Emerging Careers in English Literature

English Literature as a discipline can be fascinating and aesthetic if you love reading about various literary genres. There has been a steady growth of different English literature genres, for example, Dalit Literature or Translation Studies or Diasporic Literature. Many universities have added a list of various programs and areas of specializations to be offered to the students under the department of English. But, there has always been a doubt related to career opportunities in the field of literature. Apart from the teaching and academic sector, there are many opportunities after you graduate with a degree in English literature.

List of careers in English literature

Here is a list of emerging careers that you can pursue once you are an English literature graduate.

There are multiple job opportunities in the publishing sector. You can apply to internships while you are still pursuing your degree. There are various roles in the publishing sector, like editor, sub-editor, copy editor. Along with these primary roles, we can observe a steady rise of audiobooks. This is an excellent scope for recent literature graduates. You can apply to become a voice-over artist to build up the audiobook collection in many publishing houses.
Online teaching is another emerging career in the field of literature. If you are interested in the education domain and want to pursue your career as an online teacher, you can apply for the same. Many educational institutes are planning on adding up more tuition classes rather than classroom teaching. Hence, you can try online teaching as a career option.
The most popular emerging career is in the field of writing. If you have an underlying passion for writing, you can try to opt for content writing jobs or internships. There are many different parts of writing, such as academic writing, or technical writing, or creative writing. You need to find out what you are most comfortable in. Then, you would be able to write on various niches like lifestyle, education, business, book review, entertainment, travel, food, and many others.
Digital Marketing or Social Media Marketing is one of the most popular sectors at the moment. With the growing need for digitization, social media has proved to be one of the new leading methods to promote a business or a start-up.
Content Development is one of the new options that are being opted by many literature students. Once you graduate, you can quickly look for an internship related to content development and managing.

The careers mentioned above have been emerging steadily in the market sector. After you complete your English literature graduation, you can try and apply to whatever option you feel convenient. Nowadays, even pursuing a literature subject can lead to several new career paths. You definitely need to do a lot of market research, and know about the roles and responsibilities required in different positions, and apply accordingly. It is better to start early and gain some experience through internships while you are still in college. In this way, you would easily be able to realize what is more interesting for you.

Are Artworks Subjective?

In my view, it depends on the artist. There are two kinds of artworks – objective and subjective. To begin with, real art is created for the spectators and audience. On the other hand, subjective art is created out of one’s desire. Though every artwork has a touch of oneself, most of them are made for the people to see, to read, and to criticize upon. Not many artworks can be entirely personal, or in other words, subjective.
Subjective art was created to pour one’s heart out without letting other people view it. It is very personal, for example, writing a journal. Objective art is designed to make people feel, make people think, observe, and analyze the deeper meaning of the artwork. To name one artist who had mastered the subjective form of painting is none other than Picasso. His paintings were created only for himself, only to pour out his thoughts, and not to please the spectators or even, make the viewers think.
Not only in painting, but subjective art is also present in poetry. To write poetry, which would include external elements, is known as objective art. But, subjective art is mostly about what is inside the poet’s mind and about the emotions he feels. Subjective poetry is very personal, for example, a ballad or an elegy. This is precisely the opposite form of objective poetry.
Now, there is a very fine line between objective and subjective art. To create the former one, an artist has to keep an object in mind, to have a prior idea regarding the outcome of his work. On the other hand, the latter comes out of the flow. It is mostly out of the artist’s mood, or imagination, or even accidental. Mostly artworks are objective, which is made for the people to comment on. There are very few artists who create individual artworks.
To answer the main question, not all artwork is subjective, though I would love them to be. But, unfortunately, they are not. It would have been so beautiful to read poetry, which got created by accident or to look at a painting, which is just a crazy endeavor of an artist’s whimsical mind. Besides, through subjective art, one can truly understand the essence of an artist’s intention or feel the artist’s emotions.
Here, I would like to mention an epistolary novel, “The Diary of a Young Girl,” written by Anne Frank. This is an extraordinary example of subjective art. The journal, which got published posthumously, was written by Anne to keep records of her experiences of World War II. In the book, she maintains a steady conversation with “Kitty,” the name of her journal, about how her days, her family, love interests, and lifestyles after they went into hiding. An excellent example of subjective art and most epistolary novels are indeed written as to express one’s experiences or thoughts, not keeping in mind about the readers.
To conclude, subjective artworks are very personal, and hence, most artists don’t publish or execute them in public, even if they create it. Most of the artworks are found after the death of the particular artist and get published. Other than that, several of the artworks created are objective.

Are products really ‘Made In China’ ???

Made in China. We’ve become accustomed to seeing the label on products manufactured in the world’s second biggest economy. But buying one of these products in China instead of say, the U.S., doesn’t guarantee you’re getting a better price. Chinese tourists have built a reputation for being big spenders abroad, spending a whopping $277 billion in 2018, much more than any other nationality. A lot of times, people think that purchasing something in China will be inexpensive, but that isn’t always the case. So how much of a difference are we talking? If we bring four products from four popular western brands to compare. Starbucks, H&M, Adidas store, a Godiva store. To keep things consistent, we will be using 2019’s average foreign exchange rate. The products compared are:

A standard black t-shirt at H&M.
Starbucks Grande Cappuccino.
Godiva Chocolates.
An Adidas hat.

Now let’s compare:

The shirt at H&M is priced nearly the same in the U.S. and China.
A Grande Starbucks cappuccino will cost you $4.63 in Beijing, but in Los Angles, California, $3.95.
This case of Godiva chocolates, called Pearls, is priced at $7.24 in Beijing, but only $3.95 in LA.
The Adidas hat will set you back $42.27 in China, nearly double the price of a similar hat in the U.S.

This experiment has made clear that pricing are complicated. So much so, that websites have popped up like the Mac Index, a site that compares Apple product prices from around the world. So many ads for Apple here in this area. According to an analysis done by Tech Insights, the cost to make an Apple iPhone 11 Pro is $490.50. Yet according to The Mac Index, the price to buy one is $1,318 in Japan, $1,477 in the U.S., $1,658 in Mainland China and more than $2,000 in Turkey and Peru. Prices vary across countries due to factors like demand, tariffs and tax refunds. And then there’s the supply chain: the network of people, organizations, activities, information and resources involved in the creation of a product.

close up of camera over black background — Photo by ATC Comm Photo on Pexels.com

Apple’s current CEO Tim Cook is considered by some to be a mastermind in supply chain. He first joined Apple in 1998 with a mandate to clean up the company’s manufacturing and distribution. Over time, he closed factories and warehouses, instead opting for contract manufacturers in China. That’s great for Apple’s profit margins, but it’s certainly not praised by President Trump, who has asked Apple to make its products in the U.S. If, say, iPhone production was moved to the U.S., instead of China, different analyses show the price for the consumer could go up from anywhere from $30 or $40 to hundreds of dollars to even $30,000-100,000. That’s partially why, despite Apple pledging to invest more money in American manufacturing, it maintains China as its hub for making its gadgets.

american and chinese flags and usa dollars — Photo by Karolina Grabowska on Pexels.com

That’s Omar Slim, a senior portfolio manager at global asset manager, PineBridge. When you hear about made in this country or that country is really quite relative and it’s a simplification of things because it’s most likely made in a number of countries. Here’s an example. Let’s say we want to make lasagna for dinner. If Jeff cooks the ground beef and prepares the cheese, Sarah makes the tomato sauce and layers the ingredients into a pan; and Blair, who bought all the ingredients, puts it in the oven, who gets the credit for making the lasagna? Now, let’s apply that to Apple’s iPhone. While the phone might say ‘Made in China,’ some of its parts come from other parts of Asia, Europe and even the U.S. Even though an iPhone may be assembled in China, it’s still tariffed in China as a U.S. product because Apple is an American company. The brand makes that clear with by, ‘Designed by Apple in California. How they’re treated in terms of customs, they will be treated as a U.S. product. So regardless of where they come, it’s essentially a U.S. product. Same for Chinese products going into the U.S. and same for, for instance, European cars.

China became a popular manufacturing hub in the 1980s after it started to open to the world. It became known for its cheap labor costs, lax regulations and business-friendly environment. As China’s manufacturing sector grew, it took the crown from Germany as the world’s top exporter in 2010. While Made in China has become synonymous with cheap and low-quality products, China is hoping to change that. In 2015, it launched a Made in China 2025 initiative, which aims to shift its economy from low-end manufacturing to high-end, high-tech products. In 2017, Tim Cook said China lost its place as a low labor cost manufacturing nation many years ago. The U.S.-China trade war resulted in a tit-for-tat increase in tariffs on many products.

With increasing costs being passed on to consumers, many companies are looking to diversify their supply chain, instead of being so reliant on China. That sentiment has only grown, following the coronavirus pandemic’s hit on the global manufacturing industry. Along that supply chain, there will be some companies, that instead of manufacturing it in China, if they could, they could try to replace. In fact, companies including Apple, Microsoft and Google are reportedly looking into moving some of their hardware production from China to Vietnam or Thailand. But that might be harder than it sounds. The other countries will have a hard time to compete along with the fact that the infrastructure is shown that it’s quite good, along with the fact that in certain countries would not want to compromise the relationship with China.

The reality today is that a product likely has many components which are sourced globally. A phone may be designed in the U.S, but its screen is sourced from South Korea, the sensors and microchips may be from Taiwan or Germany, with its assembly in China. So, the next time you see a product with the words, “Made in China,” remember that the full story is seldom pure, and never simple.

Politics vs India

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Will you imagine the world without politics?

The terminology of politics has its origin in the Greek term ‘polis’ which means city-state. A number of city-states like Athens, Sparta existed in ancient Greece where polity touched every aspect of social life is it education, occupation, organizations, culture, etc. Later on, as organized life became more complex, polity turned into a more specialized activity restricted to secular and civil affairs in western countries. Since that time, politics has begun and spread all over the world and people are caught up in the rat race of politics. in the past, there was only one political party congress, it started from 18 December 1885, and they lead the nation, and the first precedent if the congress was Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee and after that, all congresspeople make many discussion regarding the education, business, finance sector, and health sector which help people to live batter life after getting freedom from the British people.

congress lead India for 70 years and they did many frauds and scams, Several top Congress leaders have been accused of indulging in multi-crore scams with some of the corruption cases running into lakhs of crores. According to the ZEE news, congress allowed scams after scams during its rule which have resulted in the loss of a staggering amount of Rs 48,20,69,00,00,000 over the last 70 years. The jeep scandal of 1948 was one of the first major corruption case in independent India in which the Jawaharlal Nehru-led Congress government was the accused.

After that, the BJP party was announced on 6th April 1980 and the early year they try to breakdown the congress party but they could not when the Narendra Modi-led government came to power in 2014, India’s ranking on the global corruption index improved as the new regime cracked down on those accused in scams and graft cases. The country’s ranking had dipped to an all-time low of 94 during UPA reign in 2013.BJP leader Narendra Modi was done many appreciate work for the people like Goods and Service Tax The GST is the indirect tax that subsumed a variety of central and state levies and replaced a cascading and complicated tax system. infrastructure work This is the one bright spot in the government’s record. The speeding up of highway construction, the new Bharatmala and Sagarmala projects, the building or revival of regional airports and regional air connectivity, and much work on modernizing and expanding railways are all achievements that the Modi government can claim. furthermore, they also have done Flagship Programmes like Swachh Bharat, Make in India, Ujwala Millions of us gave up subsidised cylinders when Modi gave a call, Ayushman Bharat. however, if we considered the National Security the Narendra Modi never stape back he has introduced Pakistan Policy, Kashmir Policy. he has open all the scams cases like Rafale Deal and Mallya & two Modis. He also took revenge from Pakistan in the form of URI surgical strick, and give justice to the Indian soldier.

Nowadays, in the time of Coronavirus, congress never gives up to accuse the BJP party, they always see the negative side of BJP which is only 15-20% but they never update themself or support and give motivation to the citizens what to do in this kind of scenario or support BJP. whenever BJP politicians do something good, congress always ready to pull them down they never see good work done by the opposition party. in time of critical condition, all BJP candidates done a lot of good work but the congress party came out for a showing off. we also see many debates on the news channels regularly they fight like cats and dogs.

all people from India always pray that please put politics behind and do something to bring out the country in developed countries index.

Bama’s Karukku: A Book Review

One of the most popular Dalit woman writers, Bama Faustina Soosairaj is a teacher by profession. Many of her works got translated into English, German, French, Telugu, and Malayalam. Karukku is based on her own life, which focuses on caste structures in the Catholic Community. In her autobiography, Bama pens down her struggles with the oppression of the society, and how she comes out stronger and mightier than ever.

Karukku became a turning point in Bama’s life. She received immense applause and support for bringing up the pain she had experienced in her life. The autobiography spoke to the Dalit community in a way, no other book did. It was read by innumerable numbers of people and it paved the way to a new genre in Tamil Literature. Karukku was first published in the Tamil language by Mini Krishnan, who was then the editor of Macmillan India. After the publication of Karukku in Tamil, it was translated by Lakshmi Holmström into English. The autobiography has won the Crossword Award, which brought the book into the limelight. Now, it has been read by several numbers of students worldwide. Karukku has been translated into languages other than English and Tamil. It is published in Kannada, Telugu, and Malayalam. It has gone on to become a part of the University curriculum for many disciplines likes Feminist Literature, Dalit Literature, Subaltern Literature, and others. After the success of Karukku, many Dalit woman writers came out of their cocoons and published excellent pieces of literature.

Karukku has proved to be a timeless autobiographical novel. It has worked as medicine for all those victims who have suffered due to caste discrimination, oppression, poverty, and such. Karukku brings out not only the real struggles of the Dalit community but also, the pain that every Dalit women go through in their lives. It has provided strength to the readers to speak up, protest, fight back, and not remain as the oppressed class of the society. Bama’s honest words have healed many wounds that were left unnoticed for years. Karukku becomes the pathway to the movement of the oppressed classes.

Karukku is a tale of the brave-hearted, of the courageous soul and has been very open and direct from the very first line of the book. The book shows not only the struggles of a Tamil Dalit Christian woman, but also how she fights back, how she survives, and how she rises from the ashes. Bama has asked innumerable questions which have shaken the pillars of the society. She questions the oppression and the pain she has faced in her life. She questions about the caste oppression she has faced all her life, and the struggles she had to go through just because she was born a Dalit. She questions her identity as a woman, as a Christian and as a Dalit.

Bama focuses on the experiences she has faced because of being a Catholic. She brings to light the rules and regulations that the Catholic community has to follow, as ordered by the Church. She talks about her day to day life of being both a Catholic and a Dalit. She brings forth the workings of the Catholic Church and how her days were dictated by the Church. From the very beginning of her life, she has faced the oppression of the Catholic Church. Her entire childhood was directed by the orders of the Church. There was no escape for her, as she was born in the Catholic community and her struggle for equality, for love, for justice has been emphasized throughout the autobiography. Karukku tells about the pain she has faced in her daily life, even after she becomes a nun. She wanted to work for the people of her oppressed community, to bring equality, to bring justice for the people who have struggled all their lives. But, only she couldn’t. She was not supported by the Church and also, the convent she was a part of. She couldn’t fulfill her wish to liberate her community from the clutches of oppression. She couldn’t liberate her soul from the pain of daily oppression.

Karukku is the struggle between her self and the community she belongs from. It is the constant struggle of escaping the Catholic community, to free herself from oppression. It is the constant struggle of being a part of the Dalit community, only. It is the struggle to leave her life of oppression and pain behind, to achieve her freedom, to achieve her identity. The use of language, used by Bama, is simple and it is written for the people of Dalit community to understand and feel her pain, to be a part of her struggle. Her use of language is not at all complex, and that’s why it has spoken on deeper levels to the readers across the world.

To conclude, Bama has written her heart and soul into her autobiography. She has successfully shown the true colors of the Catholic community and how she has struggled to come out of the oppression. To read Karukku, you have to open up your mind and feel the pain that Bama has experienced. You have to wear her shoes and be a witness to her life, to her quest to find the self free of oppression, to her protest to not be a part of the community she was born into. Karukku opens up the bitter truth of the experiences and lives of the people of the Catholic community. It is a must-read, and it has the potentiality to change your perception towards the political scenario of their lives. The novel would urge you to consider the importance of equality, love, and respect for each other. It doesn’t matter if you belong to another community or caste. It doesn’t matter where you are born. The only thing that matters is one’s own identity, one’s own aspirations, and every individual has the right to live free of oppression. Every individual has the right to act the way they want to act.

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Heuristic selection of portfolio based on coefficient of optimism

Abstract

The mean-variance method developed by Markowitz (1959) was aimed at obtaining optimizing portfolios. But selection of portfolio in the real world mostly deviates from this optimal criterion. In this paper we have considered this issue from an altogether different aspect and developed means for aiming at nearly optimum portfolio. We considered the risk taking propensity as the main driving force and presented a heuristic method to reach the near to the optimal state. For doing so, we have introduced the coefficient of optimism in the decision making process and simultaneously considered conditional optimum portfolio and corresponding heuristic portfolio. In the extreme situations three different human value systems can be considered as optimistic, pessimistic and risk planner. To examine the closeness between the heuristic and optimum portfolios we have carried out empirical analysis covering ten years data of fifteen companies from Nifty (2000-09). Regarding the choice of companies we have adopted random selection technique. From empirical study we have found that for moderate values of the coefficient of optimism a heuristic investor’s decision nearly coincides with the corresponding optimum portfolio. However, for extreme situations i.e. optimistic and pessimistic situations heuristic portfolio differs from optimum portfolio. Keywords: Expected return, risk, optimum portfolio, heuristic portfolio, coefficient of optimism.

Price Discovery in precious metals market: A study of Gold

Abstract

Gold is the oldest known precious metal on this earth and for a long time it has been used as a standard currency. The present study has been undertaken with an attempt to analyze whether Indian futures market is playing its role of price discovery in case of gold or not. For the purpose of study, data for spot and futures prices for a period of four and a half years starting from June 2005 to December 2009 has been collected from the website of Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited, India’s largest commodity exchange in terms of value of trading on commodity exchanges in India. Data has been tested for statioanrity and was found non stationary. It was then transformed to make it stationary. On the basis of Johansen’s cointegration test, series of spot and futures prices were found cointgrated. Granger Causality test was applied on stationary data. The results of the study show that futures market in India is performing its role of price discovery in case of Gold. Keywords: Price Discovery, Commodity Market, Granger Causality, Cointegration.

Adoption and Diffusion of Electronic Banking by Customers: Critical Analysis of Empirical Evidences

Electronic banking is the new trend significantly adopted by banking sector worldwide due to its wider scope for the customers as well as banks at large. It has potential to hold great promises for bankers to grab huge business opportunities. In the present study, the diverse literature available worldwide on the adoption and diffusion of e banking has been explored to identify the significant constructs which enable innovation to diffuse among the customers and ultimately lead to its adoption. Its main purpose is to understand the trend of various research aspects prevailing in the field of banking and related to the adoption of innovative services by customers. In order to review the relevant literature, research papers have been collected from the referred journals related to innovation, marketing and banking. Qualitative approaches have been used in order to analyse and compare the main findings as well as applicability of the research papers. Hence, using an interpretative and critical approach through content analysis of the studies reviewed, the important measures viz. Research Methodology, Sample size, Respondents’ profile, Model applied and Significant Constructs have been taken into account for further inquiry. This study builds up a strong conceptual framework for the researchers by thoroughly analyzing the empirical studies of last 11 years i.e. from 1999 to 2009 which further links the consumers’ perceptions and orientation to practical implications. Keywords: Adoption and Diffusion Models, Electronic banking, Technology, Literature Review, Content Analysis.

Multivariate Causal Estimates of Dividend Yields, Price Earning Ratio and Expected Stock Returns: Malaysian Evidence

The study examines the relationship among Malaysian’s market stock return, dividend yields and price earnings ratio. Specifically, it examines the existence of long-run and short-run relationship and also their predictive power (causality) between and among market stock return, dividend yields and price earnings. Using the monthly data from 1989-2005, the study finds that all these fundamental variables have a strong long run relationship. As for the short run relationship, the results show significant positive predictive power from dividend yield to stock return and significant negative relation from stock returns to price earning ratios. In addition, applying multivariate causality test, the results show that both dividend yields and price earning ratio Granger cause (predict) the stock return. Similar results are found from stock returns and P/E ratio to dividend yield, as well as from dividend yield and stock returns to P/E ration but with lesser magnitude. Thus, fundamental variables are an important source of information in determining stock market returns and useful to investors and other market participants in deciding their investment strategies. Keywords: Stock return, dividend yield, price earning ratio, Malaysian market.

Effect of Financial Crisis in Efficiency and Strategic Homogeneity of Indian Commercial Banks: An Empirical Investigation

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