The Jiribam-Imphal railway line connects the Imphal, Manipur’s capital city, to the rest of India via the Indian Railway network. The ambitious project for the railway line, which was declared a national project, was taken up in 2008. The project has a Rs 13,809 crore budget and the line is scheduled to finish by March 2022.
The railway line from Jiribam-Imphal will have 149 bridges and 52 tunnels along the path that will have to pass through steep hills. The line will also boast the tallest railway girder bridge on Indian Railways (bridge number 164) with a pier height of 141 metres, nearly twice as high as Qutab Minar.
North east state capitals Railway connectivity
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura’s capitals have already been connected by a wide network of gauge rail. Work has been taken on new broad gauge lines to link the other state capitals – 1. Shillong (Meghalaya) 2. Manipur (Imphal) 3. Kohima (Nagaland) 4. Mizoram (Aizawl)
An Important Bridge completed
The girders for Bridge number 44, part of the upcoming railway line Jiribam-Imphal, were launched over the Makru River in Tamenglong District, Manipur. The newly launched bridge is Indian Railways’ first ever 100-metre-high pier bridge. The pier bridge, 100 meters long, is the size of a 33 story building. The bridge spans 555 metres. Bridge 164 – The tallest girder rail bridge Over River Ijai Near Noney town, Manipur 141m height Trains can pass over it at 120kmph speed
Difficulties in construction work
Many militant organizations are active in the region, so safety and security was a major issue for the construction workers. Thus, Territorial Army-119 Unit battalion was deployed. Construction sites are extremely remote, access is very difficult for both man and machine. The heavy girders were transported by custom made trucks. Torrential rains, extreme weather, steep hills and forests have been major concerns to be considered.
LLP is a corporate business vehicle that enables professional expertise and entrepreneurial initiative to combine and operate in flexible, innovative and efficient manner, providing benefits of limited liability while allowing its members the flexibility for organizing their internal structure as a partnership.
The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008(LLP Act) does not provide an exhaustive definition. Sub-section (n) of section 2 of the Act states that “limited liability partnership” means a partnership formed and registered under this Act.
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LLP
1. The LLP is a body corporate having separate entity from its partners and perpetual succession.
2. An LLP in India is governed by the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 and, therefore, the provisions of Indian Partnership Act, 1932 are not applicable to it.
3. Every Limited Liability Partnership shall use the words “Limited Liability Partnership” or its acronym “LLP” as the last words of its name.
4. An LLP is a result of an agreement between the partners, and the mutual rights and duties of partners of an LLP are determined by the said agreement subject to the provisions of LLP Act, 2008.
5. The LLP being a separate legal entity is liable for all its assets, with the liability of the partners limited only to the amount of contributed by them just like a company. No partner will be individually liable for any wrongful acts of other partners. However if the LLP was formed for the purpose of defrauding creditors or for any fraudulent purpose, then the liability of the partners who had the knowledge will be unlimited.
6. There must be at least two designated partners in every LLP of whom one shall be resident in India.
7. Every LLP shall maintain annual accounts to show its true state of affairs. It must prepare a statement of accounts and solvency every year and file with the Registrar.
8. The Central Government may, whenever it thinks fit, investigate into the affairs of an LLP by appointing a competent Inspector.
9. A firm, private company or an unlisted public company have the option to convert itself into LLP as per the provisions of the Act. Upon such conversion, the Registrar will issue a certificate to that effect. After issuance of a certificate of registration, all the property of the firm or the company, all assets, rights, obligations relating to the company shall be vested in the LLP so formed, and the firm or the company stands dissolved.
10. The name of the firm or the company is then removed from the Registrar of Firms or Registrar of Companies, as the case may be. Like the company, an LLP can be wound up either voluntary or by the Tribunal established under the Companies Act, 2013
11. The LLP Act 2008 also enables the Central Government to apply the provisions of the Companies Act whenever it thinks appropriate.
ADVANTAGES OF LLP
Easy to form: Forming an LLP is an easy process. It is less complicated and time consuming unlike the process of formation of a company.
2. Liability: The partners of the LLP is having limited liability which means partners are not liable to pay the debts of the company from their personal assets. No partner is responsible for any other partner’s misconduct.
3. Perpetual succession: The life of the Limited Liability Partnership is not affected by death, retirement or insolvency of the partner. The LLP will get wound up only as per provisions of the LLP Act.
4. Management of the company: An LLP has partners, who own and manage the business. This is different from a private limited company, whose directors may be different from shareholders.
5. Easy transferability of ownership: There is no restriction upon joining and leaving the LLP. It is easy to admit as a partner and to leave the firm or to easily transfer the ownership to others.
6. Taxation: an LLP is not subject to Dividend Distribution Tax. (DDT). Distributed profits in the hands of the partners is not taxable. For Income Tax purposes, LLP is treated on par with partnership firms.
7. No compulsory audit required: Every business has to appoint an auditor for checking the internal management of the company and its accounts. However, in the case of LLP, there is no mandatory audit required. The audit is required only in those cases where the turnover of the company exceeds Rs 40 lakhs and where the contribution exceeds Rs 25 lakhs.
8. Fewer compliance requirements: An LLP is much easier and cheaper to run than a private limited company as there are just three compliances per year. On the other hand, a private limited company has a lot of compliances to fulfil and has to compulsorily conduct an audit of its books of accounts.
9. Flexible agreement: The partners are free to draft the agreement as they please, with regard to their rights and duties.
10. Easy to wind-up: Not only is it easy to start, it is also easier to wind-up an LLP, as compared to a private limited company.
DISADVANTAGES OF LLP
Restricted Access to Capital Markets: LLPs are small form of business and cannot get its shares listed in any stock exchange through initial public offerings. With this restriction, limited liability partnerships may find it difficult to attract outside investors to buy the shares.
2. Rights of partners: An LLP can be structured in such a way that one partner has more rights than another. So it isn’t a one vote per share system. So, some lesser partners may feel compromised if higher shareholders choose to move the business in a direction that affects their interests.
3. Public Disclosure of LLP Information: A LLP must file its Annual Returns, Financial Statements etc to the Registrar of LLPs annually. Which become public document once filed with Registrar of LLPs and may be inspected by general public including competitors by paying some fees to the Registrar of LLPs. Information disclosure can make an entity competitively disadvantaged. Competitors – especially those not required to disclose any documents – can access that information and use it to improve their own business.
4. Limitations in Formation of LLP: LLP cannot be formed by a single person. A non – resident Indian and a Foreign National willing to form a LLP in India must have one person resident in India to act as Designated Partner. Further FDI in LLP is allowed only through government route only and that too in those sectors only where 100% FDI is allowed under automatic route under the FDI Policy. This limitation makes LLP an unattractive form of business.
5. Offenses and penalties: Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 provides that for non-compliance on procedural matters such as delay in filing of e-forms, one has to pay default fee for every day for which the default continues. Such default fee would be payable at the rate of rupee one hundred per day after the expiry of the date of filing up to a period of three hundred days. The offense can result in either:-
(i)through payment of fine or
(ii) through payment of fine as well as imprisonment of the offender.
6. Exit Options are Not Easy for LLPs in default of Filings: A LLP who has defaulted in filings its statement of accounts and annual return with the Registrar of LLPs, willing to shut down its operations and wind up, will have to make its default good first by filing necessary e-forms with late filing fee. This provision is making LLP an unattractive form of business as in India there are many businesses that are ignorant about compliances.
7. Limitation in External Commercial Borrowings (ECB): Limited Liability Partnerships are not allowed to raise ECB. Therefore, a LLP cannot avail commercial loans from its foreign partners, FIIs, Foreign Banks, and any financial institution located outside India.
PROCEDURE FOR AN INCORPORATION OF LLP
The incorporation document shall be filed in Form FiLLiP (Form for incorporation of Limited Liability Partnership) with the Registrar having jurisdiction over the State in which the registered office of the limited liability partnership is to be situated.
If an individual required to be appointed as designated partner does not have a DPIN or DIN,application for allotment of DPIN shall be made in Form FiLLiP The application for allotment of DPIN shall not be made by more than two individuals in Form FiLLiP: an application for reservation of name may be made through Form FiLLiP: Provided also that where an applicant had applied for reservation of name under rule 18 in Form RUN-LLP (Reserve Unique Name-Limited Liability Partnership) and which has been approved, he may fill the reserved name as the proposed name of limited liability partnership.
THE SUMMARIES PROCEDURE FOR
Incorporation of LLP is as under:
Procure DSC and DIN:
Procure DSC and DIN for the individuals acting as Designated Partners of LLP. A person, who already has a DIN, is not require to obtain any new DIN. Existing DIN to be used for Designated Partner (However, DIN should have all latest details such as resident of India, name, address etc.). Any person proposed to become the Designated Partner in a new LLP shall have to make an application through eform FiLLiP. An application for allotment of DIN up to two Designated Partners, shall be filed in an e-form FILLiP with the Registrar, in case of proposed Designated Partners not having approved DIN.
2. Name reservation: The first step in incorporation of an LLP is reservation of name of the proposed LLP. There are two ways of reserving name of the proposed LLP.
i. File an application under LLP-RUN for ascertaining availability and reservation of the name of an LLP.
ii. Name can be proposed in eform FiLLiP, an application for incorporation of LLP.
3. Incorporate LLP: After reserving a name under LLP-RUN, applicant should file eform FiLLiP for incorporating a new LLP. eform FiLLiP contains the details of LLP proposed to be incorporated, Partners’/ Designated Partners’ details and consent of the Partner/ Designated Partners to act as Partners/ Designated Partners. On approval of the form, the RoC will issue the certificate of incorporation.
Where the Registrar, on examining Form FiLLiP, finds that it is necessary to call for further information or finds such application or document to be defective or incomplete in any respect, he shall give intimation to the applicant to remove the defects and re-submit the e-form within fifteen days from the date of such intimation given by the Registrar.
After re-submission of the document, if the Registrar still finds that the document is defective or incomplete in any respect, he shall give one more opportunity of fifteen days time to remove such defects or deficiencies: Provided that the total period for re-submission of documents shall not exceed thirty days.
Documents to be attached with form FiLLiP:
i. Consent of the partners.
ii. In case of the partners who are body corporates, certified true copy of the board resolution is passed by such body corporate partners.
iii. Proof of address of registered office of LLP.
iv. Subscribers’ sheet including consent.
v. Detail of LLP(s) and/ or company(s) in which partner/ designated partner is a director/ partner.
vi. Copy of approval obtained from any sectoral regulator/in-principle approval.
vii. Identity and address proof of individuals acting as Partner and/or Designated Partner.
viii. List of main objects of an LLP.
ix. If the name proposed is liked to registered trademark, NoC from the trade mark owner.
x. NOC of foreign body corporate for usage of name (In case of foreign entities intending to incorporate LLPs in India).
Organisations are a part of society and employee has certain expectations which must be fulfilled by the organisation where he is working. Due to different social background and various psychological factors employees occasionally have to be uncomfortable or aggrieved about certain managerial decisions, practices or service conditions.
In some cases, the employees have complaints against their employers, while in others it is the employers who have a grievance against their employees. For smooth selling of the organisation, it is necessary to pay immediate attention on these grievances and complaints.
Dale Yader defines a grievance as “a written complaint filed by an employee and claiming unfair treatment. Keith Davis, defines a grievance as “any real or imagined feeling of personal injustice which an employee has concerning his employment relationship.”
Grievance management concept
Emergence of grievance is a natural outcome of interaction among people, whether in organizational context or in other context. In the organizational context, employees may have some grievances against employer; in the same way, employer may have grievances, against employees. Grievance is a state of dissatisfaction over some issues related to employment. Generally, expression of this dissatisfaction-is known as grievance.
National Commission on Labour (India) has taken the view that “complaints affecting one or more individual workers in respect of wage payments, overtime, leave, transfer, promotion, seniority, work assignment, and other discharges constitute grievances.”
Based on the above definitions, we may derive that:
Grievance is a feeling of an employee that an injustice has been done to him.
2. The feeling may be valid and legitimate, or untrue; and may arise out of something connected with the work or the organization.
When employees have grievances and these are not redressed properly, these result in frustration, discontent, and indifference to work, poor morale, and low productivity. Accumulated grievances among employees may lead to turmoil in the organization.
Forms of Grievance : Factual, imaginary and Disguised
A Grievance may take any one of the following forms:
(i) Factual :
Factual grievances arise when legitimate needs of employees remain unfulfilled, e.g., wage hike has been agreed but not implemented.
(ii) Imaginary:
When an employee’s grievance is because of wrong perception, wrong attitude or wrong information. Though it is not the fault of management, the responsibility for their redressal still rents with the management.
(iii) Disguised:
An employee may have dissatisfaction for reasons that are unknown to himself. If he or she is under pressure from family, friends, relatives, neighbours, he or she may reach the work spot with a heavy heart. If a new recruit gets a new table and cupboard, this may become an eye shore to other employees who have not been treated like wise previously.
Identification of Grievance : 5 proactive methods of addressing Grievance
Grievance should be redressed by adopting proactive approach rather than reactive approach. The proactive approach addresses the factors responsible for emergence of grievance. In other words, management does not allow grievance causing situation to emerge. But in reactive approach, a particular grievance gets redressed but the underlying cause continues to exist. Unless it is rooted out lock, stock and barrel, there cannot be any permanent solution.
The following are the proactive methods of addressing Grievance:
(i) Exit Interview: Information collected from the exiting employee on various aspects of working conditions forcing him to quit is supposed to be more credible than those expressed by the existing workers.
(ii) Gripe Box System: Employees may be encouraged to drop anonymous complaints as they may fear that their identity may invite victimisation especially when they complain against the management. This method is more appropriate when there is lack of trust and understanding between employees and their supervisors.
(iii) Opinion Survey: Various surveys line morale survey, attitude survey, job satisfaction survey, grievance survey or comprehensive survey comprising all the above aspects, reveal vital inputs about the negative aspects of functioning of the organization. Since the survey is conducted by persons other than the supervisor and the respondent’s identify is not insisted upon, information collected is likely to be reliable.
(iv) Meetings: Group meeting, periodical interviews, collective bargaining sessions, informal get-togethers may be used to collect information about grievances.
(v) Open-door policy : Under this policy any employee can lodge complaint or file his grievance with the manager designated for this purpose. The very objective of this policy is to encourage upward communication.
Causes of Grievance in industrial organisation:
Grievances typically arise on such questions as discipline and dismissal, the payment of wages and other fringe benefits, working time, over-time and time-off entitlements, promotions, demotion and transfer, rights deriving from seniority rights of supervisors and union officers, job classification problems, the relationships of work rules to the collective agreement and the fulfilment of obligations relating to safety and health laid down in the agreement.
Such grievances, if not dealt with in accordance with a procedure that secures the respect of the parties, can result in embitterment of the working relationship and a climate of industrial strife.
Grievance resulting from working conditions:
Strained employer – employee relationship
Tight production standards
Unfavourable physical conditions such as excessive heat , low temperature , excessive humidity etc.
Change in schedule or procedure
Mismatch between the job and the worker
Grievances arising from management policy:
Wage Payment
job rates
Leave and overtime
seniority and Promotion
Role ambiguity
Disciplinary action
Absence of employee development plan
Grievance resulting from personal maladjustment :
Over-ambition
Excessive self-esteem
Impractical attitude to life
Model Grievance procedure in India:
The Grievance procedure issue was discussed in the 15th session of Indian labour conference held in 1957. In the 16th session of the conference (1958), model Grievance procedure was prepared .
The steps in procedure (as per the model Grievance procedure) will be as follows:
Step:1 Grievance is to be submitted in writing to the departmental representative of the management. Here the aggrieved worker can take the help of this union representative. He (departmental representative) has to be replay with in 48 hour.
Step:2 If the matter is not settled at the level , the aggrieved worker can take the matter to the head of the department who has room give the decision with in 3 days.
Step:3 If concerned worker is not satisfied at this stage, he can take his Grievance to the grievance committee. This committee must make it recommendation to the management with in 7 days. The final; decision of the management on the report of the committee is to be communicate to the concerned worker with in 3 days of receipt.
Step:4 If the worker is not satisfied even at this stage , he can make appeal for revision to the management and the management has to communicate its decision to concerned worker with 7 days.
Step:5 In the final stage , the Grievance may be referred to voluntary arbitration.
On the 2nd of July, a Turkish court heard a lawsuit in which the Hagia Sophia was turned back into a mosque. It will have its decision released within 15 days.
The 1,500-year-old structure, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, was originally a cathedral before it was turned into a mosque.
The History of Hagia Sophia
Two churches were built on the site where the present Hagia Sophia stands, in 360 AD and 415 AD, and were later demolished. Eventually, in 537 AD, during the reign of Emperor Justinian, the present building was built as a church. It was established to become the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church’s Patriarch, and remained so for around 900 years. It was at the time the world’s largest building and a marvel of engineering, and was renowned for its wide dome. The words ‘Hagia Sophia’ signified ‘Holy Wisdom’.
Transition from Cathedral to Mosque
In 1453, Constantinople (old name of Istanbul) fell to Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II. The Hagia Sophia was vandalized by the Ottoman army (but not totally destroyed). It was soon after transformed into a mosque. Major interior repairs have been carried out; the Christianity signs and symbols have been plastered over but still remain visible. Minarets were added according to Islamic architecture.
And then from Mosque to Museum
After World War I, the Ottoman Empire saw its downfall and the modern and secular Republic of Turkey was established three years later, under the Ataturk’s leadership. The patriarchal head, Mustafa Kemal Pasha ‘Ataturk’ ordered the Hagia Sophia to be converted to a museum in 1934. Hagia Sophia was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1985 and currently attracts over 3 million visitors a year. In 2013, government allowed the muezzin to call for prayer from the minarets of the museum. The conversion issue was raised during local elections in 2019, after which Erdogan’s party lost the municipal elections in Istanbul. Further, this year, special Islamic prayers were held in the museum structure on the 567th anniversary of the Ottoman invasion.
Association for the Protection of Historic Monuments and the Environment, a group asking for the Hagia Sophia to be reverted from a museum to a mosque filed a case in Turkish courts.
Local media sources suggest the government has been planning to keep Hagia Sophia open to visitors even though it has been converted into a mosque. The World Heritage Committee shall take decisions relating to the application of the Convention on the Preservation of the World Cultural Heritage. When a country has ratified the Convention and wants to change the name of a monument, it must send its request for approval to the Commission.
Many religious and political figures have opposed the agreement, including the Istanbul-based Ecumenical Patriarch, the spiritual leader of the world’s Orthodox Christians, as well as Greece, France and the United States. The intense executive activism in Turkey is fueled by political motives and is an effort to establish Islamic supremacy which is against the secular character of the republic established in 1922.
“I’ve been making a list of the things they don’t teach you at school. They don’t teach you how to love somebody. They don’t teach you how to be famous. They don’t teach you how to be rich or how to be poor. They don’t teach you how to walk away from someone you don’t love any longer. They don’t teach you how to know what’s going on in someone else’s mind. They don’t teach you what to say to someone who’s dying. They don’t teach you anything worth knowing.”
― Neil Gaiman,
The greatest disease in the West today is not TB or leprosy; it is being unwanted, unloved, and uncared for. We can cure physical diseases with medicine, but the only cure for loneliness, despair, and hopelessness is love. There are many in the world who are dying for a piece of bread but there are many more dying for a little love. The poverty in the West is a different kind of poverty — it is not only a poverty of loneliness but also of spirituality. There’s a hunger for love, as there is a hunger for God. As Mother Teresa said in A simple path
“Poverty” is the worst form of violence”, said Mahatma Gandhi. Over the years, poverty has proved to be the biggest hurdle in the way of success of India’s development. Poverty is that condition in which a person fails to not only fulfil his basic physiological needs, but also fails to protect himself from diseases, get balanced nutrition, maintain good health etc.
In simple terms, a person in order to survive should have proper food, clothing, shelter, health care and education. Thus, poverty refers to a person failing to acquire these minimum levels of subsistence and in turn suffer from starvation, malnutrition, and diseases.
Poverty has been an inevitable problem since the time immemorial. From late 19th century through early 20th century, under British colonial rule, poverty in India intensified, peaking in 1920’s. Over this period, the colonial government, de-industrialised India by reducing garments and other finished products’ manufacturing by artisans in India.
They instead imported these from Britain. These colonial policies moved unemployed artisans into farming and transformed India as a region increasingly abundant in land, unskilled labour and low productivity, capital and knowledge. Moreover famines and diseases killed millions each time.
Recently, in 2013, the Indian Government stated 21.9% of its population is below official poverty limit. In other words, India with 17.5% of world’s total population, had 20.6% share of world’s poorest in 2013. A large proportion of poor people live in rural areas. Poverty is deepest among members of scheduled castes and tribes in the country’s rural areas.
On the map of India, the poorest areas are in parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. In fact, the story of our prolonged poverty and tyranny attached has got so much fame that a , foreign director (Danny Boyle) produced a whole movie on the issue. This movie is Slumdog Millionaire which got worldwide acclamation through Oscar Awards.
Statistics reveals that economic prosperity has indeed been very impressive in India, but it is the distribution of wealth that has been uneven and has caused the grave problem of poverty. Other major causes of poverty are illiteracy along with uncontrolled population growth, unemployment and under-employment, dependence on agriculture, caste system and corruption. The causes of rural poverty are manifold including inadequate and ineffective implementation of anti-poverty programmes.
The over-dependence on monsoon with non-availability of irrigational facilities often results in crop-failure and low agricultural productivity forcing farmers in the debt-traps. The children of poor families are forced to take up jobs at a tender age to fend for their large families, thus are not only deprived of their childhood but education too adding to the illiterate bulk of the country.
Central grants for programmes like Indira Awas Yojana and others, which was aimed at providing housing to the poor, have been utter failures due to lack of proper implementation. Massive transfer of ‘Black Money’ overseas and under-utilisation of foreign aid have also contributed to the deepening of poverty in India. Nelson Mandela once quoted:
“Like Slavery and Apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man-made and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings”.
Interestingly, the incidence of rural poverty has declined somewhat in the past years as a result of rural to urban migration. In order to combat the grave problem of poverty, first and foremost, there should be a strict check on population increase. Creation of employment opportunities, spread of education, elimination of black money, decentralisation of planning, helping women and youth to become self-reliant are some other ways to combat this problem. Empowering the weaker and backward section of society is also expected to contribute to the alleviation of poverty. It is not due to lack of resources or technical assistance that we are failing in achieving our goals but more so due to lack of execution of these plans and programmes.
“In a country well governed, poverty is something to be ashamed of. In a country badly governed, wealth is something to be ashamed of.”
Illiteracy describes the inability to read and/or write. Because of the problem of unemployment and poverty, children have no chance of proper education. Many people remain illiterate because of physical or mental disabilities. Other social evils like the caste system and gender inequalities also cause illiteracy. One of the leading causes of crime is illiteracy.
Most illiterate people are unaware of the advantages of maintaining cleanliness and hygiene. Illiterates have difficulty in getting a good job and earning. Overpopulation is a massive increase in the number of people and is causing by some factors.
The only and best way to eliminate illiteracy from society is education. The government should take steps to promote free education for the backward class of society in government schools. The government is also looking at the fact that people receive fair pay for their work.
Illiteracy in India has, since long before independence, been regarded as an obstacle to development. It is commonly believed that without substantially eliminating illiteracy, India cannot become a cohesive nation and give to all its citizens the quality of life they have long yearned for. No wonder that education in general and literacy in particular have been accorded a high priority in the country’s development process. How is literacy defined? Who is literate? One who can read and write some language is ‘literate’.
UNESCO has defined a literate person as “one who can with understanding both read and writes a short simple statement on his everyday life”. Following UNESCO, the Census Commission in India in 1991 also defined ‘literate’ person as one who can read and write “with understanding” in any Indian language, and not merely read and write. Those who can read but cannot write are not literate. Formal education in a school is not necessary for a person to be considered as literate.
In a resolution on National Policy on Education adopted in 1968, radical reconstruction of education was proposed so that it involved:
(i) A transformation of the system to relate it more closely to the life of the people,
(ii) A continuous effort to expand educational opportunity,
(iii) A sustained effort to raise the quality of education at all stages,
(iv) An emphasis on the development of science and technology, and
(v) Cultivation of moral and social values.
In 1986, stress was laid on the educational policy and the provision of equal opportunities of education to all classes was emphasized. There has been some progress in the field of education since the 1950s. The number of recognized primary and middle schools has increased more than three times (that is, from 2.23 lakh in 1951 to 6.94 lakh in 1989-90).
The enrolment of students in the primary and middle schools has increased by about five times (that is, from 22.27 million to 107.31 million) in the same period (India, 1992: 83) A little more than a three-fold increase has also been registered in the total number of literates, that is, from 16.7 per cent of the total population in 1951 to 52.11 per cent in 1991.
The literacy rate in India in different years was found as: 1901:5.3 percent, 1921:7.2 percent, 1941:16.1 percent, 1961:24.0 per cent, 1981:36.2 per cent, and 1991:52.1 per cent. Among males, the literacy rate increased from 9.8 per cent in 1901 to 12.2 per cent in 1921, 24.9 per cent in 1941, 34.4 per cent in 1961, 46.9 per cent in 1981, and 63.8 per cent in 1991; while among females it rose from 0.6 per cent in 1901 to 1.8 per cent in 1921, 7.3 percent in 1941, 13.0 percent in 1961, 24.8 per cent in 1981 and 39.4 per cent in 1991 (literacy rates relate to population aged seven years and above in 1991 but to the total population of the country up to 1981) (The Hindustan Times, March 26, 1991 and Frontline, April 27-May 10, 1991).
If the old definition of the literacy is adopted and the entire population considered, the literacy rate was 42.94 per cent for 1991 compared to 36.23 per cent in 1981 and 29.48 per cent in 1971. Together with the quantitative expansion of education facilities, there is now a greater emphasis on the qualitative aspect as well. Before 1976, education was exclusively the responsibility of the states, the central government being concerned only with the coordination and determination of standards in technical and higher education.
In 1976, through a constitutional amendment, education became the joint responsibility of both the Centre and the states. Determined efforts are now being made to achieve the goal of universal elementary education and eradication of illiteracy in the age group 15-35 by the end of the century. On one hand, community participation has been planned, and on the other hand, a programme named “Operation Blackboard” has been implemented to provide the basic amenities in education in primary schools.
Non-formal education and open learning systems are being encouraged at all levels. However, in the field of removing illiteracy in the country, not much progress could be made an account of its huge population. This is evident from the vast magnitude of illiterate persons still found in the country.
“The man who reads nothing at all is better educated than the man who reads nothing but newspapers.”
Thus to meet the need of 21st century , School education System is to convert it to a 5+3+3+4 system with 3 years as pre -schooling. In a federal system , any reform can be made only with some support from state and centre who have taken the task of building an ambitious Plans. This process will help in eliminating process of pedagogy , Structural inequalities and rampat commercialisation. There will be school examinations in Grades 3 , 5 and 8 conducted by appropriate authority . A new national Assessment centre prakash will set up as a standard -setting body and thus the old system of examination of Grade 10 and 12 is gonna re -designed.
The union cabinet on Wednesday approved the New Education policy . One of the major decision , the cabinet has renamed the ministry of Human Resource and Development as ministry of Education. This decision of changing name came due to recommendations listed in draft on New Education Policy .
We already know about our education system ,regarding the poor literacy and Numeracy outcomes ,Drop out levels in middle and Higher education failed to meet the aspirations for multi disciplinary Programmes.
Lets speak about new reforms –
1.Board exams will test your actual knowledge and not from root .
2.Mother tongue will be available till 5th standard as instructions
3.Report card will be on skills rather than on mere marks and statements .
4.Pedagogical structure reformed as there will be no streams available
5.All seperation between vocational, acedemic , Curricular , Extra – curricular Will also be removed.
It is a new national curriculum framework for ECE , adult Education , and teachers.
360 Degree Hostilic progress card of child. It is tracking children to progress their Learning Outcomes. NTA to introduce common enterance examination for admission to HEIs. National professional standards for teachers . Book promotion policy and Digital libraries. Transparent online self disclosure for public oversight and accountability.Public investment to reach 6 % in Education sector . Fee fixation with Board regulation system .NEP will generate little friction like provision of an energy -filled breakfast , in addition to the nutritious mid – day meal , to help children achieve better learning outcomes. Creation of inclusion funds to help socially and educationally disadvantaged people for pursuing Education.
Reforms in Higher Education
1.UG Programme -3 to 4 years
2. P G programme -1 to 2 years
3 . M phil to be discontinued
4.Integrated 5 years bachelor’s / masters
5. Multiple entry and exit
6. Credit transfer
7. Flexibility of subjects
8. Autonomous degree granting college.
9. All degrees will be of 4 years.
Among all others , the deadline of achieving universal literacy and numeracy by 2025 should be a top priority goal for progress. Bagless day to be encouraged throughout the year for school students . The three languages will be learnt by students on their choice , state and region. Variable model for semester , annual and module papers. Exam will be twice a year, no more board exam stress.
The present Education system runned for 34 years from 1986 , its after 34 years new reform introduced in educational line. Our Government have the vision of creating the country with youth ‘s of high quality education and make global superior knowledge country.
The companies can be divided into different types based on parameters such as Size of company, a number of its members, Control of ownership, Liability to shareholders, need of capital from public & On the basis of the manner in which capital can be accessed. A company is popularly referred as a group of person coming together with resources in terms of capital, manpower, and skill for the common objective of making profits.
In old companies Act 1956 a company should have at least 2 persons as its member or shareholder. However, the companies Act 2013 introduced a new concept of One Person Company in India wherein only one Indian person who is a citizen of India can register a private limited company with some limitation, the different types of companies can be classified based on different parameters.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE COMPANIES
1. Classification on the basis of Incorporation: Companies may be Incorporated under the following categories:
(a) Statutory Companies: These are constituted by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. The provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 do not apply to them. Examples of these types of companies are Reserve Bank of India, Life Insurance Corporation of India, etc.
(b) Registered Companies: The companies which are incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 or under any previous company law and registered with the Registrar of Companies, fall under this category.
2. Classification on the basis of Liability: Under this category there are three types of companies: –
(a) Unlimited Companies: In this type of company, the liability of members of the company is unlimited, Section 2(92) of the Companies Act, 2013 provides that unlimited company means a company not having any limit on the liability of its members, Such companies may or may not have share capital. They may be either a public company or a private company. . The members is liable to the company and to any other person.
(b) Companies limited by guarantee: Section 2(21) of the Companies Act, 2013 provides that a company that has the liability of its members limited to such amount as the members may respectively undertake, by the memorandum, to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound-up, is known as a company limited by guarantee. The members of a guarantee company are, in effect, placed in the position of guarantors of the company’s debts up to the agreed amount. the members is liable to the company and to any other person.
(c) Companies limited by shares: A company that has the liability of its members limited by the liability clause in the memorandum to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by them is termed as a company limited by shares. Section 2(22) of the Companies Act, 2013 provides that “company limited by shares” means a company having the liability of its members limited by the memorandum to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by them.
For example,a shareholder who has paid Rs. 75 on a share of face value Rupees 100 can be called upon to pay the balance of Rupees.25 only’. Companies limited by shares are by far the most common and it may be either public or private.
3. Other Forms of Companies
(a) Section 8 Companies: a person or an association of persons proposed to be registered under this Act as a limited company and proved to the satisfaction of the Central Government that the company –
i. has in its objects the promotion of commerce, art, science, sports, education, research, social welfare, religion, charity, protection of environment or any such other object;
ii. intends to apply its profits, if any, or other income in promoting its objects; and
iii. intends to prohibit the payment of any dividend to its members such person or association of person may be allowed to be registered as a limited company without addition to its name of the word “limited” or private limited by the Central government by issuing a license and by prescribing specified condition.
The association proposed to be registered under section 8 shall not be proposed to be an unlimited company. However the same may be company limited by guarantee or a Company limited by shares.
(b) Government Companies: As per section 2(45) of the Companies Act, 2013 the Government company” means any company in which not less than fifty-one per cent of the paid-up share capital is held by the Central Government, or by any State Government or Governments, or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments, and includes a company which is a subsidiary company of such a Government company;
(c) Foreign Companies: As per section 2(42) of the Companies Act, 2013 the “foreign company” means any company or body corporate incorporated outside India which,-
(a) has a place of business in India whether by itself or through an agent, physically or through electronic mode; and
(b) conducts any business activity in India in any other manner.
(d) Holding and Subsidiary Companies; As per section 2(46) of the Companies Act, 2013 46) the “holding company”, in relation to one or more other companies, means a company of which such companies are subsidiary companies and the expression “company” includes any body corporate.
As per section 2(87) of the Companies Act, 2013 “subsidiary company” or “subsidiary”, in relation to any other company (that is to say the holding company), means a company in which the holding company –
(i) controls the composition of the Board of Directors or
(ii) exercises or controls more than one-half of the 19[total voting power] either at its own or together with one or more of its subsidiary companies:
Provided that such class or classes of holding companies as may be prescribed shall not have layers of subsidiaries beyond such numbers as may be prescribed.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this clause, –
(a) a company shall be deemed to be a subsidiary company of the holding company even if the control referred to in sub-clause (i) or sub-clause (ii) is of another subsidiary company of the holding company;
(b) the composition of a company’s Board of Directors shall be deemed to be controlled by another company if that other company by exercise of some power exercisable by it at its discretion can appoint or remove all or a majority of the directors.
(c) the expression “company” includes any body corporate.
(d) “layer” in relation to a holding company means its subsidiary or subsidiaries.
As per section 2(11) of the Companies Act, 2013, the “body corporate” or “corporation” includes a company incorporated outside India, but does not include –
(i) a co-operative society registered under any law relating to co-operative societies and
(ii) any other body corporate (not being a company as defined in this Act), which the Central Government may, by notification, specify in this behalf.
(e) Associate Companies/ Joint Venture Company: As per section 2(6) of the Companies Act, 2013 the “associate company”, in relation to another company, means a company in which that other company has a significant influence, but which is not a subsidiary company of the company having such influence and includes a joint venture company.
Explanation.- For the purpose of this clause, –
(a) the expression “significant influence” means control of at least twenty per cent. of total voting power, or control of or participation in business decisions under an agreement.
(b) the expression “joint venture” means a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.
(f) Investment Companies: the term “investment company” includes a company whose principal business is the acquisition of shares, debentures or other securities 13[and a company will be deemed to be principally engaged in the business of acquisition of shares, debentures or other securities, if its assets in the form of investment in shares, debentures or other securities constitute not less than fifty per cent. of its total assets, or if its income derived from investment business constitutes not less than fifty per cent. as a proportion of its gross income.
(g) Producer Companies: Producer Company means a body corporate having objects or activities specified in section 581B of the Companies Act, 1956 and registered as Producer Company under the Companies Act.
The objects of the Producer Company shall relate to all or any of the following matters, namely:
i. production, harvesting, procurement, grading, pooling, handling, marketing, selling, export of primary produce of the Members or import of goods or services for their benefit: Provided that the Producer Company may carry on any of the activities specified in this clause either by itself or through other institution ;
ii. processing including preserving, drying, distilling, brewing, vinting, canning and packaging of produce of its Members ;
iii. manufacture, sale or supply of machinery, equipment or consumables mainly to its Members.
iv. providing education on the mutual assistance principles to its Members and others.
v. rendering technical services, consultancy services, training, research and development and all other activities for the promotion of the interests of its Members.
vi. generation, transmission and distribution of power, revitalisation of land and water resources, their use, conservation and communications relatable to primary produce.
vii. insurance of producers or their primary produce.
viii. promoting techniques of mutuality and mutual assistance.
ix. welfare measures or facilities for the benefit of Members as may be decided by the Board.
x. any other activity, ancillary or incidental to any of the activities referred above or other activities which may promote the principles of mutuality and mutual assistance amongst the members in any other manner.
xi. financing of procurement, processing, marketing or other activities specified above which include extending of credit facilities or any other financial services to its Members.
(h) Nidhi Companies: A nidhi company is a type of company in the Indian non-banking finance sector, recognized under section 406 of the Companies Act, 2013 their core business is borrowing and lending money between their members.
They are also known as Permanent Fund, Benefit Funds, Mutual Benefit Funds and Mutual Benefit Company. These companies are regulated under the Nidhi Rules, 2014 issued by the Ministry of Corporate affairs.
(i) Dormant Companies covered under Section 455 of the Companies Act. 2013 and includes a company which is formed and registered under the Act for a future project or to hold an asset or intellectual property and which has not been carrying on any business or operation, or has not made any significant accounting transaction during the last two financial years, or has not filed financial statements and annual returns during the last two financial years.
(j) Non-banking Financial Companies: A Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) is a company registered under the Companies Act, 1956 / 2013 engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of shares/stocks/bonds/debentures/securities issued by Government or local authority or other marketable securities of a like nature, leasing, hire-purchase, insurance business, chit business but does not include any institution whose principal business is that of agriculture activity, industrial activity, purchase or sale of any goods (other than securities) or providing any services and sale/purchase/construction of immovable property.
A non-banking institution which is a company and has principal business of receiving deposits under any scheme or arrangement in one lump sum or in installments by way of contributions or in any other manner, is also a non- banking financial company.
(k) Listed Company: “listed company” means a company which has any of its securities listed on any recognised stock exchange.
The Expert panel which was setup by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has prepared certain draft norms for Social Stock Exchanges (SSE).
SSE is an electronic fundraising platform that allows investors to buy shares in a social enterprise that has been assessed by the exchange.
Such social enterprises include revenue-generating businesses whose primary goal is to achieve a social objective, for example, providing clean energy or healthcare.
Other recent steps which were taken in coal sector include the coal linkages that have been further rationalized in order to reduce the distance in transportation of the coal from the coal mines to the consumer. Under the coal linkage policy, power producers have been linked to the coal producers. The commitments under the linkages are binding and thus, coal cannot be transferred to other consumers.
Environment Protection Act, on the other hand, was amended to drop mandatorily washing coal for supply to thermal power plant. The reason cited was that it prompts industries to import coal. Instead of this, thermal power plants were directed to install the technology for handling ash content.
There were amendments made in the guidelines of preparation, processing and approval of Mining Plan. It was framed into more simplified guidelines. The same was done based on the similar measures which are being taken to formulate an online single window clearance system.
Amendments were also made to Mineral Concession Rule 1960 with the objective to provide more flexibility in the plan and operation.
Mineral Laws (Amendment) Act, 2020 which includes provisions like removal of restriction on end-use of coal, Composite license for prospecting and mining etc. is basically framed with the objective to promote ease of doing business in coal mining.
Alongwith it, announcements made under Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, mentioning of the spending ₹50,000 crore was done specifying the creation of infrastructure for coal extraction and transport, reimbursement of revenue share payable to government in cases of early production, producing excess of the scheduled target and also for the coal used in gasification etc.
The idea of a SSE for listing of social enterprise is for the voluntary organisations to raise capitals as debt, equity or like a mutual fund which was also as such specified in the Union Budget 2019-20. Later, SEBI constituted a panel to suggest norms for SSEs.
The most prominent SSEs in the world hail from the UK, USA, Canada, Singapore, South Africa and Mauritius.
Numbering the benefits of Social Stock Exchange can be a task as this is bound to certainly unlock funds from donors, philanthropic foundations and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) spenders. It might functionally impact investors for social development. As per Brookings India, only 57% of the total social enterprises at the moment have access to debt and equity. This fact stands as a barrier to growth and sustainability. That is certainly expected to change through this.
The Listing of social enterprises in the SSEs would also improve visibility of social enterprises in the eyes of large investors and humanitarian organisations. Also, SSEs will provide a better understanding of social sector to the investors which are routing their investment.
The Banks, NBFCs and other investors can also raise capital from SSE to participate in the growth journey of the social enterprises and thereby deepen their impact in the development.
Further, SSE will help to improve essential social services and important social sectors like health, education, clean energy and agriculture by channelling greater capital to them.
SSE is also expected to unlock large pools of social capital. Furthermore, it is also expected to encourage blended finance structures so that conventional capital can partner with social capital. This will in turn specifically address the urgent challenges of COVID-19.
But there are certain challenges in setting up SSE. Like there is no consensus about what is and isn’t a social enterprise. Prof Muhammad Yunus, a renowned expert in the field defined social business as what can be adopted as “a non-loss, non-dividend paying company which is created and designed to address a social problem.”
The valuing social initiatives, welfare and non-profits organisations is also difficult, because there is no set benchmark, no uniform structures to set minimum thresholds to enable their listing.
Apart from equity capital, social enterprises need debt particularly to meet working capital requirements, but only handful of private impact investors provide debt to early-stage social enterprises.
India at the moment has more than about 2 million social enterprises which includes the non-profits, for-profits and hybrid model and they certainly need careful planning with the designing of the social stock exchange.
India’s union Cabinet on Wednesday approved the National Education Policy 2020, engraving a way for transforming reforms in school and higher education sector in the country. Union cabinet also renamed the HRD Ministry as Education Ministry. Making the announcement, Union Ministers Prakash Javadekar and Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank said there would be a single regulator for all higher education institutions and MPhil would be discontinued.
“I congratulate Government of India for giving the country an education policy that will nurture a child’s creative and unique abilities rather than only judging them on their exam scores”, said famous film actor Anil Kapoor in reaction to new education policy.
The National Education Policy was framed in 1986 and modified in 1992. More than three decades have passed since previous Policy. During this period significant changes have taken place in our country, society economy, and the world at large. It is in this context that the education sector needs to gear itself towards the demands of the 21st Century and the needs of the people and the country. Quality, innovation and research will be the pillars on which India will become a knowledge super power. Clearly, a new Education Policy is needed.
The Government had initiated the process of formulating a New Education Policy through the consultation process for an inclusive, participatory and holistic approach, which takes into consideration expert opinions, field experiences, empirical research, stakeholder feedback, as well as lessons learned from best practices.
The Committee for preparation of the draft National Education Policy submitted its report to the Ministry on 31.05.2019. The Draft National Education Policy 2019 (DNEP 2019) was uploaded on MHRD’s website and also at MyGov Innovate portal eliciting views/suggestions/comments of stakeholders, including public. The draft NEP is based on the foundational pillars access, affordability, equity, quality and accountability.
Post submission of Draft Report States/UTs Governments and Government of India Ministries were invited to give their views and comments on Draft National Education Policy 2019. A brief summary of the Draft National Education Policy 2019 was circulated among various stakeholders, which was also translated in 22 languages and uploaded on the Ministry’s website. Meetings with State Education Secretaries of School Education and with State Secretaries of Higher & Technical Education were held.An Education Dialogue with Hon’ble MPs of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Kerala, Karnataka and Odisha.
A special meeting of CABE on National Education Policy was held. In the meeting, 26 Education Ministers of various States and UTs, representatives of States and Union Territories, Members of CABE, Heads of Autonomous Organisations, Vice Chancellors of Universities, attended the meeting along with senior officials of the Central and State Governments. Around 2 lakh suggestions on the Draft National Education Policy received from various stakeholders. A meeting on Draft NEP 2019 of Parliamentary Standing Committee on Human Resource Development was held on 07.11.2019.
Indian Government also said that “Efforts will be made to incentivize the merit of students belonging to SC, ST, OBC, and other SEDGs. The National Scholarship Portal will be expanded to support, foster, and track the progress of students receiving scholarships. Private HEIs (Higher Education Institutes) will be encouraged to offer larger numbers of free ships and scholarships to their students.”
A development in the Indian education system and policies were need of the time, demand of the 21st century. It took almost 34 years for India to make changes into its schooling, Higher Education processes.
Application under section 14 for conversion of public company into private company.
(1) An application under the second proviso to sub-section (1) of section 14 for the conversion of a public company into a private company, shall, within sixty days from the date of passing of special resolution, be filed with Regional Director in e-Form No. RD-l along with the fee as provided in the Companies (Registration Offices and Fees) Rules, 2014 and shall be accompanied by the following documents, namely:-
(a) a draft copy of Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association , with proposed alterations including the alterations pursuant to sub-section (68) of section 2 of the Act;
(b) a copy of the minutes of the general meeting at which the special resolution authorising such alteration was passed together with details of votes cast in favour and or against with names of dissenters;
(c) a copy of Board resolution or Power of Attorney dated not earlier than thirty days, as the case may be, authorising to file application for such conversion;
(d) declaration by a key managerial personnel that pursuant to the provisions of sub-section (68) of section 2 of the Act , the company limits the number of its members to two hundred and also stating that no deposit has been accepted by the company in violation of the Act and rules made thereunder;
(e) declaration by a key managerial personnel that there has been no non-compliance of sections 73 to 76A, 777 , 178,185,186 and 188 of the Act and rules made thereunder;
(f) declaration by a key managerial personnel that no resolution is pending to be filed in terms of sub- section (3) of section 779 and also stating that the company was never listed in any of the Regional
Stock Exchanges and if was so listed, all necessary procedures were complied with in full for complete delisting of the shares in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations laid down by Securities Exchange Board of India: Provided that in case of such companies where no key managerial personnel is required to be appointed, the aforesaid declarations shall be filed any of the director.
(2) Every application filed under sub-rule (1) shall set out the following particulars, namely:-
(a) the date of the Board meeting at which the proposal for alteration of Memorandum and Articles was approved;
(b) the date of the general meeting at which the proposed alteration was approved;
(c) reason for conversion into a private company, effect of such conversion on shareholders, creditors, debenture holders, deposit holders and other related parties;
(d) details of any conversion made within last five years and outcome thereof along with copy of order;
(e) details as to whether the company is registered under section 8.
(3) There shall be attached to the application, a list of creditors, debenture holders, drawn up to the latest practicable date preceding the date of filing of application by not more than thirty days, setting forth the following details, namely:-
(a) the names and address of every creditor and debenture holder of the company;
(b) the nature and respective amounts due to them in respect of debts, claims or liabilities;
(c) in respect of any contingent or unascertained debt, the value, so far as can be justly estimated of such debt: Provided that the company shall file an affidavit, signed by the Company Secretary of the company, if any, and not less than two directors of the company, one of whom shall be managing director, where there is one, to the effect that they have made a full enquiry into affairs of the company and, having done so, have formed an opinion that the list of creditors and debenture holders is correct, and that the estimated value as given in the list of the debts or claims payable on contingency or not ascertained are proper estimates of the values of such debts and claims that there are no other debts, or claims against, the company to their knowledge.
(4) A duly authenticated copy of the list of creditors and debenture holders shall be kept at the registered office of the company and any person desirous of inspecting the same may, at any time during the ordinary hours of business, inspect, and take extracts from the same on payment of ten rupees per page to the company.
(5) The company shall, at least twenty-one days before the date of filing of the application
(a) advertise in the Form No.INC.25A, in a vernacular newspaper in the principal vernacular language in the district and in English language in an English newspaper, widely circulated in the State in which the registered office of the company is situated;
(b) serve, by registered post with acknowledgement due, individual notice on each debenture holder and creditor of the company; and
(c) serve, by registered post with acknowledgement due, a notice to the Regional Director and Registrar and to the regulatory body, if the company is regulated under any law for the time being in force
(6)(a) Where no objection has been received from any person in response to the advertisement or notice referred to in sub-rule (5) and the application is complete in all respects, the same may be put up for orders without hearing and the concerned Regional Director shall pass an order approving the application within thirty days from the date of receipt of the application.
(b) Where the Regional Director on examining the application finds it necessary to call for further information or finds such application to be defective or incomplete in any respect, he shall within thirty days from the date of receipt of the application, give intimation of such information called for or defects or incompleteness, on the last intimated e-mail address of the person or the company, which has filed such application, directing the person or the company to furnish such information, to rectify defects or incompleteness and to re-submit such application within a period of fifteen days in e-Form No. RD-GNL-5:
Provided that maximum of two re-submissions shall be allowed
(c) In cases where such further information called for has not been provided or the defects or incompleteness has not been rectified to the satisfaction of the Regional Director within the period allowed under sub-rule (6), the Regional Director shall reject the application with reasons within thirty days from the date of filing application or within thirty days from the date of last re-submission made. as the case may be.
(d) Where no order for approval or re-submission or rejection has been explicitly made by the Regional Director within the stipulated period of thirty days, it shall be deemed that the application stands approved and an approval order shall be automatically issued to the applicant.
(9) (i) Where an objection has been received or Regional Director on examining the application has specific objection under the provisions of Act, the same shall be recorded in writing and the Regional Director shall hold a hearing or hearings within a period thirty days as required and direct the company to file an affidavit to record the consensus reached at the hearing, upon executing which, the Regional Director shall pass an order either approving or rejecting the application along with reasons within thirty days from the date of hearing, failing which it shall be deemed that application has been approved and approval order shall be automatically issued to the applicant.
(ii) In case where no consensus is received for conversion within sixty days of filing the application while hearing or otherwise, the Regional Director shall reject the application within stipulated period of sixty days: Provided that the conversion shall not be allowed if any inquiry, inspection or investigation has been initiated against the company or any prosecution is pending against the company under the Act.
(10) On completion of such inquiry inspection or investigation as a consequence of which no prosecution is envisaged or no prosecution is pending, conversion shall be allowed.
(11) The order conveyed by the Regional Director shall be filed by the company with the Registrar in Form No. lNC-28 within fifteen days from the date of receipt of approval along with fee as provided in the Companies (Registration Offices and Fees) Rules, 2014.
With the construction of Ram Mandir, Ayodhya will shine bright at the top, with tourist attraction. The tourism ministry has decided to connect ‘Ram Nagri’ with other religious places.
By the help of Railways, Ayodhya is in process to be connected with Rameshwaram directly since 2018. Now, Chitrakoot is also said to get connected with Rameshwaram and Ayodhya.
On wednesdays, a weekly train runs from Ayodhya to Rameshwaram. Member of Parliament of Ayodhya Lallu Singh has requested the ministry of railways to make a short and direct path connecting Ayodhya with Chitrakoot, Jagannath Puri and Vaishno Devi temple.
(1) Appointment process of independent directors shall be independent of the company management; while selecting independent directors the Board shall ensure that there is appropriate balance of skills, experience and knowledge in the Board so as to enable the Board to discharge its functions and duties effectively. Independent director may be selected from Databank.
(2) The appointment of independent director(s) of the company shall be approved by the company at the meeting of the shareholders.
(3) The explanatory statement attached to the notice of the meeting for approving the appointment of independent director shall include a statement that in the opinion of the Board, the independent director proposed to be appointed fulfils the conditions specified in the Act and the rules made thereunder and that the proposed director is independent of the management. It shall also indicate the justification for choosing the appointee for appointment as Independent Director.
(4) The appointment of independent directors shall be formalized through a letter of appointment, which shall set out:
(a) The term of appointment;
(b) The expectation of the Board from the appointed director; the Board-level committee(s) in which the director is expected to serve and its tasks;
(c) The fiduciary duties that come with such an appointment along with accompanying liabilities;
(d) Provision for Directors and Officers (D and O) insurance, if any;
(e) The Code of Business Ethics that the company expects its directors and employees to follow;
(f) The list of actions that a director should not do while functioning as such in the company; and
(g) The remuneration, mentioning periodic fees, reimbursement of expenses for participation in the Boards and other meetings and profit related commission, if any.
(5) The terms and conditions of appointment of independent directors shall be open for inspection at the registered office of the company by any member during normal business hours.
(6) The terms and conditions of appointment of independent directors shall also be posted on the company’s website.
(7) He shall be hold office for a term of upto 5 consecutive years of a company. [Section 149(10)]
RE-APPOINTMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR
The re-appointment of independent director shall be on the basis of report of performance evaluation. (
Schedule IV – Code for Independent Directors)
Section 149(11) provides that the Independent Director shall be eligible for re-appointment on passing of special resolution. He shall not hold office for more than 2 consecutive terms, but such independent director shall be eligible for appointment after the expiration of 3 years of ceasing to become an independent director. However, he shall not, during the said period of 3 years, be appointed in or be associated with the company in any other capacity, either directly or indirectly.
Along with the Ram Mandir, a resplendent town is said to be built in the 70 acre premises as said by the Shree Ramjanmbhoomi Teerth Chhetra Trust.
The town will be decorated with a ‘Satsang Bhavan’, ‘Laser Show depicting Ramayana named HANUMAN MUKTAKASH’ and a massive mess alongwith the Ram Mandir which will be 161ft. tall and will have a support of 318 pillars with 6 domes. The 70 acre premises will also have restrooms and washroom facility for accomodating 1lac people.
For the devotees, a centralised water filter plant, multi-level parking would be set up. The whole area is said to be lighted with the help of solar panels.
Eduindex 
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