Salient features of world’s physical geography.

Earth is splendid terrestrial haven. It is imperative to know physical geography through its display of environmental diversity. In scientific studies, it is established that Geography is a word that originated from two Greek roots. Geo-denotes to “Earth,” and graphy stands for “picture or writing.” Geography is the study of earth as the home of present day human being (Sagmit, 1998).The main objective of geography is the assessment, and explanation of Earth, its variability from place to place, the way places and features transform over time, and the processes responsible for these variations and changes. Geography is termed as the spatial science because it incorporates recognizing, analysing, and explaining the variations, similarities, or differences in phenomena situated on the surface of Earth. Geography is unique among the sciences by virtue of its characterization and central purpose. It describes the values and attitudes towards environment and sharpen intellectual and practice skill.

Earth’s structure is divided into three zones that include crust, Mantle and core. Crust is the solid outer layer of the Earth, and its depth is usually never more than 1 per cent of the Earth’s radius, or averaging 40–50 km, but this varies significantly around the sphere. These are two different types: oceanic and continental. Mantle is the region within the Earth’s interior that range from 25 to 70 km below the surface, to a depth of ~2,900 km. It is composed mainly of silicate rocks, rich in iron and magnesium. At the base of the mantle, temperatures may reach up to 5,000°C. These high temperatures may help to generate convection currents which drive plate tectonics. Core is the very centre of the Earth and is composed of iron and nickel. It consists of an outer core (semi-molten) and inner core (solid). The temperature at the very centre of the Earth (~6,300 km below surface) may reach 5,500°C.

Geography is inherently encompassing discipline. It brings together facts from other sciences such as physical biological and social. Physical geography is related to the physical science. Physical geography includes the processes and attributes that constitute Earth which incorporate human activities where they interface with the atmosphere. Different branches of Physical geography are climatology, Meteorology, Geomorphology and pedageography (Sagmit, 1998).Scientific studies have revealed that physical geographers are more interested in comprehending all aspects of Earth and can be considered generalists because they are qualified to scrutinize a natural environment in its entirety, and how it functions as a unit. In physical geography, researchers study about lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Due to interaction of these elements, numerous changes occur on earth surface. Most physical geographers concentrate on advanced study in one or two specialties. For instance, meteorologists and climatologists believe how the interaction of atmospheric components influences weather and climate. Meteorologists focus their studies learning the atmospheric processes that affect daily weather, and they use current data to predict weather conditions. Climatologists are interested in the averages and extremes of long-term weather data, regional classification of climates, monitoring and understanding climatic change and climatic hazard, and the long term impact of atmospheric conditions on human actions and the surroundings.

The factors involved in landform development are as varied as the environments on Earth, and include gravity, running water, stresses in the Earth’s crust, flowing ice in glaciers, volcanic activity, and the erosion or deposition of Earth’s surface materials. Biogeographers scrutinize natural and human-modified environments and the ecological processes that influence their characteristics and distributions, including vegetation change over time. They also research and explain the ranges and patterns of vegetation and animal species, seeking to find out the environmental factors that limit or facilitate their distributions. Several soil scientists are geographers, who are concerned in mapping and analysing soil types, determining the aptness of soils for certain uses, such as agriculture, and working to conserve soil as a natural resource. Geographers are broadly concerned to study water bodies and their processes, movements, impact, quality, and other features. They may serve as hydrologists, oceanographers, or glaciologists. Many geographers involved with water studies also function as water resource managers, who work to ensure that lakes, watersheds, springs, and groundwater sources are suitable to meet human or environmental needs, provide an adequate water supply, and are as free of pollution as possible. Hydrology is merging science. It helps to understand the processes in which water plays an important role in nature through oceans, rivers and glaciers in sustaining life forms of earth surface.

IN OUR CHANGING WORLD NOTHING CHANGES MORE THAN GEOGRAPHY

Salient features of world’s physical geography

Earth is splendid terrestrial haven. It is imperative to know physical geography through its display of environmental diversity. In scientific studies, it is established that Geography is a word that originated from two Greek roots. Geo-denotes to “Earth,” and graphy stands for “picture or writing.” Geography is the study of earth as the home of present day human being (Sagmit, 1998).The main objective of geography is the assessment, and explanation of Earth, its variability from place to place, the way places and features transform over time, and the processes responsible for these variations and changes. Geography is termed as the spatial science because it incorporates recognizing, analysing, and explaining the variations, similarities, or differences in phenomena situated on the surface of Earth. Geography is unique among the sciences by virtue of its characterization and central purpose. It describes the values and attitudes towards environment and sharpen intellectual and practice skill.

Earth’s structure is divided into three zones that include crust, Mantle and core. Crust is the solid outer layer of the Earth, and its depth is usually never more than 1 per cent of the Earth’s radius, or averaging 40–50 km, but this varies significantly around the sphere. These are two different types: oceanic and continental. Mantle is the region within the Earth’s interior that range from 25 to 70 km below the surface, to a depth of ~2,900 km. It is composed mainly of silicate rocks, rich in iron and magnesium. At the base of the mantle, temperatures may reach up to 5,000°C. These high temperatures may help to generate convection currents which drive plate tectonics. Core is the very centre of the Earth and is composed of iron and nickel. It consists of an outer core (semi-molten) and inner core (solid). The temperature at the very centre of the Earth (~6,300 km below surface) may reach 5,500°C.

Geography is inherently encompassing discipline. It brings together facts from other sciences such as physical biological and social. Physical geography is related to the physical science. Physical geography includes the processes and attributes that constitute Earth which incorporate human activities where they interface with the atmosphere. Different branches of Physical geography are climatology, Meteorology, Geomorphology and pedageography (Sagmit, 1998).Scientific studies have revealed that physical geographers are more interested in comprehending all aspects of Earth and can be considered generalists because they are qualified to scrutinize a natural environment in its entirety, and how it functions as a unit. In physical geography, researchers study about lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Due to interaction of these elements, numerous changes occur on earth surface. Most physical geographers concentrate on advanced study in one or two specialties. For instance, meteorologists and climatologists believe how the interaction of atmospheric components influences weather and climate. Meteorologists focus their studies learning the atmospheric processes that affect daily weather, and they use current data to predict weather conditions. Climatologists are interested in the averages and extremes of long-term weather data, regional classification of climates, monitoring and understanding climatic change and climatic hazard, and the long term impact of atmospheric conditions on human actions and the surroundings.

The factors involved in landform development are as varied as the environments on Earth, and include gravity, running water, stresses in the Earth’s crust, flowing ice in glaciers, volcanic activity, and the erosion or deposition of Earth’s surface materials. Biogeographers scrutinize natural and human-modified environments and the ecological processes that influence their characteristics and distributions, including vegetation change over time. They also research and explain the ranges and patterns of vegetation and animal species, seeking to find out the environmental factors that limit or facilitate their distributions. Several soil scientists are geographers, who are concerned in mapping and analysing soil types, determining the aptness of soils for certain uses, such as agriculture, and working to conserve soil as a natural resource. Geographers are broadly concerned to study water bodies and their processes, movements, impact, quality, and other features. They may serve as hydrologists, oceanographers, or glaciologists. Many geographers involved with water studies also function as water resource managers, who work to ensure that lakes, watersheds, springs, and groundwater sources are suitable to meet human or environmental needs, provide an adequate water supply, and are as free of pollution as possible. Hydrology is merging science. It helps to understand the processes in which water plays an important role in nature through oceans, rivers and glaciers in sustaining life forms of earth surface.

IN OUR CHANGING WORLD NOTHING CHANGES MORE THAN GEOGRAPHY

Genral issues on Environmental ecology

The environment plays a significant role to support life on earth. But there are some issues that are causing damages to life and the ecosystem of the earth. It is related to the not only environment but with everyone that lives on the planet. Besides, its main source is pollution, global warming, greenhouse gas, and many others. The everyday activities of human are constantly degrading the quality of the environment which ultimately results in the loss of survival condition from the earth.There are hundreds of issue that causing damage to the environment. But in this, we are going to discuss the main causes of environmental issues because they are very dangerous to life and the ecosystem.

Pollution – It is one of the main causes of an environmental issue because it poisons the air, water, soil, and noise. As we know that in the past few decades the numbers of industries have rapidly increased. Moreover, these industries discharge their untreated waste into the water bodies, on soil, and in air. Most of these wastes contain harmful and poisonous materials that spread very easily because of the movement of water bodies and wind. Greenhouse Gases – These are the gases which are responsible for the increase in the temperature of the earth surface. This gases directly relates to air pollution because of the pollution produced by the vehicle and factories which contains a toxic chemical that harms the life and environment of earth. Climate Changes – Due to environmental issue the climate is changing rapidly and things like smog, acid rains are getting common. Also, the number of natural calamities is also increasing and almost every year there is flood, famine, drought, landslides, earthquakes, and many more calamities are increasing.

Development recognises that social, economic and environmental issues are interconnected, and that decisions must incorporate each of these aspects if there are to be good decisions in the longer term.For sustainable development, accurate environment forecasts and warnings with effective information on pollution which are essential for planning and for ensuring safe and environmentally sound socio-economic activities should be made known.

THE EARTH IS WHAT WE
        ALL HAVE IN COMMAN

General issues on Environmental ecology

The environment plays a significant role to support life on earth. But there are some issues that are causing damages to life and the ecosystem of the earth. It is related to the not only environment but with everyone that lives on the planet. Besides, its main source is pollution, global warming, greenhouse gas, and many others. The everyday activities of human are constantly degrading the quality of the environment which ultimately results in the loss of survival condition from the earth.There are hundreds of issue that causing damage to the environment. But in this, we are going to discuss the main causes of environmental issues because they are very dangerous to life and the ecosystem.

Pollution – It is one of the main causes of an environmental issue because it poisons the air, water, soil, and noise. As we know that in the past few decades the numbers of industries have rapidly increased. Moreover, these industries discharge their untreated waste into the water bodies, on soil, and in air. Most of these wastes contain harmful and poisonous materials that spread very easily because of the movement of water bodies and wind. Greenhouse Gases – These are the gases which are responsible for the increase in the temperature of the earth surface. This gases directly relates to air pollution because of the pollution produced by the vehicle and factories which contains a toxic chemical that harms the life and environment of earth. Climate Changes – Due to environmental issue the climate is changing rapidly and things like smog, acid rains are getting common. Also, the number of natural calamities is also increasing and almost every year there is flood, famine, drought, landslides, earthquakes, and many more calamities are increasing.

Development recognises that social, economic and environmental issues are interconnected, and that decisions must incorporate each of these aspects if there are to be good decisions in the longer term.For sustainable development, accurate environment forecasts and warnings with effective information on pollution which are essential for planning and for ensuring safe and environmentally sound socio-economic activities should be made known.

THE EARTH IS WHAT WE
ALL HAVE IN COMMAN

History of India & Indian National Movement.

Early times the Indian subcontinent appears to have provided an attractive habitat for human occupation. Toward the south it is effectively sheltered by wide expanses of ocean, which tended to isolate it culturally in ancient times, while to the north it is protected by the massive ranges of the Himalayas, which also sheltered it from the Arctic winds and the air currents of Central Asia. Only in the northwest and northeast is there easier access by land, and it was through those two sectors that most of the early contacts with the outside world took place.

Within the framework of hills and mountains represented by the Indo-Iranian borderlands on the west, the Indo-Myanmar borderlands in the east, and the Himalayas to the north, the subcontinent may in broadest terms be divided into two major divisions: in the north, the basins of the Indus and Ganges (Ganga) rivers (the Indo-Gangetic Plain) and, to the south, the block of Archean rocks that forms the Deccan plateau region. The expansive alluvial plain of the river basins provided the environment and focus for the rise of two great phases of city life: the civilization of the Indus valley, known as the Indus civilization, during the 3rd millennium BCE; and, during the 1st millennium BCE, that of the Ganges. To the south of this zone, and separating it from the peninsula proper, is a belt of hills and forests, running generally from west to east and to this day largely inhabited by tribal people. This belt has played mainly a negative role throughout Indian history in that it remained relatively thinly populated and did not form the focal point of any of the principal regional cultural developments of South Asia. However, it is traversed by various routes linking the more-attractive areas north and south of it. The Narmada (Narbada) River flows through this belt toward the west, mostly along the Vindhya Range, which has long been regarded as the symbolic boundary between northern and southern India.

India’s movement for Independence occurred in stages elicit by the inflexibility of the Britishers and in various instances, their violent responses to non-violent protests. It was understood that the British were controlling the resources of India and the lives of its people, and as far as this control was ended India could not be for Indians.

On 28 December 1885 Indian National Congress (INC) was founded on the premises of Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit School at Bombay. It was presided over by W.C Banerjee and attended by 72 delegates. A.O Hume played an instrumental role in the foundation of INC with an aim to provide Safety Valve to the British Government.
A.O Hume served as the first General Secretary of INC.
The real Aim of Congress is to train the Indian youth in political agitation and to organise or to create public opinion in the country. For this, they use the method of an annual session where they discuss the problem and passed the resolution.
The first or early phase of Indian Nationalism is also termed as Moderate Phase (1885-1905). Moderate leaders were W.C Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, R.C Dutt, Ferozeshah Mehta, George Yule, etc.
Moderates have full faith in British Government and adopted the PPP path i.e. Protest, Prayer, and Petition.
Due to disillusionment from Moderates’ methods of work, extremism began to develop within the congress after 1892. The Extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh. Instead of the PPP path, they emphasise on self-reliance, constructive work, and swadeshi.
With the announcement of the Partition of Bengal (1905) by Lord Curzon for administrative convenience, Swadeshi and Boycott resolution was passed in 1905.

ONE INDIVIDUAL MAY DIE; BUT THAT IDEA WILL, AFTER HIS DEATH, INCARNATE ITSELF IN A THOUSAND LIVES.

-Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose

History of India & Indian National Movement.

Early times the Indian subcontinent appears to have provided an attractive habitat for human occupation. Toward the south it is effectively sheltered by wide expanses of ocean, which tended to isolate it culturally in ancient times, while to the north it is protected by the massive ranges of the Himalayas, which also sheltered it from the Arctic winds and the air currents of Central Asia. Only in the northwest and northeast is there easier access by land, and it was through those two sectors that most of the early contacts with the outside world took place.

Within the framework of hills and mountains represented by the Indo-Iranian borderlands on the west, the Indo-Myanmar borderlands in the east, and the Himalayas to the north, the subcontinent may in broadest terms be divided into two major divisions: in the north, the basins of the Indus and Ganges (Ganga) rivers (the Indo-Gangetic Plain) and, to the south, the block of Archean rocks that forms the Deccan plateau region. The expansive alluvial plain of the river basins provided the environment and focus for the rise of two great phases of city life: the civilization of the Indus valley, known as the Indus civilization, during the 3rd millennium BCE; and, during the 1st millennium BCE, that of the Ganges. To the south of this zone, and separating it from the peninsula proper, is a belt of hills and forests, running generally from west to east and to this day largely inhabited by tribal people. This belt has played mainly a negative role throughout Indian history in that it remained relatively thinly populated and did not form the focal point of any of the principal regional cultural developments of South Asia. However, it is traversed by various routes linking the more-attractive areas north and south of it. The Narmada (Narbada) River flows through this belt toward the west, mostly along the Vindhya Range, which has long been regarded as the symbolic boundary between northern and southern India.

India’s movement for Independence occurred in stages elicit by the inflexibility of the Britishers and in various instances, their violent responses to non-violent protests. It was understood that the British were controlling the resources of India and the lives of its people, and as far as this control was ended India could not be for Indians.

On 28 December 1885 Indian National Congress (INC) was founded on the premises of Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit School at Bombay. It was presided over by W.C Banerjee and attended by 72 delegates. A.O Hume played an instrumental role in the foundation of INC with an aim to provide Safety Valve to the British Government.
A.O Hume served as the first General Secretary of INC.
The real Aim of Congress is to train the Indian youth in political agitation and to organise or to create public opinion in the country. For this, they use the method of an annual session where they discuss the problem and passed the resolution.
The first or early phase of Indian Nationalism is also termed as Moderate Phase (1885-1905). Moderate leaders were W.C Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, R.C Dutt, Ferozeshah Mehta, George Yule, etc.
Moderates have full faith in British Government and adopted the PPP path i.e. Protest, Prayer, and Petition.
Due to disillusionment from Moderates’ methods of work, extremism began to develop within the congress after 1892. The Extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh. Instead of the PPP path, they emphasise on self-reliance, constructive work, and swadeshi.
With the announcement of the Partition of Bengal (1905) by Lord Curzon for administrative convenience, Swadeshi and Boycott resolution was passed in 1905.

ONE INDIVIDUAL MAY DIE; BUT THAT IDEA WILL, AFTER HIS DEATH, INCARNATE ITSELF IN A THOUSAND LIVES.

-Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

 The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister of India, is the apex body for Disaster Management in India. Setting up of NDMA and the creation of an enabling environment for institutional mechanisms at the State and District levels is mandated by the Disaster Management Act, 2005. NDMA is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management. India envisions the development of an ethos of Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness and Response. 

The Indian government strives to promote a national resolve to mitigate the damage and destruction caused by natural and man-made disasters, through sustained and collective efforts of all Government agencies, Non-Governmental Organizations and People’s participation. This is planned to be accomplished by adopting a Technology-Driven, Pro-Active, Multi-Hazard and Multi-Sectoral strategy for building a Safer, Disaster Resilient and Dynamic India.

The NDMA Logo reflects the aspirations of this National Vision, of empowering all stakeholders to improve the effectiveness of Disaster Management in India. NDMA has 5 major divisions viz. Policy & Plans, Mitigation , Operations & Communications & Information & Technology , Administration and Finance.

Evolution of NDMA

Emergence of an organization is always through an evolutionary process. NDMA has also gone through the same stages. The Government of India (GOI), in recognition of the importance of Disaster Management as a national priority, set up a High-Powered Committee (HPC) in August 1999 and a National Committee after the Gujarat earthquake, for making recommendations on the preparation of Disaster Management plans and suggesting effective mitigation mechanisms. The Tenth Five-Year Plan document also had, for the first time, a detailed chapter on Disaster Management. The Twelfth Finance Commission was also mandated to review the financial arrangements for Disaster Management.

On 23 December 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act, which envisaged the creation of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister, and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Ministers, to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister of India, is the apex body for Disaster Management in India. Setting up of NDMA and the creation of an enabling environment for institutional mechanisms at the State and District levels is mandated by the Disaster Management Act, 2005.

India envisions the development of an ethos of Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness. The Indian government strives to promote a national resolve to mitigate the damage and destruction caused by natural and man-made disasters, through sustained and collective efforts of all Government agencies, Non-Governmental Organizations and People’s participation. This is planned to be accomplished by adopting a Technology-Driven, Pro-Active, Multi-Hazard and Multi-Sectoral strategy for building a Safer, Disaster Resilient and Dynamic India.

NDMA Vision

“To build a safer and disaster resilient India by a holistic, pro-active, technology driven and sustainable development strategy that involves all stakeholders and fosters a culture of prevention, preparedness and mitigation.”

Functions and Responsibilities

NDMA, as the apex body, is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters. Towards this, it has the following responsibilities:-

  • Lay down policies on disaster management.
  • Approve the National Plan.
  • Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in accordance with the National Plan.
  • Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan.
  • Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects.
  • Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plans for disaster management.
  • Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation.
  • Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the Central Government.
  • Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with threatening disaster situations or disasters as it may consider necessary.
  • Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster Management.

Policy

The National Policy framework has been prepared after due deliberation and keeping in view the National Vision to build a safe and disaster-resilient India by developing a holistic, proactive, multi-disaster and technology-driven strategy for DM. This will be achieved through a culture of prevention, mitigation and preparedness to generate a prompt and efficient response during disasters. The entire process will centre-stage the community and will be provided momentum and sustenance through the collective efforts of all government agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations.

In order to translate this vision into policy and plans, the NDMA has adopted a mission-mode approach involving a number of initiatives with the help of various institutions operating at the national, state and local levels. Central ministries, States and other stakeholders have been involved in the participatory and consultative process of evolving policies and guidelines.

This Policy framework is also in conformity with the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, the Rio Declaration, the Millennium Development Goals and the Hyogo Framework 2005-2015. The themes that underpin this policy are:-

  • Community-based disaster management, including last mile integration of the policy, plans and execution.
  • Capacity development in all related areas.
  • Consolidation of past initiatives and best practices.
  • Cooperation with agencies at the national, regional and international levels.
  • Compliance and coordination to generate a multi-sectoral synergy.

NDMA Logo

NDMA logoThe NDMA Logo reflects the aspirations of this National Vision, of empowering all stakeholders to improve the effectiveness of Disaster Management in India. The Map of India, embossed in gold, in the middle of the logo, circumscribed by the National Tricolor of Saffron, White and Green represents the aspiration to contain the potential threat of natural and man-made disasters through Capacity Development of all stakeholders. The outer circle is a Golden Ring of Partnership of all Stakeholders, whose hand holding is an expression of their solidarity to supplement the efforts of the Government. NDMA in the inner circle in tranquil Blue integrates the entire process by empowering all stakeholders at the local, district, state and national levels. NDMA will catalyze this Community Empowerment through institutional capacity development, strengthened public awareness and community resilience by mainstreaming disaster management in India.

Presidential Election

Recently, President election has been the talk of the town with Droupadi Murmu being elected as the India’s 15th President. Ms. Murmu becomes the second woman president and the first member of tribal community to do so as well as youngest president. She was the former Governor of Jharkhand and hails from the Santhal tribe and was born in Mayurbhanj in Odisha.

Coming to it lets know about how the election is conducted and it’s procedures:

The executive power of the Indian Union is vested with the President. The President is the head of the State and the supreme commander of the Defence Forces of India. The President exercises his powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. According to the 42nd Amendment it is necessary for the President to exercise his/her functions with the advice of Council of Ministers.

Qualifications for Election:

A person shall be eligible for election as president if he/she :

  • is a citizen of India;
  • has completed the age of 35 years;
  • is qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
  • should not hold office of profit.

Whenever the office becomes vacant, the new president is chosen by an electoral college  consisting of:

the elected members of both houses of Parliament , the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of union territories with legislatures, i.e. National Capital Territory of Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and the Union Territory of Puducherry.

The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the president must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Each candidate has to make a security deposit of ₹15,000 (US$190) in the Reserve bank of India. The security deposit is liable to be forfeited in case the candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled.

The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation (PR) by means of the instant runoff vote (IRV) method .The voting is done by secret ballot  system. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution.

The actual calculation for votes cast by a particular state is calculated by dividing the state’s population by 1000, which is divided again by the number of legislators from the State voting in the electoral college. This number is the number of votes per legislator in a given state.

Rating: 3 out of 5.

How AI and Digital Currencies Are Reshaping Global Power: The “Third Gutenberg Moment” Explained

The rules that have governed global economics and diplomacy for decades are undergoing a fundamental shift. A new framework suggests that humanity is no longer approaching the future—we are already operating within it. As reported by TechBullion, economist and diplomat Dr. Drasko Acimovic introduces the concept of the “Third Gutenberg Moment,” a turning point where…

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From Clicks to Value: What the Next Stage of the Digital Economy Means for Learning and Careers

The rules of the digital economy are shifting, and this transformation is beginning to affect not only businesses and creators, but also education, skills development, and career building. As reported by MSN, the long-standing model based on capturing attention is gradually losing relevance, as the volume of content grows and engagement becomes less meaningful as…

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Challenges of Community Reentry for the Geriatric Inmate Population of Onitsha Correctional Centre, Anambra State

Citation Ume, I. S., Onwuchekwe, S. I., Onuchukwu, G., & Obi, C. C. (2026). Challenges of Community Reentry for the Geriatric Inmate Population of Onitsha Correctional Centre, Anambra State. Think India Quarterly, 29(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i11.10705 Ignatius SundayUme1; Si.ume@coou.edu.ng; https://orcid.org:000900618459479, Stanley IkennaOnwuchekwe2; si.onwuchekwe@coou.edu.ng: https://orcid.org/0009 0004-0330-1770, Greg Onuchukwu3; greg.onuchukwu@federalpolyoko.edu.ng,https://orcid.org: 0009-0005-1713-9855, Charity Chioma Obi4; charity.obi@federalpolyoko.edu.ng:https://orcid.org: 0009_0003_1770_6894 1, Department of…

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Artificial Intelligence Technologies and the Control of Oil Theft in Warri South-West Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria

Citation Onwuchekwe, S. I., Ibekwe, C. C., Ume, I. S., Agbodike, M. C., & Onuchukwu, G. (2026). Artificial Intelligence Technologies and the Control of Oil Theft in Warri South-West Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal for Social Studies, 12(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.26643/ijss/6                                         Stanley Ikenna Onwuchekwe                                  Department of Criminology and Security Studies,                                …

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Content Validity Testing of Items for Determining the Appropriateness of a Computer Science-Specific Learning Taxonomy Instrument

Citation Shaheed, I. M., Khudhair, K. T., & Hasan, N. F. (2026). Content Validity Testing of Items for Determining the Appropriateness of a Computer Science-Specific Learning Taxonomy Instrument. International Journal of Research, 13(4), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.26643/ijr/edupub/12 Iman Mousa Shaheed1, *, Kifah Taha Khudhair2, Noor Flayyih Hasan3 1General Directorate of Education in Najaf, Kufa department of education, Najaf, Iraq…

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Effect of Welfare Administration on Employee Service Delivery in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria: 2010- 2024

Citation Udegbunam, I. P., Idowu, M.-M. A., & Nwankwo, B. C. (2026). Effect of Welfare Administration on Employee Service Delivery in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria: 2010 – 2024. International Journal of Research, 13(4), 128–143. https://doi.org/10.26643/ijr/edupub/11                     Ifeoma Priscilla Udegbunam1, Michael-Mary A. Idowu2, & Prof.  B. C. Nwankwo3                             1, 2&3 Department of Public Administration…

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, , , , ,

Every elected member of the parliament enjoys the same number of votes, which may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members of legislative assemblies by the total number of elected representatives of the parliament.

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Rating: 1 out of 5.

Dialogue and Development Commission of Delhi

 The Dialogue and Development Commission of Delhi is envisioned as a think-tank of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi advising the government in finding sustainable, people centric solutions to the critical development challenges facing Delhi.


DDC Delhi has the following four broad functions:

1) Policy Design: Consider ideas, innovations, best practices nationally and globally, evidence of impact in a core set of policy areas and translate them into concrete policy recommendations for the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi.

2) Support Policy Implementation: Support expeditious implementation of critical reforms by developing innovative models of contracting, model RFPs, leveraging technology and by actively bridging knowledge and capacity gaps, if any.

3) Promote Participatory Governance: Establish platforms that bridge the gap between government and external stakeholders such as the private sector, civil society, academia and communities in effective design and implementation of policies and government schemes.

4) Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning: Promote the use of data, evidence and modern monitoring and evaluation techniques for improved policy-making and better delivery of public services. Further, document the impact of reforms and policy innovations of the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi to facilitate internal and external learning.

To fulfill its mandate, the Dialogue and Development Commission of Delhi’s work is organized around the following six sectors/verticals:

1) Social Sector: The Social Sector team advises and assists the government’s work in following areas:

  • a. Provide world-class education to every child, from early childhood education and higher education with a particular focus on outcomes of quality education.
  • b. Provide affordable and accessible healthcare facilities for all within the framework of a three-tiered universal healthcare system comprising of Mohalla Clinics, polyclinics and hospitals for tertiary care.
  • c. Ensure the welfare, social security and safety of all vulnerable sections such as children, women, elderly, SCs/STs, transgender, unorganized workers etc.

2) Environment: The Environment team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Reduce air pollution and carbon emissions substantially from current levels by forming a scientific understanding of underlying sources, and implementing innovative, evidence-backed mitigation measures.
  • b. Clean-up Yamuna by ensuring no untreated water flows into the Yamuna and develop a beautiful
  •  river side on the Yamuna, which will play a big role in maintaining the Yamuna  Eco system and creating a new tourist destination.
  • c. Make Delhi among India’s cleanest cities by working in close coordination with Municipal Corporations to get rid of open dhalavs and institute modern practices for collection, transportation & disposal of solid waste.

3) Transport and Infrastructure: The Transport and Infrastructure team advises and assists the
 government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Create a world-class and affordable public transportation system comprising of buses, metro and efficient last-mile connectivity that gives priority to electric vehicles and non-motorized modes of transport.
  • b. Build well-designed, beautifully landscaped and safe roads that cater to the needs of all its users – the essential hallmark of a world-class city.
  • c. Provide dignified housing and essential services to all residents of Delhi with a focus on the needs of slum dwellers and residents of unauthorized colonies.

4) Economy: The Economy team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Undertake reform measures for the continued growth of Delhi’s economy including modernization of market and industrial areas, furthering the ease of doing business, nurturing the growth of culture and creative economy and establishing Delhi as the nation’s hub for start-ups.
  • b. Promote the growth of quality jobs and employment opportunities by investing in world-class skill training and better industry-government collaboration in labor-intensive sectors.
  • c. Undertake all possible steps to increase the participation of women in Delhi’s economy, including initiatives that connect housewives with job and business opportunities from or near their homes.

5) Governance: The Governance team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Establish and nurture platforms of participatory governance that bridge the gap between government and external stakeholders such as the private sector, civil society, academia and communities ineffective design and implementation of government schemes and policies.
  • b. Undertake appropriate administrative and institutional reforms to ensure that public institutions and governance in Delhi is capable of serving the needs and aspirations of the national capital of 21st century India.
  • c. Encourage the usage of modern IT and e-governance tools for transparent and efficient administration.
  • d. Promote a culture of research and innovation to address the most critical development challenges facing Delhi.

6) Monitoring, Evaluation & Learning: This team advises and assists the government’s work in the following areas:

  • a. Strengthen the use of data and modern monitoring tools such as Outcome budgeting, performance dashboards, 
  • high-frequency monitoring etc. for timely course corrections and improved policy implementation.
  • b. Conduct independent surveys and rigorous evaluations of government schemes and policies, either internally (for small/rapid assessments) or in collaboration with external organizations to generate insights on which programmed work and why.
  • c. Act as a knowledge hub on policy innovations and impact of various reforms of Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi and facilitate internal and external learning by publishing policy briefs, case studies, white papers etc. and hosting seminars and conferences.

VOLUNTEER

Do you have the passion to contribute towards the country’s progress? Join us! You could volunteer with us for a minimum of two hours every week or on and off for events and one-off volunteering opportunities.
Register with us and we will get in touch with you soon (please allow us two weeks) through Email and SMS regarding the next orientation programme. At the orientation you will get more information about all of Bhumi’s projects, the causes you can choose and the locations where you can volunteer.
contact us 
contact@track2training.com

Career

Careers at Track2Training are suitable for dynamic people looking to grow as leaders, capable of functioning as one among our volunteers, enabling and complementing their work. Candidates should be willing to work flexible hours and on weekends. Remuneration is on par with the best in the sector.
Prior experience with volunteer, non-profit, education and /or youth organizations desirable. Prior volunteering experience
Drop a mail to 
contact@track2training.com

VISION AND MISSION

Vision:
To help build a more influential, equal and socially conscious society.
Mission:
Track2Training drives social change by fostering an environment where young adults & children learn, lead and thrive
Our Strategy: Engage, Execute, Empower & Exit – To engage rural communities with corporates, young urban India, not-for-profit organizations and Governments to execute programs that empower our communities to transform their own lives, enabling us to exit and allowing them to serve as role models and change agents for the rest of the country.

About Us

Track2Training (AN INITIATIVE FOR DEVELOPMENT) IS WORKING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RURAL ECONOMY THROUGH REVIVAL OF THE AGRICULTURE AND COTTAGE INDUSTRY. Creating content for social benefits and sharing knowledge about government schemes and programs for development.

Track2Training (An Initiative for Development) is an active NGO in the city. Hariyali has been carrying out need based welfare and integrated programs of development for rural poor and needy especially belonging to marginalized and under privileged sections. The NGO primarily focus on the development of the rural economy through revival of the agriculture and cottage industry.

Track2Traing  is one of India’s largest independent and youth volunteer non-profit organisations.
Bhumi was founded on 2013 by a small group of professionals with a strong passion to change society today and build a better India for tomorrow. The organisation provides youngsters a platform to serve the society and bridges the gap between the educated and the uneducated.
Our volunteers educate and mentor children from orphanages, slum and village community centres across the country to give them a better future, which will benefit them as well as our country. The learning experience is mutual – our volunteers gain perspective and the experience to mould themselves into tomorrow’s leaders.

ORGANISATION

The organization Hariyali operates through committed and dedicated local women and men workers who have developed support and trust with the communities. The operational strategy includes empowering the poor to become self reliant through continuous experience sharing workshops, exposure visits, skill building and training. Orientation will also be given on livelihood support health, education, biotechnology, animal husbandry and sanitation. The effort shall be made to enhance income through the use of farming systems technology. The organization strongly believes in working with others and learning from others experience and networking with government and local groups. 


Sustainable development in the project shall be emphasized by :

  • Empowering communities through community mobilization.
  • Better opportunities for livelihood improvement.
  • Developing village based institutions.
  • Wider dissemination of lessons learnt and traditional technologies.
  • Experiences sharing workshops with different stakeholders.
  • To generate income of poor rural people by their traditional works like the field of Agriculture / Animal / husbandry / Forest produce value addition etc.
Our philosophy states that India lives in her villages and we cannot rise to our true potential as a country without a fundamental transformation in the lives of people in rural India. At the Swades Foundation we believe that the partnership of rural India with corporates, young urban India, the Government and other foundations is the key to create a permanent and irreversible change for good. 
We aim at bringing together the best global practices, corporate thinking and accountability, the highest standards of corporate governance to create a model of sustainable development, which is a benchmark in the industry and can be replicated at scale. We strongly believe in collaboration and working with multiple partners including other foundations, NGOs, corporates and the government. 
Our Mission is to empower 1 million rural Indians every 5 years, creating a permanent, irreversible change for good. We believe in a holistic 360-degree development with a focus on six verticals – Community Mobilisation, Water & Sanitation, Agriculture & Dairy, Livelihood, Education and Health & Nutrition. This model empowers our communities with the capability of creating choices for themselves and their families, allowing them to transform their own lives and ensuring a permanent and irreversible change for good 
Our strategy is to Engage, Empower, Execute and Exit: To engage rural communities with corporates, young urban India, not-for-profit organizations and governments and empower our communities to execute programs that transform their own lives, enabling us to exit and allowing them to serve as role models and change agents for the rest of the country.