Category: Learning

Top 8 Anime you need to binge on (Part 1)

Genre: Slice of life/ Shounen/ Comedy/ Sports/ Action/ Supernatural.

1) Haikyuu

2) Dr. Stone

3) The Promised Neverland

4) Gintama

5) Noragami

6) Steins Gate

7) Asobi Asobase

8) Vinland saga

(The list is not in order/ranking)

1-Haikyuu

Haikyuu!! Is an anime about volleyball. It is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Haruichi Furudate. The story follows Shōyō Hinata, a boy determined to become a great volleyball player despite his small stature.

I am absolutely in love with this anime. Quirky yet mature characters, massive positive energy (without the cringeyness), good and steady character development, close to reality and filled with moments that will fill you with many emotions. It is the type of anime, which will keep you hooked till the end and wanting more of it.   

No. of Seasons: 4 (With 4th season having 2 parts)

No. of volumes: 37

2)Dr.Stone

Dr. Stone is a Japanese manga series written by Riichiro Inagaki and illustrated by the South Korean artist Boichi. The first episode aired in Japan on July 5th, 2019 and ended on December 13, 2019.

The anime unfolds with the introduction of the personalities wherein Taiju, the brawny guy is collecting himself to confess his love. A green light envelopes the sky and everyone. In this world where humanity has been petrified, scientific genius Senku and his brawny friend Taiju use their skills to rebuild civilization.

An absolutely hilarious, scientific, realistic yet lil unrealistic and an all-package anime. Main characters be making faces like so-called villains and villains like the sane ones. You are gonna love the humor, creativity with innovations and probably learn to make some of the scientific inventions.

No. of season: 2

No. of volumes: 21

3) Noragami

 Noragami is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Adachitoka.  It is a shounen brought to you by Studio Bones. Noragami is about a stray God called Yato, who wants to build a shrine of his own. His journey to do so, with his hilarious and annoyingly careless yet caring personality is what makes this anime unique. The fun is unlimited, relatability and appropriately written characters makes it more special.

Male and female protagonists have been written better than what i have seen till now, Diverse characters, straightforwardness and extremely crude, chill personality of characters. The anime has really less episode considering it’s quality but the fun and wholesomeness compensates for it.

No. of season: 2 (2 OVA)

No. of volumes: 23

4) The Promised Neverland.

The Promised Neverland is a Japanese manga series written by Kaiu Shirai and illustrated by Posuka Demizu. It was serialized in Shueisha’s Weekly Shōnen Jump from August 2016 to June 2020. group of orphaned children in their plan to escape from their orphanage, after learning the dark truth behind their existence and the purpose of the orphanage.

I believe that cuteness, child energy, super relatability to our world, intellectuality, and wholesomeness are less than enough to describe this anime. It is pretty tear-jerker anime. The twists, scenes makes you want to help those kids through your screen. Although, in second season the anime’s plot changes a lil, if you are looking for a series to keep you on your toes, this is it.

No. of Seasons: 2

No. of Volumes: 20

5)Gintama

Gintama, along running series has finally come to an end with the movie Gintama : Final, launched 18 July 2021. This action, comedy anime is based on Alien samurai setting where the humans and alien are living together after the war. Gintoki Sakata, the main protagonist of the series, owns a shop named “Odd jobs Gin” and as its name suggests they accept any type of work as long as they’re paid for it.

Animated by Bandai Namco Pictures and written by Hideaki Sorachi, the cast of Gintama is arguably the best an anime has to offer. Even though the arc’s are short and start is slow, one can never get enough of the parody, action and the drama it provides.

No. of Seasons: 5 (4 movies and 1 OVA)

No. of Volumes: 77

7)Steins Gate

Okabe Rintaro, a self proclaimed Mad scientist accidentally discovers about time travel and time leap. Steins;Gate which is almost ranked in top 10 of every review page and ranked 3rd in MAL (My Anime list) is a time travel story, but not a typical time story. Its not only about the main protagonist travelling or leaping through time, it deals with many modern theories of time travel such as The Time Paradox, Butterfly effect, String theory and much more.

Unlike most anime’s, the side cast is one of the best out there. Every character used has their own importance on the overall plot. The start may be slow for some viewers but that’s the beauty of Steins;Gate.

Steins;Gate was produced by Mika Nomura and Yoshina Doi, directed by Hiroshi Hamasaki and Takuya Sato, and is written by Jukki Hanada

No. of Seasons: 2 (Along with 5 movies and OVA’s )

No. of Volumes: 3

8) Asobi Asobase

The story revolves around three classmates who play simple hand games and their exposure to more weird games.

The opening song gives you vibes of innocence, sweetness and everything nice. Well, the outro is a complete chaos. This pretty much sums the entire series, the girls are innocently chaotic. Filled with crazy ideas regarding the concept of club, extreme honesty and horrifically funny, this girls are absolutely hilarious.

Asobia Asobase made me remember everything I did in school days, every silly games I played. The anime just keeps getting better and more hilarious with each episode.

Honestly, I have never laughed this hard before. If you want to see something that’s going to make you laugh by hitting that pause button without cringing, this is a must watch for you!

No. of season(s): 1 (Episodes: 12)

No. of volumes: 12

15) Vinland saga

Vinland saga anime having only 1 season till date based on Vikings, it is considered one of the best New Gen anime and manga. Season 1 deals with a young boy, Thorfinn, who has a great interest in fighting. Thorfinn swears revenge against Askeladd, the killer of his father and also the main antagonist of the show.

The protagonist – antagonist setting is unrivaled not only in new gen animes but also in the older one’s. The main plot of the anime/manga revolves around the war for the crown of the England. The new season has been confirmed for the Year 2021 and adapts the Slave arc from the manga.    

No. of seasons: 1

No. of Volumes: 21           

What is Open Market Operations ( OMO ) ?

A central bank is the apex institution of the monetary and banking structure of the country.

It performs several important monetary  functions in the banking system.

According to A.C.L. Day a central bank ” helps and controls and stabilizes the monetary and banking system .“

Along with several other essential functions, the central bank ‘s most important function is to control the credit creation power of commercial banks .

“Central Bank also known as Controller of Credit “

Credit control is the means to control the lending policy of commercial banks by the Central Bank .

The central bank controls credits in accordance with the needs of business and with a view to carrying out the broad monetary policy adopted by the state.

It adopted two methods of credit control :-

• Quantitative Credit Control Methods

• Qualitative Credit Control Methods

Open market is one of the methods of quantitative credit control used by the central bank .

What is open market Operations ( OMO ) ?

Open market Operations in general terms means dealing with government securities and bonds.

To elaborate more, Open Market Operations  refers to the sale and purchase of securities , bills and bonds of government as well as private financial institutions by the Central Bank . 

OMO is an activity by a central bank to give or take  liquidity in its currency to or from a bank or a group of banks.

There are two principle motives of open market Operations

• to influence the reserves of commercial bank in order to control power of credit creation 

• to affect the market rates of interest and supply of base money

In order to manipulate the short-term interest rate and the supply of base money in an economy, i.e to  indirectly control the total money supply, the central bank  buys and sells government securities, or other financial instruments.

 Monetary targets, such as inflation, interest rates, or exchange rates, are used to guide this implementation.

In the given figure , S is the supply curve of bank money which shifts to the left as S¹ showing a decrease in the supply of bank money from B to A , given the level of interest rate r .

When the central bank aims at an expansionary policy during a recessionary period , it purchases government securities from the commercial banks and institutions dealing with such securities .

The supply curve of bank money shifts from S¹ to S², showing an increase in the supply of bank money from B to C .

The bank will now lend more at the given rate of interest r.

As the result of change in supply of bank money in market through the open market operations

The market rates of interest also change .

A decrease in the supply of bank money through sale of securities will raise the interest market  rates and an increase in supply of bank money will reduce the market rate interest. ___________________________________________

Open Market Operation policy in India 

The  fact that India  is a developing country its  capital flows are very different from those in developed countries which influence   the Open Market Operation policy .

 India’s central bank, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), has to make policies and use instruments accordingly.  RBI’s major source of funding and control over credit and interest rates was the cash reserve ratio (CRR) and the SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio). But after the reforms, the use of CRR as an effective tool was deemphasized and the use of open market operations increased. OMOs are more effective in adjusting. 

RBI use two types of OMOs :- 

Outright purchase (PEMO):

 It is  outright buying or selling of government securities. 

Repurchase agreement (REPO):

It  is short term, and is subject to repurchase.

OMOs are the most effective credit control instrument with the central bank and are preferred over other methods.

__________________________________________

Limitations of Open Market Operations

Although being an effective method OMO has certain limitations such as :-

• Lack of Securities Market :-. It is important to have an organised security market system for central banks to buy or purchase securities on a large scale.

• Unstable Cash Reserve Ratio:-  The buying and selling of securities and bonds by central banks highly influence the cash reserve ratio which is to be maintained at a fixed rate .

• Penal Bank Rate  : – According to Profs Aschheim penal rate is one the necessary conditions for success of open market operations. If the penal bank Rate of discount is higher than the market rates of interest , the commercial bank can not increase their borrowings.

• Pessimistic and Optimistic Attitude :- The pessimistic and optimistic attitude of the business community also limits the operations of open market policy. A business may be unwilling to take the risk of taking out a loan during a depression . 

• Velocity of Credit and Money not Constant :- The velocity of credit increases during periods of brisk business activities and decreases in periods of falling prices. Hence ,the unstableness of velocity of credit and money constantly affects open market operations. 

Despite the given limitations , the central banks find the Open Market Operations instrument the most successful for controlling credit in developed as well as developing countries.

Jim Corbett’s Birth anniversary-“25 july”.


Full name – Edward James Corbett
Born – 25 July 1875 ,Nainital, (North-Western Provinces, British India
(now in Uttarakhand, India))
Died – 19 April 1955 (aged 79), Nyeri, Kenya
Nationality – Indian
Occupation – Hunter, naturalist, writer.

‘My India, about which these sketches of village life and work are written, refers to those portions of a vast land which I have known from my earliest days, and where I have worked; and the simple folk whose ways and characters I have tried to depict for you are those among whom I spent the great part of seventy years,’ -wrote Jim Corbett.

These words are not merely a description of a country by a man. These words reveal the life of a rare man who was British by blood but became an Indian at heart.

About Jim:

Edward James ‘Jim’ Corbett was born on 25 July 1875, at Nainital, United Province (now Uttarakhand) in British India. Corbett held the rank of Colonel in the British Indian Army, and worked for the Bengal and North Western Railway. Corbett was frequently called upon by the government of the United Provinces to slay man-eating tigers and leopards who had killed people in the villages of the Garhwal and Kumaon region. Corbett was able to succeed in many cases where numerous others had failed.

History:

Between 1910 and 1938, Corbett shot much-feared man-eaters such as the Champawat Tiger, the Leopard of Rudraprayag, the Tigers of Chowgarh and the Panar Leopard, who had cumulatively killed over a thousand people. His success in slaying the man-eaters earned him much respect and fame amongst the people residing in the villages of Kumaon, many of whom considered him to be a saint or sadhu because of his simple, dedicated and honest lifestyle. After his retirement, he authored The Maneaters of Kumaon, Jungle Lore, and other books recounting his hunts and experiences. Corbett’s stories became best-sellers because he narrated tales bubbling with spine-chilling reality in simple and enjoyable language.

Corbett had great admiration for tigers and photographed them avidly in his later years. His attraction towards the uncorrupted beauty of nature in the wild started in his childhood. He could identify the call of most animals and birds from a very young age, owing to his frequent visits to the wild. He never shot a tiger or a leopard unless it turned a man-eater. Corbett was a pioneer conservationist and lectured at local schools and societies to create awareness about the need to respect the wild.

A great human being who would even risk his own life for saving somebody else’s, Corbett continued to write and sound the alarm about the declining numbers of jungle cats till the last days of his life at Nueri, Kenya. He was distressed when people described the tiger as a blood-thirsty’ and ‘cruel’ beast. He refers to his childhood when a child freely roaming about the forest often ended meeting a tiger, the latter giving him a clear, ‘Hello child, what the hell are you doing here?” look and walking away.

. “”a tiger is a large-hearted gentleman with boundless courage and that when he is exterminated-as exterminated he will be unless public opinion rallies to his support-India will be the poorer, having lost the finest of her fauna,””- Jim Corbett had written. This quotation also makes it very obvious that Corbett had great respect for India and Indians. When you read his description of his experiences with men like Bala Singh in his stories or read about the manner in which he could identify the distinct grieving of an Indian wife for her husband, you know why he is still so revered. Corbett passed away on 19 April 1955. The Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand is named after him.

Life of Jim corbett:

In childhood, he has a deep fascination for the forests and wildlife, and due to his interest in wildlife, he became a good tracker and hunter with time. Due to his amazing skill of tracking and hunting, he was often sought after by the then government of the united province to track and kill the tiger and leopard who becomes a man-eater. Even though he was the skilled hunter, he never killed any wild animal other than man-eaters.After many years as a celebrated hunter, he then developed a hobby of wildlife photography, especially, recording films of tigers in their natural habitat. He also used to give lectures on the rich natural heritage of India and the importance of the conservation of forests and wildlife to the school students.

He also penned his experience as a hunter and written many books on wildlife and hunting experiences. His most famous book was Man-Eaters of Kumaon that intensely portrayed his own hunting adventures. Many movies, TV episodes and documentaries have been made that are based on this critically acclaimed book.Later in his life, Jim Corbett started a movement to conserve the wild animals and forests. He strongly supported the All-India Conference for the Preservation of Wildlife and promoted the foundation of the Association for the Preservation of Game in the United Provinces. He also used his influence over the provincial government and lead the path that cleared the establishment of the first national park in India, the Hailey National Park, named after the Lord Malcolm Hailey in 1930s. The name later changed to the Jim Corbett National Park after the independence of India in 1957 in the honor of the legendary Jim Corbett.

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY VS FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY

Both criminal psychologists and forensic psychologists assist law enforcement professionals in investigating and solving crimes. While there are many similarities between these two, they play different but complementary roles.

Forensic specializes in aftermath of crime, evaluating the suspects mental health and consulting victims and their families, whereas criminal psychologists focus primarily on determining a motive and creating a profile of the evil doer.

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY, REQUIREMENTS AND POSITIONS:

Criminal psychology also referred to as criminological psychology is basically the study of the views, thoughts, intentions, actions and reactions of the criminal. They try to understand the motivation of the criminals and also develop psychological profile to apprehend them.

It requires a doctorate in psychology and a license to practice. The professionals would have usually completed a postdoctoral study or research or profiling. However, criminal psychologist having a criminal profiling may come from a law enforcement background instead of psychology.

They have various positions in this field. However most of them go on to work in social service or in a field related to law enforcement. Sometimes they work full time in police departments.

WHAT CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGIST DO:

Investigate the behavior and thoughts of criminals. Examine the motive of the criminals. Assets their mental situation. Help and find to prevent criminal behavior.

FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY, REQUIREMENTS AND POSITIONS:

Forensic psychology is a subfield in psychology. It involves the application of psychological knowledge and methods to both civil and criminal legal questions. They consult with law enforcement to integrate psychology into both criminal and civil legal matters.

Forensic psychologist during UG do a major in psychology or forensic psychology after which they complete internships and PG training in law enforcement. Forensic psychologist requires a PhD or a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD).

There are many positions including victim advocate, corrections specialist, or probation officer. Apart from this they can also be Jury Consultant, Federal Government Employee, Police Consultant etc.

WHAT FORENSIC PYSCHOLOGIST DO:

Forensic psychologists help rehabilitate offenders through therapy, anger management and other counseling services. They also interview witnesses and victims

SIMILARITIES:

Criminal psychology and Forensic psychology are strongly connected to law enforcement. Both aims at understanding the psychology of criminals and solving crimes. Both supports investigation whether its criminal or civil.

DIFFERENCES:

There are some points of divergence between the two starting from educational requirements, career and the typical paths that they lead and the work they do.

Top Places to study abroad with the most affordable prices.

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Some people always wanted to move different countries for their education and to upgrade their lifestyle. If you are one of them and have always had a mind to study abroad then here is the top 8 places to study with the most affordable price.

8. Taiwan

Taiwan in Asia is a one of the cheapest country to study abroad. The universities of the country offer more than 120 Courses which are taught in English. One of the top universities like  National Taiwan University ranked top 20 Universities in ASIA and 66th in the world. The fees for undergraduate programs can cost US $ 3350 and can go till US $ 4050. The cost of living is quite cheaper than other countries and it is US $ 2900.

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7. France

Paris, the capital of the country was named the best place for student and ranked 1st in a row. The cost of living may get expensive, but the school and tuition fees are way less than other countries. The fees are same for Local as well as for international students. A year back it was US $200 for a bachelor degree, and US $300 for the master program. If you think that your french should be fluent or you must know how to speak french to study in that country, then it’s not, One can easily study opting English while studying In France.

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6. India

India, One of the most affordable and the best country to study in Asia. The country is well known for its culture, Tourism, and the best education around the world. English is often used in High level education and in universities. The tuition fee varies with the different courses and universities in the country. The maximum it can be US $7900 and less in a year. The living is affordable and one can live luxuriously just with US $4700 a year.

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5. Malaysia

One of the best country for education with cheapest the cost of the student’s living and tuition fees. The capital city, Kuala Lumpur was ranked 1st by QS 2016 and named as the best and affordable city for the student’s living and education. The living can cost as high as 4000 US $ and the tuition fee varies for different courses, but maximum it can be US $ 4200 a year. They also have the International University’s branch for offering international degrees to the students.

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4. Spain

One of the most beautiful country around the world, Spain is one of the Cheapest for education as well as for living of students. It can cost 7400 US $ per semester for tuition fees and less and more, varies from different courses and a university. The cost of living is quite higher than the fees if one lives in the city, it can cost US $ 8000 per year.

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3. Sweden

Sweden was always set as a priority to study by a student. The country with one of the safest environment for the students and as well as for citizens. One who wants to enjoy his/her education while living in a beautiful environment and having a sustainable able, Sweden can provide all those facilities to a student. The tuition fee cost US $ 5000 per semester, which also varies with different courses and universities. The living cost can be up to US $ 8000 per year.

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2. Poland

If one can speak Polish and are prepared to give entrance exams for the courses in polish, then the tuition fee can costs US $ 0 to a student. There are many English based courses which can cost US $5000 per year and also varies with different courses and universities. The country’s capital was Ranked Under top 20 cities by QS for affordability.

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1. Germany

Number 1 in the list of best education all over the world with affordable costs. Germany is targeted by the students for their education the way of living. It has the reputed universities, International Branches and the best atmosphere for the education of the children. One can have a sustainable and balanced life for their education and living. The universities also help to build the extra skills for their children with 100% of its working in real life. The cost of living can be higher in the way of one’s living which is US $ 10,000 per year. The tuition fees vary from different courses and universities. It costs around US & 12,000 a year and one also can get scholarships as per their skills. One should set Germany as in their top of the priority list for their Education with affordable prices.

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Above All the country’s was listed as per their cheaper costs of living and education. There are countries like US, UK, CANADA and many others who offer the best education in the world, but their costs were higher than above all the above listed Countries.

Sources:

https://www.topuniversities.com/student-info/studying-abroad/10-most-affordable-places-study-abroad

https://www.gooverseas.com/blog/10-most-popular-study-abroad-destinations

Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM)

The Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM) announced in the interim
budget 2019 has been notified by the Ministry of Labour and Employment. Features
of the PM-SYM PM-SYM is a voluntary and contributory pension scheme on a 50:50
basis where prescribed age-specific contribution shall be made by the beneficiary and
the matching contribution by the Central Government. The salient features of the
PM-SYM are:

Each subscriber under the PM-SYM, shall receive minimum assured pension of
₹ 3000/- per month after attaining the age of 60 years, If the subscriber dies during the period of receipt of the pension, the spouse of the beneficiary shall be entitled to receive 50% of the pension received by the beneficiary
as a family pension, If the beneficiary had died due to any cause (before age of 60 years), his/her spouse
will be entitled to join and continue the scheme subsequently by payment of regular
contribution or exit the scheme as per provisions of exit and withdrawal, The subscriber must not be a taxpayer.
The scheme is expected to benefit as many as 42 crore workers are estimated to be engaged in the unorganized sector of the country whose monthly income is ₹ 15,000/per month or less and belong to the entry age group of 18-40 years who are not be coveredunder New Pension Scheme (NPS ), Employees ’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC )
scheme or Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO).

Enrollment process- The Unorganised Worker will be required to visit the nearest Common service centre (CSC) and get enrolled for PM-SYM using Aadaar card and Savings bank/Jan-Dhan account number on self-certification basis. First subscription to be paid in cash and auto debit from next month onwards. Later, facility will be provided where the UW can also visit the PM-SYM web portal or can download the mobile app and self-register using Aadhar number/savings bank account/Jan-Dhan account number on self-certification basis.The enrolment will be carried out by all the CSC in the country. Customer Care number 1800-2676-888 (available 24*7).Web portal/app will also have the facility for registering the complaints.In case of any doubt on the scheme, clarification provided by the Joint Secretary & Director General (Labour Welfare) will be final.

BIRDS DOESN’T AGE !!!

Birds don’t age like we do ….

As humans, we’re accustomed to using visual hints to guess the age of someone.

The neighbor’s dog with flecks of gray fur and a stiff walk is obviously getting up in years.

That huge gnarled tree in the park must have been there for decades.

But Birds are different. They don’t get gray ,they don’t get bigger with each passing year, they don’t leave growth rings for us to count.

In fact, once most birds develop their adult plumage, they essentially become impossible to age.

The reality that birds don’t show physical signs of aging creates a challenge for understanding how long they live.

Many birds live much longer than we might expect. Some expects say that birds can live up to 120 years and more..

Here are some characteristics that can help us to guess which species are likely to be longer-lived:

  1. Number of chicks: Birds with longer lifespans often have fewer young, while those with shorter lifespans tend to have more.
  2. Years to reach adulthood: Shorter-lived species tend to reach adulthood more quickly than longer-lived species.
  3. Life on the ground: Birds that live in the nest on the ground have often adapted for shorter lifespans than those that live higher up, such as in the shelter of the tree canopy.

Westernization

According to M N Srinivas “westernization refers to the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels of technology, institutions, ideology, values”.

Main features of westernization:

Westernization is a simpler concept. It explains the impact of Western contact (particularly of British rule) on the Indian society and culture. M N Srinivas defends the use of the term when he says that there is need for such as when analysing the changes that a non western country undergoes as a result of prolonged contact with the western one.

It not only includes the introduction of new institutions (for example newspaper, elections, Christian Missionaries) but also fundamental changes in old Institutions. For example, India had schools long before the arrival of the British, but they were different from British introduced schools in that they had been restricted to upper caste children and transmitted mostly traditional knowledge. Other institutions such as the Army, civil service and law courts were also similarly affected.

The form and pace of westernization of India varied from region to region and from one section of population to another. For example one group of people became Westernized in dress, manners, speech while other absorbed Western science, knowledge and literature remaining relatively free from certain aspects. For example brahmins accepted the western dress habits and educational systems and also used gadgets such as radio, television, telephone but they did not accept the British diet, dancing, hunting and such other habits. This distinction is however only relative, not absolute.

According to M N Srinivas in the political and cultural field westernisation has given birth not only to nationalism but also to revivalism, communalism, casteism and heightened  linguistic consciousness and regionalism. To make matters even more bewildering revivalist movements have used Western type schools and colleges and books, pamphlets and journals to propagate their ideas .

The term westernisation, unlike modernisation, is ethically neutral, its use does not carry the implication that it is good or bad where modernisation is normally used in the sense that it is good, according to M N Srinivas.

Sanskritization

The term “Sanskritization” was introduced into Indian sociology by Prof M N Srinivas.

The term refers to a process whereby people of lower caste collectively try to adopt upper caste practices and beliefs as a preliminary step to acquire higher status. Thus, it indicates a process of cultural mobility that is taking place in the traditional social system of India.

MN Srinivas in his study of the Coorg in Karnataka found that lower caste in order to raise their position in the caste hierarchy adopted some customs and practices of the Brahmin and give up their own which were considered to be impure by the higher caste, for example, they gave up meat eating, drinking liquor, animal sacrifice, imitated Brahmins in matters of dress food and rituals by doing so within a generation of so they could claim higher positions in the hierarchy of castes.

Some features of the sanskritization:

Sanskritization denotes the process in which the lower caste try to imitate the lifestyle of the upper caste in their attempt to raise their social status.

It denotes the process of upward mobility. In this process, a caste is trying to increase his position in the caste hierarchy not at once but over a period of time, it would sometimes take a period of one or two generations.

Mobility that is involved in the process of sanskritization results only in positional changes for particular caste or section of castes,  and need not necessarily lead to a structural change; it means while individuals move up or down the structure as such remains the same.

The castes which enjoyed higher economic and political power but related relatively low in the ritual ranking went after sanskritization for they felt that their claim to higher position was not fully effective.

The British rule in India provided a favourable atmosphere for Sanskritization to take place. Political Independence has weakened the trend towards this change now the emphasis is on vertical social mobility and not on horizontal mobility.

Significant development in the realm of material culture has accelerated the process of sanskritization. Industrialisation, occupational mobility, mass media, communication, spread of literacy, advent of Western technology, improvement in transportation system etc, has speeded up the process of sanskritization. 

Horticulture

Horticulture, the branch of plant agriculture dealing with garden crops, generally fruits,vegetables, and ornamental plants. The Horticulture falls between domestic gardening and field agriculture, through all forms of cultivation naturally have close links.


It is divided into the cultivation of plants for food and plants for ornament. Pomology deals with fruit and nut crops. Oliericuture deals with herbaceous plants for the kitchen, including, for example carrots, cauliflower. Floriculture deals with the production of flowers and ornamental plants; generally, cut flowers, pot plants, and greenery. Landscape Horticulture is a broad category that includes plants for the landscape, including lawn turf but particularly nursery crops such as shrubs, trees, and vines.
The specialisation of the horticulture and the success of the crop are influenced by many factors. Among these are climate, terrain, and other regional variations.


HORTICULTURAL REGIONS :

TEMPERATURE ZONES :


Temperature zones for horticulture cannot be defined exactly by lines of latitude or longitude but are usually regarded as including those areas where frost in winter occurs, even though rarely. Thus, most parts of Europe, North America and Northern Asia
are included, though some parts of the United States, such as southern Florida, are considered subtropical.
The temperature zones are also the areas of the grasses – the finest lawns particularly are in the regions of moderate or high rainfall- and of the great cereal crops. Rice is excluded as being tropical, but wheat, barley, corn and Rye grow well in the temperature zones.
Plants in the temperature zones benefit from a winter resting season, which clearly differentiates them from tropical plants which tend to grow continuously. Most of the great gardens of the world have been developed in temperature zones. Particular features such as rose gardens, herbaceous borders, annual borders, woodland gardens, and rock gardens are also those of temperature zone gardens. Nearly all depends for their success on the winter resting period.


TROPICAL ZONES :


There is no sharp line of demarcation between the topics and the subtropics. Just as many tropical plants can be cultivated in the subtropics, so also many subtropical and even temperature plants can be grown satisfactorily in the tropics. Elevation is a determining factor. In addition to Elevation, another determinant is the annual distribution of rainfall. Plants that grow and flower in the monsoon areas, as in India, will not succeed where the climate is uniformly wet. Another factor is the length of day, the number of hours the sun is above the horizon;some plants flower only if the day is long, but others make their growth during the long days and flower when the day is short.
In the tropics of Asia and parts of central and south America, the dominant features of the gardens are flowering trees, shrubs, and climbers. Herbaceous plants are relatively few, but many kinds of orchids can be grown.


PROPAGATION :


propagation is the controlled perpetuation of plants,is the most basic of Horticulture practices . It’s two objectives are to achieve an increase in numbers and to preserve the essential characteristics of the plant. Propagation can be achieved sexually by seed or asexually by utilising specialised vegetative structures of the plant or by employing such techniques are cutting, layering, grafting and tissue culture

SEED PROPAGATION :


The most common method of propagation for self- pollinated plants is by seed. In self-pollinated plants,the sperm nuclei in pollen produced by a flower fertilize egg cells of a flower on the same plant. Propagation by seed is also used widely for many cross- pollinated plants pollen is carried from one plant to another.
The practice of saving seed to plant the following year has developed into a specialized part of horticulture. Seed technology involves all of the steps necessary ensure production of seed with high viability, freedom from disease, purity, and trueness to type. These processes may include specialized growing and harvesting techniques, cleaning, and distribution. Germination in such seed may be accomplished by treatment to remove these inhibitors. This may involve cold stratification, storing seed at high relative humidity and low temperatures, usually slightly above freezing. Cold stratification is a prerequisite to the uniform germination of many temperature-zone species such as apple, bear, and redbud.


VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION :


Asexual or vegetative reproduction is based on the ability of plants to regenerate tissues and parts. In many plants vegetative propagation is a completely natural process; in others it is an artificial one. It has may advantages. These include the unchanged prepetuation of naturally cross pollimated palnts and the possibility of propagation seedless progeny.
Vegetative propagation is accomplished be use of

  1. Apomictic seed
    1. Specialized vegetatice structres such as runners, bulbs, corms, rhizomes, offshoot, tubers, stems and roots.
  2. Layers and cuttimgs
  3. Grafting and budding
    1. tissue culture.

Ideal student

An ideal student is one who is good at skills and an motivation to everyone in the class. Schooling is one of the best blessings that a child can have. It is one of the best feelings which no others can have.

The ideal student is the one who respects others feelings and who will be obedient in many of the situations.

The student’s relation with the teacher is a great one. A student must maintain a healthy relationship with the teachers. Teachers play a very important role in making the student perfect and make them to understand the need of the situation. Teachers help the students to reach their desired goals and in any situation teacher motivates a student to get up and stand in all the ups and downs. Like that of the mother and the father, the teacher also feels equally happy when their student acheives high in their life and when they reach their desired goals.

An ideal student will never feel low at the failures. Instead, they will take their mistakes as an experience and will continue the hard work.

Some of the qualities that make an ideal student are :

  1. Hard work
  2. Discipline
  3. Taking responsibility
  4. Maintaining friendly relationships
  5. Respecting everyone
  6. Raising diubts without features.

SOME QUALITIES THAT MAKE AN IDEAL STUDENT FOR KIDS :

  1. • Ideal student traits make him uniqu, anong others.
    • It is believed that an ideal student will never waste his time and energy on non- productive things.
    • The ideal student has inborn winning qualities.
    • Ideal students will always goal- oriented. Thys, they play according to actions to reach their goals.
    • It is proven that ideal students will punctual in school and always on time regularly.
    • He respects everyone. He also obeys their instructions and others.
    • Ideal students are not bookwarms. They keenly observe and read wisely.
    • Ideal students take his studies with all seriousness. They dont’t allow any other activites to disturb them
    • Ideal students always seek the teacher’s guidance. Also, they believe in the knowledge of their teachers.
  2. SOME QUALITIES THAT MAKE AN IDEAL STUDENT FOR SCHOOL STUDENTS :
  1. • Ideal students are always thirsty to gain knowledge.
  2. • They always strive to reach their goals
    • Ideal students always dedicated to their education and work.
    • Ideal students behave well and very attentive in classes. They always listen to their teachers while classes are going on
    • They never hesitate to raise their doubts about studies if they feel some difficulty in understanding.
    • one of the best things about ideal students is that they are very friendly. Also, they help yo his friends regarding studies.
    • Ideal students are creative and think out of the box for any completion of tasks.
    • He always inspire eveyone and attracts the teachers and elders easily.
    • Ideal students are very responsible and underdtand the value of every wird from their elders.
  3. SOME QUALITIES THAT MAKE IDEAL STUDENT FO HIGHER CLASS STUDENTS :

• Ideal students are always fit both physically and mentally.
• Ideal students can differentiate between what is right and what is wrong .
• Ideal students always keep friendly relations with othet students even though he has many competitors
• He always maintains his promise and never feels proud of his awards and achievements.
• Ideal students will nevet trust in superstitions, but believe beliefs. It is because they think very logically abd ratinally.
• An ideal students tries to improvr in all aspects of his life and to reach goals.
• Ideal students show affection and respect towards their elders and parents.
• Ideal students read a lot of books.
• The ideal students will take responsibility for their society and country.
• An ideal student will never look fir shortcuts. They believe that hard work is the only way to succeed in life.


In simple terms, an ideal students is science towards academics and maintains friendly relations with teachers and elders. Aldo, an ideal student will have leadership and communication skills.
The role of an ideal student is both attentibe and punctual in duties. He goes to his school, college or university in time. He attends the classes on regular basis .

Anandi Gopal Joshi

Anandi Gopal Joshi was the first Indian female doctor and graduate with a two-year degree in western medicine from Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, USA.


Anandibai was born on 31 March, 1865. She was raised in Kalyan, Maharashtra. Her family had been landlords for years but due to extreme taxes levied by the British, they went through financial difficulties. At the age of nine, she was married to Gopalrao Joshi, a twenty years older widower and a clerk. Originally, her name was Yamuna but she was renamed by her husband after marriage.

EARLY LIFE

They moved to Kolhapur due to Gopalrao’s transfer. Anandibai gave birth to a boy at the age of fourteen but her child did not survive due to lack of medical care. She was devastated after her child’s death and after a few months, she decided to become a doctor so that no one else has to through the pain of losing a child. She also felt the urge of becoming a doctor because women were uncomfortable with male doctors that time and were shy to discuss their problems with them. Gopalrao believed that a woman has equal right to learn and receive the education she deserves. Even before she wanted to become a doctor, Gopalrao was determined to teach her and would make her read books as much as possible. He wanted her to have her own identity besides being somebody’s wife. He relentlessly encouraged her to chase her dream of becoming a doctor. However, it was not easy to enroll her in a school, considering that people from her community opposed it. He tried to enroll her in a school in Kolhapur but constant opposition from the people compelled them to move to Calcutta.

A letter was sent by Gopalrao to American missionary, Royal Wilder, stating that her wife is interested to pursue medicine in United States and enquired about a fit post for himself. This letter was made public by Wilder in Princeton’s Missionary Review. It happened to be read by Theodica Carpenter from New Jersey. She was impressed to see Anadibai’s passion to study medicine and endless support to her by her husband that she wrote to Anandibai. They developed a close bond with each other and immensely helped by Theodica during her stay in United States. Gopalrao wanted to move to United States with her but his job and responsibility toward his family did not let him.

EDUCATION

She travelled to New York by ship in 1883. Women’s medical college was the second women’s medical college in the world, where she was enrolled after writing a letter to admit her. She began her medical journey at the age of 19. But during her medical program, she contracted tuberculous due to extreme cold weather. Gopalrao could not see her all this time and conversed with her through letters. He seemed unhappy with her lack of efforts. He managed to move to United States but when he reached there, she had graduated with MD and became the first woman in India to receive education abroad. In 1886, she moved back home, where was offered to work as the physician-in-charge at Albert Edward Hospital.


Before she passed away, every effort was made to treat her. Medicines were sent from America to treat her tuberculosis. Still, she was getting weak and medicines eventually stopped working. She kept studying medicine until her death on 26th February, 1886.


Anandibai was a true inspiration for not only women of those times but woman who dream of creating their own identity today as well. She gave confidence to woman around the world that nothing is impossible, if u have the will and determination.

Hobbies

Hobbies are very common. Everyone have their own priorities and likes regarding the hobbies. My hobby is listening to the music.

Listening to songs is such a nice thing. Every individual starts listening to the songs when he or she is addicted to them and really cannot come out of it. The music the songs will change the mood of the person. The songs in the musical interrelated with the human beings.

It is so important to prioritize the positive things in and around us in the life. One of the positive things is the music. Music makes Man convertible. Whatever the situation may be, it it helps the individual to come out of the situation and also to move one and into a new situation. The music you listen motivates life. The lyrics in this song will motivate the individual and help the individual at anytime.

It is very important for an individual to prioritize the music and the songs in the life. Because the songs or the music helps the individual to feel stress-free. It also helps the individual to relieve the tension and all the depression he or she had.

Music is described for every emotion. Every emotion is described in its own way in mmusic. Every emotion is clearly explained by the respected song.

Hobbies can often also be very expensive. Luckily, there are still lots of cheap and even free hobbies that are fun, educational and rewarding.


Here some of fun and low-cost hobbies


DIY :
Buy a book on DIY and start on anything that needs fixing around your house, make your own clothes or give your friends self-made presents.


WRITE A THEMED LIST, AND WORK THROUGH IT :
Make a list of things you want to do or see. It could be anything from films you want to watch to local places you want to visit. Try to work through your list in a month.

WATCH ONLINE DOCUMENTARIES :


You can find lots of free documentaries on the websites of Tv channels, or even on youtube covering hundreds of subjects, such a history or the ocean. You could also finally watch your favourite actor’s ,author’s or musician’s biography.

LEARN NEW THINGS :
Educating yourself doesn’t have to be boring. What are you passionate about? It could be science , the oceams or even horror films. Google your interests and become a knowledgeable as you can about your passions.

GO CAMPING :


Try going caming with your friends during the weekend. All you need is a tent, some snacks, and drinks. If you dont live near woods or a forest, you can even try camping in your back garden.

DISCOVER NEW MUSIC :


Look for new music on music websites or youtube or spotify by searching for your favouirte genre. You could find a band you love.

LEARN HOW TO COOK :


cooking is a useful life skill as well as a fun way to spebd your time. Invest in cheap ingredients and learn how to cook all of your favourite meals.

TRY DRAWING :


Drwaing is a really enjoyable way of expressing yourself. There are lots of different ways to draw, from painting to sketchibg to doodling, so choose one you are comfortable with and give it a go!


START INVESTING :


Investing is a great way to earn some extra money, just make sure you do your research properly when you first start.you don’t have to invest large sums, but small ones will be just as rewaeding if you have a plan.

WRITING :

Writing is one of the chepest ways to have fun. From blogging to trying your hand on a book, there are lots of different ways to enjoy writing. All you need is a pencil and paper to get started.PLAYING CARDS :
Invite some friends over , and get a pack of cards. There are hundreds of different games. You can play with cards and a pack is fairly cheap.

LEARN TO DANCE :


This hobby is great for your body and enjoyable pastime. Use youtube vidros and tutorials to teach yourself new dance moves.


READING :


Reading is a great way to exercise your mind.you can choose to lose yourself in a fictional world, learn more about your own world, or read the autobiography of someone you adimre. If you decide to pick reading up as a hobby, consider getting a library card for your local library.


Remember , the secret of life, happiness and fulfillment is simple: ” Find three hobbies you love: one to make you money, one to keep you in shape, abd one to be creative” .

Discipline

Discipline is very important in everyone’s life. It is so important to be disciplined in the life. Discipline is not acquired from a single day. It is a achieved by a continued process.parents are the important in every individual’s life. The are the main reason for the discipline of their children.

After the parents, teacher is the most important person in an individual’s life. Teacher is the one who moulds the individual from the initial stage of the life and makes the individual into and perfect one. Even though the teacher schools or beats sometimes it is all for the well-being of the student and for the bright future of the student.

The first teacher in everyone’s life is their mother. Beginning with the correct thing the first mistake of the child, mother plays a very important role in correcting many of the mistakes in an individual’s life. Also the father who corrects the mistakes and puts the children in a correct way. And the teacher, who is very important in our students life to achieve their desired goals.

Teachers play a very important role in making the student perfect and make them to understand the need of the situation. Teachers help the students to reach their desired goals and in any situation teacher motivates a student to get up and stand in all the ups and downs. Like that of the mother and the father, the teacher also feels equally happy when their student acheives high in their life and when they reach their desired goals.

IMPORTANCE OF DISCIPLINE IN LIFE :


TIME MANAGEMENT :


A disciplined person always has the time to complete all the tasks within given deadlines. This is because they are focused and they know how to schedule the time properly. They dont’t believe in wasting time on unnecessary things. They understand the value of time and they know that time once has gone never comes back.


LEADERSHIP :


All great leaders are not born. Most of them follow a very tight schedule and maintain discipline in their life to become good leaders. Good discipline generates a positive attitude towards society. It creates confidence and eagerness to do something great. It helps people to build an attitude that becomes the key to becoming successful. They are able to set a great examples for others in society.

DECISION MAKING :


It is because everything gets finished within the given deadlines, disciplined people always have time to revise their work and improve their decisions.
People who are disciplined are more focused both mentally and physically. They are better able to gain their body and mind with their ideas and goals. Finally, everything is regulated in order and increases their productivity in all the activites they undergo.


ACHIEVEMENTS :


Disciplined people are more motivated and concentrated. Therefore, they achieve more when compared to a person who is not disciplinef with the activites he/she undertakes. As per study, 92% of people are able to achieve their goals in life because of the reason of being disciplined.

STABILITY AND STRUCTURE :


With discipline, comes stability in all the tasks. It helps to schedule and organize the activites and tasks in a proper structure. If a person is focused and regularly follows this particular structure, he/she is sure to succeed in their life.

RESPONSIBILITY AND CONTROL :


With great discipline comes great responsibility. Only by making schedules and timetables a person cannot become successful. It is very important regularly follow and fulfill the responsibilites which are mentioned in the schedule. This will help them to develop self- control and also build good relations with others.

RESPECT :


A disciplined person always respected by society. He/she is lookef upon as role models and mentors. Through discipline, they worked hard and achieved their goals which made them a respectful figure in the eyes of others.

IMPROVES MENTAL HEALTH :


Modern society suffers alot from anxiety and depression. We cannot blame them for their condition. Just by maintaining a little discipline in their life, they can easily improve it. Discipline will help them to reduces stress and take control of their tasks. They would be able to overcome their fears and also control their emotions.

MAINTAIN PEACE IN SOCIETY :


Disciplined people are lie assets to society. If there is no law and order, there would bee too many activites. Discipline is required to prevent such things in society. By setting the requiref rules and regulationa, it becomes easier to live in a society that is full of peace and harmony.


STAY ACTIVE :


Disciplined people have time to do every activity in the schedule. They plan their schedule in such a way that improves both their academic/ instituational performance and also their physical health. They know what is good and bad for them and thereby have good eating habits, exercising habits, sleeping and waking up paterns, etc.


SELF DISCIPLINE self discipline means self control, the ability to avoid unhealthy excess of anything that could lead to negative consequenes.


• It is the ability to reject instant grafication and pleasure, in favor of some great grain, which requires spending effort and time to get it.
• It means perservetance and not giving up.
• It is the strength not to give in to negative feelings.
• It means overcoming one’s weakness.
• It is the ability to pursue one plan despite temptations to abandom them.
• Delayed gratification in favour of accomplishing long term goals.
Discipline is very important. It helps people to showcase their attitude and represent their character and thinking. Both the body and mind are honed by discipline. Descipline helps to address individual problems and develop a society that is both peaceful and respectful. Therefore, it would be right to say that without disciplinr there is no life at all.

Time management

Time is nothing but the count of the life. It is measured in Hours, minutes and seconds. It is very important to manage the time as it is very precious and cannot come back once it is lost. It is also very important to utilize the time properly.

Managing the time is very important. Many of the people don’t know how to manage the time. Let us now know some of the time management techniques and how to use them.

•Make schedules:-

Making schedules is one of the best methods to manage the time. All you have to do is, think of the things what you have to do on a particular day and allot some particular time for each activity. Complete particular activity in the allotted time. When the work takes too much time, then leave it aside and go for another work. Whenever all the work is finished, go for the work which is unanswered in the beginning and complete it. This is how schedules helps for time management and makes the proper use of the time.

•Don’t spend much time on one thing:-

Spending much time on a particular thing disturbe the individual and disturbs the concentration. So, to focus on the work, an individual must go for some another work whenever they get bored on a particular work. So, it helps to focus on the work and for not wasting the time.

Time management is the process of planning and controlling how much time to spend on specific activities.
BENEFITS OF TIME MANAGEMENT :


The ability to manage your time effectively is important. Good time management leads to improved EFFICIENCY and productivity, less stress, and more success in life. Here are some benefits of managing time effectively:

  1. STRESS RELIEF :
    Making and following a task schedule reduces anxiety. As you check off items on your ” to- do” list, you can see that you are avoid feeling stressed out with worry about whether you’re getting things done.

  2. 2.MORE TIME :
    Good time management gives you extra time to spend in your daily life. People who can time- manage effectively enjoy having more time to spend on hobbies or other personal pursuits.
  4. MORE OPPORTUNITIES:
    Managing time well leads to more opportunities and less time wasted on trivial activities. Good time management skills are key qualities that employes look for. The ability to prioritize and schedule work is extremely desirable for any organisation.

  5. 4.ABILITY TO REALIZE GOALS :
    Individuals who practice good time management are able to better achieve goals and objectives, and do so in a shorter length of time.

  6. LIST OF TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE TIME MANAGEMENT:


  1. 1.SET GOALS CORRECTLY:
    Set goals that are achievable and measurable. Use the SMART method when setting goals. In essence, make sure the goals you set are specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Timely.

  2. 2.PRIORITIZE WISELY :
    Prioritize tasks based on importance and urgency. For example, look at your daily tasks and determine which are :
  • Important and urgent : Do these tasks right away.
  • Important but not urgent : Decide when to do these tasks.
  • Urgent but not important: Delegate these tasks if possible.
  • Not urgent and not important : set these aside to do later.

  • 3.SET A TIME LIMIT TO COMPLETE A TASK :
    Setting time constraints for completing tasks helps you be more focused and efficient. Making the small extra effort to decide on how much time you need to allot for each task can also help you recognise potential problems before theyv arise. That way you can make plans for dealing with them.

  • 4.TAKE A BREAK BETWEEN TASKS:
    When doing alot of tasks without a break, it is harder to stay focused and motivated. Allow some downtime between tasks to clear your head and refresh yourself. Consider grabbing a brief nap, going for a short walk, or meditating.

  • 5.ORGANISE YOURSELF :
    Utilise your calendar for more long term time management. Write down the deadlines for projects, or for tasks that are part of completing the overall project. Think about which days might be best to dedicate to specific tasks. For example, you might need to plan a meeting to discuss cash flow on a day when you know the company CFO is available.

  • 6.REMOVE NON- ESSENTIAL TASKS :
    It is important to remove excess activities or tasks. Determine what is significant and what deserves your time. Removing non- essential tasks frees up more of your time to be spent on genuinely important things
  • IMPLICATIONS OF POOR TIME MANAGEMENT :
  • Let us consider the consequences of poor time management ;
  1. PLAN AHEAD :
    Make sure you start everyday with a clear idea of what you need to do- what needs to get done THAT DAY. consider making it a habit to, at the end of each workday, go ahead and write out your ” to- do” list for the next workday. That way you can hit the ground running the next morning.
  2. POOR WORKFLOW :
    The inability to plan ahead and stick to goals means poor efficiency. For example, if there are several important tasks to complete, an effective plan would be to complete related tasks together or sequentially. That translates to reduced efficiency and lower productivity.
  4. WASTED TIME :
    Poor time management results in wasted time. For example, by talking to friends on social media while doing an assignment, you are distracting yourself and wasting time.

  5. 3.LOSS OF CONTROL :
    By not knowing what the next task is, you suffer from loss of control of your life. That can contribute to higher stress levels and anxiety.

  6. 4.POOR QUALITY OF WORK :
    Poor time management typically makes the quality of your work suffer. For example, having to rush to complete tasks at the last minute usually compromises quality

  7. 5.POOT REPUTATION :
    If clients or your employer cannot rely on you to complete tasks in a timely manner, their expectations and perceptions of you rely adversely affected. If a client cannot rely on you to get something done on time, they will likely take their business elsewhere.