bachelor of legislative laws is the undergraduate professional degree that is sought by students to get into a legal profession. LLB is abbreviated as Legum Baccalaureus, which means Bachelor of Laws.

The course covers legal procedures, legal principles, ideals of corporate governance, and laws and regulations of countries. There are ample career opportunities in India after completing LLB.

LLB graduates can enter three major organs of the Government— Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Perhaps, LLB opens the door to a wide set of opportunities that cannot be boasted by other career options.

Below are some of the major options available to LLB graduates after completion of their courses.

Career Path After Law in India – Top Options

Advocate

Advocacy is one of the chief professions chosen by ing this path can practice in the courts. Note that the aspirants have to qualify the examination conducted by the All India Bar council first, in order to qualify for their practice.

Once they enroll with All India Bar Council, they can opt to practice in any court across the country.

Before becoming a good advocate, every aspirant has to first gather some experience as a Junior assistant with a senior advocate.  This involves drafting files and studying legal documents and cases.

Government Services

Students can opt to join Government Services after completing their LLB. If they prepare themselves, they would be eligible for Indian Legal Services and the various posts that it offers. This includes Legislative Counsel in the Legislative department and Legal advisors in the Department of Legal Affairs.

This requires the aspirants to qualify the exam held by the Public Service Commission. Certain legislative counsels are appointed under the legislative department Hindi as well as regional languages.

Those qualified would also be eligible to join the Air Force, Indian Army, and the Navy. They are also eligible to crack the exams like HAS and IAS organized by UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) or SPSC (State Public Service Commission). They also have the option of becoming an Assistant Public Prosecution or Public Prosecutor.

The law graduates can study in detail about the Indian Constitution, about powers and functions of government, how government works and many other things in detail which make him easy to Crack these exams after some preparations. And they also can become Public Prosecutor or Assistant Public Prosecution.

For this, after gaining some experience from the practice they are appointed through an exam conducted by the Union Public Service Commission or by the State Public Service Commission.

Legal Advisor

After completing your LLB, you can become a legal advisor or join law firms, Private Companies, Corporate firms, or Banks. You can provide advice on various legal matters. Furthermore, your legal expertise could also be used in NGOs. These provide their clients with legal advisory services. They also help people to make the correct decision in a given situation. Most large corporations and government organizations hire legal advisors.

Judiciary

Students are also free to work for the Judicial machinery of Country as a Judge or  Magistrate. This requires them to pass a Judicial examination conducted by the Public Service Commission. This is a very difficult exam to pass.

The lowest post of the Magistrate, Subjudge, or Munsif is filled up by the latest recruitments through Public Service Commission or by the supervision of High Court. The Magistrate judges the Criminal cases and the Sub Judge decides the Civil Cases. Through promotion, these judges could become district judges and also attain higher posts.

They would be able to gain promotion based on their experience and seniority. The initial requirement of these posts is an LLB degree from an approved University and should not have crossed the limit of 35 years of age.

Teaching

Students with impressive academic ability and with the skill of explaining and narrating different topics to a group of people are good fits to become a lecturer in one of the best-recognized Universities or a Law College of the country.

If they choose to do LLM, they could go on to complete research in their respective field of study and earn a PhD./ this way you can also become the professor in Government Universities and Private Universities too.

Legal Outsourcing

Legal outsourcing refers to the practice of a law firm that acquires legal services from an exterior firm. This service is called off sharing if the outsourced entity has its origins in another country.

This is one of the fields where the potential has not fully been reached. There are several opportunities for the people of the country to grab the opportunities in this field.

Private Companies

There is great scope for law graduates to join private firms across the country. They can choose to become the legal advisor and help the company with legal decisions. In case someone is looking for a well-paid job, they can get an MBA after their LLB.

This way, they would be able to get a dual post in companies. Firstly, they could work as legal advisors. Secondly, would be able to take part in the business administration. The dual package will guarantee excellent pay for the employees.

Higher Education

In case you wish to gain better knowledge in a specialised area of law, you can choose from among several options available for higher studies in Law. This includes research work, or LLM Ph.D. in fields like  International Law, Constitutional Law, Labour Law, Cyberlaw, and Family Law.

Writer Of Law Books /Reports /Journalist

If you excel at writing, and you understand the law well, then this profession is the right one for you. If you are capable of writing and editing law books used by law students or if you are able to write legal reports for various publications or newspapers, this job would fit you well. You can also work with a journalist as a guide who guides them all the time.

Legal Analyst

Law graduates could join law firms or corporate fir and conduct analyses regarding the law sphere about the company and its functions. This requires aspirants to own a license in order to practice law.

Legal Analysts also have the ability to assist in drafting various legal documents and also assists attorneys. In the case of financial law, this is a great option. It also requires you to be well analytical and organisational along with the great athlete.

Legal Researcher

A legal researcher is someone responsible for researching various cases and finding ways to win a case. It includes general topics regarding the laws. In other words, they are the ones that the lawyers hire in order to gain a deeper insight into the cases and legal nuances.  Therefore, this is also an interesting profession for you if you are an LLB graduate.

Politics

If you are interested in taking part in the governance of the country or if you have a political background, you can enter politics if you are an LLB graduate. This is helped by the fact that you will have deep knowledge regarding all three domains of the government- Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. This allows them to contribute actively to the nation and become a politician.

Note that in India, joining politics does not mandate any educational qualification. However, there are several of the top political leaders in the country who are law graduates.

Besides, Indian political history is the best proof for the fact that the lawyers are the best politicians out there. Remember that the 250 member assembly that formed the constitution comprised entirely of lawyers. Therefore, studying LLB is one of the best options if you have an interest in pursuing politics.

LLM

If you want to study further about law, you can choose to study LLM. This will help you gain a specialised view on a particular branch of law and you would be able to master that particular section.

This might also be an opportunity to choose a career path as the specialization means that they would spend their time in that area of law. An LLM course will not just help you gain a deeper perspective, but it will help you get jobs that pay you better.

Remuneration

The remuneration available in the field of law is dependent on the type of career one chooses. In the case of government jobs, there would be many additional benefits apart from the basic pay.

Government servants are receiving a considerably good salary package in the country. The other professions, even though private also earn a significant amount of money.

Conclusion

Overall, completing an LLB is one of the first steps to a successful career as there are numerous opportunities for you to pursue a successful career. Know the options well, and choose wisely before you take up a career path.

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

Sustainability is development that satisfies the needs of the present without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being.

it is a concept that appeared for the first time in 1987 with the publication of the Brundtland Report, warning of the negative environmental consequences of economic growth and globalization, which tried to find possible solutions to the problems caused by industrialization and population growth.

HOW TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

Many of the challenges facing humankind, such as  inequality and hunger, can only be resolved at a global level and by promoting sustainable development: a commitment to social progress, environmental balance and economic growth.

As a part of a new sustainable development roadmap, the United Nations approved the 2030 Agenda, which contains the Sustainable Development Goals, a call to action to protect the planet and guarantee the global well-being of people. These common goals require the active involvement of individuals, businesses, administrations and countries around the world.

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WHAT ARE THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS?

The Sustainable Development Goals, also known as the Global Goals, are a call from the United Nations to all countries around the world to address the great challenges that humanity faces and to ensure that all people have the same opportunities to live a better life without compromising our planet.

17 GOALS FOR A BETTER WORLD

These 17 objectives are interrelated and often the key to one’s success will involve the issues most frequently linked to another. They can be summarised as follows:

• Eradicate poverty and hunger, guaranteeing a healthy life
• Universalize access to basic services such as water, sanitation and sustainable energy
• Support the generation of development opportunities through inclusive education and decent work
• Foster innovation and resilient infrastructure, creating communities and cities able to produce and consume sustainably
• Reduce inequality in the world, especially that concerning gender
• Care for the environment combating climate change and protecting the oceans and land ecosystems
• Promote collaboration between different social agents to create an environment of peace and sustainable development.

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WHAT IS ACCIONA DOING IN THE AREA OF SUSTAINABILITY?

At ACCIONA we want to contribute to achieving sustainable development by responding to the planet’s great challenges, so that current and future generations may enjoy a better life.

HOW DOES ACCIONA CONTRIBUTE TO THE GLOBAL GOALS?

ACCIONA contributes to each SDG through the impacts generated by its projects in countries in which improvements are needed in relation to that SDG.

The company offers solutions to present and future challenges such as water shortage and sanitation, the decarbonisation of the energy system, resilient infrastructures and innovation, the new and growing needs of populations concentrated in cities, and mitigating climate change.

The Department-Related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Information Technology presented its 47th report on the “Issues Related to Paid News” in the Lok Sabha on May 6, 2013.  The Committee is headed by Mr. Rao Inderjit Singh.

• The Press Council of India (PCI) defines paid news as any news or analysis appearing in print or electronic media for consideration in cash or kind.
• Definition of ‘paid news’: The Committee acknowledged challenges in defining and determining what constitutes or qualifies as ‘paid news’.  It cited advertisements camouflaged as news, denial of coverage to select electoral candidates, exchanging of advertisement space for equity stakes between media houses and corporate and the rise in paid content as manifestations of paid news.
• The Committee asked the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MoIB) to formulate a comprehensive legal definition of ‘paid news’ in consultation with stakeholders and suggest measures for usage of ‘circumstantial evidence’ in indentifying paid news.
• Reasons for rise in paid news: The Committee identified corporatisation of media, desegregation of ownership and editorial roles, decline in autonomy of editors/journalists due to emergence of contract system and poor wage levels of journalists as key reasons for the rise in the incidence of paid news.  It urged the MoIB to ensure periodic review of the editor/journalist autonomy and wage conditions.
• The Committee opined that financial accounts of the media houses should be subject to examination, especially the revenue source for a suspected paid news case. It recommended mandatory disclosure of ‘private treaties’ and details of advertising revenue received by the media houses.
• Regulators lack adequate powers: The Committee found the exiting regulatory set-up dealing with paid news as inadequate.  It described voluntary self-regulatory industry bodies like the News Broadcasting Standards Authority and Broadcasting Content Complaints Council as an ‘eye wash’. It found the punitive powers of statutory regulators like the PCI and Electronic Media Monitoring Centre (EMMC) to be inadequate.  It also highlighted the conflict of interest inherent with appointment of media-owners as members of the PCI or self-regulatory bodies.
• Need for regulatory overhaul: The Committee recommended establishment of either a single regulatory body for both print and electronic media or enhancing punitive powers of the PCI and setting-up a similar statutory body for the electronic media.  Such regulator(s) should have the power to take strong action against offenders and should not include media owners/interested parties as members.
• Inaction by the government: The Committee censured the MoIB for its failure to establish a strong mechanism to check the spread of paid news.  It accused the government of dithering on important policy initiatives, citing the lack of action on various recommendations of the PCI and Election Commission of India (ECI).
• The PCI has sought amendment in the Press Council Act, 1978, to make its directions binding on government authorities and bring the electronic media under its purview. The ECI has made a reference to the Ministry of Law and Justice to amend the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RP Act) in order to include indulgence of an electoral candidate in paid news as a corrupt practice. It also recommended inclusion of abetting and publishing of such paid news as an electoral offence with minimum punishment of two years imprisonment.
• Penal provisions and jurisdiction: The Committee observed that existing penal provisions have not served as an effective deterrent for the practice of paid news and stricter penal provisions are needed.  It highlighted the lack of clarity regarding the jurisdiction of the designated authority to penalise offenders, given existence of multiple bodies like the MoIB, PCI, EMMC and ECI.
• The Committee recommended that the ECI should have the authority to take punitive action against electoral candidates in cases of paid news.  It endorsed the ECI’s proposed amendments to the RP Act and urged the government to provide the ECI with more powers to deal with paid news.
• Concentration of media ownership: The Committee expressed concern that the lack of restriction on ownership across media segments (print, TV or internet) or between content and distribution could give rise to monopolistic practices.  It urged the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (currently examining the issue) to present its recommendations and the MoIB to take conclusive action on those recommendations on a priority basis.
• Distribution of government advertisements: The Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP) is the nodal advertising agency for the central government under the MoIB. It is responsible for execution of advertisements on behalf of various ministries, autonomous bodies and PSUs. Various stakeholders alleged that the government uses advertisements to arm-twist media houses for favourable coverage.
• The Committee found the DAVP’s existing policy on distribution of advertisements amongst various media houses to be unsatisfactory. Hence, it recommended a transparent and unbiased policy for distribution of advertisements by the central and state governments, with provisions for scrutiny. It asked the DAVP to disclose details about disbursements of advertisements expenditure on its website.
• Adoption of international best practices: The Committee expressed concern that the MoIB and self-regulatory bodies have not conducted any study to evaluate the mechanism adopted by other countries to tackle the problem of paid news.  Taking note of the Justice Leveson Report on the press and existing regulatory structure in the UK, it asked the MoIB to consider the report’s recommendations and progress of their implementation while dealing with the issue.

A central bank is an independent national authority that conducts monetary policy, regulates banks, and provides financial services including economic research. Its goals are to stabilize the nation’s currency, keep unemployment low, and prevent inflation.

Most central banks are are governed by a board consisting of its member banks. The country’s chief elected official appoints the director. The national legislative body approves him or her. That keeps the central bank aligned with the nation’s long-term policy goals. At the same time, it’s free of political influence in its day-to-day operations.

Functions of Central Bank:

Central bank of every country is established with view to regulate total money supply in the economy.

Issue of currency:

The Central bank of India has the monopoly of issuing notes or paper currency to the public. This is the first important function of the Central bank.

Bankers to the government:

Another important function of the Central bank is to act as a banker to the government, both Central and State Governments. It carries out banking business of the government and the government keeps its cash balances on current account with the Central bank. Central bank also provides short term credit to the government. In fact, the Central bank is the monetary agent of the government advises the government on all financial matters, and in the formulation of economic policy.

Banker to banks:

A Central bank is also act as banker to the Commercial banks. The Central bank holds a part of cash reserve of banks, lends them short term funds and provide them with centralised clearing and remittance facilities. The Central bank also supervise, regulate and control the credit creation policy of the Commercial banks.

Lender of the last resort:

The Central bank also acts as the lender of the last resort. This means that the central bank lends to such institutions in order to help them at times of stress, so as to save the financial structure of the nation. Central bank helps through discounting of approved securities and collateral loans and advances.

Custodian of foreign exchange reserves:

An important function of the Central bank is to manage and control the foreign exchange reserves. Central bank tries to stabilise the exchange rate by selling and buying gold, foreign securities.

Controller of credit:

The most important function of the Central bank is to control the credit creation by the Commercial banks. Quantitative as well as qualitative instruments are used to control the volume of credit in the economy.

Other functions:

Apart from the above important functions, a Central bank also performs the following other functions:

(a) Central bank is entrusted with the responsibility of extending a strong banking” system.

(b) Central bank also helps in accelerating the agricultural and industrial growth rates of a country.

(c) Central bank published periodical economic and statistical information relating to different aspects of the economy.

Everybody uses things made of plastic as well as things that comes to us made of Plastic. There are many

types of plastic and they are all light in weight, low in cost, can be used in all seasons and they last long. The funny thing is, we don’t usually end up using plastic for a long time. We throw away plastic bags, cups and bottles, plastic straws, spoons, plates etc. and also we must immediately throw after using them. 
Plastic is made of certain chemicals that do not decompose easily. Anything made of plastic takes a

long time to go away and within the certain period of time it does a lot of damages. The trash we throw away, is collected from various places and is sent to dump yards. At the dump yards it is disposed of as best as possible. The plastic things are collected and cut into tiny pieces, which are then melted to give it a new shape. In certain countries, plastic is reused to make Furniture, Clothes and other useful things.
Lots of trash flows out of the garbage bins. All are thrown away casually, carelessly anywhere. What happens to those plastics???

Well it goes into the drains, ponds, lakes, rivers and one way or the other ends up in the oceans. In the oceans, everywhere there are lots of plastics which keeps floating and sunk like threshers and goes deep down the surface of the ocean everywhere. Because of the waves of the ocean and the rays of the sun, those plastic things in the ocean break down into smaller pieces.
The oceans are the home to many types of fishes, animals etc. They are not used to see such type of

bright coloured and slow moving things in the surface of the ocean. They think those plastics as food, and consume those plastics.

Many ocean birds roam around for foods. They return with plastic and feed 

those plastics to their little babies. They consume those plastics. As they consume those, they don’t get the nutrition which is needed and they die. The dead bodies of those birds are found and when surveyed it is seen that their stomach is full of plastics which is the reason of their death.
There are also many creatures that have died, because of eating plastics

If you visit the sea beach, you will get some kind of idea that plastic is present there in the oceans. Some of the plastics can be seen when the

wave of the ocean comes towards the sand present in the beach. If  we don’t pick up those plastics and throw them in the dump yards or dustbins, the plastic goes back into the water and harms the little birds, the fish and the other animals in the oceans specially the turtles.

The ocean and the sea are home to some of the special and beautiful creatures.

Comparatively there are more plastics present in the oceans than the creatures. Each one of us must do something to get rid of plastic. We must promise ourselves to use less plastics and not to throw them away anywhere. Let’s do something good for the animals in the ocean, for nature and for our planet “earth”.

 THANK YOU

The Green Revolution is actually a process of increasing agricultural production through modern machinery and techniques. It was a technology science based on research conducted between 1950 and the late 1960s, that increased agricultural production around the world, especially in developing countries, much earlier in the late 1960’s. HYV seeds have been used, increased fertilizer use and more technological methods to irrigate grain grain production.

Green Revolution in India
The Indian Green Revolution began in the early 1960’s which led to an increase in grain production, especially in the Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Significant milestones in this are the growth of highly productive wheat varieties. Green Revolution is a revolution in nature due to the introduction of new technologies, new ideas, new uses of inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilizers, irrigation water, pesticides, etc. As all of this was introduced suddenly and quickly spread to achieve amazing results is called the green agricultural revolution.

Mathematical Results
Recorded grain production in 1978-79 about 131 million tons occurred as a result of the Green Revolution. As a result, it made India one of the world’s largest agricultural producers. In India the Green Revolution has recorded a high level of success. India was also exported food grains at that time.

Economic Impact
The plant areas under this program need a lot of water, a lot of fertilizer, a lot of pesticides, and some chemicals. This has boosted the growth of the local manufacturing sector. Improved industrial growth has created new jobs and contributed to the country’s GDP. The increase in irrigation has created a need for new monsoon water dams. Stored water is used to generate electricity. All of this has led to industrial growth, job creation and improved living conditions for rural people.

Social Outcomes
This new technology uses regular water use, fertilizers, insecticides, high transportation costs, electricity, etc. Not only agricultural workers but also industrial workers found many jobs due to the construction of facilities such as factories, power stations, etc. re-supporting change.

Political Impact
One of the most important factors that led Mother Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) and her party to become the Indian National Congress, the most powerful political party in India, is the Green Revolution. India disguised itself from a starving nation and was exported for food. This has given India gratitude and appreciation from all over the world, especially from the third world country.

The downside of the Green Revolution
The negative social impact of the Reformation was also evident soon. Wage variance has been exacerbated by these new agricultural innovations. Wealthy landowners have control over agricultural inputs and improved chemical fertilizers. To make matters worse, poor farmers find themselves crippled by small farms and poor access to water. With comprehensive agricultural techniques and incorporation, Green revaluation was widely used on large farms.
As the collection of new technology on larger farms, inequality has improved dramatically. Poor farmers have been hit hard by the growing trend among wealthy farmers to seek out leased land under a lease agreement, which has made huge profits from high-yielding technology.
The poorer and more subsequent farmers’ category has been heavily influenced by the landless working class. Significant increase in high employment rates with increasing global value. And as a result of overuse of fertilizer the soil became alkaline or acidic depending on the type of fertilizer used.

Globally, women have fewer opportunities for economic participation than men, less access to basic and higher education, greater health and security risks, and less political representation.

Ensuring women’s rights and giving them access to their full potential is essential not only to achieving gender equality, but also to meet many international development goals. Supported women and girls contribute to the health and productivity of their families, communities and countries, creating a positive outcome that benefits everyone.

The term gender refers to the roles that have been created in society and the social obligations that it deems appropriate for men and women. Gender equality means that men and women have equal power and equal opportunities for financial freedom, education, and personal development. Empowerment of women is a critical factor in achieving gender equality. It includes developing a sense of femininity, her ability to make decisions, her access to opportunities and resources, her ability to control her life inside and outside the home, and her ability to make changes. But gender issues focus not only on women, but on relationships between men and women in society. The actions and attitudes of men and boys play an important role in achieving gender equality.

Education is an important area in which to focus. Although the world is making progress in achieving gender equality in education, girls still make up a higher percentage of out-of-school children than boys. About a quarter of girls in the developing world do not go to school. Often, families with limited means who cannot afford expenses such as school fees, uniforms and the provision of all their children will prioritize the education of their sons. Families may rely on girls’ chores to do household chores, fetch water, and take care of children, leaving limited time for schooling. But prioritizing girls’ education prioritizes one major investment benefit in developing countries. An educated girl is likely to postpone marriage, raise a small family, have healthy children, and send her children to school. He has more opportunities to earn money and participate in political activities, and he is less likely to become infected with HIV.

Women’s health and safety is another important area. HIV and AIDS have become a growing problem for women. This is not related to women with fewer health education opportunities, unequal power in sexual intercourse, or as a result of gender-based violence. Women’s health is also a major concern. In many countries, women have limited access to antenatal care, and they are more likely to have problems during pregnancy and childbirth. This is a big problem in countries where girls get married and have children before they are ready; often before the age of 18. Quality maternal health care can provide an important access point for information and services that equips mothers as informed decision makers about their own health and the health of their children.

A key focus on achieving gender equality is women’s economic and political empowerment. Although women make up more than 50 percent of the world’s population, they have 1% of the world’s wealth. All over the world, women and girls do many hours of unpaid homework. In some areas, women continue to enjoy land or property rights, access to credit, earn money, or relocate to work, without discrimination at work. At all levels, including at home and in public forums, women are highly represented as decision-makers. In the legislatures around the world, women outnumber 4 to 1, however, women’s participation in politics is essential to achieving gender equality and true democracy.

The American Space agency NASA launched its Mission Mars 2020 on Thursday from Florida’s Kennedy Space Centre.

In this mission, Preservance Rover is been sent on Mars. During the Mission, the rover will collect stones and dust present there on Mars’s surface and will also try to find traces of life if any.

The Perseverance Rover is also said to find out certain answers related to Astrobiology, the most important of which is, ‘ If life is possible in Mars?’.

By the help of this mission, NASA is trying to find out if life is there in any other planet or place other than Mars. This is the 3rd Mars Mission in past 11 days. Before NASA, UAE’s ‘hope’ and China’s ‘tiyanven-1’ have also launched their mission

The Delhi Government has decided to cut down the price of diesel by Rs8.36 after reducing VAT (Value Added Tax) from 30% to 16.75%.

Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal stated this in a Cabinet Meeting held on Thursday. Now, the price will be Rs. 73.64 thereby reducing the previous rate by Rs. 8.36 .

Kejriwal also said that they are facing a serious economic problem in Delhi and will be able to manage the economy with the help of the general public.

With global oil markey stable for the past few days, the consumers in India have been spared of a price rise of auto fuels for the 4th consecutive day. The price of Petrol is Rs. 80.43/litre in Delhi. The oil companies have indicated that there can be some increase later this week or early next week but would be marginal.

COINS OF INDIA

Coins are pieces of metal that have been assigned a value and stamped with a designed approved by the governing authority. Coins are legal tender. The history of coins of India has evolved over time. Buying and selling began with cowrie shells and beads being used as money. This use of commodity money paved the way for the barter system. Coins evolved from the problems associated with the barter system. Precious metals were shaped and then struck with designs and marks so that they could be used as legal tender or coins in India. For convenience, they have been categorised into ancient , medival, coloniel coins.

The earliest coins of India were silver punch-marked ones. They were struck with individual punches bearing a design and were circulated in the Janapadas. Each Janapada had its own combination of punches. One of the peculiar punch mark coins is that of gandhara janpada. These coins were elongated and punched on each end with the six-armed symbol. Gold, copper, lead and billon coins soon came into circulation.

Coins tell a lot about the ruler who issued them. They speak of events that took place; they tell us the name of the ruler; some coins even tell us which year he ruled in. The designs are aesthetic. Coin in India depict the king, gods, goddesses, and other motifs while medieval ones issued by kings in North India bear inscriptions in Arabic or Persian and the ones in South India depict beautiful motifs coupled with legends.

During the British rule in India, currency slowly, but steadily shifted from precious metals to token currency. Coins of British India were minted in brass, bronze, aluminium, stainless steel, and other metals which were not deemed precious. The coins that we use today in India have a fascinating history. Mintage World is the perfect place to uncover it and learn something new.

COINS OF MODERN INDIA

Though India became independent on 15th August 1947, until 1950, when the constitution was formed, old British coins were still in use as frozen currency. The first Rupee coin of Republic of India was minted in 1950. Other denominations of coins of modern India were also produced like the 1/2 Re, 1/4 Re, 2 Anna, 1 Anna, 1/2 Anna & 1 Pice coins which are also referred as Anna series or pre-decimal coinage. In 1957, India shifted to the decimal system, but for a short period both decimal and non-decimal coins were in circulation.

To differentiate between the 2 pice, the modern India coins minted between 1957 and 1964 have the legend “Naya Paisa” (“new” paisa). The denominations in circulation were 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 (naya) paise and one rupee which remained as the same pre-decimal value.

The word “naya” was dropped in 1964. In this year a new denomination of 3 paise was introduced and in 1968 a 20 paise coin, both of which did not gain much popularity. Gradually in the 1970s, 1, 2 and 3 paise coins were phased out. An experimental set of 2 rupee coins were minted in 1982 to replace 2 Rs. Notes, which was not minted again until 1990.

In 1988 stainless steel modern India coins of 10, 25 and 50 paise, were introduced and in 1992 a new rupee stainless steel coin was minted which was much lighter than its earlier version. In the same year 5 Rupees Cupronickel coin was introduced and the most recent denomination of modern Indian coinage was the 10 Rupees coin which was minted for the first time in 2005.

As a mark of respect special coins were minted in memory of important events or personalities and these are referred to as commemorative Indian coins. Some of commemorative coins include coins depicting Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar, Rajiv Gandhi, Dnyaneshwar, 1982–Asian Games, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose, Sri Aurobindo, Chittaranjan Das, Chhatrapati Shivaji and logo of 2010-Commonwealth Games.

A Demat account (short for Dematerialized account) is an account to hold financial securities (equity or debt) in electronic form. In India, Demat accounts are maintained by two depository organisations, National Securities Depository Limited and Central Depository Services Limited. A depositoty participants , such as a bank, acts as an intermediary between the investor and the depository.

The Demat account number is quoted for all transactions to enable electronic settlements of trades to take place. Access to the Dematerialized account requires an internet password and a transaction password. Transfers or purchases of securities can then be initiated. Purchases and sales of securities on the Dematerialized account are automatically made once transactions are confirmed and completed.

process:

Every news on the rise or fall in stock market arouses the interest of many. And the first step to take the plunge is to open a Demat Account.

A Demat Account is the medium through which one can hold stock market shares & other securities like Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), bonds, government securities, mutual fund units and exchange traded fund (ETFs).  A Demat Account not only assures security of all such financial investments, but also facilitates ease of their handling & maintenance.

How to open a Demat Account:

• Decide on a Depository Participant (DP), which is any authorized bank, financial institution or broker, with who you want to open a Demat Account with. The choice of a DP should ideally depend on the brokerage charges, annual charges &leverage provided.
• Submit a duly filled account opening form and KYC form. Along with this, you will need to attach copies of –
• PAN Card
• Residence Proof
• ID Proof
• Passport-sized photographs

Do carry original copies of all for verification purposes. You will also need to give a cancelled cheque for dividend bank details.

• You will then need to sign an agreement that will mention all the rules, regulations and rights associated with holding a Demat Account. Read them carefully and do not hesitate to clear all your doubts. When this is submitted to the DP, it will be signed by an authorized person and a copy of the same will be given to you.
• When the account is opened, you will receive a unique Client ID from the DP. This, along with other details, will help you get access to your Demat Account online.
• You will also be given instruction slips by the DP, which will be of use for depository services like transfer, purchase, etc.

Note that a Demat Account does not require any ‘minimum balance’ of shares or financial securities to be held in it. Also, you can hold more than one demat accounts linked to a single PAN. However, not with the same DP.

How to open a Demat Account online:

A request to open a Demat Account with any DP can be applied for online as well.

• Visit your chosen DP’s website
• Click on ‘open demat account tab and submit the following details
• Name
• Email ID
• Mobile Number
• One-time password (OTP) that you will receive
• City
• You will receive communication from the DP to get in touch with you for completing the above mentioned formalities and opening a Demat Account

DematAccount details

Your demat service provider needs to give you the following details:

• DP ID
• Beneficiary ID or Demat Account number
• Power of Attorney (POA) number

These are especially helpful if you want to apply for an initial public offer (IPO).

Nepotism exists in Bollywood from decades but at that time there was nothing wrong as it was not brutal. The biggest reason of Nepotism currently is the huge flow of money as Bollywood movies are watched globally. It was during the Raj Kapoor era too but during that time it was on concentrating on one’s personal skills, hard work and the banner acted as the support. Today, the main ventilators for these called actors are the flag bearers who are in so much power that they can influence decisions.

If you see the case of Mahesh Bhatt, he gave some wonderful films like Saaransh, Naam, Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke, Dil Hai Ke Maanta Nahin (yes, he was also promoting Pooja Bhatt). He even roped in new comers like Anupam Kher in Saraansh and Rahul Roy-Anu Agarwal in Aashiqui., worked with Jugal Hansraj in Papa Kehte Hai, launched Mayuri Kango but later launching Emran Hashmi and making films not for cinematic glory but just to earn money. Dharmendra launched Sunny, Bobby and there is nothing wrong in it but he never used his influence or sidelined any actor from a Raj Kumar Santoshi film to take his son. If he would have done that Abhay Deol would also be in star list as he is talented. After 2000 film industry gained a huge corporate structure and started churning out loads of money globally certain production houses attained tremendous power and they started using it to churn out more money.

If Karan is launching someone, he is not doing it for charity. He is getting something in favor. These people are running an industry within themselves. The so called star kids are also keen to enter Bollywood because they know that by doing so they can achieve name and fame globally as the launch pad and the backing is present and even if they fail they will get more chances due to their background which does not happens with outsiders. It’s just like launching a new product in the market. If the agency has a great hold they will be easily doing it.

Today it is dangerous because these flag bearers don’t want anyone else to be in the race. They launch their relatives and backstab the talented ones.

The biggest example is that if SSR and Ranveer both were in contract, how can Ranveer be released for a Bhansali film. He too should have been blocked if you go as per the contract. He was not interested in small projects for a launch and who knows may have paid for getting the contract. Even the casting directors are paid in cash or kind and they too do favor to forward the profile of actors. If an actor refuses such big banners, even if a director refuses to make a film with a star kid and goes on with some talented actor, he will have to face a hell of problems. He will find it difficult to find financers, distributors, less availability of screens, find it hard to sell the music of his film. In one way as the underworld’s money was invested in 90’s they got the power and they misused it. In the same way these banners who hold more than 50 percent of the entertainment industry chain are misusing their powers.

Star kids will always get a slight preference as they are already backed up with the many different aspects of film making. Either they have to balance it out so that no one suffers or some small production houses should churn out movies with talented actors thereby creating a competition for the flag bearers.

Dharma Productions first hit film was Dostana which starred Amitabh and it took years to set up the banner. After a string of flops the banner gained heights after KKHH and with the huge global reach suddenly the numbers changed. Big production houses businesses are interlinked with each other and together can influence decisions, sideline people. Music Companies are also a silent flag bearer as Bollywood films largely depend on music.

If you call the offices of these banners and talk that you have a concept the answer you get is that we have our own team who looks after writing. So how will you get new talent and good stuff? Film industry should be for all who are talented. Talent should be the first priority; otherwise you will just be delivering crap. However these are my personal views as far I know Bollywood. It is not to favor anyone or to hurt the sentiments of anyone. Be it Bollywood or any other sector the selection criteria should be based on only one word and that is TALENT.