of rainfall. Plants that grow and flower in the monsoon areas, as in India, will not succeed where the climate is uniformly wet. Another factor is the length of day, the number of hours the sun is above the horizon;some plants flower only if the day is long, but others make their growth during the long days and flower when the day is short. In the tropics of Asia and parts of central and south America, the dominant features of the gardens are flowering trees, shrubs, and climbers. Herbaceous plants are relatively few, but many kinds of orchids can be grown.
PROPAGATION :
propagation is the controlled perpetuation of plants,is the most basic of Horticulture practices . It’s two objectives are to achieve an increase in numbers and to preserve the essential characteristics of the plant. Propagation can be achieved sexually by seed or asexually by utilising specialised vegetative structures of the plant or by employing such techniques are cutting, layering, grafting and tissue culture
SEED PROPAGATION :
The most common method of propagation for self- pollinated plants is by seed. In self-pollinated plants,the sperm nuclei in pollen produced by a flower fertilize egg cells of a flower on the same plant. Propagation by seed is also used widely for many cross- pollinated plants pollen is carried from one plant to another. The practice of saving seed to plant the following year has developed into a specialized part of horticulture. Seed technology involves all of the steps necessary ensure production of seed with high viability, freedom from disease, purity, and trueness to type. These processes may include specialized growing and harvesting techniques, cleaning, and distribution. Germination in such seed may be accomplished by treatment to remove these inhibitors. This may involve cold stratification, storing seed at high relative humidity and low temperatures, usually slightly above freezing. Cold stratification is a prerequisite to the uniform germination of many temperature-zone species such as apple, bear, and redbud.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION :
Asexual or vegetative reproduction is based on the ability of plants to regenerate tissues and parts. In many plants vegetative propagation is a completely natural process; in others it is an artificial one. It has may advantages. These include the unchanged prepetuation of naturally cross pollimated palnts and the possibility of propagation seedless progeny. Vegetative propagation is accomplished be use of
Apomictic seed
Specialized vegetatice structres such as runners, bulbs, corms, rhizomes, offshoot, tubers, stems and roots.
Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on current events based on facts and supported with proof or evidence. The word journalism applies to the occupation, as well as collaborative media who gather and publish information based on facts and supported with proof or evidence. Journalistic media include print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels.
Concepts of the appropriate role for journalism vary between countries. In some nations, the news media are controlled by government intervention and are not fully independent. In others, the news media are independent of the government but instead operate as private industry. In addition to the varying nature of how media organizations are run and funded, countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the freedom of speech and libel cases.
The proliferation of the Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers, smartphones, and other personal electronic devices, as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers, magazines, or television news channels. News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues
Media : A fundamental part of new era
SOME FAMOUS PEOPLE ON JOURNALISM’S IMPORTANCE IN LIFE
Without journalism, the world would be ignorant. Journalism is important because it gives current and relevant information and news to the public. Benjamin Franklin said, “Whoever would overthrow the liberty of a nation must begin by judging the freeness of speech.”
Coach Currie, an 8th grade social studies teacher and football coach at Dobie Jr. High, said, “Journalism is important because it spreads truth to people; they need to know things.”
Mrs. Preyor-Johnson, a journalism teacher at Dobie Jr. High, used to work as a full time journalist. She said, “Journalism is essential to our freedom.”
Communication is basic need
IMPORTANCE OF JOURNALISM IN SOCIETY
Journalism means the works of a journalist regarding news, views, reports, etc. It is an investigation and reporting of current world affairs which include fashion trends, political or general issue and events to a broad audience. It is apparent writing on any issue of an affair.
Though there are various purposes for it, the most important aspect is the freedom of expression. The root of journalism comes from people’s right to have an opinion.
Today people depend on the press on being informed of what’s happening. A modern newspaper is something very much more than a mere purveyor of the news; it is also a store-house of current information, an instrument of public criticism, a creator of public opinion. The media plays a vital role in a democratic society. Their influence on forming a public opinion is very great. They may be said to do political thoughts on behalf of the man in the street. Then there is the news-editor and his staff. They receive news from different agencies, staff reporters and correspondents. They edit, arrange, and display them. They can flash a headline and create a sensation. The staff-reporters interview people, elicit views by “scooping” news in advance.
Journalism is for the ‘voice of a voiceless’- expressing opinions of all those in our society. It’s like a bridge between the authorities and people. A modern newspaper must also have on its staff competent artists, cartoonists, photographers, etc. There must be advertisement managers and circulation managers. All these people who are on the staff of a newspaper are known by the general name of journalists, or newspapermen.
Wealthy and influential newspapers always maintain their own correspondents, home and abroad. The modern world could not exist without such an elaborate organization and agency of information gathered from various sources.
Therefore its primary purpose is to make sure all citizens are aware of their rights. Journalism is a difficult profession. “To write weekly”, says Virginia Woolf, “to write daily, to write shortly, to write for busy people catching trains in the morning, or for tired people coming home in the evening is a heartbreaking task for men who know good writing from bad. Oscar Wilde once stated, “By giving us the opinion of the uneducated, journalism keeps us in touch with the ignorance of the community”.
Journalism is important to the world because we are now a global economy and almost a global society. A good journalist creates his own peculiar style. He knows the art of creating the taste and demand for what he offers. The most important thing to understand about journalism is that its entire purpose is to serve the citizens. One aspires to literary excellence; another sets greater store by propaganda. Its coverage is very wide, and its scope for improvement is unlimited. But the journalist should guard against the present tendency for trivializing and fragmenting news items, imposing the editor’s opinions upon readers. Finally, journalism provides what Kovatch and Rosenstiel call “a public forum for criticism and comment.” This is an essential thing for a democratic society to have.
ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF LIFE
Social Media plays a very important role in today’s life, social Media are web-based online tools that enable people discover and learn new information, share ideas, interact with new people and organizations. It has changed the way people live their life today, it has made communication much easier.
In students Life
Social media plays an important role in every student’s life. It is often easier and more convenient to access information, provide information and communicate via social media. Tutors and students can be connected to each other and can make good use of these platforms for the benefit of their learning and teaching
Domestic violence, also named as domestic abuse or family violence, is violence or other abuse in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation. Domestic violence is often used as a synonym for intimate partner violence which is committed by one of the people in an intimate relationship against the other person, and can take place in heterosexual or same-sex relationships or between former spouses or partners. In it’s broadest sense, domestic violence also involves violence against children, teenagers, parents or the elderly. It takes multiple forms, including physical, verbal, emotional, economic, religious, reproductive and sexual abuse which can range from subtle, coercive forms to marital rape and to violent physical abuse such as choking, beating, female genital mutilation and acid throwing that results in disfigurement or death.
Globally, the victims of domestic violence are overwhelmingly women and women tend to experience more severe forms of violence. Research has established that there exists a direct and significant correlation between a country’s level of gender equality and rates of domestic violence, where countries with less gender equality experience higher rates of domestic violence. Domestic violence is among the most underreported crimes worldwide for both men and women. Due to certain social stigmas regarding the victims of domestic violence, they face an increased likelihood of being overlooked.
The first known use of the term domestic violence in a modern context, meaning violence in the home, was in an address to the Parliament of the United Kingdom by Jack Ashley in 1973. Traditionally, domestic violence was mostly associated with physical violence. But now domestic violence is defined broadly to include all acts of physical, sexual, psychological or economic violence that may be committed by a family member or intimate partner.
CAUSES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:-
Often women and children are the soft targets of domestic violence. Domestic violence is a gruesome crime that also causes a number of deaths. Some of the most common causes of domestic violence are illiteracy and economical dependency on the men folk. The male-dominated society plays an important role in this problem. Further, Dowry is also one of the leading causes which have the consequence of violence against newly-wed brides. In many parts of the world, physically assaulting women and passing horrendous remarks is common.
Moreover, children also become victims of this inhuman behavior more than often. It is important to recognize the double standards and hypocrisy of the society. A lot of the times, the abuser is either psychotic or requires psychological counselling. However, in a more general term, domestic violence is the outcome of cumulative irresponsible behavior which a section of society demonstrates. It is also important to note that solely the abuser is not just responsible but also those who allow this to happen and act as mere mute spectators.
EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:-
EFFECTS ON THE VICTIM:-
death, illness, injury and disability- domestic and family violence is the leading cause of death, illness, disability for women aged under 45.
emotional and psychological trauma- the devastating impact on an individual’s physical, mental and emotional health including depression, shame, anger and suicide.
homelessness.
use of alcohol and drugs to heal the pain.
physical health injuries and problems which may not get medically treated.
EFFECTS ON THE FAMILY:-
Violence and the threat of violence at home creates fear and can destroy family environments and lead to the break-up of the families.
An ideal student is one who is good at skills and an motivation to everyone in the class. Schooling is one of the best blessings that a child can have. It is one of the best feelings which no others can have.
The ideal student is the one who respects others feelings and who will be obedient in many of the situations.
The student’s relation with the teacher is a great one. A student must maintain a healthy relationship with the teachers. Teachers play a very important role in making the student perfect and make them to understand the need of the situation. Teachers help the students to reach their desired goals and in any situation teacher motivates a student to get up and stand in all the ups and downs. Like that of the mother and the father, the teacher also feels equally happy when their student acheives high in their life and when they reach their desired goals.
An ideal student will never feel low at the failures. Instead, they will take their mistakes as an experience and will continue the hard work.
Some of the qualities that make an ideal student are :
Hard work
Discipline
Taking responsibility
Maintaining friendly relationships
Respecting everyone
Raising diubts without features.
SOME QUALITIES THAT MAKE AN IDEAL STUDENT FOR KIDS :
• Ideal student traits make him uniqu, anong others. • It is believed that an ideal student will never waste his time and energy on non- productive things. • The ideal student has inborn winning qualities. • Ideal students will always goal- oriented. Thys, they play according to actions to reach their goals. • It is proven that ideal students will punctual in school and always on time regularly. • He respects everyone. He also obeys their instructions and others. • Ideal students are not bookwarms. They keenly observe and read wisely. • Ideal students take his studies with all seriousness. They dont’t allow any other activites to disturb them • Ideal students always seek the teacher’s guidance. Also, they believe in the knowledge of their teachers.
SOME QUALITIES THAT MAKE AN IDEAL STUDENT FOR SCHOOL STUDENTS :
• Ideal students are always thirsty to gain knowledge.
• They always strive to reach their goals • Ideal students always dedicated to their education and work. • Ideal students behave well and very attentive in classes. They always listen to their teachers while classes are going on • They never hesitate to raise their doubts about studies if they feel some difficulty in understanding. • one of the best things about ideal students is that they are very friendly. Also, they help yo his friends regarding studies. • Ideal students are creative and think out of the box for any completion of tasks. • He always inspire eveyone and attracts the teachers and elders easily. • Ideal students are very responsible and underdtand the value of every wird from their elders.
SOME QUALITIES THAT MAKE IDEAL STUDENT FO HIGHER CLASS STUDENTS :
• Ideal students are always fit both physically and mentally. • Ideal students can differentiate between what is right and what is wrong . • Ideal students always keep friendly relations with othet students even though he has many competitors • He always maintains his promise and never feels proud of his awards and achievements. • Ideal students will nevet trust in superstitions, but believe beliefs. It is because they think very logically abd ratinally. • An ideal students tries to improvr in all aspects of his life and to reach goals. • Ideal students show affection and respect towards their elders and parents. • Ideal students read a lot of books. • The ideal students will take responsibility for their society and country. • An ideal student will never look fir shortcuts. They believe that hard work is the only way to succeed in life.
In simple terms, an ideal students is science towards academics and maintains friendly relations with teachers and elders. Aldo, an ideal student will have leadership and communication skills. The role of an ideal student is both attentibe and punctual in duties. He goes to his school, college or university in time. He attends the classes on regular basis .
• Offence related to the conduct or speech that is inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or government.
• Punishable under Section 124A of IPC, 1860. Section inserted to IPC in 1870. Intent of the section – To punish an act of exciting feelings of disaffection towards the government, with disaffection being distinguished from disapprobation. Differentiation important for freely voicing feelings against the government as long as they obey govt.’s lawful authority.
Issues with Sedition law
• Low conviction rate under the section 124A IPC. Failure to convict due to lack of evidence.
• Vague definition, especially of the term disaffection – Difficult to differentiate disaffection and disapprobation. Leads to simple criticism being construed sedition – Suppressing dissent.
• Affects fundamental right of freedom of speech. Free speech – Most significant principle of democracy, human right, liberty. Yardstick used for distinguishing harm is to be ‘high’.
Reality – Both ‘provocative’ and ‘innocuous’ speeches or writings treated as same.
Judicial interpretations enables it to continue.
Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar, 1962 – SC attempted an attenuated interpretation of the provision. Upheld the validity of section 124A. Not sedition – As long as the criticism or comment of a citizen does not incite people to violence against the Government established by law or with the intention of creating public disorder. ‘Public disorder’ considered to be a necessary ingredient of section 124A IPC by the courts. Author – Lessened the severity of the section – Restriction imposed on free speech could not be declared unconstitutional. • Misused by the police or govt. Criminalise strident political criticism and accuse as being ‘antinational’.
3 political reasons: a) To suppress criticism and protests against particular policies/projects of the government. b) To criminalise dissenting opinion of rights defenders/lawyers/activists and journalists. c) To settle political scores.
• Relic of colonial legacy and is unsuited in a democracy. • Recent development –
Supreme Court and CJI – Indicated their intention to reconsider the sedition provision. Might lead to new guidelines and safeguards for using section 124A meticulously.
Hobbies are very common. Everyone have their own priorities and likes regarding the hobbies. My hobby is listening to the music.
Listening to songs is such a nice thing. Every individual starts listening to the songs when he or she is addicted to them and really cannot come out of it. The music the songs will change the mood of the person. The songs in the musical interrelated with the human beings.
It is so important to prioritize the positive things in and around us in the life. One of the positive things is the music. Music makes Man convertible. Whatever the situation may be, it it helps the individual to come out of the situation and also to move one and into a new situation. The music you listen motivates life. The lyrics in this song will motivate the individual and help the individual at anytime.
It is very important for an individual to prioritize the music and the songs in the life. Because the songs or the music helps the individual to feel stress-free. It also helps the individual to relieve the tension and all the depression he or she had.
Music is described for every emotion. Every emotion is described in its own way in mmusic. Every emotion is clearly explained by the respected song.
Hobbies can often also be very expensive. Luckily, there are still lots of cheap and even free hobbies that are fun, educational and rewarding.
Here some of fun and low-cost hobbies
DIY : Buy a book on DIY and start on anything that needs fixing around your house, make your own clothes or give your friends self-made presents.
WRITE A THEMED LIST, AND WORK THROUGH IT : Make a list of things you want to do or see. It could be anything from films you want to watch to local places you want to visit. Try to work through your list in a month.
WATCH ONLINE DOCUMENTARIES :
You can find lots of free documentaries on the websites of Tv channels, or even on youtube covering hundreds of subjects, such a history or the ocean. You could also finally watch your favourite actor’s ,author’s or musician’s biography.
LEARN NEW THINGS : Educating yourself doesn’t have to be boring. What are you passionate about? It could be science , the oceams or even horror films. Google your interests and become a knowledgeable as you can about your passions.
GO CAMPING :
Try going caming with your friends during the weekend. All you need is a tent, some snacks, and drinks. If you dont live near woods or a forest, you can even try camping in your back garden.
DISCOVER NEW MUSIC :
Look for new music on music websites or youtube or spotify by searching for your favouirte genre. You could find a band you love.
LEARN HOW TO COOK :
cooking is a useful life skill as well as a fun way to spebd your time. Invest in cheap ingredients and learn how to cook all of your favourite meals.
TRY DRAWING :
Drwaing is a really enjoyable way of expressing yourself. There are lots of different ways to draw, from painting to sketchibg to doodling, so choose one you are comfortable with and give it a go!
START INVESTING :
Investing is a great way to earn some extra money, just make sure you do your research properly when you first start.you don’t have to invest large sums, but small ones will be just as rewaeding if you have a plan.
WRITING :
Writing is one of the chepest ways to have fun. From blogging to trying your hand on a book, there are lots of different ways to enjoy writing. All you need is a pencil and paper to get started.PLAYING CARDS : Invite some friends over , and get a pack of cards. There are hundreds of different games. You can play with cards and a pack is fairly cheap.
LEARN TO DANCE :
This hobby is great for your body and enjoyable pastime. Use youtube vidros and tutorials to teach yourself new dance moves.
READING :
Reading is a great way to exercise your mind.you can choose to lose yourself in a fictional world, learn more about your own world, or read the autobiography of someone you adimre. If you decide to pick reading up as a hobby, consider getting a library card for your local library.
Remember , the secret of life, happiness and fulfillment is simple: ” Find three hobbies you love: one to make you money, one to keep you in shape, abd one to be creative” .
Discipline is very important in everyone’s life. It is so important to be disciplined in the life. Discipline is not acquired from a single day. It is a achieved by a continued process.parents are the important in every individual’s life. The are the main reason for the discipline of their children.
After the parents, teacher is the most important person in an individual’s life. Teacher is the one who moulds the individual from the initial stage of the life and makes the individual into and perfect one. Even though the teacher schools or beats sometimes it is all for the well-being of the student and for the bright future of the student.
The first teacher in everyone’s life is their mother. Beginning with the correct thing the first mistake of the child, mother plays a very important role in correcting many of the mistakes in an individual’s life. Also the father who corrects the mistakes and puts the children in a correct way. And the teacher, who is very important in our students life to achieve their desired goals.
Teachers play a very important role in making the student perfect and make them to understand the need of the situation. Teachers help the students to reach their desired goals and in any situation teacher motivates a student to get up and stand in all the ups and downs. Like that of the mother and the father, the teacher also feels equally happy when their student acheives high in their life and when they reach their desired goals.
IMPORTANCE OF DISCIPLINE IN LIFE :
TIME MANAGEMENT :
A disciplined person always has the time to complete all the tasks within given deadlines. This is because they are focused and they know how to schedule the time properly. They dont’t believe in wasting time on unnecessary things. They understand the value of time and they know that time once has gone never comes back.
LEADERSHIP :
All great leaders are not born. Most of them follow a very tight schedule and maintain discipline in their life to become good leaders. Good discipline generates a positive attitude towards society. It creates confidence and eagerness to do something great. It helps people to build an attitude that becomes the key to becoming successful. They are able to set a great examples for others in society.
DECISION MAKING :
It is because everything gets finished within the given deadlines, disciplined people always have time to revise their work and improve their decisions. People who are disciplined are more focused both mentally and physically. They are better able to gain their body and mind with their ideas and goals. Finally, everything is regulated in order and increases their productivity in all the activites they undergo.
ACHIEVEMENTS :
Disciplined people are more motivated and concentrated. Therefore, they achieve more when compared to a person who is not disciplinef with the activites he/she undertakes. As per study, 92% of people are able to achieve their goals in life because of the reason of being disciplined.
STABILITY AND STRUCTURE :
With discipline, comes stability in all the tasks. It helps to schedule and organize the activites and tasks in a proper structure. If a person is focused and regularly follows this particular structure, he/she is sure to succeed in their life.
RESPONSIBILITY AND CONTROL :
With great discipline comes great responsibility. Only by making schedules and timetables a person cannot become successful. It is very important regularly follow and fulfill the responsibilites which are mentioned in the schedule. This will help them to develop self- control and also build good relations with others.
RESPECT :
A disciplined person always respected by society. He/she is lookef upon as role models and mentors. Through discipline, they worked hard and achieved their goals which made them a respectful figure in the eyes of others.
IMPROVES MENTAL HEALTH :
Modern society suffers alot from anxiety and depression. We cannot blame them for their condition. Just by maintaining a little discipline in their life, they can easily improve it. Discipline will help them to reduces stress and take control of their tasks. They would be able to overcome their fears and also control their emotions.
MAINTAIN PEACE IN SOCIETY :
Disciplined people are lie assets to society. If there is no law and order, there would bee too many activites. Discipline is required to prevent such things in society. By setting the requiref rules and regulationa, it becomes easier to live in a society that is full of peace and harmony.
STAY ACTIVE :
Disciplined people have time to do every activity in the schedule. They plan their schedule in such a way that improves both their academic/ instituational performance and also their physical health. They know what is good and bad for them and thereby have good eating habits, exercising habits, sleeping and waking up paterns, etc.
SELF DISCIPLINE self discipline means self control, the ability to avoid unhealthy excess of anything that could lead to negative consequenes.
• It is the ability to reject instant grafication and pleasure, in favor of some great grain, which requires spending effort and time to get it. • It means perservetance and not giving up. • It is the strength not to give in to negative feelings. • It means overcoming one’s weakness. • It is the ability to pursue one plan despite temptations to abandom them. • Delayed gratification in favour of accomplishing long term goals. Discipline is very important. It helps people to showcase their attitude and represent their character and thinking. Both the body and mind are honed by discipline. Descipline helps to address individual problems and develop a society that is both peaceful and respectful. Therefore, it would be right to say that without disciplinr there is no life at all.
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