Since its founding in 1949, Public Administration and Development (PAD) has been reviewing and assessing the practice of public administration at the local, regional, national and international levels where it is directed to managing development processes in low and medium income countries.
The role of public administration in bringing about development?
On the role of public administration, it will address such areas as sustained economic growth, the promotion of social development, facilitating infrastructure development and protecting the environment, promoting public- private partnerships, managing development programmes and maintaining a legal framework for
ROLE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN DEVELOPMENT TO BE CONSIDERED AT RESUMED GENERAL ASSEMBLY SESSION 15-19 APRIL
19960412 Background Release The crucial role of public administration in development, particularly in developing countries and economies in transition, will be the subject of a one-week resumed session of the General Assembly, beginning on Monday, 15 April. The resumed session represents the first time the Assembly will meet specifically to consider that issue.
The aim of the resumed session of the General Assembly is to explore themes contained in two distinct categories: the role of public administration, and capacity-building for effective administration. Thirteen specific topics were identified within those categories.
On the role of public administration, it will address such areas as sustained economic growth, the promotion of social development, facilitating infrastructure development and protecting the environment, promoting public- private partnerships, managing development programmes and maintaining a legal framework for development.
With respect to capacity-building, the Assembly will discuss improving civil service systems, organizational strengthening, the enhancement of policy-development capacity, strengthening financial management for development, human resource development for the public sector and the development of administrative capacities for post-conflict and crisis conditions.
In deciding to hold the resumed session, the Assembly recognized the important role that governments and public administrations can play in promoting sustained economic growth and sustainable development (resolution 49/136). It also recognized the need for strengthened public administrative and financial management capacities in order to ensure a civil service that is responsive to the needs of the people.
As a stimulant to its discussion, the Assembly will have before it a report of the Secretary-General containing a series of recommendations on strengthening the role of the United Nations in public administration and development, including recommendations for national governments (document A/50/847-E/1996/7).
Recommendations in Secretary-General’s Report
The report of the Secretary-General contains recommendations on the role of policy-making for public administration and development, the focus of the United Nations programme on that subject, the coordination of relevant activities within the United Nations system and support of donors. It also includes recommendations for national governments and United Nations responses.
On the role of policy-making, the Secretary-General recommends that the issue of public administration and development be included as a regular item on the agenda of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and that the Group of Experts on Public Administration and Finance be redesignated the Committee on Public Administration and Development, which would report to the Council. Likewise, the United Nations programme in public administration and finance should be renamed the United Nations programme in public administration and development.
The United Nations programme in public administration and development should enhance its role as the central depository for materials, reports and non-print media on public administration and development worldwide, the report recommends. Using the latest technology, it should become the clearing-house for all materials on the subject, to serve as a catalyst for a network of international, regional and national institutions and organizations involved in those issues. The programme’s focus should be on action-oriented, practical research on effective systems and procedures in public adminstration.
Tied to its research and clearing-house functions is the assistance the United Nations can provide to individual governments, at their request, in helping them improve their governmental machinery and public management systems for development. To that end, the United Nations programme should be strengthened in the areas of advisory services, needs assessment, diagnostics and substantive support to projects. It is recommended that the United Nations assist governments, when requested, in translating the recommendations of global conferences into detailed programmes for implementation.
The report recommends that the United Nations programme assist in all the phases of the restoration of public administration institutions in countries recovering from conflict and crises, and that it actively assist developing countries and countries with economies in transition.
On coordination of public administration and development activities within the United Nations system, the Secretary-General recommends that a consultative group on the matter will meet once a year, under the auspices of the Department for Development Support and Management Services. It will focus on closer collaboration in the planning and implementation of global
– 3 – Press Release GA/9056 12 April 1996
programmes of information exchange, research, preparation of guidelines, and organizations of seminars and workshops. It will also provide a forum for mobilizing international assistance.
With regard to donor issues, the report recommends that the donor community recognize the significance of public administration in development and provide adequate resources to improve such structures in developing countries and those with economies in transition. Particular consideration should be given to the loan of expertise to carry out practical research and advisory missions. To that end, the Secretary-General recommends the establishment of a trust fund for United Nations activities in public administration and development.
The Secretary-General highlights a number of recommendations for governments made by the Group of Experts on Public Administration and Finance, which held its twelfth meeting from 31 July to 11 August 1995. Following each recommendation is a projected United Nations response (document A/50/525- E/1995/122, annex).
The Group states that national governments should strengthen the policy, advisory and administrative capacity in critical areas, while the United Nations programme can organize professional exchanges, arrange professional training programmes and prepare case studies on policy matters for dissemination.
According to the Group, in the process of restructuring public administration, government institutions should be encouraged to develop strategic plans and monitor their performance, while the United Nations would continue to undertake comparative studies on restructuring and disseminate them on a regular basis.
Leaders should invest in people, upgrading the capacity of national training institutions to develop a core group of professional trainers, the report states. The United Nations would seek to create and sustain momentum for a global exchange of information on human resource development.
Governments are asked to establish clear goals, encourage operational flexibility, measure results impartially and develop appropriate incentives, while the United Nations would continue offering advisory services in areas including the management of change, performance management and measurement, and information technology.
Public administration services should be provided to reflect ever- changing needs of the citizens they serve, the Group states. The United Nations can assist in developing state-of-the-art technological communication networks.
– 4 – Press Release GA/9056 12 April 1996
Furthermore, governments should encourage financial management at the grass-roots level, the Group states. For its part, the United Nations would assist governments in creating and strengthening national capacities in fiscal policy analysis and economic management, and in promoting a proper environment for capital flows for investment, private sector development, transparency and accountability.
According to the Group, governments should seek objective evaluations of their privatization programmes to establish the appropriate place and timing of privatization in structural adjustment programmes; they should also pay greater attention to performance improvement in parastatals. For its part, the United Nations shall, at the request of the government, arrange for such evaluations, assisting governments in defining the role and scope of their public, private and combined sectors.
While governments should provide an encouraging environment for small and medium-sized enterprises, the report states, the United Nations would assist countries by operating an information clearing-house, developing case studies of successes and failures and providing technical support.
National governments should assume the responsibility for establishing environmental standards for all infrastructure policies, the Group states. The United Nations would assist governments in administrative capacity- building and infrastructure management. Codification of laws must be undertaken to facilitate access to legal guarantees, with the United Nations assisting governments to organize a legal framework of public administration and strengthen judicial supervision of public administration.
For countries recovering from crisis and conflict, the development of both immediate and transitional or long-term strategies is recommended. The United Nations would provide special assistance to countries in post-conflict situations and to collapsed States, to help restore effective public administration.
Governments should promote the use of aid as a stimulant for development and economic growth in civil society, the Group states. The United Nations would provide technical assistance to strengthen institutional machinery capable of evaluating the consistency between development project outcomes and such macro-objectives as growth, employment and income distribution.
Related Meetings, Activities
A number of activities are also being carried out in connection with the resumed session. Among these, Cabinet ministers and other high-ranking officials from each of the major regions will hold an executive session to discuss their experiences in restructuring governments. An International Technical Forum was held on 11 and 12 April at Headquarters, the site of a
– 5 – Press Release GA/9056 12 April 1996
related Internet Exposition until 19 April. (For more information, see Note to Correspondents No. 5329, of 10 April.)
In the lead-up to the resumed session, regional meetings were held in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Central and Eastern Europe. The impetus for the session arose from the June 1994 Tangier Declaration of the Pan-African Conference of Ministers of the Civil Service, which called for the convening of a global conference on public administration and development.
OTT stands for over the top media , which offers media services to the viewers directly through the internet by passing the cables, broadcast, sattellite television platforms and the distributors or controllers of the entertainment content.
Cinema is basically the art or technique of making motion pictures of bringing the stories made by the creative minds to life with the help of the camera. it is immensely popular in India with over 1800 films releasing in many Indian languages per year with Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Kochi, Bhubaneshwar-Cuttack and Guwahati being the main centers of the film production. Cinema in India not only serves a purpose of being a platform for showcasing art and providing entertainment to the masses but also it is an emotion. Whenever there has to be a celebration in the Indian households people do it by going to the theatres enjoying their time out relishing the feel of the reel stories with their favorite beverages in their hands. When we are happy or sad we watch movies, the choice of the films we watch represents our mood.
Indian Cinema over the years
Over the years, the cinema has transformed from giving classic deliveries over the daily situations of the lives, to the typical action packed romance films where a poor boy goes against all the odds to marry her rich girl or vice versa to the films depicting the importance of family to the films depicting social issues which are lesser known and require our immediate attention to the real life inspirations. Over the past half century and more there has been a rapid change in the dynamics of what film industry used to be and people’s perception about it.
We see ourselves in the character and derive joy from it and maybe learn things also from them . The vilian on the screen automatically was our definition of a bad guy. The iconic DDLJ’s “Tujhko dekha hai toh jana sanam “ song which was shot in the mustard feel continues to rein people’s heart over almost every generation even today 25 years after its release. This is what is about the movies, it takes us for a moment away from this hectic world.
The contribution of OTT platforms
With the covid-19 pandemic engulfing the world in its dreadness, everyone is locked in their homes with the theatres which since many decades have played home to hosting the movies on the big screen being closed. Though nothing comes close to the feeling of watching a story which sometimes consists of your dreams, unfold on the big screen, OTT platforms are what which came to our rescue in these times.
While the OTT platforms like Amazon Prime video, Netflix, zee5 are there since years now , but its the pandemic which had made people watch these. With the introduction of OTT came web series, a mid version of serials and movies. While a movie has to wrap up in 3 hours maximum and a tv serial goes on till infinity , web series are slightly longer than the 3 hour duration and are finite with the content i.e. there is no pressure to extend the content till infinity for the sake of TRPs. The content which includes these web series are the one which is too long to be caged within the 3 hours of the movie. And this has led to some serious changes in what Indian cinema is now.
Gone is the time of showcasing a damsel in distress who needs her Knight in shinning armor to save her, it is the time of equality and this is what the majority of content on OTT serves today. Not just the web series but the films which are releasing on these OTT platforms now showcase the need for change in today’s time. With people idolising the cinema and its actors, it is very helpful if those actors help drive an important message home.
Also, it has given an opportunity for the actors to showcase their skills and the ones who were once underrated are a household name now. Moreover, the OTT platforms are available at the lower rates with a subscription for an entire year in many Indian languages, it is just like the theatres shifting to the comfort of your homes with more valuable content . This helps people in watching end number of series and films over that platform in the amount of money that they would have spent on just one movie in the theatres. The reason for this cost reduction be the removal of distributors and many others who played an important role in the release of a film.
Reality shows have now become the latest end. Their initial popularity with the masses, helped in the number of such shows produced today. Reality shows take the form of various competitions and challenges where celebrities or the common man participate. There is or essentially no script involved and the interest of the show lies inherently in the personality of the audiences and the tasks. Many of these competitions are judged by eminent personalities within the field. There was a need for a change in the television industry from the onslaught of the various soaps that were telecasted.
However, the question that emerges today is…how real are these reality shows? May critics believe that there isn’t even a modicum of reality in any of these shows. They are often scripted and only aim at high TRP’s. The shows have a planned course and the masses are simply captivated. Though they provide raw drama and an undisputable display of anger, love, guilt and jealousy, these are often tactics used to keep the audiences fastened rather than a genuine display of emotion. There are many others, who are loyal supporters of reality shows and believe that they have indeed provided a platform for the common man to exhibit his talent and gain success. Various dance and singing reality shows as well as quiz shows for children and adults provide them with a means through which provide, they can showcase their talent and intelligence Through these shows they often gain various opportunities to prove their courage. But sadly, one cannot deny that the USP of many of these shows is emotion and melodrama and as a result the purpose of the show is often side-lined. The recent crop of reality shows have come up with themes that tends to belittle important social institutions. In spite of the fact that it has its own pros and cons various channels and producers are misusing the originality of these shows by introducing new themes and shows to keep the masses entertained. Some of the most popular Indian reality shows include ‘Kaun Banega Crorepati’, ‘Big Boss’ and ‘Indian Idol’. Many movie icons are also willingly accepting the task of anchoring these shows so as to connect with people and exploit the scope of T.V as a medium of maintaining one’s popularity.
However, there is a need to ensure that this genre does not deteriorate like the previous trends. The shows must always be well researched and fresh in its approach rather than look at reality T.V as a formula and launching shows that have little creativity and uniqueness.
Here’s the challenge everyone who starts their career faces: You can’t get a job because you don’t have prior experience, but you can’t get experience without getting a job.
It’s called the experience paradox or Catch-22 of getting a job. It’s a real challenge. And if you can’t overcome it, you can easily set your career 3 to 5 years back.
Worse, I’ve seen young folks and people who switch careers destroy their potential by making the wrong decisions early on.
I don’t want to scare you. You can still overcome the Catch-22; but not with conventional career advice. Because what’s the standard advice for people who want to build a career?
“Create a resume, browse job boards, and respond to job applications.” Sorry to disappoint you. If you take that route, you will end up like most people: Frustrated and underpaid.
Don’t worry, there’s a different way. With the right strategy, you can break into any industry and earn what you’re worth.
But I have to warn you. It takes at least twice as much work. However, that shouldn’t be a surprise to you. If you want to have a better career than most folks, guess what; you have to BE better than most folks.
When you do the following 2 things, you will become better—that will significantly increase your odds of getting a job without prior experience.
1. Be The Person You Would Hire
Why is it that companies prefer to hire experienced people for a role? When I started my career, I didn’t understand it.
The reality is that there’s a massive difference between someone who doesn’t have experience at a particular job and someone who has two years under their belt.
Even though two years might not sound like a lot of time, it’s actually a lot of time to learn the ins and outs of a job. And especially when you recently got out of college; because your first two to three years are all about learning to be a professional.
Some people never become serious about their careers. They wake up at a time so they can come to the office just in time. They prefer to sleep in. And they are the first to leave at 5 pm. They don’t ask questions, don’t seek out mentors, LOVE their lunch break, and chit-chat with their co-workers every chance they get.
Imagine you would be the CEO of a company. Would you want a person like that on your team? Of course not.
I must be honest; I used to be like that too. But I realized that attitude will not bring you far. If you want career success, you need to take it seriously. You only get rewarded for results. And what brings results? Skills.
Now, the good news is that increasingly more companies are putting emphasis on the skills of the people they want to hire—not their experience.
In his book, The Virgin Way, I read that Richard Branson, the famous founder of Virgin (that employs approximately 71,000 people), hires for character and skills. He prefers to actually get to know applicants instead of asking them a bunch of boring questions.
If you seek out companies who hire for experience and skills, you have a good chance of getting hired—even if you don’t have experience.
There’s only one condition: You must be a person YOU would hire. Someone who’s not only a professional but also has the skills to do a good job. If you feel like your skills are not that good yet, spend more time on your craft.
So how do you find a company that hires for skills and character? You ask.
Look, getting a job is NOT easy. It requires a lot of manual labor. Sometimes you need to reach out to hundreds of people to even get an interview. So that’s what you do. Be ready to do whatever it takes.
You reach out to people in HR of companies you’d like to work for. And you ask them about their interview process. How does the application process work? What are the characteristics you’re looking for in candidates?
You can use that information to apply for jobs you’re interested in. But unlike people who blindly apply, you know what they are looking for.
2. Do Free Work
Often, being good at your job and having information about the application process won’t cut it.
I’m a big fan of demonstrating your skills instead of talking about it. During the interview, we only talk. But when you offer to do free work for a company, you actually demonstrate your skills in a real-life setting.
So how can you do free work? Larry Stybel, a clinical psychologist, wrote an article for HBR about his experience launching his career. He shares 3 great tips:
Look for a company you’d love to work for and then be specific about what value you will provide—What will you exactly do for the company? No need to overpromise. It’s better, to be honest about what you can. Identify a person you want to work for, and reach out to them directly. Also, send your resume along (watch my video on how to create a graphic resume with Canva for tips).
Be specific about what value you will receive—Start with the end in mind. What do you want to get out of it? A reference? A potential job? Experience?
Be specific about the time frame—You don’t want to keep working for free forever. In Stybel’s example, he said: “I promised to work two days a week for two months.” Often, you can’t even work full-time for free. Nor is it something I recommend. Use your time to keep searching for a job.
One of the key lessons for everyone launching their career is to consider yourself as a learning machine. When you feel too proud to learn or work for free, you will be stuck sooner than later.
But when you keep improving yourself and reaching out to people in the industry you want to work in, it will ultimately lead to a real job.
Sir Richard confirmed the purchase in an interview.
E
Elon Musk has bought a ticket on one of rival billionaire Sir Richard Branson’s spaceship flights, according to a newspaper report.
As Sir Richard prepares to fly on Virgin Galactic’s first fully crewed flight to the edge of space on Sunday from New Mexico, The Sunday Times says Mr Musk – who owns rival exploration company SpaceX – has paid for a seat on a future Virgin voyage.
Mr Musk paid a 10,000-dollar (£7,000) deposit to reserve a seat. No date for his flight has been specified.
Sir Richard confirmed the purchase in an interview with The Sunday Times, saying he might reciprocate by booking a ticket on a SpaceX flight in the future.
“Elon’s a friend and maybe I’ll travel on one of his ships one day,” he said.
Amid what has been dubbed the billionaires’ space race, SpaceX has launched dozens of rockets, including manned flights, but Mr Musk himself has not yet flown on any. The company is due to launch its first fully private spaceflight in the autumn.
Sir Richard will become the first owner-astronaut to take part in a mission, beating Amazon founder Jeff Bezos who plans to reach space in his own rocket – through his Blue Origin company – in nine days’ time.
Tourists are expected to pay some 250,000 dollars (£180,000) for a spaceflight on Virgin Galactic, which includes four minutes of zero gravity.
China on 10th July announced new internet rules adding to the already massive set of norms the Great Firewall is all about. The new rules require any internet company working in China and with more than a million registered users to undergo an additional cyber security review if offering an IPO in a foreign country. As per the Cyberspace Administration of China, companies listed in foreign countries can have their data “affected, controlled, and maliciously exploited by foreign governments”. Well, this is clearly a clever way by the CCP to control financial resources in China. Most companies will now prefer to list themselves in Hong Kong and not other large stock exchanges like the New York Exchange. This would mean that the companies will not have large foreign assets and yet have large foreign investments.
Chinese government announced new regulations for the companies trying to list in other countries
But there is a greater observation associated with this the pace at which countries all over the world have initiated security protocols regarding big tech giants. In May, the government of India, the largest internet demographic in the world open to foreign investments – initiated a set of very strong rules changing the way in which many important aspects of the companies’ services functioned. Many internet freedom groups and NGOs accused the government of creating an authoritarian IT policy where the government has over-ridden the Right to Privacy. And the government has defended the same citing social and national interests at helm. The US and the EU with its GDPR – have themselves been torn between privacy activists and an age of increasing control of tech giants over the information of people from their connections to their interests.
All this drama can be understood in two chief points – one, the data privacy myth no longer exists. Most users are not even aware of the privacy policies in place. The Cambridge Analytica scam that rocked the US and created considerable difficulties for Facebook is a classic example where people themselves gave away their data. Even if one is aware of the privacy laws, the scandals involving Google tracking Incognito data on Chrome has led to serious questions about regulations and policies. Two, Countries have governments that are increasingly being assertive in not only ensuring that the globalisation of the data of its nationals is contained, but also that the tech enterprises respect the sovereignty and authority of the state in its matters. This is both good and bad. Good being that there is indeed an increasing trend of exploitation of data and social engineering attacks that can undermine the functioning of the state. Bad, because the states are also moving along and often on the other end of the boundary between a healthy interference and politically motivated censorships and extra judicial control.
Cambridge Analytica was probably one of the most publicised cases of social engineering fraud
Who is responsible? Who is accountable? It’s the internet. Everyone is supposed to be responsible for everything here. And that is the new age of internet we are into. Right from ordering groceries and talking to friends to alleged recruitments into extra state organisations like the ISIS, every thing can happen here. The process of social engineering attacks led to large scale government interventions which in turn has led to growth of more private technologies like VPNs and secret or peer reviewed social networks like the Mastodon network. But, the tussle continues. And this is the web we shall live with for long now.
Electric vehicles are sweeping our cities, and an overwhelming number of individuals are choosing to commute in electric vehicles. Electric mobility is unquestionably the way of the future, given the environmental advantages offered by these vehicles and the commitment of both manufacturers and drivers.
Rachid Yazami, a Moroccan innovator, revealed a few weeks ago:
We broke a new world record a few weeks ago by charging an electric car battery in just 10 minutes. I hope that morocco will succeed in developing and marketing ultra-rapid chargers.
Statement by Rachid El Yazami
Dr. Rachid Yazami, the inventor of one of the most important components of lithium-ion batteries, is working on a method to charge an electric vehicle in less than 10 minutes.
Given the recent technological advancements, electric vehicles still face obstacles in becoming the preferred mode of transportation and replacing combustion engine vehicles. One of the most significant concerns is slow battery charging, however, it appears that this impediment is coming to an end.
Dr. Rachid Yazami, the inventor of the graphite anode, a critical lithium-ion battery component, is working on a method that will allow the electric car to be charged in as little as 10 minutes. A breakthrough in these aspects will be a watershed moment in electric transportation, virtually equating the time spent charging the vehicle’s battery to just the time spent replenishing traditional fuel.
According to The Register, Dr. Rachid Yazami is working on a new quick charging system for electric automobiles that beats any other technology now available. Your technology, according to current testing, can charge a high-density battery in under 10 minutes, which itself is seven times faster than Tesla.
To attain this goal, Dr. Rachid Yazami uses a different loading method than the usual one. Instead of utilizing constant current, they utilize non-linear voltammetry, which adjusts voltage instead of current.
Voltage, according to the expert, should be seen as a sequence of steps on a ladder. Every one of those rungs’ voltage must remain constant until the conditions are met and that the next rung can be advanced. During the charging process, this charging mechanism gives the batteries a break, helping them to last longer.
“Fast-charging technology improves battery life by decreasing stress”, according to Dr. Rachid Yazami. “We can preserve the battery for 10 years instead of five because we charge it in such a way that it is not subjected to high temperatures or current stress. The optimal charging situation for the battery would be 10 minutes of charging time for an 800 km range.
In today’s time everyone uses internet and all of us at least have one social media account. The Internet is massive. According to Broadband Search, the Internet connects 4.79 billion individuals, or over two-thirds of the world’s population. Of course, this number continues to rise and will continue to do so in the future. With so many individuals connected, we now live in an era when we have access to an infinite quantity of data.It is expanding at a breakneck speed that no one knows how many people use it.
When the internet was first developed, it was intended to be a futuristic environment where people could freely interact and learn. However, depending on which nation you are in, the internet may not be as accessible. Hence, censorship come into play. So what basically is internet censorship?
The practice of banning or censoring particular online information is known as internet censorship. Information which is often censored is porn, file shared through decentralized networks which we call peer-to-peer network, the media reports on events, websites from other countries, social media etc. Censorship can be carried out by institutions, governments, or any other entity that has power over the visibility of others on the internet. Internet censorship can be good or bad depending on the reason of why is it banned? When utilized for good, it may be used to restrict hate speech or other dangerous or sensitive content, block access to copyrighted information, and more. However, when utilized for the wrong reasons, it may be used to restrict public opinion, freedom of expression, and demonstrations.
Many nations have internet filtering laws, and they vary widely throughout the world. The majority of western continents, such as Europe and North America have no internet regulation compared to other nations where the extent of internet censorship is extensive. For instance, In the People’s Republic of China, internet censorship is among the most severe in the world. Many major websites are prohibited, including Google, Facebook, and Twitter. Unfortunately, the Chinese government utilizes its authority to suppress information about the government, oppress citizens, and prohibit any kind of media that criticizes the government.
So likewise, it can be said that internet censorship has its own pros and cons. The pros and cons are highlighted in the table given below:-
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
1. Internet censorship may be used to hunt down and shut down dangerous websites. Hence, it improves internet security.
1.Freedom of expression is suppressed which is self-evident, and we’ve seen it in above instances that China and Myanmar are two countries that showcase how it has been abused. Simple remarks said against the government, or a favorite individual might result in imprisonment or detention.
2. Internet filtering can be used to prevent users from accessing unlawful or dangerous information. Human trafficking, illicit narcotics, frightening films, and other disturbing content are examples of this. This is very useful for the younger readership. therefore, it allows us to browse safely.
2. While limiting fake news and misleading information is a good thing, it may also be used to limit information. This is a common tactic employed by China to keep civilians from witnessing police violence and corruption. In other words, it has the ability to regulate information flow – sometimes excessively. And we all know that too much of everything is dangerous.
3. We’ve all heard of false information. You can’t believe everything you read on the internet. We can fact-check sources and uncover incorrect information because of internet restrictions.
3. it also limits economic opportunities because when a government approves legislation allowing Internet filtering, everyone must submit their material for approval before it can be published. That implies entrepreneurs would have to pitch their ideas to government officials with no assurance of being able to launch a firm which in turn leads to lower economic opportunity.
Nowadays, Internet censorship is at the center of discussions around freedom of speech, as disinformation and foreign manipulation of social media have become key topics. The issue of internet censorship is divisive because it has two sides just like the coin has. One is for good and other one for evil. After studying how other nations manage digital censorship, I am certain that some kind of it should be implemented and placed in the hands of the appropriate authorities. After all, the Internet might be a very hazardous place if there are no rules in place but excess restriction is menacing.
MEPAP(MULTIPURPOSE ELECTRICITY PRODUCER INTEGRATED WITH AIR PURIFIER)
WHAT MADE ME TO DO THIS PROJECT
I was from a lower middle class family. We suffered many months without electricity and our area is prone to traffic so our area is filled with smoke and dust. Many were suffering from several respiratory disorders due to this dust and smoke. These made me to think of inventing a low cost electricity generator
The growing demand for electrical energy and increasing air pollution around the globe is the main factor that driven my research.
More than 80 percent of our energy today comes from burning fossil fuels, which is both harmful to our environment and unsustainable as well. My invention will help to solve the energy crisis by improving the efficiency of electromagnetic energy-harvesting systems, vibration energy-harvesting systems , wind energy-harvesting systems, thermal energy harvesting system and air cleanser all in a single project.
Due to increase in the carbon dioxide level and other harmful gases specially which are contributing in increase in pollution and global warming, our automobile industries are one of the easy and clear target therefore many researches has been undertaken in this field . Globally, it is estimated that about 1/3 of the total energy is utilized while remaining is rejected as waste heat. The maximum efficiency of an engine is around 25% which means that 75 % of the energy left is wasted in the form of heat from parasitic losses and friction which causes 30% waste in the engine coolant and 40% in the form of gases in exhaust.
The given figure shows the energy distribution in an Internal Combustion Engine.
MEPAP’S AIR PURIFIER
FEATURES AND WORKING
MEPAP AIR CLEANSER IS AN AIR PURIFIER WHICH PURIFIES AIR FROM THE SOURCE (VEHICLES AND FACTORIES EXHAUST) WHERE IT IS PRODUCED.
IT IS MADE TO REDUCE THE AIR POLLUTION
The compact purifier is an apt solution for the increasing pollution. The Active Oxidization Cell with its self-cleaning abilities keeps the purification process on, while the 360º air flow guards us from harmful impurities by distributing healthy air.
Active shield
The purification process eliminates sub-micron respirable particles and infection carrying microbes in the air.
Active Carbon Filter
The most advanced technology filters out bad odor, toxic gases and other harmful gases including VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) from the air you breathe in. The carbon filters have excellent absorbent qualities to soothe respiratory discomforts by eliminating irritants in the air.
ICC (Improved Catalytic Converter): Catalytic converters, having expensive metals namely platinum-palladium and rhodium as the catalysts, are fitted into automobiles for reducing emission of poisonous gases. As the exhaust passes through the catalytic converter, unburnt hydrocarbons are converted into carbon dioxide and water, and carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are changed to carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas, respectively. To overcome from cost and reducing the rare metal usage the project made the drive to develop an alternate source of oxidation catalyst for oxidation reaction and thus reduces the NOx and HC emissions. The substrate selected in this project is wash coat technology employed by using the silicon dioxide and alumina with silica. The catalytic converter is constructed with inner/outer shell construction supported with cones and flanges. The initial emission readings are conducted in the experimental engine. This catalytic converter reduces the harmful pollutant more efficiently and at a lower cost than the conventional catalytic converter.
Honeycomb Active Carbon Filter
The carbon filters have excellent absorbent qualities to eliminate repulsive smell, toxic gases and other odor, leaving behind fresh and pure air to breathe.
HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter) Type Filter
The HEPA type filter removes airborne pollutants and eliminates ultra-fine particles like bacteria, pollen, and mould, which cannot be done by other air purifiers.
Anion Generator
The technology ensures that the air you breathe has no positive ions, leaving you rest assured of living in a no impurities zone. Negative ions produced by purifier bind themselves with airborne pollutants and removes them from the air thereby creating a fresh and cleaner environment
Air pollution sensors
Air pollution sensors are devices that detect and monitor the presence of air pollution in the surrounding area. They can be used for both indoor and outdoor environments. These sensors can be built at home, or bought from certain manufactures. Although there are various types of air pollution sensors, and some are specialized in certain aspects, the majority focuses on five components: ozone, particulate matter, carbonmonoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxide.
FUTURE PLAN FOR AIR PURIFIER PART
Carbon Separator and Collector: Carbon dioxide is considered a major reason for global warming. The element jeopardizes people’s health, threatens national security, and endangers basic human needs. Yet, it also holds great promise as a fuel of the future.
The carbon dioxide splitter, which consists of copper and tin.
The splitter has an atomic layer of tin in order to trap the energy that would be lost if copper is utilized as an electrode. It also has a thin membrane between the cathode and anode to improve the reaction.
The splitter can open windows to solving the problem of storing energy from renewable sources by turning it straight into liquid fuel.
The process of splitting is efficient and carbon-neutral. It is already a well-known method of producing fuel without increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. CO2 is split into oxygen and carbon monoxide.
Carbon monoxide can be incorporated with hydrogen to create synthetic carbon-based fuel. CO2 is taken out of the atmosphere without being put back in, which produces clean fuel.
MEPAP ELECTRICITY GENERATOR GENERATES ELECTRICITY WITH THE HELP OF VIBRATRION(Piezoelectric Materials) AND ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(with the help of MetaMaterials) ELECTROMAGNETIC induction [inductive coupling(power density is proportional to d, q, 1/d^3)] and wind energy( from purifier where mini turbine is connected with dynamo) AND ALSO THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY (power density=25µW/cm^2).
ELECTRICITY from VIBRATRION
MEPAP ELECTRICITY GENERATOR could produce enough electricity from random, ambient vibrations to power a wristwatch, pacemaker, wireless sensor , phones etc..,
MEP are highly efficient at providing renewable electrical power from arbitrary, non-periodic vibrations. This type of vibration is a byproduct of traffic driving on bridges, machinery operating in factories and humans moving their limbs.
In two of the sub generators present in PFIG (Parametric Frequency Increased Generators), the energy conversion is performed through electromagnetic induction, in which a coil is subjected to a varying magnetic field. This is a process similar to how large-scale generators in big power plants operate. It also uses piezoelectric material, which is a type of material that produces charge when it is stressed. This version has applications in infrastructure health monitoring. The generators could one day power bridge sensors that would warn inspectors of cracks or corrosion before human eyes could discern problems.
Power Density= 4 µW/cm^2
MECHANISM AND APPLICATIONS:
It contains a resonator which is used to amplify the vibration source, and a transducer device which changes the energy from the vibrations into electrical energy. The transducer consists of a magnet and coil of a piezoelectric crystal.
A number of crystals can emit an electric current when compressed or they can change shape when an electric charge is employed. This piezoelectric effect is used in ultrasound and sonar devices, as well as energy harvesting.
Piezoelectric generators utilize thin casings or beams made of piezoelectric crystals as a transducer mechanism. When a crystal is placed under strain by the kinetic energy of the vibration, a small quantity of current is produced because of the piezoelectric effect. These mechanisms are generally straightforward with few moving parts, and they have a very long service life, making them the most prevalent technique of harvesting the energy from vibrations. It is fabricated by MEMS process.
This device uses a freely rotating, unconventional brass rotor with an implanted magnet, and multiple PZT beams with a magnet on each beam.
As the magnet on the rotor draws near one of the beams, the magnets repel each other and deflects the beam, pulling the beam in a process that is described as frequency up-conversion. The gradual rate of a rotating wrist is changed into a higher frequency oscillation. This device is more efficient than a standard electromagnetic harvester, as such as those used in self-powered watches.
Another application, which is in the early stages of development, desires to use the vibrations generated during aircraft flight to power the electronics on the plane that currently depend on on batteries. Such a system would produce a reliable energy source, and reduce maintenance, since batteries would not need to be replaced and piezoelectric systems have a long service life. This system uses a resonator, which permits the airflow to produce a high amplitude steady tone. This is the same principle that is used in many wind instruments by converting the airflow furnished by the musician into a loud steady tone. This tone is used as the vibration that is transformed from kinetic to electric energy by the piezoelectric generator
ELECTRICITY from ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION:
Electromagnetic energy harvesting based on the “full absorption concept.” This involves the use of metamaterials that can be tailored to produce media that neither reflects nor transmits any power—enabling full absorption of incident waves at a specific range of frequencies and polarizations since the inception of collecting and harvesting electromagnetic energy, classical dipole patch antennas have been used. “Now, my technology introduces ‘metasurfaces’ that are much better energy collectors than classical antennas. microstrip patch antennas areused because of their low profile, light weight, and planar structure for RF harvesting.
Metasurfaces are formed by etching the surface of a material with an elegant pattern of periodic shapes. The particular dimensions of these patterns and their proximity to each other can be tuned to provide “near-unity” energy absorption. This energy is then channeled to a load through a conducting path that connects the metasurface to a Electromagnetic energy collector.
We can also channel the absorbed energy into a load, rather than having the energy dissipate in the material as was done in previous works. Other key applications include “wireless power transfer—directly adaptable to power remote devices such as RFID devices and tags or even remote devices in general.
The technology can also be extended to the infrared and visible spectra
Power Density= 25µW/cm^2.
ELECTRICITY from ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(RF):
Wi-Fi signals are made of radio waves. Receiving antennas can wirelessly harvest electromagnetic radiation in the Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz and 5.9 GHz), global satellite positioning (1.58 GHz and 1.22 GHz), the cellular communications fourth-generation (4G) (1.7 GHz and 1.9 GHz), and Bluetooth (2.4 GHz) bands and convert the energy from these electromagnetic waves to alternating current (AC). The AC electricity is then sent to the rectifier, which converts it to direct current (DC) electricity.
Using a rectifier made from a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) layer that is only 3 atoms thick. At this thickness, the MoS2 behaves differently than the bulk material — the atoms rearrange themselves when exposed to certain chemicals. This means the material can behave like a switch, changing from a semiconductor to metallic structure. The MoS2 creates what’s called a Schottky diode, a junction of semiconductor and metal. The diode described in their paper can convert signals at higher frequencies because the structure reduces the extra energy stored by certain materials used in electronics, known as parasitic capacitance. The researchers’ design reduces parasitic capacitance by an order of magnitude compared to current flexible rectifiers, meaning they can capture the previously elusive high-frequency Wi-Fi band radio waves.
ENERGY FROM TERAHERTZ(will implement in future.):
Terahertz waves are electromagnetic radiation with a frequency somewhere between microwaves and infrared light. Also known as “T-rays,” they are produced by almost anything that registers a temperature, including our own bodies and the inanimate objects around us.
Terahertz waves are pervasive in our daily lives, and if harnessed, their concentrated power could potentially serve as an alternate energy source. However, to date there has been no practical way to capture and convert them into any usable form.
MEPAP device would be able to convert terahertz waves into a direct current in future, a form of electricity that powers many household electronics.
This design (referred from MIT ) takes advantage of the quantum mechanical, or atomic behavior of the carbon material graphene. They found that by combining graphene with another material, in this case, boron nitride, the electrons in graphene should skew their motion toward a common direction. Any incoming terahertz waves should “shuttle” graphene’s electrons, like so many tiny air traffic controllers, to flow through the material in a single direction, as a direct current.
Rectifiers, devices that are designed to convert electromagnetic waves from their oscillating (alternating) current to direct current.
Most rectifiers are designed to convert low-frequency waves such as radio waves, using an electrical circuit with diodes to generate an electric field that can steer radio waves through the device as a DC current.
Solar Energy:
Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels use the sun’s power to create a flow of electricity. This is the most widely adopted method of harvesting solar energy today. These panels, which range in size from a few square centimeters to a few square meters, are constructed from many PV cells arranged in an intricate matrix. Intuitively, the larger the surface area available for sunlight to penetrate the PV cells, the more solar energy that gets harvested.
Each PV solar cell is generally made up of a compound semiconductor wafer structure, which can either be a monocrystalline or polycrystalline structure. The structure’s two thin semiconductor wafers, one P-type and one N-type, are each grown separately. The two wafers are placed on top of each other, and the natural reaction that occurs between the two semiconductor types creates a depletion zone that reaches an equilibrium point, without generating any electricity. Due to the PV cell, when light photons pass through and connect with the semiconductor wafers, their interaction releases enough energy to create an equilibrium disruption in the depletion region. That action subsequently creates a brief flow of electricity. However, because of the constant presence of light, this interaction occurs continuously and can produce massive amounts of electrical energy.
The power produced by a single photon interaction replicates across the entire surface of the PV cell. It’s compounded into a whole panel of solar cells. This minor interaction in the depletion zone can be repeated and multiplied, resulting in a significant amount of electricity. PV solar arrays, however, produce DC power. To be integrated with modern power transmission technology, such as the outlets in your home, this DC energy must be converted to AC power using an inverter. There are a variety of proprietary iterations of this fundamental technology that seek to optimize the efficiency of each PV cell on a molecular level, the assembly of the panel, and the panel’s ability to be integrated into a larger solar array.
Thin-film solar cell, type of device that is designed to convert light energy into electrical energy (through the photovoltaic effect) and is composed of micron-thick photon-absorbing material layers deposited over a flexible substrate.
Cadmium telluride thin-films have a peak recorded efficiency of more than 22.1 percent (the percentage of photons hitting the surface of the cell that are transformed into an electric current). By 2014 cadmium telluride thin-film technologies had the smallest carbon footprint and quickest payback time of any thin-film solar cell technology on the market. This is the reason why I used Cadmium telluride thin-film in MEPAP.
Power Density= 1000µW/cm^2
Energy Harvesting from a Vehicle’s Exhaust System Using Thermoelectric Generator Module(TEG):
The efficiency in an internal combustion engine ranges from 25% to 35%. About 50% – 85% of the overall energy loss in a combustion engine is heat, which is either cooled away by the vehicle’s radiator or blown out with the exhaust gases. The other losses take place in bearings and gear boxes. This energy is never put into use again and therefore is called “waste heat”. Even if a small fraction of the waste heat could be turned into useful energy again, it would be a step to the right direction of improving fuel economy.
TEG in MEPAP is a solid stated device which works on the principle of ‘Seebeck effect’.
They are found in solar energy systems like solar panels, solar hot water system, biomass power applications, energy power plants and solar pond systems .Installing a TEG with MEPAP is easy and very beneficial as it has some advantages like small in size, it has no vibrations, makes less or no noise while operating, it generally requires less or no maintenance. And major advantage is that it is using free thermal energy and converting into useful electrical energy. A thermoelectric module consists of many thermo elements connected in electrical channel in series to increase the operating voltage and to increase the thermal conductivity they are connected in parallel. According to a research the conversion of this waste heat into electricity results to an increase of fuel efficiency about 20% . A TEG in MEPAP works on the principle of a Seebeck effect. Two metallic strips, made of different metals and joined at the ends to form a loop. If the junctions are kept at different temperatures then there is an electric current in the loop and the emf developed is called the SEEBECK emf or thermo emf and the current can be used to power a load.
The TEG in MEPAP structure is sandwiched with the thermoelectric material which is then sandwiched by the heat exchanger plates at their ends respectively. The two heat exchangers remains at different temperatures, one at high temperature and the other at lower temperature and called the hot side and cold side. A thermally insulated layer is present between metal heat exchanger and material of a TEG in MEPAP. The p type and n type materials are connected by the metal electrically. A TEG in MEPAP consists of a two sides, one is cold and other is hot side. The hotter side derives the electrons in n type leg towards the cold side which pass through the metallic connection and then passes into the p type leg, hence develops current. Larger the temperature difference between cold side and hot side, larger value of emf will produce.
TEG Power Generation Calculation:
The equation involved in calculation of the performance of a TEG
Z = α2/ kR
Z is a figure of merit of thermoelectric material, R is the electric resistivity
k is a thermal conductivity and
α is a Seebeck coefficient which is
α = ∆V / ∆T,
THERMOELECTRIC METALS:
Thermoelectric materials are used in automobiles, power plants, space satellite, etc. Thermoelectric materials can be characterized according to the structure and composition. They can be classified as – chalcogenide, clathrates, skutterudites, half-heusler, oxides and silicides. The most common thermoelectric materials are the alloys of chalcogenide. The calcogenide materials are popular for their use with (Bi2Te3) and (PbTe).Thermoelectric materials made with Bi2Te3, Se and Sb for temperature use are economical. PbTe has better thermo electric properties at temperature range 500-600 ⁰C and has been used by NASA as a radioactive thermo electric generator (RTG’s) . The stability of a TE material is very important as it should not oxidize within the operating temperature when exposed in air .But nowadays; automobile industries are focusing on bismuth telluride for constructing a TEG.
High charge mobility and small band gaps are the properties of two heavy elements Bi and Te and Bulk alloys of PbTe have a zT value of 0.7 at 467 ⁰C. When SrTe and PbTe are doped with Na, zT value was 2.2 at 642 ⁰C .Skutterudites (MX3) have a lower thermal conductivity due to its complex crystal structure has large voids. CoSb3 based skutterudites are versatile in accepting various actinides, lanthanides, alkalis and alkaline earth metals to be used in void filling and thermal conductivity of skutterudites lowers as the size decreases .Compounds of half heuslers are intermetallic compounds which are thermally stable, having high thermal conductivity and corresponding seebeck coefficient. The lattice thermal conductivity of these compounds reduces having nano structures due to phonon scattering. SiGe alloys are used for high temperature applications because of having very low degradation up to 1000 ⁰C. When compared to their bulk alloys, nanostructured SiGe alloys have higher zT value. Bulk Si0.8 Ge0.2 has zT value of 1 and 0.6 for n type and p type respectively. There is an improvement in zT value when nanocomposite thermoelectric materials are used.
HARVESTING WIND ENERGY(HEW Module):
The present invention relates to a combination air purifier and wind generator. The combination air purifier and wind generator includes a wind-receiving unit installed on a central shaft for driving an electric generator mounted in housing, and an air purifier. The wind-receiving unit includes a governor fixed to an upper end of the central shaft, a spherical blower installed in the middle of the central shaft, and planar magnetic rotary plates installed at a lower end of the central shaft for receiving both artificial and natural winds. Lower magnets are attached to the top of the housing while upper magnets having the same polarity as the lower magnets are attached to the bottoms of the magnetic rotary plates to face the lower magnets. The air purifier includes two air inlets; one air outlet; a copper net, a silver net and a hard charcoal/zeolite net disposed within the air purifier for purifying air introduced there into; and a blower interposed between the silver net and the hard charcoal/zeolite net.
Even though the intensity of the wind increases, the shaft of the generator is prevented from being accelerated beyond a predetermined speed so that any damage to the generator can be avoided and its life can be prolonged, and which includes a multi-stage wind-receiving unit for causing the shaft to be easily rotated even with the gentle natural wind and the artificial wind from the blower so as to enhance the electricity generation.
HEW Module consist of electric generator installed in a box-type housing, a central shaft protruding beyond the top of the box-type housing and having a lower end with a gear coupled thereto for engaging with a gear of the electric generator and transmitting a rotational force, and a wind-receiving unit coupled to the central shaft. The wind-receiving unit includes a governor fixed to an upper end of the central shaft, a spherical blower disposed below the governor, and planar magnetic rotary plates disposed below the blower for receiving both artificial and natural winds. The governor includes a plurality of cylinders of which one ends are fixed to the central shaft, a plurality of wind cups of which one ends are slidably installed within the respective cylinders, and springs connected with the inner ends of the wind cups for elastically supporting them. Lower magnets are attached to the top of the box-type housing, and upper magnets having the same polarity as the lower magnets are disposed on the bottoms of the respective magnetic rotary plates to face down toward the lower magnets.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a combination air purifier and wind generator according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a section view taken along line A—A of FIG. 1.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS:
Hereinafter, a preferred embodiment of a combination air purifier and wind generator according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIGS. 1 and 2 are sectional views of a combination air purifier and magnet-type wind generator according to the present invention. Reference numeral 1 designates a box-type housing, 2 designates a wind-receiving unit, 3 designates an air purifier, and 10 designates an electric generator.
Each of the electric generators 10 is a conventional model for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. A shaft of the electric generator 10 is coupled with a gear 11.
The electric generator 10 is installed within the box-type housing 1 made of steel frame and plate, or the like. The gear 11 of the electric generator 10 is engaged with and rotated together with a gear 12 coupled with a lower end of a central shaft 13 which penetrates through the center of a top surface of the box-type housing 1 and is positioned in the box-type housing 1. Thus, the gear 11 connected to components for generating electricity, such as a coil and a magnet that are not shown in the figures, within the electric generator 10 converts the mechanical energy into the electrical energy.
The wind-receiving unit 2 installed on the central shaft 13 includes three wind-resistant bodies: a governor 7 fixed to an upper end of the central shaft 13, a spherical blower 6 disposed below the governor, and planar magnetic rotary plates 5 disposed below the blower 6 for receiving both artificial and natural winds.
The governor 7 fixed to the upper end of the central shaft 13 is a horizontal centrifugal rotary body and includes a plurality of cylinders 73 of which one ends are fixed to the central shaft 13, a plurality of wind cups 72 of which one ends are slidably installed within the respective cylinders 73, and springs 75 connected with the inner ends of the wind cups 72 and inner walls 74 of the cylinders 73 for elastically supporting them.
The blower 6 installed in the middle of the central shaft 13 takes the shape of a sphere defined by a plurality of grouped winglets and can obtain a rotational force even with gentle winds generated in all directions. Further, since the blower 6 is disposed in the middle of the central shaft, it can serve to provide a starting force to the central shaft 13 upon existence of the gentle wind while keeping the balance of the central shaft 13, thereby preventing the central shaft 13 from stopping.
Each of the planar magnetic rotary plates 5 installed at a lower portion of the central shaft 13 is made in the form of a rectangular bucket as shown in FIG. 2. Upper magnets 4′ are attached to the bottoms of the respective magnetic rotary plates. Repulsive forces are produced between the upper magnets 4′ and lower permanent magnets 4 (20,000 gauss or higher) that have the same polarity as the upper magnets and are attached to the top of the box-type housing 1, and thus, a levitation phenomenon occurs therebetween. Accordingly, weights of all the components installed on the central shaft 13 become zero, so that the magnetic rotary plates can be easily rotated even with the gentle wind by means of a rotational action resulting from the repulsive forces between the magnets having the same polarity. Consequently, the rotational ability of the magnetic rotary plates can be improved even under any windy conditions. Particularly, the magnetic rotary plates are constructed to be forcibly rotated with the artificial wind discharged from a blower 36 of the air purifier 3 to be described later, even in the gentle natural wind or windless state.
Moreover, as shown in FIG. 2, the wind cups 72 of the governor 7 and the magnetic rotary plates 5 are staggered so that the wind sequentially and consecutively encounters the wind cups 72 and the magnetic rotary plates 5. Thus, a continuous rotational force is transmitted to the central shaft 13.
The air purifier 3 is fixedly installed on a side of the top of the box-type housing 1 and is Y-shaped by including two air inlets 31, 31′ and one air outlet 32. One of the air inlets 31 is horizontally in line with the air outlet 32 while the other air inlet 31′ is formed to incline upward, so that a wind can be generated due to a change in ambient airflow resulting from drawn air streams and a discharged air stream. Further, a copper net 33, a silver net 34 and a hard charcoal/zeolite net 35 for purifying the polluted air are disposed to be spaced apart from one another at predetermined intervals within the air purifier so that the polluted air is caused to pass through them and to be purified. The blower 36 is interposed between the silver net 34 and the hard charcoal/zeolite net 35 so that the air is forced to be drawn and discharged. Mosquito nets 37, 37′ can be installed at the air inlets 31, 31′ to prevent insects from entering the air purifier.
Reference numeral 8, which has not yet been explained, designates a bearing for ensuring smooth rotation of the central shaft 13.
Next, the operation of the combination air purifier and wind generator according to the present invention will be described.
When the box-type housing 1 of the combination air purifier and wind generator is installed at a desired location such as the interior of a room or a roadside, a no-load state suitable for rotation of the central shaft 13 is achieved by means of the repulsive forces between the upper magnets 4′ in the magnetic rotary plates 5 and the lower magnets 4 attached to the box-type housing 1. Thus, even though a very gentle wind encounters the blower 6, the wind cups 72 of the governor 7 and the magnet rotary plates 5, the central shaft 13 immediately begins to be rotated and is further accelerated by the action of the repulsive forces between the lower and upper magnets 4, 4′. Accordingly, the desired electricity can be easily obtained through the electric generators 10.
In order to reduce loads and cause the rotational speed of the central shaft 13 to reach a normal rotational speed in a short time upon initial rotation of the central shaft 13, the wind cups 72 of the governor 7 are maintained in a state where they are pulled toward the central shaft 13 by the springs 75. The wind cups 72 are kept in the initial starting state without any change in their state so as to facilitate the rotation of the central shaft 13 until rated electricity is provided through normal electricity generation.
The initial rotation of the central shaft is facilitated even with the gentle wind by means of the repulsive forces between the lower and upper magnets 4, 4′, the inward positioned state of the wind cups 72, and the spherical blower 6. Further, the magnetic repulsive forces and the inward positioned state of the wind cups 72 continuously assist the central shaft 13, which has begun to be rotated, to cause its rotation speed to reach the rotational speed at which the desired rated electricity can be generated.
Meanwhile, if the intensity of the wind is increased in a state where the rotational speed of each electric generator 10 reaches a normal rotational speed, the rotational speed of the central shaft 13 is also increased and thus the electric generator may be burdened with an overload.
In order to protect the electric generator 10 against the overload, if the central shaft 13 is rotated with a rotational force larger than a predetermined rotational force, the wind cups 72 of the governor 7 are urged outward from the center of the central shaft 13 by centrifugal forces to reduce its rotational force. On the contrary, if the rotational force of the central shaft 13 begins to be reduced, the wind cups 72 are pulled toward the central shaft by means of the restoring forces of the springs 75 so as to reduce the centrifugal forces. Therefore, it is possible to always maintain the normal rotational speed of the central shaft 13.
Meanwhile, in the very gentle natural wind state or the windless state, the blower 36 of the air purifier 3 is operated using either electric power, which has been generated by the electric generators 10 and then stored, or separate electric power. With the operation of the blower 36, the ambient polluted air is caused to be introduced into the air inlets 31, 31′. This causes a change in airflow thereabouts which in turn generates a wind. The introduced polluted air is purified by passing through the copper net 33, the silver net 34 and the hard charcoal/zeolite net 35, which are disposed within the air purifier. The purified air is discharged and then causes the magnetic rotary plates 5 to be rotated as shown in FIG. 2. As the magnetic rotary plates 5 are rotated, the blower 6 and the governor 7 installed above the magnetic rotary plates are rotated together therewith to increase the rotational force. Finally, the central shaft 13 operates the electric generators 10 so that the electricity is generated.
STORAGE SYSTEMS:
The hybrid energy-storage system(HESS) contains two supercapacitors of different sizes and a switching circuit. An adaptive-learning switching algorithm controls the switching circuit. This algorithm predicts the available source energy and the period that the sensor node will remain in the high-energy area. The algorithm dynamically switches between the supercapacitors according to available ambient RF, Vibration, Solar, EM and Thermal energy. Extensive simulation and experiments evaluated the proposed method. The proposed system showed 40% and 80% efficiency over single supercapacitor system in terms of the amount of harvested energy and sensor coverage.
In a HESS typically one storage (ES1) is dedicated to cover “high power” demand, transients and fast load fluctuations and therefore is characterized by a fast response time, high efficiency and high cycle lifetime. The other storage (ES2) will be the “high energy” storage with a low self-discharge rate and lower energy specific installation costs .
Main advantages of a HESS are:
Reduction of total investment costs compared to a single storage system (due to a decoupling of energy and power, ES2 only has to cover average power demand)
Increase of total system efficiency (due to operation of ES2 at optimized, high efficiency operating points and reduction of dynamic losses of ES2)
Increase of storage and system lifetime (optimized operation and reduction of dynamic stress of ES2)
Energy storage coupling architecture in HESS used in MEPAP:
The coupling architecture in MEPAP consists of two DC/DC-converters. Here the parallel converter topology is very common. The additional DC/DC-converter associated with the “high-power” storage is in charge of the voltage regulation of the DC-bus. It helps to operate the “high-power” storage in a broader voltage band, and hereby the available storage capacity is better utilized.
Frequency decoupling used in MEPAP is well suited for real-time applications. It is accomplished by a simple low-pass filter or by advanced filter concepts based on wavelet or Fourier transform. The low frequency component supplies the set-point value of the power controller of ES2, the high frequency component is covered by ES1.
DESIGNS
PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER
ELECTRICITY from ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Metasurfaces
MoS2 layer
RF CIRCUITS
Photovoltaic (PV) solar panel:
Thermoelectric Generator Module(TEG)
STORAGE SYSTEMS
RESEARCH TEST AND IMPACTS
RESEARCH TEST ON PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL AND ENERGY FROM VIBRATION:
RESEARCH TEST ON ENERGY HARVESTING FROM EM RADIATION,METAMATERIALS AND RECTENNA:
Output power Usually, the outcome of a WPH system is DC power, which is characterized by load voltage VDD and current IDD. Measuring open-load voltage demonstrates the performance of WPH in general since VDD and IDD depend on load impedance. If the load is a sensor, VDD is more important than IDD while in applications like electrolysis or LED, current is the dominant parameter
Comparison of power-harvesting antenna:
Comparison of voltage multiplier:
R as:
Pr= PtGtGr (λ/4πR)2
where Gt and Gr are antenna gains, and λ is the wavelength of the transmitted signal. The received signal strength, diminishes with the square of the distance, requires special sensitivity considerations in the circuit design. Moreover, FCC regulations limit the maximum transmission power in specific frequency bands. For example, in the 900 MHz band, this maximum threshold is 4 W. Even at this highest setting, the received power at a moderate distance of 20 m is attenuated down to only 10 μW.
(a) The concept of a Huygens’ metasurface [38]. (b) A loaded strip-loop unit cell. (c) A reflection less refracting bi-anisotropic metasurface tested using a quasi-optical system at 20 GHz. (d) Full-wave simulation of reflection less refraction for normal incidence to 71.8 degrees.
(a) A collimating Huygens’ metasurface lens. A ‘spider’ unit cell has been used. (b) Beam collimation in the E-plane at 35.2 GHz. Top view of the metasurface metallization pattern. (c) Concept of a cavity excited metasurface to synthesize arbitrary antenna patterns. (d) Synthesized one parameter Taylor’s distribution with side lobes <-20Db. Sketch of metamaterial converter for the generation of flying doughnut pulses. The metasurface consists of azimuthally oriented dipole resonators arranged in concentric rings. The inset at the bottom left of the figure shows a false color image of a flying doughnut pulse, experimentally generated by a plasmonic metasurface (fabricated by focused-ion-beam milling.
Schematics of TPV (a) and STPV (b) systems. Metasurface emitters are heated with the heat source (TPV) or with solar irradiance in STPV using broadband absorbers and the emission is used to power PV cells.
Waveform-dependent absorber which uses a diode bridge and RC circuit to selectively respond to the envelope of the incoming signal rather than simply its frequency.
Generic representation of a nonreciprocal metasurface, with bias field F0. (b) Magnetless transistor-loaded ring metamaterial particle, mimicking electron spin precession in ferrites, with current J0 operating as the biasing field. (c) Reflective Faraday ring metasurface based on the particle in (b). (Left) Perspective view of the metasurface structure. (Right) Faraday rotation angle versus frequency obtained theoretically from the equivalent magnetic Polder tensor (dashed and solid curves) and experimentally from the prototype shown in the insets (dots) .
(a) Calculated dispersion diagram of a coaxial cable loaded with circular metallic inclusions. (b) calculated effective index of refraction of a parallel-plate glide-symmetric structures .
RESEARCH TEST ON PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL AND SOLAR ENERGY
FF is determined by the relation Vmpp /Voc .
RESEARCH TEST FROM EXHAUST ENERGY(TEG MODULE)
Speed of the vehicle is the most important factor for the power generated by a TEG. For better Performance of TEG, speed of vehicle should be greater. As the exhaust temperature is higher, more energy is available for the conversion into electrical energy. There is increase in optimal length and reduction in optimal width based on dynamic optimization simulations when the Temperature of the exhaust increases.
The efficiency and power of a TEG remarkably depends on the temperature. Given figure shows the temperature of inlet and outlet when the engine is operated between 2500 rpm to 3400 rpm. As the engine speed increases, the temperature difference between the surfaces of TEM increases rapidly, hence the output power also increases.
It was found that there is a possibility of generating 1.4 kW of electricity form the heat recovery system in the exhaust of the car if the power produced by the engine is 150 kW and also found that it is possible to produce electricity of 5.9 MW by a waste heat energy recovery system of 500 MW of gas turbine power plant.
Another experiment has been performed for checking the power output of TEG by changing the speed of vehicle. The speed of the vehicle were 48.3, 80.6 and 112.7 km/hr and the result was the output power increased as speed of vehicle increases correspondingly mass flow rate of exhaust and inlet temperature increased as per the speed. At the speed of 80 km/hr, the power output with 72 mm * 4 mm TEM was 75 W.
Fig1. Variation in temperature due to variation in speed.
Fig2. Variation in power production.
TEG Power Generation Calculation:
The equation involved in calculation of the performance of a TEG is
Z = α2 / kR,
Z is a figure of merit of thermoelectric material, R is the electric resistivity
k is a thermal conductivity and
α is a Seebeck coefficient which is
α = ΔV / ΔT,
T ͞ is the average temperature of cold and hot plate of a TEM and when multiplied by Z it makes it Dimensionless.
ZT ͞ = α2 T ͞ /KR
And
T ͞ = (TH +TC ) / 2
As per the second law of thermodynamics,
ῃ = TH – TC / 2
The maximum efficiency of conversion of a TEG can be found using
The output efficiency of a TEG mainly depends on two variables: the temperature and MFR of exhaust. Maximum power output and corresponding heat transfer can be obtained by maximizing the
MFR ratio. As the size of a TEG increases, the output power also increases.
The awesome spectacle of a black hole ripping a star to shreds can be seen in this striking new visualization from the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), a particle accelerator lab in Hamburg, Germany.
Such events are known as stellar tidal disruptors, and they are fairly rare, occurring just once every 10,000 years in a typical galaxy, according to NASA. Stars are typically flung toward a ravenous black hole after interacting gravitationally with another star or massive object, only to become stretched and devoured should they come too close to the black hole’s maw in a process called spaghettification.
Gravitational tidal forces, similar to the ones that cause the moon to raise tides on Earth, are responsible for most of the destruction. At first, the star’s outer atmospheric layers will get pulled toward the black hole, spinning around its edge like water going down a drain and forming what’s known as an accretion disk, as the video depicts.
Surprisingly, the black hole only consumes about 1% of a star’s mass, according to NASA. The majority will actually get catapulted back out into space in the form of enormous jets of energy and matter that shoot from the black hole’s central region.
These jets can sometimes light up the cosmos, allowing astronomers on Earth to catch glimpses of distant black holes, which are otherwise mostly invisible. Tiny, ghostly particles called neutrinos will also be flung from the black hole, occasionally giving researchers insights into processes occurring during the consumption event.
Some of the star’s material does fall past the event horizon, the point after which nothing, including light, can escape. The visualization shows some of the strange optical effects that the event horizon produces, such as bending light so much that regions at the back of the accretion disk can be seen from its front.
Witnessing how swiftly the black hole dismembers and dispatches the star is an excellent reminder that no one should want to get anywhere near such a powerful object any time soon.
Chinese scientists are planning to fire more than 20 rockets into space to divert an asteroid impact that has a small chance of one day ending life on Earth.
Their target is an asteroid named Bennu, a 85.5-million-ton (77.5 million metric ton) space rock that is on track to swoop within 4.6 million miles (7.5 million kilometers) of Earth’s orbit between 2175 and 2199. Although Bennu’s chances of striking Earth are slim — at just 1 in 2,700 — the asteroid is as wide as the Empire State Building is tall, meaning that any collision with the Earth would be cataclysmic.
The estimated kinetic energy of Bennu’s impact with Earth is 1,200 megatons, which is roughly 80,000 times greater than the energy of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. For comparison, the space rock that wiped out the dinosaurs delivered about 100 million megatons of energy.
Scientists at China’s National Space Science Center calculated that 23 Long March 5 rockets, each weighing 992 tons (900 metric tons), pushing against the rock simultaneously would be necessary to divert the asteroid away from a fatal course by nearly 6,000 miles (9,000 km) — 1.4 times the Earth’s radius. Their calculations are detailed in a new study published in the forthcoming Nov. 1 issue of the journal Icarus.
A mosaic image of the asteroid Bennu, taken by NASA’s OSIRIS-REX spacecraft. (Image credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona)
“Asteroid impacts pose a major threat to all life on Earth,” Mingtao Li, space science engineer of the National Space Science Center in Beijing and lead author of the new study, wrote in the paper. “Deflecting an asteroid on an impact trajectory is critical to mitigating this threat.”
The Chinese scientists’ plan would sidestep the need to stop the asteroid by more direct, yet riskier, means — like the atomic bomb method popularized by Bruce Willis in the film “Armageddon.” In reality, nuking the incoming space rock would break it into multiple smaller chunks that could still collide with Earth, leading to devastating consequences.
The Chinese plan follows a similar, yet slightly more costly, past proposal made by the United States. The NASA plan, called Hypervelocity Asteroid Mitigation Mission for Emergency Response (HAMMER), would send a fleet of 30-foot-tall (9 meters) spacecraft with battering rams to bump the asteroid off course. NASA simulations suggest that 34-53 blows from HAMMER spacecraft, launched 10 years before Bennu collides with Earth, would be needed to shift the asteroid.
NASA and the ESA (European Space Agency) will be the first to test a novel asteroid nudging method in two joint missions launching November 24 of this year. The DART mission (Double Asteroid Redirection) will send a spacecraft to arrive a year later at the 7 million mile (11 million kilometer) distant Didymos asteroid system. Once there, the NASA spacecraft will slam into Didymos’s moonlet — a rock in orbit around the asteroid. The ESA’s mission, Hera, will then monitor how DART has budged the moonlet off-course.
Bennu is a B-type asteroid, which means that it contains high amounts of carbon and, potentially, many of the primordial molecules present when life emerged on Earth. NASA already sent a spacecraft, called Osiris-Rex, in pursuit of samples from the asteroid. Osiris-Rex arrived above Bennu in October 2020, floating above it for long enough to collect loose pieces from its surface with its 10-foot (3 m) arm. Osiris-Rex is expected to return to Earth with its spoils in 2023.
Long March 5 rockets are the workhorses of China’s space program, completing most of the deliveries to China’s space station and launching Chinese probes to Mars and the moon. The rockets have caused concern in the past due to their uncontrolled reentry to Earth. In May, the 22-ton (20 metric ton) section of a Long March 5 rocket fell to Earth, either burning up or landing in the sea near the Arabian peninsula. In May 2020, fragments from a previous March 5 rocket were believed to have crashed into two villages in the Ivory Coast.
Long March 5 rockets are the workhorses of China’s space program, completing most of the deliveries to China’s space station and launching Chinese probes to Mars and the moon. The rockets have caused concern in the past due to their uncontrolled reentry to Earth. In May, the 22-ton (20 metric ton) section of a Long March 5 rocket fell to Earth, either burning up or landing in the sea near the Arabian peninsula. In May 2020, fragments from a previous March 5 rocket were believed to have crashed into two villages in the Ivory Coast.
Right to repair is a proposed legislation/movement that allows consumers the ability to modify and repair their own electronic devices.
Planned obsolescence is the practice when goods are manufactured with a pre-determined expiry date aimed at forcing consumers into repeat purchases. The term was first termed in the 1950s by American industrial designer Brooks Stevens. This practice was introduced in the advent of mass-produced manufacturing at the start of the 20th century. But the practice was not as severe and prevalent as it is in recent years. One of the recent changes in the product design has been to make the goods very hard for end consumers to repair.
For instance smartphones, a couple of years back had a user-replaceable battery but with more features crammed into the chassis of a phone. Manufacturers have not only made it unnecessarily difficult to replace the battery but also to even open the panels of smartphones. With the recent MacBook Pro releases, Apple has soldered the SSD (Solid State Drive) on the motherboard. The reasoning for justifying the soldering by Apple is better reliability and the thinness of the laptops. But there is also another aspect. Apple’s business model is about selling laptops and not upgrading the systems. Upgrading an SSD can be a potential loss for them and to counter that Apple might have decided to make the laptop non-upgradable. The problem is that even SSDs are definitely much more reliable than mechanical hard disks but SSDs still fail and combining them with the motherboard means that if one of the two fails, the whole system fails. This also makes it much more difficult for end-user to repair their laptop. It also becomes a problem for the third-party repair business to access the repairing of these devices. This is just one of the instances of how access to repair is being restricted by the manufacturers but various companies are attempting to follow similar practices with varying degrees.
With the introduction of newer and sophisticated technological components in electronic devices, it has become much more complicated to operate these modern devices. To reduce the access to repair these devices, manufacturers state that repairing the devices might violate their “Proprietary” rights. These repair limitations are a critical problem for not just the first owners but also for the second-hand/ used market. Due to proprietary information and diagnostics tools while evaluating a device. It has become difficult for third parties and end-user to even attempt the repair their own devices that they own. It took Apple the lawsuit to introduce the battery replacement program after the fiasco of the performance throttling issue on older iPhones. It clearly indicates that companies do not like it when consumers try to fix their products and companies deliberately try to reduce the user experience of older devices so that they can sell the newer models to maximize profits. With a monopoly on repair manufacturer’s intent is to lock down the user to the official service centers which can be significantly expensive than third-party service shops.
The right to repair movement intends to enact power into the consumer’s hands for the devices that they own. This means that consumers can open and modify everything they own. Also to root, unlock or jailbreak the software in their devices.
If you believe that if I say Tamil people developed Nanotechnology 2600 years ago. Yes, it is true. Researches say that the pots which the tamil people used then, was coated using Nanotechnology. This blog is going to be about the carbon nanostructures that were found in Keezhadi. Scientists found the 2600 years old earthenwares in Keezhadi coated with carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes have high thermal and electrical conductivity and very high mechanical strength and also very light in weight.
Many may have heard about Keezhadi, the archeological site which portrays the rich civilization of Tamil people in the sixth century BC. Many steps of excavation was made in Keezhadi. Huge remains of pottery were found. When scientists experimented on the pot remains, they found a unique black coating over it. They also discovered that Carbon Nanotubes were in the black coating. These were the oldest known nanostructures on the Earth right now.
In the modern era, Carbon Nanotubes was developed in 1991 which is called CNT. From 1991 to 2006, in America, more than 4500 applications for getting patent rights for Nanotubes have been submitted. This data is from a Scientific paper.
A graphite consists of layers of Graphene laid one over the other. If a single layer Graphene is taken and folded cylindrically/ round, then it is called Carbon Nanotubes. These Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene comes under SP2 bond type. Diamond cones under SP3 bond type. So Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene are tougher than diamonds. So Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene are called as “Wonder Material” by the scientists. Nanotube is used in the Bullet proof vests.
How many types does the Carbon Nanotubes consist of? Carbon Nanotube has three typpes – Armchair CNT, Zigzag CNT and Choral CNT. The direction in which they are shaped will determine the type. After they have completed a Nanotube it is called Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT). If there are layers of these, then it is called Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT).
Can these SWCNT or MWCNT created naturally?
There are scientific papers released in 2008 and 2017. In any of those, there is no proof that they occured naturally. So according to science, the possibility for Nanotubes to occur naturally is very low. So one should have helped the process in the ancient era. An external force in specific level is required for its formation. A paper in 2008 says that from 2020 to 2025, the carbon nanotubes would be a billion dollars business. Such a precious material is found in Keezhadi now. But no one is ready to talk about it. But we should know about our history.
Gravity is science. But it existed for billions of years. When a person named it as “Gravity” it was changed into a Scientific term but still it is a Natural Occurance. That is the Reality. The Tamils in Ancient times were dependent on nature. Their way of using Nature to their will was unique. They thought about how to use it to improve their lifestyle. The Tamils were one step ahead of research. So the Tamils in the ancient times knew that Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene were the toughest materials which were very high electrical and heat conductors. Take only the toughness property. So Tamil people who lived 2600 years ago, needed the toughest material available on Earth. Tamils had metals. But they had clay in large quantities. The Tamils wanted to toughen up the clay. So they built aypots but it broke soon. So they discovered that to toughen up the claypots, they should heat them. These heated pots were not so tough. Now they wanted a coating to be done upon the pots. So through trial and error method they did a coating in the claypots. They would have spent many years to complete the research. After many trials with many materials which resulted in failures, the Tamils would have developed the carbon nanotubes.
How many degrees Celsius was required?
Nearly 1100° to 1400° Celsius. In these extreme conditions only, they could have created the Carbon Nanotubes. The Scientists of today say that the materials used for coating may be Carbon rich materials. So when we say Carbon rich materials, it could be Vegetable oil or any other material. When it is combined with the claypots under extreme heat, the carbon nanotubes may be created. The claypots would consist of Iron content. So iron and carbon together may produced Carbon Nanotubes, a material which is 200 times tougher than steel. So through this method, the ancient Tamils would have created Carbon Coated claypots which lasted for many years. Due to the toughness of carbon nanotube, the claypots has been discovered as Archaeological remains in Keezhadi.
After it’s first launch , thousands of programmers and users got attracted towards LINUX . Today we can say that Linux is the first choice of millions of people all over the globe . It is different from other operating systems as it comes with a host of positive developments . This is because of what LINUX offers to users and programmers , such as scalability , security , consistency , user friendliness , freedom and non pirated enterprise software . Many of the advantages of Linux are an aftermath of its origins , deeply rooted in UNIX .
Linux is Free : Linux is a freely distributable operating system . The first thought that comes to mind is what does free means . When we say Linux is free that does not mean it is always free of cost . Here , free implies the freedom to work . You can download the Linux for free from Internet , without registration and without going into per user per year kind of licensing . You are free to use , free to customize , free to modify , free to distribute and also free to brand your modified variant . Modification is possible because its source code is freely available . This makes the Linux free . It has already been explained that no licensing is required for Linux . Again , this does not mean that there is no license . Like any other software Linux also has a license . Linux comes with GNU Public License (GPL) . The license states that anybody who may want to use and apply Linux can do so . Anybody has the right to change Linux and eventually redistribute a changed version , on the condition that he makes available the code after redistribution . In other words we can say that you are always free to grab a kernel image , for any of your functionality as long as your client can still have a copy of that code .
Linux is Hardware Independent : Linux is compatible with nearly all available hardware . As mentioned in the previous section , its source code is freely downloadable and that also comes with the GPL license , you are free to follow the documentation available and customize so as to work with your unsupported hardware . This makes the Linux hardware independent .
Linux is Secure : Linux has proven , beyond doubt , the sound security level it offers . This security aspect is the key feature of Linux and its security model is entirely based on UNIX , which we all know is very robust and of proven quality . In Linux , security is not only restricted to the security from internet threats but it is also very much secure from other system related breaches or malpractices . Linux offers security at all levels , such as User level , Application level , System level , Device level , Inner threats , External threats .
Linux is Scalable : When Linux was in the gestation process , its creators wanted to make an operating system that was extensively suitable for any application , any hardware , and any process . They wanted it to work with computers with high power and capacities like of super computers , mainframes , and with computer for personal use like PCs , laptops and even with computers of limited resources like Palmtop , PDAs , etc., so that Linux fits everywhere .
On July 11, Virgin Galactic will make a giant leap toward commercial suborbital spaceflight. The company will launch its first fully crewed flight of its SpaceShipTwo space plane Unity with a special passenger on board: the company’s billionaire founder Richard Branson.
Branson, three crewmates and two pilots will launch on the historic flight after being carried into launch position by Virgin Galactic’s carrier plane VMS Eve. They will take off from the company’s homeport of Spaceport America in New Mexico, with a live webcast chronicling the flight. Here’s everything you need to know about the mission, which Virgin Galactic has dubbed Unity 22.
WHAT TIME IS VIRGIN’S GALACTIC LAUNCH & AND CAN I WATCH?
Virgin Galactic has not released a specific time for the actual Unity 22 launch, but the company has announced it will begin webcasting the mission at 9 a.m. EDT (1300 GMT). And it looks like it’s going to be fun. The crew will walk out to the ship about an hour earlier.
Stephen Colbert, host of The Late Show on CBS, will host the webcast along with singer Khalid (who will debut a new single during the launch), former Canadian Space Agency astronaut Chris Hadfield and future Virgin Galactic astronaut Kellie Gerardi, who will launch on a research flight in 2022.
The webcast will begin with the Unity spacecraft and its carrier plane taking off from its runway at Spaceport America, which is located 55 miles (88 kilometers) north of Las Cruces, New Mexico.
Branson has stated that the entire flight will take about 90 minutes, including the ascent up to launch position, release, flight to space and glide back to Earth for a runway landing at Spaceport America.
Virgin Galactic will launch six people on the Unity 22 flight, although the spacecraft is designed to carry up to eight people (two pilots and six passengers).
Unity 22’s crew includes four mission specialists:
Sirisha Bandla, Vice President of Government Affairs and Research Operations at Virgin Galactic. She will evaluate the human-tended research experience via an experiment from the University of Florida that requires several handheld fixation tubes to be activated at various points in the flight profile.
Colin Bennett, Lead Operations Engineer at Virgin Galactic. He will evaluate cabin equipment, procedures and the experience during the boost phase and weightless environment inside Unity.
Sir Richard Branson, founder of Virgin Galactic. Branson will evaluate the private astronaut experience. He will receive the same training, preparation and flight as Virgin Galactic’s future ticket-buying astronauts and use the flight to fine ways to enhance the experience for customers.
Beth Moses, Chief Astronaut Instructor at Virgin Galactic. She will serve as cabin lead and test director in space. Her tasks include overseeing the safe execution of the test flight objectives. Moses has launched on Unity before.
Two veteran Virgin Galactic pilots will be at the helm of Unity during the launch. They have both launched to space on Unity before and are:
Dave Mackay: Mackay is Virgin Galactic’s chief pilot and grew up in the highlands of Scotland. He is a former Royal Air Force pilot and flew for Branson’s airline company Virgin Atlantic before joining Virgin Galactic.
Michael Masucci: Michael “Sooch” Masucci is a retired U.S. Air Force colonel who joined Virgin Galactic in 2013 who racked up over 9,000 flying hours in 70 different types of airplanes and gliders during more than 30 years of civilian and military flight.
Two other pilots will fly the VMS EVE carrier plane that will carry SpaceShipTwo into launch altitude. They are:
Frederick “CJ” Sturckow: A former NASA space shuttle commander who joined Virgin Galactic in 2013 with Masucci. A retired Marine Corps colonel, he was the first NASA astronaut to join the company and flew four space shuttle missions.
Kelly Latimer: Latimer is a test pilot and retired lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Air Force who joined Virgin Galactic’s pilot corps in 2015. She was the first female research test pilot to join what is now NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Centre.
The primary objective for Unity 22 is to serve as a test flight for future passenger flights by Virgin Galactic. As its number suggests, this will be the 22nd flight of Unity, but only its fourth launch to space.
The four mission specialists will each evaluate different experiences that Virgin Galactic has promised its future customers, many of whom have already reserved trips to space with the company at $250,000 a seat.
Bandla, for example, will test the experience of performing experiments aboard Unity during different phases of the flight, including the weightless period. Branson will take note of the flight as a paying passenger to look for ways to enhance the trip for ticket holders looking for the experience of a lifetime.
Moses is Virgin Galactic’s Chief Astronaut Trainer and will ensure everyone is safe in their tests while Bennet will examine Unity’s cabin performance to look for potential enhancements.
This mission is a critical flight or Virgin Galactic, which Branson founded in 2004. VSS Unity is the company’s second SpaceShipTwo after the first, VSS Enterprise, broke apart during a 2014 test flight, killing one pilot and seriously injuring another. Virgin Galactic has made numerous safety upgrades to prevent such an accident from happening again.
The mission will begin with takeoff from Spaceport America, where Virgin Galactic has built its “Gateway to Space” terminal to serve its future customers. The crews of Unity and Eve will walk out to their vehicles at about 8 a.m. EDT (6 a.m. local time, 1200 GMT). They’ll be wearing custom Under Armour flight suits made for Virgin Galactic.
After takeoff, the carrier plane VMS EVE will haul the SpaceShipTwo VSS Unity (short for Virgin Space Ship) to an altitude of about 50,000 feet (15,000 meters), when it will drop the the spacecraft.
Virgin Galactic’s first test passenger Beth Moses looks out the window of the VSS Unity during a test flight with pilots Dave Mackay and Michael “Sooch” Masucci, on Feb. 22, 2018. (Image credit: Virgin Galactic)
After separation, Unity will ignite its hybrid rocket motor, which uses a mixture of solid and liquid propellant, to begin the boost phase. This will carry Unity to its target altitude above 50 miles (80 kilometers), where the pilots and crew can expect up to 4 minutes of weightlessness. They will exist their seats and enjoy sweeping views of the Earth below through the many round windows that dot the space plane’s fuselage.
After that short encounter with weightlessness, the crew will climb back into their seats as Unity prepares to return to Earth. Pilots Mackay and Masucci will have “feathered” the spacectraft’s twin tail booms to provide stability during atmospheric reentry.
The feathered tail will then be locked back into place for the glide back to Earth, which will end with a runway landing at Spaceport America. The entire flight, from takeoff to landing, should last about 90 minutes, Branson has said.
WILL VIRGIN GALACTIC REALLY REACH SPACE WITH UNITY 22?
Virgin Galactic’s VSS Unity spaceliner captured this view of Earth during the vehicle’s first trip to space, on Dec. 13, 2018. (Image credit: Virgin Galactic)
Virgin Galactic will launch Unity to an altitude above 50 miles (80 km), which NASA, the Federal Aviation Administration and the U.S. military classify as space. They will earn astronaut wings for reaching that height.
Another widely recognized boundary of space, the Kármán line, is at an altitude at 62 miles (100 km) above Earth. The SpaceShipTwo VSS Unity won’t reach this milestone, which has led Virgin Galactic’s competitor Blue Origin (which does fly higher than 62 miles) to call out Virgin Galactic for missing that mark.
WHERE DOES VIRGIN GALACTIC LAUNCH SPACESHIPTWO FROM?
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Virgin Galactic initially launched SpaceShipTwo test flights from the company’s facilities at Mojave Air and Space Port in California. However, in 2020 the company moved Unity and its carrier craft to its permanent home at Spaceport America, where it plans to fly regular passenger flights beginning in 2022.
Spaceport America is located near Las Cruces, New Mexico and is home to Virgin Galactic’s “Gateway to Space” terminal, a welcome center and waiting room for ticketed passengers preparing for trips to space. It also sports a large hangar designed to fit multiple SpaceShipTwo spaceplanes and the VMS Eve. Virgin Galactic has also built a new vehicle, the SpaceShip III VSS Imagine.
WHEN COULD I LAUNCH TO SPACE WITH VIRGIN GALACTIC?
If you booked a trip with Virgin Galactic early and have one of the first reservations, you may get your chance to fly in space as early as 2022. If not, there’s a long wait ahead. And that’s assuming you can afford the $250,000 ticket price.
Virgin Galactic has said it plans to begin passenger launches in 2022 after a series of final test flights in 2021. The company does have hundreds of reservations for customer flights in backlog from eager would-be astronauts that have been waiting for over 17 years (since Richard Branson first announced Virgin Galactic in 2004) for the SpaceShipTwo to finally fly. The company paused taking new reservations after the 2014 accident.
Virgin Galactic is expected to resume taking reservations for “a limited number of tickets for future spaceflights” sometime this year, according to its website.
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