Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) will declare the result of Class 10th examination this afternoon. Students can access their results through the websites- www.cbse.nic.in, www.cbseresults.nic.in and www.results.nic.in.
Results will also be sent to the candidates through SMS on their registered mobile number and on registered email id’s. In addition to it, results can be obtained by sending SMS on mobile number 7738299899 with required details.
Results of Class 10th can also be obtained through Interactive Voice Response System on telephone number – 011-24300699. Besides, students can also view their results on UMANG App and on www.umang.gov.in. Students can also access Digilocker Application on UMANG App to view their marksheets and other digital academic documents.
Candidate’s digital marksheet, passing, migration and skill certificates will also be available in DigiLocker. The DigiLocker mobile app can be downloaded from Google Play Store.
Corona virus recovery rate reaches 63.02% in country
The Health and Family Welfare Ministry has said that the difference between the active cases and the recovered cases are increasing progressively and the total recoveries have reached 1.8 times of the active cases in the country.
It said, a total of five lakh 71 thousand 460 people affected with coronavirus have recovered in the country so far. With this, the recovery rate in the country has reached 63.02 per cent. Presently, the total number of active corona cases in the country is three lakh 11 thousand 565.
The Health Ministry has informed that India has 657 cases per million in comparison to the global average of one thousand 638 cases per million and the country has registered 17.2 deaths per million compared to the global average of 73 deaths per million due to Coronavirus. It said, the daily growth rate in new cases is showing a declining trend and it is now 3.24 per cent which was around 31 per cent in the March this year.
The Ministry said the case fatality rate has also declined to 2.61 percent. It said, 30 States and Union Territories have recorded lower fatality rates than the national average.
AIR correspondent reports that there are 20 States and Union Territories that have better recovery rate than the national average of 63.02 per cent. In terms of recovery rate, top five States and Union Territories are – Ladakh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh and Haryana wherein the recovery rate is above 75 per cent. 10 States and Union Territories have contributed 86 per cent in the total Covid-19 cases and 50 per cent of it alone came from Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Government has said that adequate testing is being done in the country to effectively deal with this crisis.
There are 22 states in the country which are conducting 140 tests per day per million and overall 201 tests per day per million is being conducted in the country. Lab network has been ramped up to increase the testing and more than 14 hundred labs are conducting the COVID-19 test in the country.
The Health and Family Welfare Ministry said, States have been advised to keep a continued focus on containment, testing and clinical management. It said, increased testing will help in early detection of the cases and COVID appropriate behaviour and community ownership is necessary to contain the spread of this disease.
On the question of higher prices of certain drugs used in the COVID-19 treatment, the Health Ministry said, the Drug Controller General of India has asked the companies to start helpline numbers for the people and publicize the distribution centres through their websites. In addition, the state governments have been asked to keep vigil on price hike of the drugs and ensure the supply of the medicines.
The Health Ministry said that a Sero Survey has been conducted in Delhi and 22 thousand 800 blood samples were collected from 26th June to 5th of July. It said, the report will be published soon as different kinds of stratification of the data is underway.
On the question of nationwide wide lockdown, the Health Ministry clarified that strict measures have been imposed in certain containment areas as it has been found that easing of lockdown in the containment zones increases the number of cases.
15th India-EU Summit to be held in virtual mode today; India has important role to play in post COVID world, says EU Ambassador
The 15th meeting of the India-European Union Summit will be held in virtual mode today. The Summit will be co-chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, President of European Council Charles Michel and President of European Commission Ursula von der Leyen.
The Summit will review India-EU cooperation covering political and security relations, trade and investment and economic cooperation. It is also expected to discuss developments around the COVID-19 pandemic and contemporary global matters of interest to both sides.
AIR correspondent reports that the Summit is taking place in the background of the EU wanting to play a more active role globally and also attaching higher priority to relationship with India and trying to look at the partnership in a more substantive way.
The new Presidents of the European Commission and European Council had taken over in December last year. The new leadership believes that the EU needs to play a stronger role in the global platform and has shown a lot of interest in India. It was in the year 2000 in which India and the European Union decided to institutionalise the mechanism at the level of the Summit.
This year marks 20 years of the Summit process between India and the EU. The last Summit between the two sides took place in 2017.
Ahead of the India-EU summit, the European Union representative in India, Ambassador Ugo Astuto, in an exclusive interview to AIR News, said that India has an important role to play in the post-Covid world. Speaking about the 15th Indo-EU summit, the EU Ambassador emphasised that economic cooperation, climate change, multilateralism and post-Covid response are going to be the focus of today’s discussions.
Mr. Astuto said that both India and EU share strong bilateral relations and the summit holds high significance as both the partners will pledge to fight the menace of COVID-19 together. He said, both the partners share the same values of democracy and have converging interests that have become more relevant in the current scenario.
The Ambassador asserted that the summit will focus on a new cooperation agenda to create the future roadmap for a strong bilateral strategic partnership in the years ahead.
Mr. Astuto said, both India and European Union will discuss multiple issues in the virtual bilateral summit ranging from climate change to security and global peace. He expressed confidence in development of stronger Indo-EU partnership on multiple fronts.
PM Modi to address a digital conclave on World Youth Skills Day today
Prime Minister Narendra Modi will deliver a video address on the occasion of World Youth Skills Day today. The day marks the 5th anniversary of the launch of Skill India Mission. A Digital Conclave is being organized by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship to mark the occasion.
Our Correspondent reports that skill India is an initiative of the Government of India to empower the youth with skill sets, making them more employable. Skill India offers courses across several sectors which are aligned to the standards recognised by both, the industry and the government under the National Skill Qualification Framework.
The courses enhance the technical expertise and companies don’t have to invest in training for the particular job profile.
International Conference on Machine Learning and Data Analytics (ICMLDA 2020)
Name of Conference: International Conference on Machine Learning and Data Analytics (ICMLDA 2020)
Date of Conference: JULY 18,19 2020
Venue: Virtual Conference
Organized by: Dept. of Computer Science,Sri Venkateswara University,Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
URL of the Conference: http://icmlda2020.com/index.php
Brief of Conference: ICMLDA 2020 International Conference on Machine Learning and Data Analytics (ICMLDA 2020) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Machine Learning and Data Analytics. The Conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Machine Learning and Data Analytics in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers, young and innovative minds, experts and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field to motivate and give the delegates new ways to work and achieve through data. Contributions describing Machine Learning, Data Analytics techniques applied to real-world problems and interdisciplinary research involved in fields like medicine, biology, industry, manufacturing, security, education, virtual environments, games, etc., are especially encouraged.
Theme and Sub-Themes: Track 1: Applications of Machine Learning Track 2: Applications of Data Analytics
Email: icmlda2020@gmail.com
What this lockdown trying to School us?
Everyone out there saying, Nature is healing and it is the revenge of nature that’s why we’re suffering this pandemic because we people were harming our mother ‘Earth’ and some posting that, let’s not pollute our planet, use of vehicles should be less and blah, blah… That’s completely okay if we’ll not safeguard our planet then who will.
But Maybe nature taught us the real meaning of freedom that we craved for in the past 2 months and we’re neglecting it.
Maybe she is making us realise the value of freedom of those birds and animals who are caged inside our homes and zoo. Don’t they deserve this freedom, and after being caged in our homes in this pandemic, why we’re still not sensing this common message?
Maybe we can’t do less use of vehicles for less pollution and maybe we can, but there’s one thing we can surely do, ‘To release those innocents’, let them free and fly all around, the way we wanted in this lockdown and if still, we’re not realising this then nothing can make us sense their freedom.
This earth is their mother too, they do deserve this freedom.
Positive impact of lockdown:
Although it’s becoming difficult to be in lockdown for several months due to coronavirus, we also know it’s for our better so let’s focus at its beneficial influence in our life in a number of different ways.
Personally to me that is the biggest chance we can get to improve for ourselves. To look into our shortcomings or weaknesses that we are lacking. To create us more qualified for our mission our future so that any moment we come out after lockdown everyone would see our entirely different constructive and inspiring transform. And that encourages me personally in a really massive way.
We will get much more chance to spend with our families, since most of us, because of our busy schedules, couldn’t even look at them. We also get the time to play sports, perform arts and crafts, prepare food and more, and so on. It’s a huge opportunity to mitigate tension and boost wellbeing while we’re with our loved ones
It’s a wonderful opportunity to focus on our hobbies and learn about all sorts of different activities from our parents, which include with mom, we could learn to cook all kinds of new recipes, from dad, we could learn so much about his company, and so much time to sit down with our grandpa and grandma, which we are unable to do.
Digitalization has the greatest part in this lockdown for all of us. So we can’t appreciate for the technologies to make our quarantine smoother. Modern users who used to consider it challenging to utilize this technologies are already being increasingly accessible to this technology, although existing users have started to use it more appropriately so efficiently.
Individuals are more interested in taking new lessons, watching webinars, pursuing online internships, etc. because of this beneficial opportunity. Schools, universities, private coaching are expected to offer continuous study hours without disrupting their instructional schedules.
It is also a massive support for financial institutions to provide resources and also to raise identification among their clients. Companies are embracing technologies during covid19 to increase knowledge and intern a daily interaction with their on-board consumers.
Government as a whole and its various departments at central and state level have increased the scope of technology through video conferences. In fact, we are all being addressed and updated by the government through this technology.
Such technology also allows us sensitive of the amount of cases that have taken place in our world, as well as rendering useful apps like Arogya Setu by showing us the virus from our surroundings.This lockout has also had a significant effect on improving the emissions in our country. After the curfew, there has been a substantial drop in the air quality index throughout the region.
After 30 years, the Himalayan Rane has been seen by people in Punjab more than 100 miles away due to the reduction of air pollution caused by the lockdown. eg; The famous Silk Board Junction known for the worst traffic jam is empty.
eg:south america”s most popular city Sao Paulo too is witnessing calm streets and clearer skies.
There has been a major decrease of air quality of Bangkok as a consequence of the closing of schools a month earlier owing to an rise in air pollution. Infection in India to Taj Mahal now appears so bright in healthy air that air pollution is that.The consistency of the water in the river Yamuna is so good that chemical waste and pollution are prevented in the flow.After years, though, the Swans are now heading to Venice because of this lockdown. Intact species can be seen roaming openly in various parts of the world while people are restricted by coronavirus lockdown.
These quarantine is also helping us greatly in maintaining our health:
Generally, because of our everyday schedule, we might get much less time to relax due to long distance travel, but instead, because of this lockdown, we ‘re not just having enough time to sleep, but infact more than enough to complete our proper nap, as well as at night, we ‘re also able to go back to bed early because we’re not moving out to work because of the lockdown, which is a huge benefit in enhancing our safety.Now that we don’t drive too often so we can concentrate on our eating at home by getting home-cooked and balanced meals.We ‘re also finding more motivation to continue working out at home from exercise, therapy, fun Zumba and so on for our families to stay well together.
We may also make a major contribution to cleaning our house by ourselves, and often we do end up with items that we haven’t used for a long time, and other garbage that we can quickly throw away, which allows us to have a cleaner living space. Sweeping, mopping, dusting and sweeping are also opportunities to keep us healthy and consume our excess calories.
So thats why instead of stressing much on coronavirus cases or when will this lockdown endow should start investing time on things that really matters in our life and for our self growth because we don’t always get such opportunity to work on ourselves.
The Impact of Social Media Marketing
What is Social Media?
Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein describe social media as “a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content”.
Social Media contains two words. The first one is “Social” which means interaction, sharing and so on. Another word is “Media” where to say that social media is a medium for publication.
Social media contains a lot of tools and applications which let the users express their opinion, publish articles, sharing videos and so on easily.
Social Media Influence:
According to Sir Andrew Likierman, London Business School Dean, “social media has completely disrupted the way businesses assess their performance”. This statement is completely true because social media is no longer an option but is a must, especially companies that dealing straightly with customers. Some business can completely avoid thinking about social media like wholesalers because they are just dealing with another business. Since social media became more powerful, organization are facing difficulties to measure their performance. They must have specific strategy for social media or even companies could have one special unit that handle feedbacks and responses from user. Any negative feedbacks should grab attention and they have to discuss on how to react with any negative comments. Any negative response from customers will be there on net forever. No way to remove that and because of that, companies that avoid think about social media will lose some customers.
Customers are now become more particular about with whom and from where they are buying products or services. They willing to make online search before making any purchase decision especially for expensive items. Since internet is now more conveniently searchable through smart phones, customer can make search in just a minute. That’s why companies must have social media presence and put some attention to manage customer response and try to convince them that the business is reputable and trusted.
Social media providing big opportunity to organization to build better relationship with clients and providing real one to one communication. They have no better advertising then “word of mouth”. Satisfied customers surely will share to their friends in their social network about their experiences with the particular company. If one person shares their experience to his 400 Facebook friends, and that friends spread that news to their friends, the information moves extremely fast. If a video uploaded in YouTube with attracting title like “Think Twice before you eat XXX”, this video surely will grab thousands or even millions of social medial users. With “Share” function available almost in any site, in just a second we can share anything to social media community.
One of the main reasons that we must use social media is because our competition is using that daily as marketing strategy. Another big reason why a business should use social media because their customers and future customers are using it. A lot of people have at least one social media account like Facebook, YouTube and so on. A business should present their brand where customers are. Traditionally we can see people open shops at crowd places like in shopping mall and so on. The same case here where a business should present in crowd place like social media. Millions of people using that every day.
Some Fail Stories of Businesses When Using Social Media:
In 2012, giant car manufacturer Toyota launched Camry Effect Campaign on Twitter to promote Camry. They had created number of Twitter account. This campaign was designed for directly communicating with users but what happen is, big number of users start to accuse Toyota for their bombarding and spamming marketing then with many unsolicited messages. As response Toyota suspended their accounts. Until now this campaign is well known as fails campaign. The main problem with this campaign is, not because Toyota Spamming but the content of the messages that they send out were not attracting. They also were sending same messages content over and over. They were only sending promotional messages which did not help to build relationship with users.
Advantage of Social Media for Business:
The advertising cost is much more cheaper then traditional advertising and promotional activities. Social media also gives full value for every penny they spend. Traditional advertising only shows the brand to the customer but with social media company can build long term relationship through “Like” function and can get their email address for sending future emails.
Future customer able to find our brand through many channels like sharing activities, news, search engine search result and so on which gives company free advertising. Social media can bring huge amount of traffic to their content especially when that content is grabbing their attention. This is what we can call free traffic or free customers.
Social media allows customers to express their experiences to others. A satisfied customer surely will bring another new customer through sharing experience activity. Companies will improve their products and services to customers.
Disadvantage of Social Media for Business:
A successful online presence especially in social media, a company needs an experienced team which can improve companies’ reputation. Social media becomes unique and able to drive a lot of sales when they engage with their customers. This mean they have to reply messages, comments and so on. Pushing sales without engaging with customers or not responding to negative feedback will damage the companies’ reputation. Organization also must produce new contents and always find out ways to overcome to any negative feedback.
Wrong online presence strategy will damage the companies’ reputation and put them at a viral social disadvantages. Any mistake they companies make in front of thousand of fans or social media members will result in big reputation impact. So, companies must be careful when performing social media campaign.
Using social media marketing and advertising campaign could be more time consuming because companies would have to watch out every activity in the social media.
Conclusion:
Social media gives deep impact to the business world. Today from small companies to big giant companies. Social media landscape is big and the system and technology are continuously growing and changing everyday. Companies who are using and present in social media are enjoying big benefits. Social media is no longer an option but is a must especially companies that dealing straightly with customers. Social media promises a lot of opportunities and challenges, so organization must prepare themselves for facing it.
THE INAPT VERDICT OF ENRICA LEXIE’S CASE
In Enrica Lexie’s case, India’s long-await hasn’t caused any satisfactory result. Italy has command over it since the very beginning and eventually succeeded in its objective. on February 15, 2012, two fishermen sailing on fishing boat St. Antony shot off by two Italian marines, Massimiliano Latorre and Salvotore Girone in India’s contiguous zone. Which is positioned 20.5 nautical miles off the Kerala coast. This incident caused outrage and conflict of opinions over legal jurisdiction and immunity between the governments of India and Italy.
Recently, Permanent Court of Arbitration acknowledged the functional immunity of the two marines accepting the plea of Italy that they were working on a mission on behalf of the Italian government and gave Italy the jurisdiction over the matter, regardless of the fact that, the incident happened in India’s contiguous zone and the victims were the Indians. Due to the non-existence of any unilateral and bilateral and treaty between India and Italy, the Italian marines shouldn’t have gotten away in the name of immunity. This decision has set the menacing precedent for all the countries will now be enacting specific laws to give immunity to the military and paramilitary personnel. This will be troublesome for contiguous States. Albeit, the International tribunal for the law of the Sea, ruled that the marines are entitled to compensate India for the loss of life, physical harm, material damage to property, and moral harm, India still seeks for more than just monetary restitution for the unjustified killing of its citizens on mere doubt that the boat was a pirate skiff. Now it is to be seen how Italian court will act against the marines under the criminal law. India as a responsible state accepted the decision made by PCA by the virtue of Article 51 of Indian constitution which mandates it to uphold and respect the International law. Now that India has no jurisdiction over the matter anymore it must not show any leniency in securing the justice for Pink and Valentine if Italian court go to the extreme to support the killers.
Benefits of Yoga
Divya Patni
Everyone can perfom Yoga
Many yoga studios and local gyms offer yoga classes that are open to all generations and levels of strength. It’s fun to walk into a room full of young people, athletes, middle-aged mothers, older men, and solid foods and bodybuilders. Everyone can feel welcome and included and, unlike other games or classes focused on niche clients, yoga tends to offer open arms. Whether you like “Om” or can’t stand the word “yogi”; whether you are 92, 53, or even 12, yoga can help you.
This is how it encourages our health
Yoga is not just about working out, it’s about a healthy lifestyle. Yoga practice allows students to find peace in a world dominated by chaos. The peace and quiet that comes from training that focuses on loving everyone.
Breathing habits and deep meditation on Yoga help to promote inner transformation from the to-do list, the needs of children and spouses, financial worries, and relationships struggling in something less than the problems you face. Yoga helps relieve stress and distort the mind, helping you to stay focused.
Different faces of yoga
One of the benefits of yoga is that you can choose a yoga style tailored to your lifestyle, such as hot yoga, power yoga, relaxing yoga, baby work yoga, etc. Whether you prefer to practice at home, in a private session, while watching a DVD or a studio or gym, there are many options to suit your goals and needs.
If you are a beginner of yoga, hatha yoga, which focuses on the basic exit at a relaxed pace, it can be good for you. If you want to increase energy by using more of your body’s resistance, energy yoga may be right for you. When you are ready for a deep practice, Bikram, also called “hot yoga,” may be what you are looking for. In Bikram yoga, room temperature is maintained at about 105 degrees Fahrenheit [105 ° C], leading to the elimination of toxins from the human body through increased sweat production. No matter your fitness level, fat percentage, or health history, yoga has your own style.
Strength advantages and flexibility of Yoga
Yoga’s focus on strength training and flexibility is an incredible benefit to your body. The postures are meant to strengthen your body from the inside out, so you don’t just look good, you feel good, too. Each of the yoga poses is built to reinforce the muscles around the spine, the very center of your body, which is the core from which everything else operates. When the core is working properly, posture is improved, thus alleviating back, shoulder, and neck pain.
The digestive system gets back on track when the stretching in yoga is coupled with a healthy, organic diet, which can relieve constipation, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and acid reflux. Another one of the benefits of yoga is that stretching and holding postures also causes muscles to lengthen, which gives the body a longer, leaner look.
Allover Power of Yoga
Isometric exercise is one of the best ways to build spinal strength. Isometric, dubbed “the same” and “the same length,” simply translates holding one position without moving. The power of yoga uses isometric exercises and other exercises designed to make the spine and back strong. Flexibility and firmness from the depths of your heart, so it is important to train this area of the body. Also, you can increase the strength and health of your whole body. A high temperature is often used in this practice to help keep the tissues warm and to release more toxins from the body.
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN INDIA
Chapter III of Indian Penal Code, 1980 defines punishment for various offences. Section 53 of the Indian Penal Code sets out different kinds of punishments which are awarded to convicts for crime by the courts. These are imprisonment for life, rigorous or simple imprisonment, forfeiture of property, fine and death penalty (also known as capital punishment). Yes, capital punishment is a legal penalty in India. It is an integral part of criminal justice system in India but it is highly debated. All the punishment is based on the same proposition i.e. there must be penalty wrongdoing and the person who has done wrong should suffer for it also it is a common belief that inflicting punishment on wrongdoers discourages other from doing wrong. But with the increasing strength of human rights movement all across the world, the existence of capital punishment is questioned as immoral and extreme. In spite of many organizations protesting for the nullification of death sentence, it is still being executed in different countries. The profounder of death penalty argued that it will act as a deterrent against crimes in the society and it is economical than keeping the convicts behind the bars. On the other hand, some might argue that, punishment in present context must be more reformative than retributive. The UN in its Charter of Rights has declared death penalty or capital punishment as a crime against humanity and had also asked its member countries to put an end to it. One of the member countries of the UN – India, still carries out capital punishment in “rarest of the rare” cases even though the Constitution of India has stated that the government has no right to take the life of any person as per article 21. A majority of countries in the world has now abandoned the use of the death penalty but the world has not yet amicably come forward against its use.
However, the number of countries carrying out the death penalty is declining and it is possible that worldwide opinion and pressure will gradually influence all countries to abolish this practice. Capital punishment in current scenario of the country trend towards abolition of the death penalty as it has emerged over recent decades. It will trace the development of capital punishment as a human rights issue in the international forum, and examine recent challenges to the death penalty in India. Death, life imprisonment, simple or rigorous imprisonment, fine and forfeiture of property. In contemporary India, death sentences are only reserved for the rarest of rare case.
However, there is no guideline or structure to define these “rarest of rare” cases. Whenever a Punishment is awarded for the wrong doing there are two main reasons for inflicting such punishment; 1.) One is that the person who committed the wrong must suffer for it. 2.) And, the other one is that inflicting punishment on wrongdoer acts as an example for others. In India deciding the case for death penalty is based on doctrine of “rarest of the rare test” which was stated in the case of Bachan Singh V. State of Punjab. Which means that death penalty will only be awarded in rarest of rare cases only . Further, in the case of Macchi Singh & Others V. State of Punjab the Three Judge Bench followed the decision of Bachan Singh and stated that only in rarest of rare cases when collective conscience of community is in such a way that it will expect the holders of the judicial powers to inflict death penalty then it can be awarded if the murder is committed in an extremely brutal, revolting or dastardly manner so as to arouse intense and extreme indignation of the community. 2.) When a murder of a member of a Scheduled caste is committed which arouse social wrath. 3.) In case of “Bride Burning” or “Dowry Death”. 4.) When the crime is enormous in proportion. 5.) When the victim of murder is ● An Innocent child ● A vulnerable Women or a Person rendered unaided by mature epoch or illness. ● once the injured party is an individual in relation to whom the slaughterer is in point of authority or reliance. Apex court in the case, Macchi Singh v. State of Punjab expanded the finding laid down in Bacchan Singh. Hereunder are certain observations made by the court; “capital punishment can be awarded only in the case of gravest crimes. Circumstances of the offender must be taken into consideration before pronouncing a death sentence”. Jagmohan vs state of UP was the first case dealing with the question of constitutional validity of capital punishment in India. India retains death punishment for a number of serious offences.
Death penalty is no doubt unconstitutional if imposed arbitrarily, capriciously, unreasonably, discriminatorily, freakishly or wantonly, but if it is administered rationally, objectively and judiciously, it will enhance people’s confidence in criminal justice system. thus, the conclusion in the present circumstances of the country, it is required to retain death penalty in rarest of the rare cases. Because if it doesn’t deter the crime, then why do people still seek for commutation and pardon?
Lack of Education
Illiteracy and Poverty go hand in hand. Education plays a very big role in uplifting people from poverty. It also helps one to improve his/her lifestyle or standards of living. Illiterate people miss these opportunities provided by education. Everyone, every girl, boy or an adult should be literate, it not just forms a basis to have a good career but it helps one in handling day to day life issues too.
Time is changing fast; technology and research making progress in leaps and bound. The present generation is completely different from the generation for which our education system was designed. The current education system is not keeping up with current needs of education. We are in dire need of extensive changes in Indian education system. Education is the most important component out of various components of social infrastructure. The well educated and properly trained manpower can accelerate the pace of economic development.
The following are the main problems faced in the progress of education:
- Lack of funds: The lack of sufficient funds is the main problem in the development of education. Due to insufficient funds most educational institutions lack infrastructure, science equipment and libraries etc.
- Expensive Higher Education: University, professional and technical education has become costly in India. It is beyond the reach of common man. Privatization of higher education has led to the growth of profit hungry entrepreneurs. Now a day’s higher education is much costly affair.
- Neglect of Indian Languages: The medium of instruction particularly in science subjects is English. So rural students who are not well versed in English, cannot study science properly in English. They suffer a lot; Indian languages are still under developed. Standard publications are not available in Indian language.
- Problem of Brain Drain: When intelligent, talented and deserving candidates do not get suitable jobs in the country, they prefer to go abroad for seeking jobs. So our country is deprived of good talent. This phenomenon is called ‘Brain drain’.
- Mass Illiteracy: Despite constitutional directives and economic planning we are not able to achieve cent percent literacy. -Even now 35 percent people remain illiterate. In India, the number of illiterates is almost one-third of the total illiterates in the world.
- Problems of Primary Education: Our primary education is ridden with too many problems. Large number of primary schools has no buildings what to talk of basic facilities like drinking water, urinals and electricity, furniture and study materials etc. Large numbers of primary schools are single teacher schools and many schools are even without teachers. So the drop rate is very high and a cause of concern. Concluding, we can say that there is quantitative expansion of education but in qualitative development we are still lagging behind.
The only way to deal with failing education system is that they need to adapt with time over and over again.
Cyberbullying
What is cyberbullying?
Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets. Cyberbullying can occur through SMS, Text, and apps, or online in social media, forums, or gaming where people can view, participate in, or share content. Cyberbullying includes sending, posting, or sharing negative, harmful, false, or mean content about someone else. It can include sharing personal or private information about someone else causing embarrassment or humiliation.
Some cyberbullying crosses the line into unlawful or criminal behavior.
The most common places where cyberbullying occurs are:
- Social Media, such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat
- Text messaging and messaging apps on mobile or tablet devices
- Instant messaging, direct messaging, and online chatting over the internet
- Online forums, chat rooms, and message boards, such as Reddit
- Online gaming communities
Cyberbullying can be done in different forms over the various online platform, some of the cyberbullying examples are given below for a better understanding of what is cyberbullying or anti-bullying:
- Humiliating/embarrassing content posted online about the victim of online bullying,
- Hacking of account
- Posting vulgar messages
- Threatening the victim to commit an act of violence
- Stalking
- Child pornography or threats of child pornography
Facts of cyberbullying
Statistics of cyberbullying which helps in discovering that bullying in schools kids is at the majority. To understand what is cyberbullying and how to stop bullying first let’s get to know some facts of the cyberbullying:
- 1 in 4 kids have been bullied more than once and in total 43% of the kids have fallen prey to cyberbullying or anti-bullying
- India ranks at number 3 in the list of online bullying cases as per the survey conducted by Microsoft in 2012 in 25 countries
- 70% of the cyberbullying or anti-bullying activities happen over facebook
- Usage of mobile phones by almost 80% of the teens makes it a common and most popular medium for anti-bullying
- It has been believed by the 81% of youth that getting away with online bullying is easy as compared to traditional bullying
- 90% of teens agree that have ignored the cyberbullying while some of the youth has taken a step to stop bullying
- Girls are more preferred victims of cyberbullying as compared to boys
- Victims of cyberbullying or anti-bullying are 2 to 9 times more prone to committing suicide
Cyberbullying laws in india
There is no specific legislation that provides for the specific cyberbullying laws in India however provisions such as Section 67 of the Information Technology Act deals with cyberbullying in a way.
Section 67 of the act prescribes punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form for a term which may extend to five years and also with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees.
Other than Section 67 of the IT Act following are the provisions of the cyberbullying laws in India:
- Section 507 IPC : The section states that if anyone receives criminal intimidation by way of an anonymous communication then the person giving threats shall be punished with imprisonment for up to two years. By virtue of word anonymous the offense of anti-bullying and cyberbullying is included in this section.
- Section 66 E of IT Act : The section prescribes punishment for violation of privacy. The section states that any person who intentionally violates the privacy by transmitting, capturing or publishing private pictures of others shall be punished with up to three years imprisonment or fine up to three lakhs.
Cases of cyberbullying:
- Shreya Singhal vs. union of India, Writ Petition (criminal) No. 167 of 2012.
- Vishaka vs state of Rajasthan AIR 1997 SC 3011.
- Mewa Ram v. A.I.I. Medical Science AIR 1989 SC 1256
“the doctrine of ‘equal pay for equal work’ is not an abstract doctrine. Equality must be among equal, unequal people cannot claim equality.”
- Consumer Education and Research Centre v. Union of India AIR SC (1995) 922 para [10]
What is cyberbullying?
Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets. Cyberbullying can occur through SMS, Text, and apps, or online in social media, forums, or gaming where people can view, participate in, or share content. Cyberbullying includes sending, posting, or sharing negative, harmful, false, or mean content about someone else. It can include sharing personal or private information about someone else causing embarrassment or humiliation.
Some cyberbullying crosses the line into unlawful or criminal behavior.
The most common places where cyberbullying occurs are:
- Social Media, such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat
- Text messaging and messaging apps on mobile or tablet devices
- Instant messaging, direct messaging, and online chatting over the internet
- Online forums, chat rooms, and message boards, such as Reddit
- Online gaming communities
Cyberbullying can be done in different forms over the various online platform, some of the cyberbullying examples are given below for a better understanding of what is cyberbullying or anti-bullying:
- Humiliating/embarrassing content posted online about the victim of online bullying,
- Hacking of account
- Posting vulgar messages
- Threatening the victim to commit an act of violence
- Stalking
- Child pornography or threats of child pornography
Facts of cyberbullying
Statistics of cyberbullying which helps in discovering that bullying in schools kids is at the majority. To understand what is cyberbullying and how to stop bullying first let’s get to know some facts of the cyberbullying:
- 1 in 4 kids have been bullied more than once and in total 43% of the kids have fallen prey to cyberbullying or anti-bullying
- India ranks at number 3 in the list of online bullying cases as per the survey conducted by Microsoft in 2012 in 25 countries
- 70% of the cyberbullying or anti-bullying activities happen over facebook
- Usage of mobile phones by almost 80% of the teens makes it a common and most popular medium for anti-bullying
- It has been believed by the 81% of youth that getting away with online bullying is easy as compared to traditional bullying
- 90% of teens agree that have ignored the cyberbullying while some of the youth has taken a step to stop bullying
- Girls are more preferred victims of cyberbullying as compared to boys
- Victims of cyberbullying or anti-bullying are 2 to 9 times more prone to committing suicide
Cyberbullying laws in india
There is no specific legislation that provides for the specific cyberbullying laws in India however provisions such as Section 67 of the Information Technology Act deals with cyberbullying in a way.
Section 67 of the act prescribes punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form for a term which may extend to five years and also with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees.
Other than Section 67 of the IT Act following are the provisions of the cyberbullying laws in India:
- Section 507 IPC : The section states that if anyone receives criminal intimidation by way of an anonymous communication then the person giving threats shall be punished with imprisonment for up to two years. By virtue of word anonymous the offense of anti-bullying and cyberbullying is included in this section.
- Section 66 E of IT Act : The section prescribes punishment for violation of privacy. The section states that any person who intentionally violates the privacy by transmitting, capturing or publishing private pictures of others shall be punished with up to three years imprisonment or fine up to three lakhs.
Cases of cyberbullying:
- Shreya Singhal vs. union of India, Writ Petition (criminal) No. 167 of 2012.
- Vishaka vs state of Rajasthan AIR 1997 SC 3011.
- Mewa Ram v. A.I.I. Medical Science AIR 1989 SC 1256
“the doctrine of ‘equal pay for equal work’ is not an abstract doctrine. Equality must be among equal, unequal people cannot claim equality.”
- Consumer Education and Research Centre v. Union of India AIR SC (1995) 922 para [10]
Surrogacy
What is Surrogacy
Surrogacy refers to a contract in which a woman carries a pregnancy “for” another couple. Number of infertile couples from all over the World approach India where commercial surrogacy is legal. Although this arrangement appears to be beneficial for all parties concerned, there are certain delicate issues which need to be addressed through carefully framed laws in order to protect the rights of the surrogate mother and the intended parents.
The ever-rising prevalence of infertility world over has led to advancement of assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Herein, surrogacy comes as an alternative when the infertile woman or couple is not able to reproduce. Surrogacy is an arrangement where a surrogate mother bears and delivers a child for another couple or person. In gestational surrogacy, an embryo, which is fertilized by in vitro fertilization, is implanted into the uterus of the surrogate mother who carries and delivers the baby. In traditional surrogacy, the surrogate mother is impregnated with the sperms of the intended father artificially, thus making her both genetic and gestational mother. Surrogacy may be commercial or altruistic, depending upon whether the surrogate receives financial reward for her pregnancy.
Commercial surrogacy is legal in India, Ukraine, and California while it is illegal in England, many states of United States, and in Australia, which recognize only altruistic surrogacy. In contrast, countries like Germany, Sweden, Norway, and Italy do not recognize any surrogacy agreements. India has become a favourite destination of fertility tourism. Each year, couples from abroad are attracted to India by so-called surrogacy agencies because cost of the whole procedure in India is as less as one third of what it is in United States and United Kingdom (10-20 lakhs).
Is Surrogacy Profitable for All
At a glance, surrogacy seems like an attractive alternative as a poor surrogate mother gets very much needed money, an infertile couple gets their long-desired biologically related baby and the country earns foreign currency, but the real picture reveals the bitter truth. Due to lack of proper legislation, both surrogate mothers and intended parents are somehow exploited and the profit is earned by middlemen and commercial agencies. There is no transparency in the whole system, and the chance of getting involved in legal problems is there due to unpredictable regulations governing surrogacy in India.
Although in 2005, ICMR issued guidelines for accreditation, supervision, and regulation of ART clinics in India, these guidelines are repeatedly violated. Frustration of cross border childless couples is easily understandable who not only have to cope up with language barrier, but sometimes have to fight a long legal battle to get their child. Even if everything goes well, they have to stay in India for 2-3 months for completion of formalities after the birth of baby. The cross border surrogacy leads to problems in citizenship, nationality, motherhood, parentage, and rights of a child. There are occasions where children are denied nationality of the country of intended parents and this results in either a long legal battle like in case of the German couple with twin surrogate children or the Israeli gay couple who had to undergo DNA testing to establish parentage or have a bleak future in orphanage for the child. There are incidences where the child given to couple after surrogacy is not genetically related to them and in turn, is disowned by the intended parent and has to spend his life in an orphanage.
If we look upon the problem of surrogate mothers, things are even worse and unethical. The poor, illiterate women of rural background are often persuaded in such deals by their spouse or middlemen for earning easy money. These women have no right on decision regarding their own body and life. In India, there is no provision of psychological screening or legal counseling, which is mandatory in USA. After recruitment by commercial agencies, these women are shifted into hostels for the whole duration of pregnancy on the pretext of taking antenatal care. The real motive is to guard them and to avoid any social stigma of being outcast by their community. These women spend the whole tenure of pregnancy worrying about their household and children. They are allowed to go out only for antenatal visits and are allowed to meet their family only on Sundays. The worst part is that in case of unfavorable outcome of pregnancy, they are unlikely to be paid, and there is no provision of insurance or post-pregnancy medical and psychiatric support for them. Rich career women who do not want to take the trouble of carrying their own pregnancy are resorting to hiring surrogate mothers. There are a number of moral and ethical issues regarding surrogacy, which has become more of a commercial racket, and there is an urgent need for framing and implementation of laws for the parents and the surrogate mother.
Two Types of Surrogacy
A traditional surrogate is a woman who donates her own egg and then carries the pregnancy. The surrogate’s egg is fertilized through artificial insemination with the sperm of the father or a sperm donor. Traditional surrogates are genetically related to the baby because their own eggs are donated.
A gestational surrogate is not biologically related to the child she carries. Gestational carriers become pregnant through the process of in-vitro fertilization, where an embryo created from the gametes (sex cells) of the intended parents are implanted in the uterus for the gestational period of 40 weeks.
Altruistic Surrogacy
In the approach of altruistic surrogacy (where no payment for a baby is made; only those to cover pregnancy costs), it is evident that willing surrogates would be acting in the Post-Conventional Level, at Stage Six. An altruistic surrogate performs the miraculous task of carrying a baby, then delivering and handing it over to the intended parents. To accomplish such a difficult venture requires compassion, a sense of self-worth and self-sacrifice. This is evident in the case of parents Luke and Amanda, whose surrogate mother Lisa displayed an awe-inspiring act of kindness through carrying their baby. This act illustrates Lisa’s characteristics of Stage 6 – despite the controversy the pregnancy may have caused, she was able to act upon her own morals to surrender a baby to deserving parents.
Conclusion
It seems ironical that people are engaging in the practice of surrogacy when nearly 12 million Indian children are orphans. Adoption of a child in India is a complicated and a lengthy procedure for those childless couples who want to give a home to these children. Even 60 years of Independence have not given a comprehensive adoption law applicable to all its citizens, irrespective of the religion or the country they live in as Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) or Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs). As a result, they resort to the options of IVF or surrogacy. The Guardian and Wards Act, 1890 permits Guardianship and not adoption. The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 does not permit non-Hindus to adopt a Hindu child, and requirements of immigration after adoption have further hurdles.
There is a strong need to modify and make the adoption procedure simple for all. This will bring down the rates of surrogacy. Altruistic and not commercial surrogacy should be promoted. Laws should be framed and implemented to cover the grey areas and to protect the rights of women and children.
Is COVID-19 really a force majeure situation?
By Udbhav Bhargava
The virus has proved itself to be infectious economically as it is biologically. The present scenario of the coronavirus pandemic is a perfect example that portrays how disease outbreaks can cripple modern economies resting on the foundation of globalization by causing a multi-sectoral chaos, the repercussions of which are global, making their presence felt even in countries not affected from the virus.
In the Indian context, enforcement of containment measures and nation-wide lockdowns has resulted in a significant deprivation of workforce in almost every sector, industrial, tourism, hospitality, automotive, finance, power, construction, or healthcare and has rendered several public amenities like hospitality, malls, multiplexes, supermarkets, hotels, resorts, etc. impracticable dealing an enormous loss to the economy. Force majeure acts as a ray of hope for these hard-hit business ventures.
Usually, a force majeure clause involves discrete events that would qualify as force majeure events, requirements that must have been met for such force majeure clause to apply to the agreement, and the implications of any force majeure occurrence. The clause can be inclusive of new unforeseen events that render the performance impossible or kills the subject matter of the contract. From a contractual context, force majeure provides a party with immediate relief from meeting its contractual obligations when a force majeure incident occurs.
While the lex loci, Indian Contract Act, 1872 lacks specific mention of the concept, section 32 (Enforcement of a contract contingent on an event) and 56 (Frustration) contain reference to this concept. In case of commercial contracts, parties concerned have strictly abide by what is written in the contract as mandated by the court with respect to definition of Force Majeure event. They should be aware and take care of how such an intervening event satisfies the definition of Force Majeure event as per the contract. The procedure of notifying the other party includes giving a detailed notice specifying the occurrence of a Force Majeure event, impact of the event and suspension of underlying obligations till the continuation of the event.
If the contract is silent on it, parties can rely on section 56, that talks about performance rendered impossible by a supervening event. Here, impossibility, as laid down in Satyabrata Ghose vs Mugneeram Bangur and others following judgments, must be construed in strictest manner possible. It means commercial difficulty per se not an impossibility and unviability in terms of price or onerousness in operation would not constitute any impossibility.
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