Entertainment Apps to use in 2021

We are living in an era that seems incomplete without technology. To be honest, our day starts and ends with modern-day technological devices. We cannot imagine our life without these devices and this is where applications come into the picture, these devices are incomplete without the apps. These apps add to the functionality of the device and there are numerous apps available for every kind of device based on the type of OS. And so at times, it becomes a confusing task to find the best and the right application for your device.

Snap Camera

With most of your time being spent sitting in front of digital meeting platforms like Google Meet, Zoom, Microsoft Teams, etc Snap Camera could be a fun tool to escape the daily boredom of virtual meetings and add a bit of fun by bringing the famous Snapchat app lenses to your video chats. It lets you apply different virtual filters to your face by AI recognition while using your computer/laptop webcam. It includes all the most famous Snapchat filters, only this time, you can apply them to the image captured by your PC’s camera, perfect for when you stream or make video calls to friends and family.

Spotify

We have had enough of the productivity and utility apps. Now we’ll look at an entertainment app namely Spotify. Gone are the days when people used to download songs to listen to them on their PC. The modern era is taken over by online music streaming apps such as Spotify that allows users to listen to online music of their choice and even download them to facilitate offline in-app accessibility. Using Spotify, you can stream from millions of songs and even podcasts and listen to your favorite artists and enjoy music in Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, and many more languages.

WhatsApp Desktop

At last but not the least, we have the desktop version of the popular messaging app Whatsapp.

Whatsapp desktop has all the basic features of the WhatsApp mobile version like sending/receiving messages, attaching pictures, videos, documents, contacts, etc.

It allows you to seamlessly synchronize all of your chats to your computer. Now you might be thinking that all these things can be done via Whatsapp web then why to unnecessarily download a separate app. Well, you are correct to some extent but there’s one feature that lets this app stand out from WhatsApp Web and that is the added functionality of  Voice and Video calls. You cannot make or receive Whatsapp voice or video calls via Whatsapp web but with the desktop app, you can. 

Rishabh Pant

Who will rightfully fill MS Dhoni, the wicket-keeper batsman’s place is a question that has remained unanswered completely since Dhoni’s retirement? And for sure that’s a very big shoe to fill. 

Amidst all these one young man who is proving to be a match-winner for team India is the very talented Rishabh Pant. He is yet another promising talent that the IPL has delivered.

From opening the batting for India at the ICC U-19 World Cup in 2016 and landing an IPL contract to his international debuts in the next two years, Pant has come a long way. His explosive strike rate with the bat has lifted Team India out of extremely tricky situations.

In the absence of Shreyas Iyer, he also got the chance to lead Delhi Capitals in the year 2021.

Although his talent with the bat was never in question but he lacked patience and at times threw away his wicket in a haste. But that has definitely changed with time. The bigger question was his keeping skills for which he was constantly criticized but that has also improved over time.

According to Saba Karim, the ex-India international and former national selector “There has been a remarkable improvement in his keeping skills, and it has happened because of the kind of work he has put in, His footwork has been more decisive. His biggest test was going to be in England. If you compare his keeping skills from the 2018 England tour to now, there is a huge difference.”

Over the last couple of years, pant rose as a mature cricketer. He is considered as one of the match winners of team India. From fans chanting “Dhoni! Dhoni! Dhoni!” after a failed review from Pant in 2019 to raucous chants of “Pant! Pant! Pant!” greeting his moves in front of and behind the stumps, Pant has come a long way.

And for sure there’s a long way for him to go.

What Are Vitamins And Why We Need Them?

We must obtain vitamins from natural foods, or dietary supplements in order to sustain life.
When I mention the word vitamin, most people think pill. Thinking pill brings to mind confusing images of medicine and drugs. Though vitamins can and certainly often do the work of both medicine and drugs,they are neither.
Quite simply, vitamins are organic substances necessary for life. Vitamins
are essential to the normal functioning of our bodies and, save for a few exceptions, cannot be manufactured or synthesized internally. Necessary for
our growth, vitality, and general well-being, they are found in minute quantities in all natural food. We must obtain vitamins from these foods or from dietary supplements.
What you have to keep in mind is that supplements, which are available
in tablet, capsule, liquid, powder, spray, patch, and injection forms, are still just food substances, and, unless synthetic, are also derived from living plant sand animals.
It is impossible to sustain life without all the essential vitamins.
What Vitamins Are Not
Vitamins are neither pep pills nor substitutes for food.
A lot of people think vitamins can replace food. They cannot. In fact, vitamins cannot be assimilated without ingesting food. There are a lot of erroneous beliefs about vitamins, and I hope this book can clear up most of them.Vitamins are not pep pills and have no caloric or energy value of
their own.
Vitamins are not substitutes for protein or for any other nutrients, such as minerals, fats, carbohydrates, water or even for each other!
Vitamins themselves are not the components of our body structures.
You cannot take vitamins, stop eating, and expect to be healthy.

How They Work

If you think of the body as an automobile’s combustion engine and vitamins as spark plugs, you have a fairly good idea of how these amazing minute food substances work for us.
Vitamins regulate our metabolism through enzyme systems. A single deficiency can endanger the whole body.Vitamins are components of our enzyme systems which, acting like spar
plugs, energize and regulate our metabolism, keeping us tuned up and functioning at high performance.
Compared with our intake of other nutrients like proteins, fats, and carbo
hydrates, our vitamin intake (even on some mega dose regimens) is minuscule. But a deficiency in even one vitamin can endanger the whole human body.
But, you should always remember that supplements are supplements and not replacement of regular and healthy food. Without food, they will not work.

Dreams : Types & Facts

Dreams are stories and images that our minds create while we sleep. They can be entertaining, fun, romantic, disturbing, frightening, and sometimes bizarre.

Although it is hard to define what a dream is, for the purpose of this article, we will define dreams as our thoughts during sleep that we recall when we wake up. So, sleeping dreams are not the same as “daydreaming.” Dreams are mostly visual (made up of scenes and faces; sound, taste, and smell are rare in dreams). Dreams can range from truly strange to rather boring, snapshots from a recent event.

Facts on Dreams

  • We may not remember dreaming, but everyone is thought to dream between 3 and 6 times per night.
  • Dreams improve creativity and problem solving.
  • It is thought that each dream lasts between 5 to 20 minutes.
  • Dreams regulate our moods and emotions.
  • Around 95 percent of dreams are forgotten by the time a person gets out of bed.
  • Dreaming can help you learn and develop long-term memories.
  • Blind people dream more with other sensory components compared with sighted people.
  • Dreams support memories.

Types of Dreams

There are 5 main types of dreams : 

1. Normal Dreams

Common dreams about people and experiences that we can sometimes forget.

2. Day Dreams

When we escape from reality and visualise the past, present & future throughout the day.

3. Lucid Dreams

Being completely aware and in control of dream the dream you are having while you sleep.

4. False Awakening Dreams

A vivid type of dream that feels like you have woken up but you are actually still asleep.

5. Nightmares

The least favourite type of dream. Nightmares are disturbing and scary dreams that can feel realistic.

Whether you remember your dreams or not, most people dream every night during REM sleep. REM stands for rapid eye movements, which happen during this stage of sleep. During REM sleep, muscle and brain activity also differ from other sleep stages. Characteristics of dreams tend to be different for each of these sleep stages.

Conclusion

There are different ways scientists measure dreams from asking questions to using MRI. These studies show us that activity in the brain while we sleep gives us the interesting dreams we recall when we wake up. These dreams help us remember things, be more creative, and process our emotions.

We know most kids do not get enough sleep. Some diseases (like Alzheimer’s disease) also make people sleep less, while others (like REM sleep behaviour disorder and mood disorders) affect dreams directly. It is important to study sleep and dreams to understand what happens when we do not get enough sleep and how we can treat people with these diseases.

Teenagers & Anxiety

All teens experience some amount of anxiety at times. Anxiety is actually a normal reaction to stress, and sometimes it helps teens deal with tense or overwhelming situations. For many teens, things like public speaking, final exams, important athletic competitions, or even going out on a date can cause feelings of apprehension and uneasiness. They may also experience an increase in heartbeat or excessive sweating. That’s how the brain responds to anxious feelings.

For some teens, however, anxiety can go beyond these typical symptoms to negatively affect friendships and family relationships, participation in extracurricular activities, and even their schoolwork. When feelings of anxiety interfere with normal daily living, the presence of an anxiety disorder should be considered. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately 25% of 13 to 18-year-olds have an anxiety disorder, and just under 6% have a severe anxiety disorder.

Given that teens experience a wide variety of physical and emotional changes as they grow, an anxiety disorder can be difficult to spot. Many red flags may seem like usual teens struggles or be chalked up to hormones. Watch for these hidden signs of anxiety in your teens :

1. Emotional Changes to Watch Out For in Teens

While some anxious teens express feelings of pervasive worry, others experience subtle emotional changes such as :

  • Feeling “keyed up”
  • Feeling on edge
  • Irritability
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Restlessness
  • Unexplained outbursts

2. Social Changes

Anxiety can negatively affect friendships. If your once social teen suddenly avoids his favourite activities or stops making plans with friends, think twice. You might notice that he/she is :

  • Avoiding social interactions with usual friends
  • Avoiding extracurricular activities
  • Isolating from peer group
  • Spending increased time alone

3. Physical Changes

Many of the physical complaints that can occur with an anxiety disorder mimic average teen complaint, which tend to increase as they get older. Pay attention to patterns. A couple of headaches here and there shouldn’t be a cause for concern, for example, but frequent headaches are a red flag. Watch for these common psychosomatic complaints :

  • Frequent headaches, including migraines
  • Gastrointestinal problems
  • Unexplained aches and pains
  • Excessive fatigue
  • Complaints of not feeling well with no obvious medical cause
  • Changes in eating habits

4. Sleep Disturbances

Teens aged 13 to 18 get 8 to 10 hours of sleep on a regular basis to promote optimal health. It is also recommend shutting down screens 30 minutes prior to bedtime, and removing all electronics from the bedroom.

It’s no big secret that homework demands, changing brain structure, extracurricular activities, and screen time can all cut into the sleep habits of teens. Therefore, it can be difficult to know whether fatigue is a product of anxiety or of a busy schedule. Watch for these red flags :

  • Difficulty falling asleep
  • Difficulty staying asleep
  • Frequent nightmares
  • Not feeling refreshed after sleep

5. Poor School Performance

Given that anxiety can affect everything from sleep habits to eating habits to missing school due to physical issues, it should come as no surprise that poor academic performance can also result from untreated anxiety. School avoidance, missed days due to anxiety-related illness, and persistent worry can make it difficult for anxious teens to keep up with their workload. Watch for these changes in your teen :

  • Significant jump in grades (usually downward)
  • Frequently missed assignments
  • Describes feeling overwhelmed by workload
  • Procrastinates on, or has difficulty concentrating on, homework assignments more than usual

6. Panic Attacks : Know the Symptoms

Not all anxious teens experience panic attacks, and some experience mild symptoms of panic without enduring a full panic attack. The following symptoms are common among people with anxiety disorders :

  • Rapid heartbeat
  • Sweating and trembling
  • Dizziness
  • Upset stomach
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Chest pain
  • Feeling like they’re dying
  • Feeling like they’re “going crazy”
  • Numbness or tingling in arms and legs
  • Derealization.

Jennifer A. Doudna

Jennifer Anne Doudna is an American biochemist who is known for her pioneering work in CRISPR gene editing. She also made many other fundamental contributions to biochemistry and genetics. She along with Emmanuelle Charpentier was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry “for the development of a method for genome editing.

She was born on 19th February 1964 in Washington DC. She grew up in Hilo, Hawaii. She graduated from Pomona College in 1985 and earned a Ph.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1989. 

She received her primary education from Hilo High School where she developed her interest in science. She credits this to her 10th-grade chemistry teacher, Ms. Jeanette Wong, who according to Jennifer has been a significant influence in sparking her nascent scientific curiosity.

For her undergraduate studies, Doudna attended Pomona College in Claremont, California, where she studied biochemistry. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Biochemistry in 1985.

Post-graduation she went to Harvard Medical School for her doctoral study. There she earned a Ph.D. in Biological Chemistry in 1989. The topic of her Ph.D. was to develop a system that would increase the efficiency of self-replicating catalytic RNA.

Research Work

After pursuing her Ph.D., she joined Massachusetts General Hospital where she did research in molecular biology. She also did research in genetics from Harvard Medical School.
She went on to become a Postdoctoral Scholar in Biomedical Science at the University of Colorado Boulder. There she worked with Thomas Cech from 1991 to 1994.

CRISPR/Cas9

Apart from all the other works that she has done, Like Charpentier, Doudna is also best known for her work on CRISPR-Cas9. Doudna along with her colleagues discovered a new methodology that reduced the time and works needed to edit genomic DNA.

About CRISPR

As we know that the life processes of organisms are controlled by genes which are made up of sections of DNA. CRISPR, discovered by Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, is a methodology for high-precision changes to genes. 

It uses the immune defenses of bacteria and disables viruses by cutting their DNA up with a type of genetic scissors. 

It was made by extracting and simplifying the gene scissors’ molecular components. This tool can be used to cut any DNA molecule at a predetermined site. 

As such the CRISPR/Cas9 gene scissors can be helpful in many ways. It can lead to new scientific discoveries, better crop varieties, and also new weapons in the fight against cancer and genetic diseases.

Emmanuelle Charpentier

Infection Medicine, CRISPR-Cas9, Regulation in Infection Biology

Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier is a French professor and researcher in microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry. She along with American biochemist Jennifer Doudna won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2020. She was awarded the Nobel prize “for the development of a method for genome editing”.

She was born on 11 December 1968 in Juvisy-Sur-Orge in France. She was brought up in Paris and since her childhood, she has had very diverse interests.
She did her undergraduate studies at the Pierre and Marie Curie University (which is currently known as Sorbonne University). There she studied biochemistry, microbiology, and genetics and earned a degree in biochemistry in 1992. 

Post-graduation she attended the Institut Pasteur from 1992 to 1995, and there she was awarded a research doctorate in microbiology. Her project dealt with molecular mechanisms involved in antibiotic resistance.

Research Work

From 1997 to 1999, Charpentier worked at the New York University Medical Center There she worked as an assistant research scientist in the lab of Pamela Cowin, who was a skin-cell biologist and was working on mammalian gene manipulation. She went on to publish a paper exploring the regulation of hair growth in mice. 

She also discovered an RNA molecule involved in the regulation of virulence-factor synthesis in Streptococcus pyogenes and published it in 2004.

CRISPR/Cas9

Apart from all the other works that she has done, Charpentier is best known for her work of deciphering the molecular mechanisms of a bacterial immune system, called Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9), and repurposing it into a tool for genome editing. She won the Nobel Prize for the same.

In particular, she uncovered a novel mechanism for the maturation of a non-coding RNA which is pivotal in the function of CRISPR/Cas9. 

Specifically, She demonstrated that a small RNA called tracrRNA is essential for the maturation of crRNA.

Sachin Tendulkar on Virat Kohli’s batting struggles in England Tests: The mind leads to technical errors

It won’t be wrong if you synchronize consistency with Kohli but his recent performance has made the synonym quite dubious and the reason being inconsistency of the one who is consistent.

India’s tour of England made the unnamed heroes while the hero, the conqueror was tame on the Mecca of Cricket.The facts justify the reason as he has managed just 62 runs from the 2 Tests so far. Kohli has scores of 0, 42 and 20 so far in 3 innings at an average of 20.66.

Indian skipper lean phase with the willow has been a worrisome problem as it’s been 629 days since Virat Kohli hit his last international century.In fact, in 2021, Kohli holds an average of just 25.44 in the 9 outings he has done for India. His last 15 innings numbers are all the more disappointing which include 3 ducks and 3 single-digit scores.

This brings criticism at his door and Sachin Tendulkar brought to light what was Kohli’s weakness and that being there improper movement of his feet while batting and even moving too far across the stumps leading to cheap dismissals.

“Virat hasn’t had a great start. It is the mind that leads to technical errors and if the start isn’t good you start thinking about a lot of things. Because anxiety levels are high you tend to over compensate your movements.
“When a batsman isn’t in good form you either go too far across or don’t move your feet at all. That happens to everyone. Form is also your state of mind along with the body working in harmony,”Tendulkar told PTI.

India beat England by 151 runs to win the second Test and take a 1-0 lead in the five-match series on Monday.

Chasing 272, England were bowled out for 120 in 51.5 overs with skipper Joe Root top-scoring with 33.India declared on 298-8 just after lunch to set England 272 to win in 60 overs.India’s pacemen starred with both bat and ball on Monday as Virat Kohli’s side thrashed England by 151 runs in the second Test at Lord’s. Victory gave India a 1-0 lead in a five-match series after just their third win in 19 Tests at the ‘home of cricket’ followed a rain-marred draw at Trent Bridge. England, set 272 to win in a minimum of 60 overs on the last day, were dismissed for 120. They were in dire straits at 1-2 after Jasprit Bumrah and Mohammed Shami removed openers Rory Burns and Dom Sibley for nought apiece.

Fellow paceman Mohammed Siraj then followed up with 4-32 — a return that saw him end the match by bowling No 11 James Anderson.

Earlier, Shami, with 56 not out, and Bumrah (34 not out) both hit their highest Test scores and shared an unbroken ninth-wicket stand of 89, during India’s secon innings which contributed to their win.

COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957

Copyright is a right given by the law to creators of literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works and producers of cinematograph films and sound recordings. In fact, it is a bundle of rights including, inter alia, rights of reproduction, communication to the public, adaption and translation of the work. 
Copyright ensures certain minimum safeguards of the rights of authors over their creations, thereby protecting and rewarding creativity.
Copyright in the case of literary, dramatic or musical work:
1.Reproducing the work in any material form which includes storing of it in any medium by electronic means
2.Issuing copies of the work to the public which are not already in circulation.
3.Performing the work in public or communicating it to the public
4. Making any cinematograph film or sound  recording in respect ot the work.
5.Making any translation or adaption of the work. Further any of the above mentioned acts in relation to work can be done in the case of translation or adaption of the work.
Copyright in the case of a computer programme:
1.To do any of the act specified in respect of a literary, dramatic or musical work
2.To sell or give on commercial rental or offer for sale or for commercial rental any copy of the computer programmes where the programme itself is not the essential object of the rental.

Copyright in case of artistic work:
1.To produce the work in any material form
2.Communicating the work to the public
3.Issuing copies of work to the public which are not already in existence.
4.Including work in any cinematograph film
5.Making adaption of the work, and to do any of the above acts in relation to an adaption of the work. 
Copyright in the case of cinematograph film:
1.To make a copy of film
2.To sell or give on commercial rental or offer for sale or for such rental, any copy of the film
3.To communicate the film to the public

Copyright in case of sound recording 
1. To make any other sound recording embodying it including storing of it in any medium by electronic or other means
2.To sell or give on commercial rental or offer for sale or for such rental, any copy of the sound recording
3.To communicate the sound recording to the public
Constitution of Copyright Board
1.It is constituted with minimum two and maximum fourteen members.
2.The chairman of the Copyright Board shall be a person who is or has been a Judge of a High Court or is qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court
3.The Copyright Board is deemed to be Civil Court and proceedings before it are deemed to be judicial proceedings.
Functions of Copyright Board 
1.Settlement of disputes as to copies of any literary, dramatic or artistic work or records are issued to the public in sufficient numbers 
2.Settlement of disputes with respect to assignment of copyright
3.Granting of compulsory licence in respect of Indian works withheld from public
4.Granting of compulsory licence in respect of Indian works withheld from public.
5.Rectification of Register of Copyright 
6.Determination of royalties payable to the owner of copyright, etc.

NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL ACT, 2010

The National Green Tribunal Act,2010 is an Act which enables creation of a special Tribunal to handle the expeditious disposal  of cases pretaning to environmental issues. It was enacted under Indian Constitutional provision of Article 21.
OBJECTIVES
NGT is formed for effective disposal of cases relating to:-
1.Environmental protection
2.Conservation of forests
3.Other natural resources
4.Enforcement of any legal right relating to environment.
5.Giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property.

Composition Of National Green Tribunal
1.The tribunal shall consist of-
– Full time chairperson
– Not less than 10 but maximum of 20 full time Judicial Member.
– Not less than 10 but maximum of 20 full time Expert Member.
2.The Chairperson of the Tribunal may invite any person having specialized knowledge and experience in a particular case before the Tribunal to assist the Tribunal in that case.
3.The Central Government by notification may specify the ordinary place of sitting of the Tribunal and the territorial jurisdiction.
4.The Central Government in consultation with the Chairperson  of the Tribunal may make rules regulating the practices and procedure of the Tribunal including-
– The rules as to the persons who shall be entitled to appear before the Tribunal.
– The rules as to procedure for hearing applications and appeals and other matters.
– Rules relating to transfer of cases by the Chairperson from one place of sitting to other place of sitting. 

POWERS OF NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL
1.The Tribunal is not bound by the procedure laid down by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 but shall be guided by the principle of natural justice.
2.The Tribunal has power to regulate its own procedure.
3.The Tribunal shall also not be bound by the rules of evidence contained in the Indian Evidence Act,1872.
4.The tribunal shall have the same powers as are vested in a Civil Court while trying a suit, in respect of the following matters, namely:-
– Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath
– Requiring the discovery and production of documents 
– Receiving evidence on affidavits
– Requisitioning any public record or documents or copy of such record or document
– Issuing commissions for the examination of witness or documents
– Reviewing its decision.
– Dismissing an application for default or deciding it ex-parte.
– Setting aside any order of dismissal of any application
– Pass an interim order including granting an injuction or stay
– Any other prescribed matter 
COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES
Heads under which compensation for damages can be claimed are:-
1.Death
2.Permanent, temporary, total or partial disability or other injury or sickness
3.Loss of wages due to total or partial disability or permanent or temporary disability 
4.Damage to private property
5.Loss to local authority or government arising out of, or connected with, the activity causing any damage.
6.Loss of business or employment or both
7.Loss and destruction of any property other than private property 
8.Claims on account of any harm, damage or destruction to the fauna including milch and draught animals and aquatic fauna
9.Claims on account of any harm, damage or destruction to the flora including aquatic flora, crops, vegetables, trees and orchards.
10.Expenses incurred by the Government or any local authority in providing relief, aid and rehabilitation to the affected persons. 
11.Any other claim arising out of or connected with, any activity of handling of hazardous substance.

POBITORA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

Pobitora, 35 km east of Guwahati, is a small wildlife sanctuary in Assam in India with the highest concentration of the Great One-Horned Rhinoceros in the world. The natural boundary of the sanctuary is the Garanga Beel on the South and the river Brahmaputra on the North. An hour-long drive from Guwahati along the river Brahmaputra, passing through the village of Mayong, is an exhilarating experience for visitors. Because of Pobitora’s proximity, to Guwahati one can choose to make a day visit to and from Guwahati one can choose to make a day visit to and from Guwahati and explore the sanctuary on elephant back or stay overnight. It is often referred to as the Kaziranga National Park’s showroom. It is ideal for visitors who have little time to spare and cannot visit Kaziranga.
Pobitora was originally a grazing reserve of the erstwhile Nagaon district of Assam in the flood plains of the river Brahmaputra. Pobitora, comprising of the flat flood plains and the hillock of Raja Mating, was thereafter declared a Reserved Forest in 1971 and a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1987.

FLORA AND FAUNA 
Pobitora comprises of Assam alluvial grasslands with the hilly forest of the Raja Mayong Hill. The riverine composition of the forest with vast stretches of grassland is the ideal habitat for the Indian One-Horned rhino. However, though the total area of the sanctuary comprises of 38.81 square km, only 16 square km of this is suitable for rhino habitat. Pobitora is also home to other animals like the Asiatic buffalo, leopard, wild bear, wild boars, Chinese pangolins, civet cats, etc.
Pobitrota is a bird -watchers paradise, as both migratory and resident birds can be sighted here. A census  done in January 2012 states that there are twenty-six species of birds at Pobitora. The Marsh Babbler, an endemic bird species of Assam, has been recorded in this sanctuary.
The Rajamayong Hill, which form the part of this Sanctuary, also harbors various species of animals like leopards, Lesser cats, barking deer, etc. This hill serves as a sheltering ground during the high floods which is common in the area during the monsoons.
SIGHTSEEING IN POBITORA 
Tourist can enter the Sanctuary either on elephant back or in Jeep. The morning and evening elephant and jeep rides is the main attraction of the Sanctuary.

OTHER ACTIVITIES
1.The Haduk Hanging Bridge. There is also a picnic spot and a children’s park 
2.A visit to the Gauranga Beel.
3.Enjoy the rural charm of Mating, famous for its tradition of black magic. Lying adjacent to the Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary is the village of Mating, famous for its tradition of black magic. Remnants of old temple on hillocks surrounding Mayong is an indicator to its tantric or black magic past. The four most important temples in the area are the Kechaikhaiti shrine of Burha Mating, Narashinha Ashram of Hiloikhunda, Ganesh temple of Hatimuria and Shiva shrine of Kachashila. The village houses a community museum showcasing ancient magic literature and relics and also an old rock with undeciphered writings. 

CHITRAKOOT: ABODE OF THE GODS

Chitrakoot, “the hill of many wonders, nestles peacefully in the northern spurs of the Vindhyas, a place of tranquil forest glades and quiet rivers and streams where calm and repose are all- pervading. This loveliest of Nature’s gifts is also hallowed ground, blessed by the gods and sanctified by the faith of pilgrims. For Chitrakoot’s spiritual legacy stretches back to legendary ages: it was in these deep forests that Rama and Sita spent eleven of their fourteen years of exile: here, that the great sage Atri and Sati Anusuya meditated; and here where the principal trinity of the Hindu pantheon, Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh took their incarnations. Sufferers and seekers, poets and visionaries, princes and noblemen have, through the ages, sought and found solace in Chitrakoot, drawn inspiration from its sublime natural beauty, gained spiritual strength from its serene temples and, in turn, become part of the hallowed legend that is Chitra koot.


PLACES TO VISIT

RAMGHAT
The ghats that line the banks of the river Mandakini reveal a constantly moving and changing kaleidoscope of religious activity. Here, amidst the chanting of hymns and the sweet fragrance of incense, holy men in saffron robes sit in silent meditation or offer the solace of their wisdom to the countless pilgrims who converge here. With the very first rays of dawn that gleam upon the river, Ramghat stirs into life as the devout of all ages take the ritual, purifying dip in the waters and invoke the blessings of the gods. The activity builds up in a crescendo of colour and spontaneous expressions of faith through the day, past high noon, gently diminishing as the setting sun picks out the bright colours of flower petals floating down the river, while the evening ‘arti’ lends its melodious cadences to the deepening dusk. 

KAMADGIRI 
Kamadgiri, the original Chitrakoot, is a place of prime religious significance. A forested hill, it is skirted all along its base by a chain of temples and is venerated today, as the holy embodiment of Rama. The Bharat Milap temple is located here, marking the spot where Bharat is said to have met Rama to persuade him to return to the throne of Ayodhya. Many are the faithful who perform the ritual circuit (parikrama) of the sacred hill, to ask for a boon or a blessing.

SATI ANUSUYA 
Sati Anusuya is located further upstream, set amidst thick forests that resound to the melody of birdsong all day. It was here that Atri Muni, his wife Anusuya, and their three sons (who were the three incarnations of Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh), are said to have meditated. The Mandakini is believed to have been created by Anusuya through her meditation. Sati Anusuya lies about 16 km. from the town and can be reached by road.
SPHATIK SHILA
A few kilometers beyond Janaki Kund is again a densely forested area on the banks of the Mandakini. One can climb up to the boulder which bears the impression of Rama’s footprint and where Sita was pecked at, by Jayant in the form of a crow. There are large fish in the river here, easily visible in the pellucid water and a few temples.
HANUMAN DHARA 
Located on a rock-face several hundred feet up a steep hillside is a spring, said to have been created by Rama to assuage Hanuman when the latter returned after setting Lanka afire. A couple of temples commemorate this spot which offers a panoramic view of Chitrakoot. There is an open, paved area here in the shade of a massive peepal tree, a lovely halting place after the long climb up.
ALSO VISIT: Janaki Kund, Gupt-Godavari, Deep Daan, Bharat Koop and Bharat Milap.

SHIVPURI: MADHYA PRADESH

Shivpuri is steeped in the royal legacy of its past, when it was the summer capital of the Scindia rulers of Gwalior. And earlier, its dense forests were the hunting grounds of the Mughal emperors when great herds of elephants were captured by Emperor Akbar.
Much later, it was the tiger that roamed the wooded hills and many a magnificent beast was ‘bagged’ by royal shikaris. And, with its luxuriant forests and undulating hills, Shivpuri was a natural choice as the summer resort capital of the Scindias. Shivpuri’s royal ambiance lives on in the exquisite palaces and hunting lodges and graceful, intricately-embellished marble chhatris (cenotaphs) erected by the Scindia princes.
A sanctuary for rare wildlife and avifauna, Shivpuri has transformed a royal past into a vibrant, hopeful present.

MADHAV NATIONAL PARK
Madhav National Park is 156 sq km in area, the park is open throughout the year. With a varied terrain of wooded hills, the forests being dry, mixed and deciduous, and flat grasslands around the lake, it offers abundant opportunities for sighting a variety of wildlife. The predominant species that inhabits the park is the deer, of which the most easily sighted are the graceful little chinkara, the Indian gazelle and the chital. Other species that have their habitat in the park are nilgai, sambar, chausingha or four-horned antelope blackbuck, sloth bear, leopard and the ubiquitous common langur.
The National Park is equally rich in avifauna; the artificial lake, Chandpatta is winter home of migratory geese, pochard, pintail, teal, maillard and gadwall. A good site for bird watching is where the forest track crosses the wide rocky stream that flows from the Waste Weir. Species that frequent this spot are red-wattled lapwing, large-pied wagtail, pond heron and white breasted kingfisher. The avifauna also includes the cormorant, painted stork, white ibis, laggar falcon, purple sunbird, paradise flycatcher and golden oriole.
BARADARI
It is a building of Maratha style, built in 1921 as a night dancing hall. It has a gallery of paintings depicting real life and fantasized themes. The hall was also used for entertainment and religious purpose.

CHHATRIS
Set in a formal Mughal garden, with quiet nooks under flowering trees, intersected by pathways with ornamental balustrades and illuminated by Victorian lamps, is the complex in which the cenotaphs of the Scindias are set. Facing each other across a water tank are the chhatris of Madho Rao Scindia and the dowager queen Maharani Sakhya Raje Scindia, synthesising the architectural idioms of Hindu and Islamic styles with their shikhara-type spires and Rajput and Mughal pavilions.
The gittering white marble surface of Madho Rao Scindia’s cenctaph is inlaid in the pietra dura style, with lapis lazuli and onyx to create a spectacularly rich effect, heightened by the delicacy of the trellis work on the sides. The dowager queen’s cenotaph has a noble dignity of line and superb strucuctural harmony. Both memorials contain life-size images of the Scindias and these are tended to with extreme devotion by ceremonially-dressed retainers who perform the rituals of placing flowers and incense before the statues each day. In the evenings, the hush is broken by the sound of music as artists of the Gwalior gharana render classical ragas before the statues.

MADHAV VILAS PALACE
Standing upon a natural eminence, the elongated rose-pink summer palace of the Scindias is built in truly royal proportions. A fine example of colonial architecture, the Mahal, as it is called, is remarkable for its marble floors, iron columns, graceful terraces and the Ganapati Mandap. From the turrets, the view is a spectacular one of Shivpuri town and the park beyond.

SAKHYA SAGAR BOAT CLUB
Edging the forests of the Madhav National Park is the Sakhya Sagar lake, habitat of a variety of reptiles. Species that can be seen here are the marsh crocodile or mugger, Indian python and the monitor lizard. On the shores of the lake and connected to it by a broad pier is a Boat Club, an airy, delicate structure with glass panels.

BHADAIYA KUND
A scenic picnic spot by a natural spring. The water here is rich in minerals, supposedly of a curative nature.
ALSO VISIT: George Castle, Sultan Hotel, Kothi No.17, Madhav Vilas Palace and Sakhya Lake and Boat Club.

MANAS NATIONAL PARK

Manas National Park is located at the foothills of the Bhutan-Himalayas in Assam, it is a unique biodiversity landscape which is said to be one among the most stunning and pristine wildlife habitats of the world. It is declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 and a Biosphere Reserve in 1989, it was finally enlisted as a National Park in 1990. The Manas river, from which it derived its name, flows to the heart of the National Park. Total area of the park is about 500 square kms. 
Manas is home to over 20 endangered species including the Royal Bengal Tiger. Manas National Park is densely forested and known for its endangered endemic wildlife like the Assam roofed turtle. Hispid Hare, Golden Langur and Wild Water Buffalo. The last population of Pygmy  Hog survives in the wild of Manas and no where else in the world. Manas is the only landscape  in the world  where pristine Terai grasslands are seen merging with the Bhabar grasslands interspersed with diverse habitats  ascending ti semi-evergreen forests and then to Bhutan Himalayas.
The sanctuary has recorded 50 species of mammals, 450 species of birds, 42 species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians, 79 species of fish and over 200 butterfly species. Out of the mammals 21 are in Indian’s Schedule I and 31 of them are threatened.
ANIMALS FOUND 
Tiger, leopard, Indian Great One-Horned Rhinoceros, Golden Langur, clouded leopard, Asian Golden Cat, Himalayan Black Bear, Smooth- Coated Otters, Capped Langur, Barking Deer, Hog Deer, Assamese Macaque, Slow Loris, Sambar Deer, Spotted Deer, Gaur, Asiatic Water Buffalo , Asian Elephant,etc.

BIRDS FOUND 
Bengal Florican, Great Indian Hornbill, Egret, Pelican, White-Winged Wood Duck, Merganser, Red Headed Trogon, Magpie Robin, Comb Duck, Ibis Bill, Pied Hornbill, Serpent Eagle, Swamp Francolin, Bee- Eater, etc.
REPTILES 
Assam Roofed Turtle, Monitor Lizard, Gharial, various species if snakes, etc.
VEGETATION
Manas has a unique bio-geographical location, being at the confluence of the Indo-Malayan , Indo-Chinese and Australasian pathways, which make it an important refuge for several endemic and charismatic wildlife species. It also provide an ideal habitat ranging from high altitude Himalayan dense canopied forests to the sub-tropical woodlands and alluvial flood-plain grassland and riverine ecosystem in the lower elevations.

SIGHT SEEING IN MANAS 
Tourists can enter the National Park either on Elephant back or in a jeep. Jeep safaris and Elephant safaris are possible in the mornings and early evenings when the animals are most active. It is mandatory for tourists to ensure that a Forest Department’s guide accompanies them. Tourist can also experience thrilling river rafting adventure in the river Manas. Since there is only limited Elephant Rides it is advisable that prior reservations are made.

BEST TIME TO VISIT 
Manas  National Park is open all year round, but the best time to visit Manas National Park is between November to April.
HOW TO REACH MANAS NATIONAL PARK
By Air: Nearest airport is LGBI Airport, Guwahati about 170 km from the Manas National Park and is well connected by road to Manas National Park.
By Rail: Nearest railway station is Barpeta Road, about 20 km from the Manas National Park. The railway station is well connected by road to Manas National Park.
By Road: Barpeta Road is well connected to major cities and places by road network. There are a number of government and privately operated vehicles that go to Manas National Park at frequent intervals.

BAILMENT as per INDIAN CONTRACT ACT,1872

“Bailment”, “bailor” & “bailee” defined [Section 145]: Bailment is the delivery of goods, by one person to another, for some purpose, upon a contract that they shall, when the purpose is accomplished,be returned or otherwise disposed of, according to the instructions of the person delivering them. Bailor is the person delivering the goods. Bailee is the person to whom the goods are delivered. When a person, already in possession of goods belonging to another, contracts to hold them as bailee, he becomes the Bailee and the owner becomes Bailor, even though the goods may not have been delivered by way of bailment.
The essentials of bailment are:-
(1) Contract: Bailment may be express or implied.
(2) Delivery of the goods: Bailment involves delivery of possession of goods by bailer to bailee.
(3) Possession: Only possession in goods (and not ownership) is transferred.
(4) Modes of delivery [Section 149]: Delivery may be actual or constructive. Actual delivery is made by physically handing over the goods. Constructive or symbolic delivery means doing something which has the effect of giving delivery. e.g, delivery of railway receipt, handing over the key of car etc.
(5) Purpose: The delivery of goods must be for a certain purpose.
(6) Return of goods: The goods must be returned after the purpose in accomplished
(7) Consideration: The consideration is generally in the form of money payment either by the bailor or bailee. The detriment suffered by the bailor, in parting with possession of the goods, is a sufficient consideration to support the contract of bailment.
Duties of bailor are as follows:
(1) To disclose faults in goods [Section 150]:
–In case of gratuitous bailment: Bailor is bound to disclose known faults to bailee. If do not disclose then he may liable to bailee for damages from such non-disclosure.
–In case of non-gratuitous bailment: Bailor is liable for damages whether or not he was aware of the existence of faults.
(2) To bear expenses:
-In case of gratuitous bailment: Bailor shall repay all necessary expenses incurred by bailee for the purpose of bailment.
-In case of non-gratuitous bailment: Bailor is liable only extraordinary expenses, and not the ordinary expenses.
(3) Indemnify bailee for loss in case of premature termination of gratuitous bailment [Section 159]:
Bailor has the right to terminate the gratuitous bailment even it is for particular period. In such a case, Bailor has to indemnify the bailee the excess of loss over benefit.
(4) Indemnify bailee for loss when bailor’s title is defective [Section 164]: Bailor is responsible to the Bailee for any loss which the Bailee may sustain by reason that the Bailor was not entitled to make bailment.
Example: A lends an old discarded motor cycle to B gratuitously for 3 months. B incurs 500 on its repairs. If A asks for the return of the motor cycle after 1 month, he will have to compensate B for expenses incurred by B in excess of the benefit derived by him.
(5) Receipt of goods back on termination of bailment: When bailee returns the goods in accordance with the terms, the bailor should receive them. If the bailor refuses to accept goods tendered by
bailee, he shall compensate the bailee for all necessary and incidental expenses incurred by him in keeping the things in good condition.

Duties of bailee are as follows:
(1) To take care of goods (Sections 151 & 152): The bailee is bound to take care of the goods bailed to him as a man of ordinary prudence. If bailee takes care of goods bailed as man of ordinary prudence then he will not be liable if there is loss to goods.
(2) Not to make unauthorized use of goods [Section 153]: Bailee shall act in conformity with the terms of contract of bailment. Where he does any act with regard to the goods bailed, inconsistent
with the terms, the contract becomes voidable at the option of bailor. The bailee  cannot set up an adverse title against the bailor.
(3) Compensation for damage to goods [Section 154]: Bailee shall use the goods according to terms and conditions of bailment. Where he does not use so and as a result, the goods suffer damage, he
shall duly compensate the bailor.
(a) Not to mix goods bailed with his own goods 
(b) With bailor’s consent (Section 155): Where the bailee, mixes the goods bailed with his own goods, with the bailor’s consent, both of them shall have interest in proportion to their shares in the mixture produced.
(c) Without bailor’s consent: If the goods in the mixture:
-Can be separated [Section 156]: Property in the goods remains with the respective parties. Bailee bound to bear the expenses of separation or division, and also of any damage arising from the mixture.
-Cannot be separated [Section 157]: Bailee shall compensate the bailor for the loss of his goods.
(4) Return of the goods bailed [Section 160]: Bailee shall, without demand, return the goods bailed to the bailor, or deliver it according to his instructions. Such delivery shall be made as soon as the time for which they were bailed expires, or the purpose for which it had been bailed is accomplished.
(5) Compensation for failure to return [Section 161]: Where by the fault of the bailee, goods are not returned at the proper time and place. Bailee shall compensate bailor for any loss, destruction or deterioration of such goods from that time.
(6) To return any accretion to goods [Section 163]: If there is any profit or increase from goods bailed shall be delivered by the bailee to the bailor.
Example: A gives a cow to B. Cow has calf. B should deliver cow as well as calf.
(7) Delivery of goods to joint bailors [Section 165]: When goods are owned and bailed by joint owners, and in the absence of contract to the contrary, the bailee shall deliver them back to one of join owners, or according to the directions of one joint owners without the consent of all.