travel to Jamnagar
Kudumbashree and micro finance
Kudumbashree, a community organization of Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs) of women in Kerala, has been recognized as an effective strategy for the empowerment of women in rural as well as urban areas: bringing women together from all spheres of life to fight for their rights or for empowerment. The overall empowerment of women is closely linked to economic empowerment. Women through these NHGs work on a range of issues such as health, nutrition, agriculture, etc. besides income generation activities and seeking micro credit.
Kudumbashree differs from conventional programs in that it perceives poverty not just as the deprivation of money, but also as the deprivation of basic rights. The poor need to find a collective voice to help claim these rights. Kudumbashree was conceived as a joint program of the Government of Kerala and NABARD implemented through Community Development Societies (CDSs) of Poor Women, serving as the community wing of Local Governments. Kudumbashree is formally registered as the “State Poverty Eradication Mission” (SPEM), a society registered under the Travancore Kochi Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Act 1955. It has a governing body chaired by the State Minister of LSG. There is a state mission with a field officer in each district. This official structure supports and facilitates the activities of the community network across the state.
KUDUMBASHREE MICROFINANCE
This system operates by encouraging women to form small homogenous groups under the SHG-bank linkage program. The members of these minute groups were encouraged to meet frequently and amass minute thrift amounts from their members. They were also taught simple accounting methods to enable them to maintain their accounts. Individually these poor could never have had enough savings to open a bank account. The first step in establishing links with the formal banking system opened up when the pooled savings enabled them to open a formal bank account in the denomination of the group. These were followed by frequent group meetings. Pooled thrift was utilized to impart lean loans to members for meeting their diminutive emergent needs saving them from debt traps/ money lenders who demanded unusually high rates of interest and accelerated their empowerment through group dynamics, decision-making, and funds management. Peer- screening effect was engendered as borrowers themselves undertook the task of credit evaluation and reduced the transaction costs, community members had much more preponderant information than banks. Peer monitoring effect induced group members to utilize their imprests in productive ways. The desire to preserve valuable ties induced borrowers to spend extra effort if compulsory to secure timely payments. These ties were valuable because they sanctioned members’ borrowing and provided business connections. Moreover, a very consequential feature of group-lending was the collateral effect. Gradually the pooled thrift grew and soon 11 they were adept in receiving external funds in multiples of their group savings. Bank loans enabled the group members to undertake income- generating ventures.
The various microfinance activities taken up by Kudumbashree are:
Thrift and credit operations
NHGs are instrumental in thrift mobilization, encouraging the poor to save and to avail low -cost formal credit. They facilitate easy and timely credit to the unreached. The amount of loan to members and the purpose for which the loan should be utilized are decided by the NHG. The repayment is collected weekly during the NHG meetings. It is estimated that the thrift mobilized is on an average Rs 40 per month per member.
Linkage Banking.
NHG-Bank linkage scheme is one of the flagship programmes of Kudumbashree. NABARD SHG-Bank linkage grading procedures are applied while selecting eligible NHGs for availing loan. The NHGs are rated on the basis of a 15 -point index developed by NABARD. Bank will provide loans to those NHGs who pass 80 % of marks in the grading.
Matching Grant.
Matching grant is an incentive provided to NHGs. This grant linked to amount of thrift mobilized, performance of NHG in the Grading and loan availed from banks. An amount of 10% of the savings of the NHG subject to a maximum of Rs 5000/- is provided as matching grant to each NHG. The grant is released based on their assessment rated using 15-point grading criteria developed by NABARD.
Interest Subsidy for Linkage loan.
Govt of Kerala has introduced a new interest subvention scheme to promote Bank Linkage Program among Kudumbashree Neighborhood Groups. Under this scheme all Kudumbashree NHGs are eligible for interest subvention to avail the loan facility at an interest rate of 4% on credit up to Rs. 3 lakhs. The interest subsidy would be provided as annual instalments to the NHGs.
KAASS.
KAASS, the Kudumbashree Accounts & Audit Service Society; is a homegrown enterprise to ensure proper account keeping in the community network. Each district has been furnished with a KAASS team that has been 12 drawn from commerce graduates and is guided by professional chartered accountants
Digitization of MIS’ and repayment Info System (E- SHAKTI)
Keeping in view the Government of India’s mission for creating a digital India, NABARD has launched a project for digitization of all Self -Help Group (SHG) in the country.
Kudumbashree and micro finance
Kudumbashree, a community organization of Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs) of women in Kerala, has been recognized as an effective strategy for the empowerment of women in rural as well as urban areas: bringing women together from all spheres of life to fight for their rights or for empowerment. The overall empowerment of women is closely linked to economic empowerment. Women through these NHGs work on a range of issues such as health, nutrition, agriculture, etc. besides income generation activities and seeking micro credit.
Kudumbashree differs from conventional programs in that it perceives poverty not just as the deprivation of money, but also as the deprivation of basic rights. The poor need to find a collective voice to help claim these rights. Kudumbashree was conceived as a joint program of the Government of Kerala and NABARD implemented through Community Development Societies (CDSs) of Poor Women, serving as the community wing of Local Governments. Kudumbashree is formally registered as the “State Poverty Eradication Mission” (SPEM), a society registered under the Travancore Kochi Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Act 1955. It has a governing body chaired by the State Minister of LSG. There is a state mission with a field officer in each district. This official structure supports and facilitates the activities of the community network across the state.
KUDUMBASHREE MICROFINANCE
This system operates by encouraging women to form small homogenous groups under the SHG-bank linkage program. The members of these minute groups were encouraged to meet frequently and amass minute thrift amounts from their members. They were also taught simple accounting methods to enable them to maintain their accounts. Individually these poor could never have had enough savings to open a bank account. The first step in establishing links with the formal banking system opened up when the pooled savings enabled them to open a formal bank account in the denomination of the group. These were followed by frequent group meetings. Pooled thrift was utilized to impart lean loans to members for meeting their diminutive emergent needs saving them from debt traps/ money lenders who demanded unusually high rates of interest and accelerated their empowerment through group dynamics, decision-making, and funds management. Peer- screening effect was engendered as borrowers themselves undertook the task of credit evaluation and reduced the transaction costs, community members had much more preponderant information than banks. Peer monitoring effect induced group members to utilize their imprests in productive ways. The desire to preserve valuable ties induced borrowers to spend extra effort if compulsory to secure timely payments. These ties were valuable because they sanctioned members’ borrowing and provided business connections. Moreover, a very consequential feature of group-lending was the collateral effect. Gradually the pooled thrift grew and soon 11 they were adept in receiving external funds in multiples of their group savings. Bank loans enabled the group members to undertake income- generating ventures.
The various microfinance activities taken up by Kudumbashree are:
Thrift and credit operations
NHGs are instrumental in thrift mobilization, encouraging the poor to save and to avail low -cost formal credit. They facilitate easy and timely credit to the unreached. The amount of loan to members and the purpose for which the loan should be utilized are decided by the NHG. The repayment is collected weekly during the NHG meetings. It is estimated that the thrift mobilized is on an average Rs 40 per month per member.
Linkage Banking.
NHG-Bank linkage scheme is one of the flagship programmes of Kudumbashree. NABARD SHG-Bank linkage grading procedures are applied while selecting eligible NHGs for availing loan. The NHGs are rated on the basis of a 15 -point index developed by NABARD. Bank will provide loans to those NHGs who pass 80 % of marks in the grading.
Matching Grant.
Matching grant is an incentive provided to NHGs. This grant linked to amount of thrift mobilized, performance of NHG in the Grading and loan availed from banks. An amount of 10% of the savings of the NHG subject to a maximum of Rs 5000/- is provided as matching grant to each NHG. The grant is released based on their assessment rated using 15-point grading criteria developed by NABARD.
Interest Subsidy for Linkage loan.
Govt of Kerala has introduced a new interest subvention scheme to promote Bank Linkage Program among Kudumbashree Neighborhood Groups. Under this scheme all Kudumbashree NHGs are eligible for interest subvention to avail the loan facility at an interest rate of 4% on credit up to Rs. 3 lakhs. The interest subsidy would be provided as annual instalments to the NHGs.
KAASS.
KAASS, the Kudumbashree Accounts & Audit Service Society; is a homegrown enterprise to ensure proper account keeping in the community network. Each district has been furnished with a KAASS team that has been 12 drawn from commerce graduates and is guided by professional chartered accountants
Digitization of MIS’ and repayment Info System (E- SHAKTI)
Keeping in view the Government of India’s mission for creating a digital India, NABARD has launched a project for digitization of all Self -Help Group (SHG) in the country.
Budget as Powerful Instrument of government
The budget is a vital, principle tool of Financial administration and is most powerful instrument of legislative control. Budget has mentioned important aspects as larger number of Policy questions in the course of making fiscal outputs. The term budget refers to the Financial papers. It has develop in middle ages, which has a feature of Absolute English regime as well as Europe.
The budget was a statement of revenue and expenditure and regarded as business affairs of the king and the state. Revenue was derived from king’s domains. At this time, all governmental expenditure were not subjected to parliamentary control. Full legislative control of main string of the century. Thus, the conception of the budget as the central tool of financial direction and control on monetary standards.
The budget system is the basis of efficient fiscal management. According to W F Willoughby, the real significance of budget system lies in providing for the orderly administration of the Financial affairs of a government. Fiscal management consists continuous chain of operations such as estimates of revenue and expenditure, revenue and appropriation acts, accounts audit and report.
The Public Account Committee states the object of budgeting in the form of “The budgeting is designed to provide for parliamentary control, for Administrative account that the expenditure incurred by the government is in the specific manner by specific authority.
Objectives of Budget
• To structure delegation of operations as well as financial authority and responsiblity, by providing the basis for central control
• To conduct regular periodic reconsideration or revaluation of government purpose and objectives.
• To provide the framework of public account and fiscal accountability.
• To provide the legal basis for the expenditure of Public funds.
• To facilitate a comparative evaluation of different purposes and programmers in relation to each other and their relative cost.
Functions of Budget
The function of government budgeting is to administer the National finance in organized manner. No haphazard and unplanned expenditure and revenue. Financial operations of the government are to be properly planned and implemented through budgeting.
Functions as instrument of execution of the economic Policy of the government. An approved budget gives the administrator, a zest of the financial environment within which has to work out. During budget, the budget supplies data for decision making and acts as a guide to various departments heads for what they have to do. Budget is an instrument to make elected legislators accountable to the people and to the democratic system. It also secure the economic, social and cultural rights of people.
The also Important as review of the past accomplishment contains the figures of the previous financial years. In order to manage or set budgetary expectations reviewed by previous budget. Budget helps in knowing where Public money has been spent in favour of law and how far objectives has achieved.
Fundamentals of Budget
- Planning and programming
- Research of statistics and global conditions
- Control Supervision
- Balance Budget
- Estimation of one year expenditure
- Executive Discretion
- Combination of Revenue in one unit
Significance of Budget
The goal of Administration is to attain economy and efficiency and budget plays important role in financial administration. It promotes rational planning effective Policy making and sound Decision Making to give strong foundation for attaining political and social objectives. The budget can help to promote policies and help in redefining the policy structure. Financial allocation of budget identified in physical outputs. Good Budget consider all aspects for financial and economic policies.
Organising the staffing require for creation of budget, all financial department to be included in the budget. To make administration effective need to apply overlapping. Direction with several departments and linkage of communication can strengthen the system. Coordination ensure the avoid of duplication and wastage and increase the effectiveness of implementation of Financial policies.
Reporting budget on widely discussed newspapers and journals for the information to Public for constructing their own opinions. Budget can supplement the efforts of government in supporting the policies for all section of Society. Modern technology helps connect with innovative changes in the areas of leadership, communication, decision making, democratisation of the organization. Above it, it makes possible to introduce and expedite the use of information technology in Financial administration.
Budget as Powerful Instrument of government
The budget is a vital, principle tool of Financial administration and is most powerful instrument of legislative control. Budget has mentioned important aspects as larger number of Policy questions in the course of making fiscal outputs. The term budget refers to the Financial papers. It has develop in middle ages, which has a feature of Absolute English regime as well as Europe.
The budget was a statement of revenue and expenditure and regarded as business affairs of the king and the state. Revenue was derived from king’s domains. At this time, all governmental expenditure were not subjected to parliamentary control. Full legislative control of main string of the century. Thus, the conception of the budget as the central tool of financial direction and control on monetary standards.
The budget system is the basis of efficient fiscal management. According to W F Willoughby, the real significance of budget system lies in providing for the orderly administration of the Financial affairs of a government. Fiscal management consists continuous chain of operations such as estimates of revenue and expenditure, revenue and appropriation acts, accounts audit and report.
The Public Account Committee states the object of budgeting in the form of “The budgeting is designed to provide for parliamentary control, for Administrative account that the expenditure incurred by the government is in the specific manner by specific authority.
Objectives of Budget
• To structure delegation of operations as well as financial authority and responsiblity, by providing the basis for central control
• To conduct regular periodic reconsideration or revaluation of government purpose and objectives.
• To provide the framework of public account and fiscal accountability.
• To provide the legal basis for the expenditure of Public funds.
• To facilitate a comparative evaluation of different purposes and programmers in relation to each other and their relative cost.
Functions of Budget
The function of government budgeting is to administer the National finance in organized manner. No haphazard and unplanned expenditure and revenue. Financial operations of the government are to be properly planned and implemented through budgeting.
Functions as instrument of execution of the economic Policy of the government. An approved budget gives the administrator, a zest of the financial environment within which has to work out. During budget, the budget supplies data for decision making and acts as a guide to various departments heads for what they have to do. Budget is an instrument to make elected legislators accountable to the people and to the democratic system. It also secure the economic, social and cultural rights of people.
The also Important as review of the past accomplishment contains the figures of the previous financial years. In order to manage or set budgetary expectations reviewed by previous budget. Budget helps in knowing where Public money has been spent in favour of law and how far objectives has achieved.
Fundamentals of Budget
- Planning and programming
- Research of statistics and global conditions
- Control Supervision
- Balance Budget
- Estimation of one year expenditure
- Executive Discretion
- Combination of Revenue in one unit
Significance of Budget
The goal of Administration is to attain economy and efficiency and budget plays important role in financial administration. It promotes rational planning effective Policy making and sound Decision Making to give strong foundation for attaining political and social objectives. The budget can help to promote policies and help in redefining the policy structure. Financial allocation of budget identified in physical outputs. Good Budget consider all aspects for financial and economic policies.
Organising the staffing require for creation of budget, all financial department to be included in the budget. To make administration effective need to apply overlapping. Direction with several departments and linkage of communication can strengthen the system. Coordination ensure the avoid of duplication and wastage and increase the effectiveness of implementation of Financial policies.
Reporting budget on widely discussed newspapers and journals for the information to Public for constructing their own opinions. Budget can supplement the efforts of government in supporting the policies for all section of Society. Modern technology helps connect with innovative changes in the areas of leadership, communication, decision making, democratisation of the organization. Above it, it makes possible to introduce and expedite the use of information technology in Financial administration.
What is Zoning
Zoning describes the control by authority of the use of land, and of the buildings thereon. Areas of land are divided by appropriate authorities into zones within which various uses are permitted. Zoning is the process of planning for land use by a locality to allocate certain kinds of structures in certain areas. Zoning also includes restrictions in different zoning areas, such as height of buildings, use of green space, density (number of structures in a certain area), use of lots, and types of businesses. Levels or types of zoning include open space, residential, retail, commercial, agricultural, and industrial.
Zoning is the application of common sense and fairness to public regulation governing the use of private land. Zoning can be defined as the creation by law of the zones such as residential, commercial, industrial, civic, institutional and recreational in which regulations prevent misuse of lands and buildings and limit their height and densities of population differing in different zones. Zoning sets apart different areas in the town for specific purposes. It prevents encroachment of one zone upon another adjacent to it. While planning a city the area of town can be divided into following zones.
1. Industrial zone
2. Administrative zone
3. Business zone
4. Open space
5. Residential zone
a) Different zone for different height
b) Zone for single family
c) Zone for two family
d) Zone for apartment houses
6. Recreational zone
7. Local administrative zone
8. Agricultural zone
Objectives of Zoning
The objects or purposes of zoning are as follows.
- To lessen congestion in streets.
- To secure safety of fire and other hazards.
- To promote health and general welfare.
- To provide adequate light and air.
- To protect the value of property.
- To prevent over-concentration of population.
- To facilitate transportation, water supply, sewerage, schools, parks etc.
- To encourage the most appropriate use of land.
- The town planner gets ample opportunities for designing the future growth and development of town.
- Zoning proves to be an effective instrument in case of any review or modification in order to make town planning scheme more effective and successful.
Principles of Zoning
The main principles of zoning can be briefly summarized as follows.
1. Arrangement of zones
The usual pattern of zones is in central area and undeveloped area. The other pattern of zones would be to provide blocks or units for various uses in different parts of the town.
2. Boundaries
The design of boundaries for different zones should be carefully made. A railway line or a park or an open green space may prove to be satisfactory boundary.
3. Existing towns
When zoning is to be applied to an existing town, the information regarding the existing use of land is gathered and as far as possible, the town is divided into zones by considering the predominant use in the particular areas.
4. Flexibility
The principles of zoning may be rigidly enforced. But at the same time, care should be taken to observe flexibility in working out the details for zoning. For instance, homes should be very near to places of work to reduce time of travel. Similarly, the small shopping centres for day today requirements should be allowed in residential zone.
5. New towns
For designing a new town of known population, the areas required for residence, industry and business are worked out with the help of suitable methods. The town is divided into suitable zones.
Advantages of Zoning
Following are the advantages of zoning.
- Business or commercial areas are separately located with their garages and service stations at a distance from the residential areas.
- The industrial area is located away from the residential area so it is not affected by dangerous gases, smoke etc.
- The population is distributed throughout the town by zoning, so there will be no concentration of population in any one particular zone.
- Height zoning regulates the height of the buildings. Hence high rise buildings will not be allowed to construct near small houses.
- The zoning permits the economic use of various public utility services such as water supply, drainage lines, and telephone lines etc.
- A land in the form of recreational area is provided to use as playgrounds, stadiums, parks, talkies, etc.
- Zoning promotes health, safety, prosperity, orderly development and overall welfare of community.
- The zoning results into minimum chances of fire occurrence.
- If zoning is adopted, it results into controlled future development of the town.
Densities of a Town
- Overall town density = Total population / Total town area
- Developed area density = Total population / Total developed area
- Gross residential area density = Total population / Total residential area
- Net residential area density = Total population / Net residential area
- Accommodation density = Number of habitable rooms / Area
- Occupancy rate = Number of persons / Number of habitable rooms
- Floor Space Index = Total built up area / Plot area
Types of Zoning
1) Density Zoning
In density zoning, the density of population in the residential areas is controlled by means of suitable rules and regulations. The density of population per unit area may either be expressed as gross density or net density. The gross density is the average density of population per unit area of the whole area. The net density is defined as the average density of population per unit of the housing area, including local roads only, excluding open spaces, public institutions, shopping centres etc.
The following are the indirect measures adopted to have effective density zoning.
- The front, side, and rear margins from the boundaries are specified.
- The maximum height of the building is specified.
- The minimum size of allotment for each house is specified.
- The number of houses per unit area is limited.
- The ratio of total site area to the total built-up floor area is specified.
The advantages of density zoning are as follows.
- It promotes healthy conditions, as population is distributed throughout the town.
- It prevents over-crowding.
- It facilitates the proper layout and designing of various public amenities and services.
- The land values are stabilized.
- It ensures enough light and ventilation to the residences.
2) Height Zoning
The main objects of height zoning are as follows.
- To supply enough daylight to the buildings
- To cause reasonable traffic movement
It aims to control the height of buildings with due consideration of the following.
- Bulk and cubical contents of the buildings
- Street width and other adjacent marginal open spaces
Due to height zoning, there is considerable setback in the design of high rise buildings or skyscrapers. The restriction on the height of buildings will depend on nature of building, type of zone and climatic conditions.
Advantages of height zoning are as follows.
- It does not allow tall buildings to come up nearby smaller buildings.
- It establishes minimum standards in terms of light, air and space, thereby creates healthy conditions.
- It controls the setback from roads.
- It helps to construct the buildings with uniform height, which gives aesthetic appearance.
- It controls the land values.
3) Use Zoning/Land Use Zoning
- The main principle of use zoning is to divide the city into different zones, in correct location with respect to the others.
- It avoids the encroachment of one zone upon another adjoining it.
- Utilization of each zone according to the purpose for which it is allocated.
- Factories and industries on the residential areas can be completely avoided.
- This zone provides open spaces, privacy and good health for the inhabitants of the town.
- It results into stabilization of land values.
- It provides better traffic facilities, water lines, sewer lines and use of other public utility and amenities in an efficient way.
Under the Use zoning the town is divided into the following.
a) Residential Zone
This is very important zone of the town, where the people of the town live together in large number. This zone covers an area of 40 – 50% of total land. The buildings coming under this zone are single family houses, semi-detached houses, group housing, chawl, flats, skyscrapers etc.
The following are the points considered while locating residential zones.
- Near to the market, free from noise and smoke, parks and playgrounds should be close by.
- It should have certain amount of privacy and separated from other zones by wide strip of green belt which may consists of parks and parkways etc.
- Speedy travel and communication facilities.
- Peaceful surroundings, as far as possible from industries and business zones.
- Healthy environment with respect to hygienic and sanitary requirements.
b) Industrial Zone
This zone covers an area of 5 – 20%. This is next to the residential zone in terms of importance. Hence great care should be exercised in locating the industries. The following are the points considered while locating industrial zones.
- Minor industries like bakeries, dairies, laundries may be grouped and located close to the residential zone for the benefit of inhabitants.
- Light industries and factories like manufacture of glass, porcelain, and ice etc. which use only electric power can be located anywhere on the periphery of the town.
- Heavy industries giving out obnoxious (or harmful) gases and the industries causing noise such as manufacture of cement, steel and other such material should be located on the outskirts of the town.
- The special industries producing undesirable trade wastes and by-products may be located far away from town in spacious grounds.
c) Commercial Zone
This zone covers an area of 2 – 5%. This zone consists of markets, banks, ware-houses (go downs) and business offices. These should be located near centres of traffic and as far as along the road sides.
d) Civic Zone
This zone covers an area of 2 – 3%. This contains all public buildings like town hall, court, public libraries, post office, museum, auditorium, bank, showrooms, stores and houses for the employed under the government.
e) Institutional Zone
This zone covers an area of 1 – 2%. This zone contains schools, colleges, institutions etc.
f) Recreational Zone
This is planned in the remaining area of the town, usually 15 – 20%. This is an important zone since it provides healthy environment for the people. It mainly includes parks, playgrounds, stadiums, cinemas, community centres. Generally, the various units of recreational zone are scattered throughout the town.
In urban planning as well as transportation planning, land use is the object of zonal characterization. Each land use zone is subject to a series of regulations depicting what can be built in terms of nature, function and density, giving tools to municipal governments to influence urban development. Single use zoning, also known as Euclidean zoning, is a tool of urban planning that controls land uses in a city.
There are four major types of land use zoning.
1) Functional Zoning
The most prevalent form of zoning where land use zones are defined according to their function such as commercial, residential or industrial. Each zone type is subject to specific rules and regulations concerning the type of activities that can be built.
2) Form Based Zoning
Define zones according to their physical characteristics, mostly from an urban identity perspective such as the downtown area. This form of zoning is usually easier to relate to the general population since it uses zonal definitions that are well known.
3) Intensity Zoning
Defines land use zones by the level of permitted intensity, such as the number of residential units per unit of surface or allowed commercial surface. Such regulation enables a level of flexibility in urban development since it permits developers to select which types of development takes place as long as this development abides by density constraints.
4) Incentive Zoning
Often part of revitalization or development plans where developers are allowed to build residential, commercial or industrial (manufacturing, warehousing) projects in specific areas through the provision of various incentives such as tax abatement or basic infrastructure (road, utilities, public transport services).
It is common that more than one type of zoning will be applied to a city, which can lead to some conflicts and discrepancies between stakeholders. The issue is to try to establish a balance between the restrictions imposed by zoning regulations and the dynamic market forces of urban development.
Uses of land
The use of land in town planning can broadly be classified in to following two categories.
1) Profit Making Use
The land which is developed with profit making motives, for e.g. sites developed for offices, residences, industries etc.
2) Non Profit Making Use
The land which is developed without any motive of making profit. It includes roads, parks, playgrounds, educational buildings and government offices. The main nonprofit making use in urban area will naturally be the roads.
RBI ACCOUNT AGGREGATOR FRAMEWORK
The Account Aggregator framework, introduced by the RBI, aims to make financial data more accessible by creating data intermediaries called Account Aggregators (AA) which will collect and share the user’s financial information from a range of entities that hold consumer data called Financial Information Providers (FIPs) to a range of entities that are requesting consumer data called Financial Information Users (FIUs) after obtaining the consent of the consumer.
For example, if a user wishes to apply for a loan, the lender (an FIU) will require access to the previous financial statements of the user – which reside with the user’s Bank (an FIP) – in order to check their creditworthiness. Here’s how an AA will facilitate the flow of information:
- The FIU will request the AA to share the desired financial information.
- The AA will request the user for their consent to share financial information with the FIU. The Account Aggregator must interact with the customer using either a web-based or a mobile app-based client.
- If the user consents, the AA will request the FIP (the User’s bank in this case) to share the financial information.
- The FIP will transfer the information, which will be encrypted, to the AA, which will then transfer it to the FIU.
Roles of each party:
- Banks act as financial data providers. They supply the data required for Reserve bank of India to create a database of the account data and create reliable rankings.
- Lenders act as financial data seekers. The lenders or financial institutions who provide fund to people acts as the seekers or demands the data aggregated by the Reserve bank.
- Non-banking finance corporations act as mediums of communication between banks and lenders and they are the links.
- Third-party service providers work with AAs.
Process
- An individual or business opens an account with an account aggregator. Then, they link their bank accounts, insurance policies, etc. — which are accounts containing the customer’s financial data.
- The customer can provide consent to a lender to access their financial data through the NBFC-AA.
- After consent is provided, the account aggregator seeks permission from the financial data providers to access the customer’s data.
- The data is sent to the account aggregator, which, in turn, empowers lenders to better evaluate the customer’s financial profile and risk associated with providing a loan.
Banks involved at present are:
These are the banks which act as the data providers:
State Bank of India
ICICI Bank
Axis Bank
IDFC First Bank
Kotak Mahindra Bank
HDFC Bank
IndusInd Bank
Federal Bank.
Advantages
- Data scattered around the financial system can be made available under a single database.
- This helps the institutions build a better understanding of potential customers and tailor their services accordingly.
- It also enables the free flow of data between banks and financial service providers.
- Helps financial institutions to make better assessment of creditworthiness of individuals and thus make better loan decisions.
- Helps to eliminate the limitations of credit rating agencies.
- Helpful for creditworthy customers
Disadvantages
- It faces the issue of data privacy.
- It is proposed as a self- Regulator framework, which would be an issue.
- This data could be used for several other purposes.
RBI ACCOUNT AGGREGATOR FRAMEWORK
The Account Aggregator framework, introduced by the RBI, aims to make financial data more accessible by creating data intermediaries called Account Aggregators (AA) which will collect and share the user’s financial information from a range of entities that hold consumer data called Financial Information Providers (FIPs) to a range of entities that are requesting consumer data called Financial Information Users (FIUs) after obtaining the consent of the consumer.
For example, if a user wishes to apply for a loan, the lender (an FIU) will require access to the previous financial statements of the user – which reside with the user’s Bank (an FIP) – in order to check their creditworthiness. Here’s how an AA will facilitate the flow of information:
- The FIU will request the AA to share the desired financial information.
- The AA will request the user for their consent to share financial information with the FIU. The Account Aggregator must interact with the customer using either a web-based or a mobile app-based client.
- If the user consents, the AA will request the FIP (the User’s bank in this case) to share the financial information.
- The FIP will transfer the information, which will be encrypted, to the AA, which will then transfer it to the FIU.
Roles of each party:
- Banks act as financial data providers. They supply the data required for Reserve bank of India to create a database of the account data and create reliable rankings.
- Lenders act as financial data seekers. The lenders or financial institutions who provide fund to people acts as the seekers or demands the data aggregated by the Reserve bank.
- Non-banking finance corporations act as mediums of communication between banks and lenders and they are the links.
- Third-party service providers work with AAs.
Process
- An individual or business opens an account with an account aggregator. Then, they link their bank accounts, insurance policies, etc. — which are accounts containing the customer’s financial data.
- The customer can provide consent to a lender to access their financial data through the NBFC-AA.
- After consent is provided, the account aggregator seeks permission from the financial data providers to access the customer’s data.
- The data is sent to the account aggregator, which, in turn, empowers lenders to better evaluate the customer’s financial profile and risk associated with providing a loan.
Banks involved at present are:
These are the banks which act as the data providers:
State Bank of India
ICICI Bank
Axis Bank
IDFC First Bank
Kotak Mahindra Bank
HDFC Bank
IndusInd Bank
Federal Bank.
Advantages
- Data scattered around the financial system can be made available under a single database.
- This helps the institutions build a better understanding of potential customers and tailor their services accordingly.
- It also enables the free flow of data between banks and financial service providers.
- Helps financial institutions to make better assessment of creditworthiness of individuals and thus make better loan decisions.
- Helps to eliminate the limitations of credit rating agencies.
- Helpful for creditworthy customers
Disadvantages
- It faces the issue of data privacy.
- It is proposed as a self- Regulator framework, which would be an issue.
- This data could be used for several other purposes.
Public policy And Politics in India : How institution matterBy kuldeep Mathur, Oxford University Press 2013; ISBN -13: 978-0-19-9466054
Public policy is a new discourse that emerged in the early 1950s. Public policy is designed as goal oriented action to stimulate decision making. Policy mounted on law & regulations, funding management with the concern of governmental representation. It is a discipline to solve the Conflict by making policies such as education Policy, health Policy, employment policy, foreign policy, Agriculture Policy and labor policy.
Public policy developed in the context of the Indian governance scenario; is becoming more and more significant in today’s world. The importance of civil societies, non-profit organizations, and the media have a communicative role in producing policies.
This book carved out a few questions that needed to be answered like what is the nature of this new style of governance ? How does it affect the role of the state in framing public policy? And this book also delve deep into the nature and role of these networking to determine public policy, promoting the sledgehammer research in this area of public policy.
Kuldeep Mathur, the author of this book put forward his own research essays that focus on an analysis of Indian public policies. The theme of the book also concerned the processes of policy making. Author explores the impoverished aspects of Policies in india; what was lost in the dominant theme pursued by most scholars was that policy was an arena of Contestation – of bargaining & Compromises of politics.
Questioning the bureaucratic imperative of impersonality and neutrality inhibited an understanding of how policies were formulated and implemented.
Main Content
This book emphasizes on certain Sphere or excessive involvement of political executive, exclusiveness of politics in Policy Making. Discuss the Guidance of Governance in India, Research bases Policy Analysis and how policy research organized in the South Asian region provides the understanding for Supreme Court, Technocrats and populist Politics in india in the sphere of Policymaking, importance of policy evaluation for education Policy.
The impact of privatization, Liberalization and public sector Enterprises in India, how governance is used as networks between state, Business, NGOs for enhancement of relationships. Development of cognitivism towards strengthening the Bureaucracy: state and Development in India, enforces the Administrative reform in india as policy fixation and Consequences.
Following tenets explained by author; Book explained the Policy mechanism of different Commissions, Active inputs of parliamentary Committees, Concentrate on political and Administrative Constraints. Introductory policy Analysis from planning to implementation failure.
Articulation of how formulation of policies differ in South Asia; social political environment and character of Social Science research context that shapes the characteristics of policy research organization, emergence of policy research organization in South Asia. However, South Asian Countries do not have Common model for the growth of such institutions. Below mentioned important outlining from the book.
“Initiative taken by the govt establishing research institution at the beginning of the planning period indicates recognition of the fact that research can contribute to policy making”. Policy failure were seen to be located in the bureaucratic/managerial process rather than in programme design & formulation of objectives.
“The dilemma of increased political participation within a system of limited economic benefit is the major Challenge for policymakers as india enters the second millennium”.Author underline the role of supreme Court in Policymaking; Political Contestation & govt reluctance in implementing what had already long been on the statute books and nature of environmentalist politics.
Explored the role of various actors in shaping outcomes, the impact of education policy since independence. The significance of privatization emphasis on the virtue of the market is highlighting the weaknesses of the public sector hence the need of privatization political leadership
promoting economic reform in india, prescribed few reforms and possible reasons for failure lead to desirability of wholesome privatization.
Consideration of the role of legislation in the making of Public Policy has been a relatively neglected area of Political environment. Articulation of Governance as networks with ngos, state & market ponderability of relationship of the state with the corporate sector is based on a transformed view of the role of the state in neo liberal economic framework.
Also, In this book the author emphasizes strengthening of bureaucracy for ameliorate the Governance. All the following, explanatory principles in the book require the administrative Reforms; changing the intellectual climate that provides understanding of the role & scope of Public Administration propelled this discourse.
Conclusion
I highly recommend this book not only to those who are studying Public Policy but to all who desire to acquire knowledge regarding public policies mechanisms & approaches of Public Policy in India. The language of the book is moderate to understand, easy to absorb and grasp.
Also, This book clear the idea of policy making, social science, economic decision making, necessity of pivotal agencies gravitate our attention towards policy
processes rather than focus on consequences. Dominant Strategy of development and the state determined development outcomes. Propounded economic reform was a response to the economic crisis and became an instrument of crisis management by the government.
Critical significant stream in the general area of policy studies which here attracted considerable attention of policy evaluation. Critical evaluations of various policies and programmes have sought to identify the factors responsible for policy failures and to suggest what the Government should have done to improve their chances of successful Policy structure.
Policies could not achieve their objectives without bureaucratic and administrative adequate sophistication. Discussion on little attention was paid to the policies themselves and their appropriateness by Government, Policies began to be assessed in relation to plan models, sectoral relationships and the global economic context. Importance of public policies have primarily focused on the dimensions of efficiency and effectiveness.
Policies are shaped and designed. Social scientists need to fill the gap in our comprehension of how state institutions function particularly when policy is a political statement and not a techno-rational output of State action. This book provide all kind of reasoning and perception to improve the Public Policy structure.
Public policy And Politics in India : How institution matterBy kuldeep Mathur, Oxford University Press 2013; ISBN -13: 978-0-19-9466054
Public policy is a new discourse that emerged in the early 1950s. Public policy is designed as goal oriented action to stimulate decision making. Policy mounted on law & regulations, funding management with the concern of governmental representation. It is a discipline to solve the Conflict by making policies such as education Policy, health Policy, employment policy, foreign policy, Agriculture Policy and labor policy.
Public policy developed in the context of the Indian governance scenario; is becoming more and more significant in today’s world. The importance of civil societies, non-profit organizations, and the media have a communicative role in producing policies.
This book carved out a few questions that needed to be answered like what is the nature of this new style of governance ? How does it affect the role of the state in framing public policy? And this book also delve deep into the nature and role of these networking to determine public policy, promoting the sledgehammer research in this area of public policy.
Kuldeep Mathur, the author of this book put forward his own research essays that focus on an analysis of Indian public policies. The theme of the book also concerned the processes of policy making. Author explores the impoverished aspects of Policies in india; what was lost in the dominant theme pursued by most scholars was that policy was an arena of Contestation – of bargaining & Compromises of politics.
Questioning the bureaucratic imperative of impersonality and neutrality inhibited an understanding of how policies were formulated and implemented.
Main Content
This book emphasizes on certain Sphere or excessive involvement of political executive, exclusiveness of politics in Policy Making. Discuss the Guidance of Governance in India, Research bases Policy Analysis and how policy research organized in the South Asian region provides the understanding for Supreme Court, Technocrats and populist Politics in india in the sphere of Policymaking, importance of policy evaluation for education Policy.
The impact of privatization, Liberalization and public sector Enterprises in India, how governance is used as networks between state, Business, NGOs for enhancement of relationships. Development of cognitivism towards strengthening the Bureaucracy: state and Development in India, enforces the Administrative reform in india as policy fixation and Consequences.
Following tenets explained by author; Book explained the Policy mechanism of different Commissions, Active inputs of parliamentary Committees, Concentrate on political and Administrative Constraints. Introductory policy Analysis from planning to implementation failure.
Articulation of how formulation of policies differ in South Asia; social political environment and character of Social Science research context that shapes the characteristics of policy research organization, emergence of policy research organization in South Asia. However, South Asian Countries do not have Common model for the growth of such institutions. Below mentioned important outlining from the book.
“Initiative taken by the govt establishing research institution at the beginning of the planning period indicates recognition of the fact that research can contribute to policy making”. Policy failure were seen to be located in the bureaucratic/managerial process rather than in programme design & formulation of objectives.
“The dilemma of increased political participation within a system of limited economic benefit is the major Challenge for policymakers as india enters the second millennium”.Author underline the role of supreme Court in Policymaking; Political Contestation & govt reluctance in implementing what had already long been on the statute books and nature of environmentalist politics.
Explored the role of various actors in shaping outcomes, the impact of education policy since independence. The significance of privatization emphasis on the virtue of the market is highlighting the weaknesses of the public sector hence the need of privatization political leadership
promoting economic reform in india, prescribed few reforms and possible reasons for failure lead to desirability of wholesome privatization.
Consideration of the role of legislation in the making of Public Policy has been a relatively neglected area of Political environment. Articulation of Governance as networks with ngos, state & market ponderability of relationship of the state with the corporate sector is based on a transformed view of the role of the state in neo liberal economic framework.
Also, In this book the author emphasizes strengthening of bureaucracy for ameliorate the Governance. All the following, explanatory principles in the book require the administrative Reforms; changing the intellectual climate that provides understanding of the role & scope of Public Administration propelled this discourse.
Conclusion
I highly recommend this book not only to those who are studying Public Policy but to all who desire to acquire knowledge regarding public policies mechanisms & approaches of Public Policy in India. The language of the book is moderate to understand, easy to absorb and grasp.
Also, This book clear the idea of policy making, social science, economic decision making, necessity of pivotal agencies gravitate our attention towards policy
processes rather than focus on consequences. Dominant Strategy of development and the state determined development outcomes. Propounded economic reform was a response to the economic crisis and became an instrument of crisis management by the government.
Critical significant stream in the general area of policy studies which here attracted considerable attention of policy evaluation. Critical evaluations of various policies and programmes have sought to identify the factors responsible for policy failures and to suggest what the Government should have done to improve their chances of successful Policy structure.
Policies could not achieve their objectives without bureaucratic and administrative adequate sophistication. Discussion on little attention was paid to the policies themselves and their appropriateness by Government, Policies began to be assessed in relation to plan models, sectoral relationships and the global economic context. Importance of public policies have primarily focused on the dimensions of efficiency and effectiveness.
Policies are shaped and designed. Social scientists need to fill the gap in our comprehension of how state institutions function particularly when policy is a political statement and not a techno-rational output of State action. This book provide all kind of reasoning and perception to improve the Public Policy structure.
India’s role in global climate action
We know that India is the second most populous nation in the world. In order to meet the needs of this growing population, India is putting large amount of pressure on the natural resources. The carbon emissions and natural resource depletion by the nation is on the high.
In terms of natural resources exploitation, India is among the first ten nations. As it is a developing nation it’s contribution towards controlling these emissions is also limited.
However, realizing it’s global position as one of the leader of developing countries, it has started initiatives towards environment friendly initiatives.
Let us look into such initiatives:
Panchamrit or “five elixirs.”
These are goals laid down by India regarding its climate action. Four out of five of these so-called elixirs are short-term goals that would pave the way for achieving a net-zero emissions target by 2070. The immediate goals are:
- Reaching a non-fossil fuel energy capacity of 500 GW by 2030;
- Fulfilling 50 percent energy requirements via renewable energy by 2030
- Reducing CO2 emissions by 1 million tons by 2030
- Reducing carbon intensity below 45 percent by 2030
- India will achieve net zero by 2070
Net zero goal
India’s announcement that it aims to reach net zero emissions by 2070 and to meet 50% of its electricity requirements from renewable energy sources by 2030 is a hugely significant moment for the global fight against climate change. India is pioneering a new model of economic development that could avoid the carbon-intensive approaches that many countries have pursued in the past – and provide a blueprint for other developing economies.
International solar alliance
The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an alliance of 105 signatory countries (81 of whom are members), most being sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The primary objective of the alliance is to work for efficient consumption of solar energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. This initiative was first proposed by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in a speech in November 2015 at Wembley Stadium (London HA9 0WS, United Kingdom), in which he referred to sunshine countries as Suryaputra (“Sons of the Sun”). The alliance is a treaty-based inter-governmental organization. Countries that do not fall within the Tropics can join the alliance and enjoy all benefits as other members, with the exception of voting rights.
National action plan for climate change
National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) is a Government of India’s programme launched in 2008 to mitigate and adapt to the adverse impact of climate change. The action plan was launched in 2008 with 8 sub-missions. The plan aims at fulfilling India’s developmental objectives with focus on reducing emission intensity of its economy. The plan will rely on the support from the developed countries with the prime focus of keeping its carbon emissions below the developed economies at any point of time.
Indian government has also formulated several new schemes and incorporated climate conscious initiatives in its existing schemes realizing the urge of the hour. Being a large nation, India’s efforts will contribute significantly towards world efforts.
Let us join our hands in the efforts of the nation.
India's role in global climate action
We know that India is the second most populous nation in the world. In order to meet the needs of this growing population, India is putting large amount of pressure on the natural resources. The carbon emissions and natural resource depletion by the nation is on the high.
In terms of natural resources exploitation, India is among the first ten nations. As it is a developing nation it’s contribution towards controlling these emissions is also limited.
However, realizing it’s global position as one of the leader of developing countries, it has started initiatives towards environment friendly initiatives.
Let us look into such initiatives:
Panchamrit or “five elixirs.”
These are goals laid down by India regarding its climate action. Four out of five of these so-called elixirs are short-term goals that would pave the way for achieving a net-zero emissions target by 2070. The immediate goals are:
- Reaching a non-fossil fuel energy capacity of 500 GW by 2030;
- Fulfilling 50 percent energy requirements via renewable energy by 2030
- Reducing CO2 emissions by 1 million tons by 2030
- Reducing carbon intensity below 45 percent by 2030
- India will achieve net zero by 2070
Net zero goal
India’s announcement that it aims to reach net zero emissions by 2070 and to meet 50% of its electricity requirements from renewable energy sources by 2030 is a hugely significant moment for the global fight against climate change. India is pioneering a new model of economic development that could avoid the carbon-intensive approaches that many countries have pursued in the past – and provide a blueprint for other developing economies.
International solar alliance
The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an alliance of 105 signatory countries (81 of whom are members), most being sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The primary objective of the alliance is to work for efficient consumption of solar energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. This initiative was first proposed by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in a speech in November 2015 at Wembley Stadium (London HA9 0WS, United Kingdom), in which he referred to sunshine countries as Suryaputra (“Sons of the Sun”). The alliance is a treaty-based inter-governmental organization. Countries that do not fall within the Tropics can join the alliance and enjoy all benefits as other members, with the exception of voting rights.
National action plan for climate change
National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) is a Government of India’s programme launched in 2008 to mitigate and adapt to the adverse impact of climate change. The action plan was launched in 2008 with 8 sub-missions. The plan aims at fulfilling India’s developmental objectives with focus on reducing emission intensity of its economy. The plan will rely on the support from the developed countries with the prime focus of keeping its carbon emissions below the developed economies at any point of time.
Indian government has also formulated several new schemes and incorporated climate conscious initiatives in its existing schemes realizing the urge of the hour. Being a large nation, India’s efforts will contribute significantly towards world efforts.
Let us join our hands in the efforts of the nation.
Recommendations for Gender Based violence
Sex Education, Community, media, intervention, gender norms programmes helpful to tackle GBV. Several LGBTQ+ organizations and their programmes initiated in the USA (New York, Washington, California) we’ll discuss below all their activities.
- Community intervention can address gender norms and attitudes. For example, the combination of microfinance schemes for women. IMAGE microfinance and gender equity initiated in South Africa and stepping stone programmes in Africa and Asia. Well trained facilitators and community ownership appear to boost the effectiveness of the programme.
- Public awareness campaigns via television, radio, newspapers and other mass media can be effective in altering attitudes towards gender norms.
- School based programmes consider considerable components to spread words regarding gender norms and attitudes before they become deeply ingrained in children & youth. Positive results have been reported in the US and Canada by Youth Relationship Project.
In Rawada, UNFPA introduced “one stop centers” to fulfill the diverse physical, emotional and school needs of survivors.
- Psycho – counseling, helplines and safe houses programmes on sexual reproduction health that should be treated as first place service.
Research – Build Gender sensitivity in male groups
Men as partners programme from age 10 – 14 years, only all male groups must participate in changing attitude or mindset. Encourage boys to stop domestic and sexual violence towards gender and to become responsible but programme has yet to be in evaluation process.
Youth Relationship Project in Ontario is a community based intervention to help at-risk 14 – 16 year old boys; take a health promotion approach that develops healthy, no abusive relationships by providing education about gender related issues, conflict resolution, communication skills and social action activities. Randomized controlled trials showed that intervention was effective in reducing incidents of physical and emotional abuse.
Another programme in United States, Mentors in violence prevention, provide two hours educational sessions to male and female high school and college student in mixed or single sex groups. Here, students learn about different types of abuse, gender stereotypes and society’s acceptance of violence against women. Evaluation of the programme examined the knowledge and attitudes of participants after two to five months of implementation. This study indicated that the programme improved participants’ attitudes towards violence against GBV.
Organizations like GLSEN, Lambda legal, Advocates for youth, Gender spectrum, Centrelink,The Trevor Project are working exclusively for gender sensitivity and inclusive environment, suicide prevention services to young LGBTQ people under 25. Some of the main projects/steps of organizations are:-
- Through litigation, education and Policy advocacy protect the rights of LGBTQ people that seek health care and medical professional health and facilities understand their responsibility to treat LGBT patients fairly.
Sports projects as education & advocacy programme.
- Solidarity week, No name calling week and day of silence are part of the project
- Supportive educators, comprehensive policies and inclusive curriculum.
- Train organize and support student survivor activists in challenging their educational institutions to address violence and discrimination.
- Advocate for Policy change at the campus, state and federal levels to ensure meaningful systematic action to end gender violence.
- Communities engagement including young people of color, black and Latino and trans color youth; members use social media campaigns, peer education, storytelling and media outreach to raise awareness of interconnection between HIV disparity, racism, homophobia and transphobia determinate for inclusion of youth most impacted by HIV in planning, implementation and evaluation of programs; policies that affect their health and well being.
Recommendations for Gender Based violence
Sex Education, Community, media, intervention, gender norms programmes helpful to tackle GBV. Several LGBTQ+ organizations and their programmes initiated in the USA (New York, Washington, California) we’ll discuss below all their activities.
- Community intervention can address gender norms and attitudes. For example, the combination of microfinance schemes for women. IMAGE microfinance and gender equity initiated in South Africa and stepping stone programmes in Africa and Asia. Well trained facilitators and community ownership appear to boost the effectiveness of the programme.
- Public awareness campaigns via television, radio, newspapers and other mass media can be effective in altering attitudes towards gender norms.
- School based programmes consider considerable components to spread words regarding gender norms and attitudes before they become deeply ingrained in children & youth. Positive results have been reported in the US and Canada by Youth Relationship Project.
In Rawada, UNFPA introduced “one stop centers” to fulfill the diverse physical, emotional and school needs of survivors.
- Psycho – counseling, helplines and safe houses programmes on sexual reproduction health that should be treated as first place service.
Research – Build Gender sensitivity in male groups
Men as partners programme from age 10 – 14 years, only all male groups must participate in changing attitude or mindset. Encourage boys to stop domestic and sexual violence towards gender and to become responsible but programme has yet to be in evaluation process.
Youth Relationship Project in Ontario is a community based intervention to help at-risk 14 – 16 year old boys; take a health promotion approach that develops healthy, no abusive relationships by providing education about gender related issues, conflict resolution, communication skills and social action activities. Randomized controlled trials showed that intervention was effective in reducing incidents of physical and emotional abuse.
Another programme in United States, Mentors in violence prevention, provide two hours educational sessions to male and female high school and college student in mixed or single sex groups. Here, students learn about different types of abuse, gender stereotypes and society’s acceptance of violence against women. Evaluation of the programme examined the knowledge and attitudes of participants after two to five months of implementation. This study indicated that the programme improved participants’ attitudes towards violence against GBV.
Organizations like GLSEN, Lambda legal, Advocates for youth, Gender spectrum, Centrelink,The Trevor Project are working exclusively for gender sensitivity and inclusive environment, suicide prevention services to young LGBTQ people under 25. Some of the main projects/steps of organizations are:-
- Through litigation, education and Policy advocacy protect the rights of LGBTQ people that seek health care and medical professional health and facilities understand their responsibility to treat LGBT patients fairly.
Sports projects as education & advocacy programme.
- Solidarity week, No name calling week and day of silence are part of the project
- Supportive educators, comprehensive policies and inclusive curriculum.
- Train organize and support student survivor activists in challenging their educational institutions to address violence and discrimination.
- Advocate for Policy change at the campus, state and federal levels to ensure meaningful systematic action to end gender violence.
- Communities engagement including young people of color, black and Latino and trans color youth; members use social media campaigns, peer education, storytelling and media outreach to raise awareness of interconnection between HIV disparity, racism, homophobia and transphobia determinate for inclusion of youth most impacted by HIV in planning, implementation and evaluation of programs; policies that affect their health and well being.
Yoga Policies and Programmes in Global Scanerio
Ongoing Pandemic has left with many physical and mental health issues; where we face constant on and off lockdowns. People suffering through financial hardship lead to an impact on their lifestyle and their work routine. Large population confronting Mental health issues, loneliness, constant fear of losing job, psychological suffering, anxiety depression, sleeping pattern and isolation.
It is natural for anyone to develop anxiety or any health issue but this time needs to focus on our mental health therefore, yoga is considered as a preventive measure. Yoga is helpful to decrease the intensity of mental health issues and lead us towards a healthy lifestyle. Government of India, private yoga institutes abroad, campus awareness exclusively works on yoga significant aspects of human life. But, not even government or yoga institutes have introduced yoga programs for GBV survivors. India is a country who extensively works on yoga Policies and programmes by state government ,yoga Universities. India has its own Ministry for yoga that promotes yoga events on a larger scale.
USA (New Jersey, Newton Massachusetts)
The USA federal government had not supported any yoga Policy or even program. To make it easier here, we need to understand the difference between Policy and programme.
Programme – short term intervention that creates temporary improvement in wake of challenges not necessarily supported by the government. On the other hand, policies are those which are passed by legislature and implemented by executives.
Therefore, there is no government funded yoga policy or programme. But many initiatives taken up by several universities or yoga school based programmes. More Christian dominating states are not ready for school based yoga programs for their children according to The Atlantic report. States like Georgia, Alabama find yoga as Hindu and Buddhist roots.
Many private yoga studios are opening in the USA or programs. For example
- Outdoor fitness Program by New York City Dept of Parks & Recreation (private & paid).
- 80 hours online yoga training
- Online self paced Restoration yoga training
- Online yoga teacher training 50 hours
- Paid programmes in Arizona, Miami, California and Oregon.
- Vinyasa flow, Iyengar, Ashtanga, heated flow, Relax & Renew and Restoration Yoga
France/UK/Istanbul
France
France also has the same situation when it comes to government Policy or programmes. Few paid programmes are there like :-
- Yoga holiday in Ariege
- Day yogic healing Retreat in Biarritz
- Day meditation and yoga retreat in Chateaubriant
Istanbul
Istanbul yoga centers have joined the yoga alliance to promote the practices of yoga.
- Yoga posture and breathing classes for all ages
- Yoga instructor certificate program of VYASA
- Yoga therapy for common ailments.
United kingdom
- Isha foundation
- Yoga for health & wellness
Yoga practices in the UK Study: cross sectional online anonymous survey. The study investigated the characteristics of people who practice yoga, reasons for initiating & maintaining practices and perceived impact of yoga on health & well being.
India
- Delhi Government launched online yoga classes for Covid 19 patients in home isolation. One hour each from 6am to 11am and 4pm to 7pm named the ” Dilli ki Yogshala” programme.
- Yoga on call promoting and facilitating yoga practices.
- Yoga institutes give their services to transgenders, school children and senior citizens in Mumbai and Delhi.
- Niti Aayog suggested yoga as a regular activity in schools to encourage healthy choices and behaviors.
- Government schemes for those who are practicing yoga.
- By HRD minister yoga training “study in India” program was introduced to enable foreign students to obtain authentic yoga training.
- Haryana CM maintained a statement “yoga has been included in school curriculum for classes 1 to 10 from 2021” taking yoga to the grassroot level.
- Many private/paid clubs are already in india.
- Isha foundation
- Art & living
- Total yoga
International organization
NGOs work overseas to promote yoga and well-being in people.
- International yoga federation aims to create a world’s yoga community and environment of wellness through yoga.
- Yoga alliance
- World yoga organization
- International yoga training and healing center (Mauritius)
- Sampoorna yoga
- Total yoga program has group yoga classes, corporate wellness workshops, yoga retreats, seminars & events in Singapore, California and Philadelphia.
- Yoga without Borders in Barcelona working in Palestine, Morocco and Tanzania
- Art & Living (New Jersey) program teaches free breath meditation and breathing techniques that are helpful in reducing stress and make meditation effortless.
- Isha foundation & Meditation class – Inner engineering Meetup group free meditation classes, different yoga programs and public events.
- WHO also considers Yoga as one of the significant processes to protect themselves from coronavirus.
- UN on International yoga day “yoga is also playing a significant role in psycho Social care and rehabilitation of Covid 19 patients during quarantine and isolation.
Private Research and Development
- Dept of Ayush of Ministry of Ayush their laboratories come under Government of India R & D programs.
- Kaivalyadhama established the scientific research Dept leading initiative in yoga recognised in the Institute of scientific research by the scientific & industrial research organization (SIRO) Ministry of science & technology Govt of india. More research on yoga’s impact on various biochemical, physiological and psychological parameters. Yoga effects on cancer, chronic diseases, immune diseases, psychogenic disorders, obesity, diabetes and stress.
- Post graduate institute of medical education, Tshwane University of Technology and Uttarakhand Ayurved University put a recent development in yoga: A scientific perspective.
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