We have defined terrorism here as “acts of
violence intentionally perpetrated on civilian non-combatants with the goal of
furthering some ideological, religious or political objective.” Our principal
focus is on non-state actors. Our task was to identify and analyse the
scientific and professional social science literature pertaining to the
psychological and/or behavioural dimensions of terrorist behaviour (not on
victimization or effects). Our objectives were to explore what questions
pertaining to terrorist groups and behaviour had been asked by social science
researchers; to identify the main findings from that research; and attempt to
di still and summarize them within a framework of operationally relevant
questions.

 An
international panel of leading experts on terrorism met in Oslo to discuss root
causes of terrorism. The main purpose was to provide inputs from the research
community to a high-level conference on “Fighting Terrorism for Humanity” to be
held in New York on 22 September 2003. The findings described below are
conclusions drawn by the chairman on the basis of presentations and
discussions. -A main accomplishment of the expert panel was to invalidate
several widely held ideas about what causes terrorism. There was broad
agreement that there is only a weak and indirect relationship between poverty
and terrorism. At the individual level, terrorists are generally not drawn from
the poorest segments of their societies. Typically, they are at average or
over-average levels in terms of education and socio-economic background. Poor
people are more likely to take part in simpler forms of political violence than
terrorism, such as riots. The level of terrorism is not particularly high in
the poorest countries of the world.  State sponsorship is not a root cause
of terrorism. Used as an instrument in their foreign policies, some states have
capitalized on pre-existing terrorist groups rather than creating them.
Terrorist groups have often been the initiators of these relationships, at
times courting several potential state sponsors in order to enhance their own
independence. State sponsorship is clearly an enabling factor of terrorism,
giving terrorist groups a far greater capacity and lethality than they would
have had on their own. Definitions of terrorism are usually complex
and controversial, and, because of the inherent ferocity and violence of
terrorism, the term in its popular usage has developed an intense stigma. It
was first coined in the 1790s to refer to the terror used during the French
Revolution by the revolutionaries against their opponents. The Jacobin party of Maximilien
Robespierre carried out a Reign
of Terror involving mass
executions by the guillotine. Although terrorism in this usage implies an act
of violence by a state against its domestic enemies, since the 20th century the
term has been applied most frequently to violence aimed, either directly or
indirectly, at governments in an effort to influence policy or topple an
existing regime. Terrorism involves the use or threat of violence and seeks to
create fear, not just within the direct victims but among a wide audience.

Do you usually find yourself in your room lying down and not being productive enough? People might usually refer that behavior as laziness, but it is not laziness alone that could make you feel such a way. It might be a combination of burnout that is overlapping your productivity. Burnout is a negative state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive stress and inability to cope with it.

Here are some signs that can prove if you are feeling burnout or not.

DISCONNECTING FROM THINGS

If you are going through burn out then you might be experiencing some stuff that you aren’t really aware of, then it is called depersonalization. Depersonalization is a state in which one’s thoughts and feelings seem unreal or not to belong to oneself. It will make you feel like you are loosing your interests in things you once enjoyed or a kind of numbness that brings constant amount of sadness to your daily life.

LOST MOTIVATION

Laziness is a character trait and those character traits tend to stay over time. If you are a lazy person then you wont push yourself to do things. But if a person, who is a high achiever doesn’t feel like doing things and feels exhausted and out of space then it is true that they are facing burnout. It could be a sport, a talent or a hobby that you once loved and now might resent it just because how you overworked yourself.

MOODY AND EASILY IRRITATED

Moody and irritability is a sign of burnout that is usually overlooked. If you struggle to contain your emotions or snap out at things that never bothered you, then it is burnout. No matter if you are a very relaxed and a calm minded person, burnout will affect you and your control of emotions.

NEGLECTING SELF CARE

This is one of the most distressing sign that results in a person being emotionally and physically burnt out. There are concerning changes in your eating and sleeping patterns. You might not want to groom yourself either and just detach yourself from communication. The difference between laziness and burnt out is that you weren’t always this way.

NOTICING THESE GRADUAL CHANGES

Something we all must know bout burnout is that it develop in stages. All the points mentioned above wont happen overnight. Studies have shown that there are 5 stages that slowly but steadily engulf a person. By the time we start noticing the changes we would be in the state where the emotional and physical fatigue is more intense and even harder to treat. This could lead to depression and anxiety if not treated.

If you are one such person who is facing burnout or know someone who is going through a difficult time, reach out to people and don’t forget to raise awareness.

Article by: Haniah Mirza

                                                      ECONOMY BOOST UP

BY : NEHA SHAHAB

INDIA ECONOMY HAS SHOWN SIGNS OF RECOVERY IN JULY AS FACTORY ACTIVITY REBOUNDED  ON THE RISING DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL DEMAND. A FALL IN ACTIVE CASE OF COVID 19 CASES LED TO A ALLOWING BUSINESSESS TO RAMP UP MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY. 

THE REOPENING OF THE ECONOMY HAS LED TO HIGHER DEMAND AND SUPPLY. EXPORTS HAS ALSO WITNESSED A HEALTHY RISE AS ORDERS GREW AT THE FASTEST RATE SINCE APRIL.

EMPLOYMENT HAS ALSO INCREASED FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE MARCH 20 , BREAKING 9 TO 15 MONTH CHAIN OF JOB SHEDDING. HOWEVER , THE PACE OF HIRING REMAINS MILD AND THE COUNTRY JOB CRISIS IS FAR FROM OVER. RISING INFLATION IS ANOTHER MAJOR HURDLE IN THE PATH OF ECONOMY RECOVERY. 

A RECENT POLL CONDUCTED BY NEWS AGENCY REUTERS SIGNALS A FURTHER RISE IN INFLATION DUE TO HIGHER FUEL PRICES. AS THE CASES NOW FALLING THERE IS REASON TO HOPE THAT THE ECONOMY WILL GET BACK TO IMPROVED ACTIVITY IN THE NEXT QUARTER.

                                                     DATA USAGE INCREASED 

BY : NEHA SHAHAB

 DUE TO THIS PANDEMIC HAS FORCED ECONOMIES ALL OVER THE WORLD TO GO INTO LOCKDOWN. OFFICIAL DATA SHOWS THAT THE DATA USAGE HAS BEEN INCREASED 400% IN RURAL AREAS. IT INDICATING THE LARGE APPETITE FOR INTERNET CONNECTIVITY.

INDIA CURRENTLY HAS 504 MILLION INTERNET USERS MAKING IT IS SECOND LARGEST INTERNET MARKET IN THE WORLD , SECOND ONLY TO CHINA WHICH HAS 850 MILLION. RURAL CONSUMPTION NOW ACCOUNT FOR ROUGHLY 45% OF OVERALL MOBILE DATA USAGE AND URBAN USAGE MARKET UP 55%.

THE MONTH OF JUNE SAW THE RURAL DATA USAGE INCREASED BY 30-35% WHEREAS THAT IN URBAN GREW BY 15-29%. COMPANIES LIKE RELIANCE JIO AND BHARTI AIRTEL ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXPANSION OF RURAL MOBILE USER BASE.

ACCORDING TO THE LATEST DATA OF A TELECOM REGULATOR JIO AND AIRTEL ADDED 2.76 MILLION AND 1.46 MILLION RURAL MOBILE USERS BETWEEN JUNE AND AUGUST. MOBILE DATA TRAFFIC IS GROWING AS MORE INDIANS SPENT TIME STREAMING LIVE VIDEOS WHICH IS EXPECTED TO ACCOUNT FOR 75% OF OVERALL MOBILE TRAFFIC BY 2024. A STUDY SUGGEST THAT BY 2025 RURAL INDIA WILL LIKELY HAVE MORE INTERNET USERS THAN URBAN INDIA. 

A LATEST REPORT BY THE INTERNET AND MOBILE ASSOCIATION OF INDIA ( IAMAI ). THE REPORT HIGHLIGHTED A GREATER INCREASE A FEMALE INTERNET USERS BY 27% AS COMPARED TO MAKE INTERNET USERS BY 9%. 

THE GROWTH IN INDIA INTERNET USERS ESPECIALLY IN THE RURAL AREAS HAS WITNESSED A BOOST MAJORITY BECAUSE OF CHEAP DATA PLANS AND ACCESSIBILITY TO AFFORDABLE SERVICES FOR ACCESSING THE INTERNET WAS MOBILE IN BOTH RURAL AND URBAN AREAS.

Life is not fair for everyone. People come and go, sometimes in unexpected ways and after showing a completely unexpected side of themselves. Some people cope up with this faster while for some the healing process takes time. Among all the people around you, the most you can trust, blindly, is a dog. Dogs have not just been helping hands for humans since time immemorial, but are now being treated as a part of the family. They serve in a lot of areas such as police forces, helping blind people find their way, or as therapeutic beings for people in depression or who are recuperating from losses.

Over the years, different breeds of dogs have evolved, for different purposes and almost all of them are now kept as pets. But are they all made to be kept at home? Mentioned below are the factors that one needs to keep in mind before buying a dog from a breeder or adopting from a shelter :

1. Size of your house and the dog-  The size of your house should be big enough if you are trying to accommodate a big and powerful dog like a German Shepherd or a Rottweiler. Such big dogs, if kept in one-room apartments or small houses can turn out aggressive.
2. The devotion of time-  Every dog needs to go for a walk. Frequency depends on the breed and size of the dog. In addition to that, exercise is needed for medium to large breeds such as Labrador retrievers, Pitbulls, and Dobermans. If this is not provided, they become obese as well develop aggressive behavior. Not only this, many other things such as grooming a dog, taking him to the vet, brushing his teeth require time. And if you are not ready for taking up the tasks, it is advisable not to bring one in the first place.
3. Expenditure- Not only do dogs need care and affection, but a good amount of money is also required for their mental and physical well-being. Grooming, their toys, vaccinations, treats, and many other things require money. If you are economically prepared for this, coupled with the two aforementioned factors, you are almost ready for a dog.
4. Are other members of your family ready? – Many times, we as individuals, are ready to get home a dog and care for it. But since people differ and so do their choices and interests, some members of your family may not agree to this step. Hence, it is very important to have a consensus between all members of the family to bring in the new member. This is the most important step and all other steps follow. Not only this, if all members are ready for a dog, the dog will be cared for by all of them and a lot of love will be showered upon him.

A dog becomes a very important member of the family once brought in. It is important and necessary to take good care of him. For us, the dog is only a part of our life. But for the dog, we are his whole life and world. 

So, keep this in mind and bring home a dog only if you are ready for the same.

Good Luck!

What is Market Failure?

Market failure is an economic situation that arises due to inefficient distribution of goods and services in the free market. Individual decisions can prove to be correct but may not support a particular group. Rational individual interests produce inefficient economic outcomes. Prices of goods and services is determined by supply and demand. When quantity supplied of goods and services is not equal to quantity demanded, market failures take place. Market failure may affect the free market are monopoly power, government regulations, prices and minimum wages.

Causes of Market Failure

Market failure can occur due to many reasons.

1. Public Goods

Public goods are those goods that can be consumed by a large number of people and the cost of such goods remain the same even with increase in the consumers. Features of public goods include non-excludability and non-rivalrous. Non-excludability means that even if a person does not pay for the services or goods provided that person will not be excluded from consuming it. It is non-rivalrous as these goods are consumed by entire population efficiently and never diminishes. Like police services or national defense services are available to people throughout even if they don’t pay taxes. Since, consumers continue to use public goods without paying for it, it results in market failure.

2. Externality

It refers to the cost from a transaction that affects a third party. This cost is not borne by the producer but by the individual or society as a whole. Externality can be positive or negative. Positive externality positively affects the third party like providing education or conducting a survey or research. However, negative externality refers to negative impact on the third part from consumption of a good. For instance, when factories cause air or water pollution diminishes overall health of the people surrounded by it. The cost of pollution is not incurred by the producer. This is negative externality. Negative externalities are commonly found.

3. Control of Market

Controlling market is when the seller or buyer have the power to determine the prices of goods and services in the market. This market control is possible in case of oligopoly (few sellers) as well as monopoly (single seller). Sellers can increase the prices of commodities and control the quality of it, which may lead to scarcity. When the power is in the hands of the buyers, buyers will dominate by accepting the price at which they are willing to buy not the producer’s said price. This leads to unequal supply of goods and demand.

4. Lack of Proper Information

When buyers and seller have incomplete or improper information, market does function well. If buyers have incomplete information, they might end up buying goods at higher or lower prices. If sellers have sparse knowledge, then might be willing accept a lower or higher prices than the actual production cost.

How can market failure be eliminated?

Market failure can be prevented by government intervention. Imposing strict rules and regulations is an ideal solution. For instance, unethical behavior like selling drugs or alcohol to underage kids can be controlled by implementing legislation. Even when businesses sell goods or services that cause harm to the consumers, high taxes can be imposed on such goods to avoid consumption. This way the individual consuming it as well as the society is protected from harmful effects of it. Subsidies on consumption of goods will encourage businesses to produce goods and will promote positive externality.

 

The concept of traditional education has changed radically within the last couple of years. Being physically present in a classroom isn’t the only learning option anymore — not with the rise of the internet and new technologies, at least. Nowadays, you have access to a quality education whenever and wherever you want, as long as you have access to a computer. We are now entering a new era — the revolution of online education. There’s no need to discount the skepticism surrounding education through the internet. It’s hard to understand the notion of leaving behind the conventional classroom, especially if it’s to face this vast space called The Internet. 

since the COVID -19 pandemic has disrupted the normal lifestyle of people across the globe, the virtual world has come to the rescue. Amongst many institutions schools have also shifted their base to virtual platforms to conduct classes online. Consequently, catering to the needs of all stages of education from pre-primary to university level, online education has emerged as an alternative to ordinary face-to-face classes. Accordingly, various stakeholders such as government and private organizations are trying their best to assist each other by sprucing up their existing online platforms, apps and providing training to teachers to use these apps and platforms to the optimum level. Moreover, efforts are being made by both government and non-government organizations and edtech companies to support the school system to make a smooth transition to the virtual world. Upskilling and motivating teachers, organizing counseling sessions for stakeholders such as teachers, parents, and students are some of the important measures taken by the administration in the recent past. Making a continuous effort to provide customized teaching-learning material suitable for online classes is another way of facilitating the schooling of children. The Central government has recently launched the PM e-VIDYA platform, with 12 new DTH channels, one for each class to reach out to all strata of society. These efforts have proved beneficial to a sizable chunk of the school-going population.

No matter how simple technology or plan is being used to provide education to all, some of the children will remain left out during critical situations due to multiple causes such as poverty, migration, family problems, and so on. The education system is destined to face an array of issues post-Covid. These range from a new burden on Government schools due to the influx of students from low fee private schools as many of them will no longer be able to afford to pay for education due to financial constraints to psycho-social problems of children arising out of problems at home. All these hardships are going to affect children immensely. Given the above, the government should come forward with a policy perspective on the post-Covid response to education. This should entail a plan to address the specific academic needs and psycho-social needs of children once they return to school as well as strategies to mitigate Covid induced issues related to the management of schools, addressing emerging learning gaps among children, and training of teachers to use principles of blended learning flipped classroom. Such plans that clarify where to use low as well as high tech educational solutions which will prepare also prepare the government to combat any post-Covid crisis such as conflict, natural disaster or for that matter pollution.