Cricket! It is almost a religion in India. In this huge population, a team of 11 players get selected and represent the country in world stage. The competition for a youngster dreaming to be an international cricketer is very high. One has to dedicate his entire young age for cricket to play for India one day. He must practice daily; sacrifice his wishes of enjoying life. All these shows that cricket has grown that big today. Who sowed the seeds for this growth? Cricket was there in the nation from 1960s. Children used to play cricket after school and during free time. Some played seriously. But many didn’t know that they can take cricket as career. Cricket was played in Olympics during 1960s. Many countries played cricket at that time. But cricket was removed from Olympics because it took too long to complete a single match. Then cricket was played for 60 overs in Olympics. In 1975, for the first time, Internal Cricket Council (ICC) organised a grand cricket tournament inviting teams from all over the world. That event was the World Cup. It was played for 50 overs. West Indies won the World Cup 1975 and became the first time Champions. They made history and repeated that in 1979 as well. Yes, they won the consecutive World Cup in 1979. During that time West Indies were the giants of the world cricket.
In 1983, India won the World Cup under the captaincy of the great all-rounder Kapil Dev. At that point they might not know that incident would inspire millions to take up cricket. The face of cricket in India got changed then. Youngsters started believing that they too could play cricket. They too could be selected for the national team. They too could win trophies for the nation. At that phase, Kapil was the hero for Indian fans. Then after Kapil Dev, there came Sunil Gavaskar. He played brilliantly over the years. He smacked the giant West Indies bowlers for boundaries without helmet. Then came Sachin Tendulkar at his very young age of 16 years. Sachin took up against the world’s best bowlers in his very young age. The worked hard and became the God of Cricket scoring 100 centuries in his career. All those years from 1983, cricket has grown continuously and remarkably. In 2004, MS Dhoni made debut for Indian team when he was 23 years of age. That time, Sourav Ganguly and Rahul Dravid captained India. In 2007, ICC started conducting a new format World Cup called “ICC World T20” which was played for 20 overs. India won the first ever World T20 cup under the captaincy of Dhoni. In 2011, India won the World Cup. In 2013, India won the ICC Champions trophy. Dhoni, through his amazing leadership won trophies after trophies. They way he handled youngsters was very impressive. He also won 3 IPL trophies. Now Virat Kohli is leading the Indian team. He made India to win a Test Series in Australia for the first time. He made India the No.1 Test ranking team.
All these years, India won, lost, suffered, sustained and fought. Cricket never fell down from the hearts of Indians.
A dowry is a transfer of parental property, gifts, money, upon the marriage of a daughter’. it’s questionable that why it’s not given for men too, a gift by the parents to the groom, like bride price. It’s a common notion to judge bride and her family by the dowry that they give to their daughter. It’s considered as a status symbol. Even though it’s an ancient custom and prohibited by law it’s still in practice. The reason still it continues is because it’s an additional benefit for the groom’s family both financially and socially. In contrary it’s a heavy burden to the family of bride. When we think more about the dowry this also a reason for female feticides, the parents think about the money they have to make for raising the female child. Women as only a mere commodity, for sale or an object. if she is a colored girl the dowry increases the dowry increases.
According to the analysis, India has the highest rate of excess female deaths ,13.5per 1000 female births, which suggests that an estimated one in nine deaths of females below the ages of 5 may be attributed to postnatal sex assortment. “Dowry and alcoholism remain the primary reasons for domestic violence, and women faced with both reduced to living hell. Abusive husbands turn on their worst against women without a place to go or means to stay independent. Women either presume or face the reality that having married them off at quite an expense, they were no longer welcome at their homes,”
In domestic violence cases lives triggered by dowry, the husbands often appropriate the entire dowry, leaving their partners dependent on them. some of them even pressure women to bring more money or property. More over this topic was considered as an outdated topic by the society itself now it came back as a questionable think after a long time because of some current happenings. The sad side of it is that it only regained its importance after losing few valuable.
The divorced daughter is better than a dead daughter – is a most seen quote in both social media and internet. I didn’t get point of comparing a divorced women to a dead, here we can understand the societal notion of women should have a companion for making her life fruitful. Never independent women are having made their life more fruitful than that of a married woman. It doesn’t matter whether the women is married or not, what matters is happiness and satisfaction of her as an individual.
What kinds and quantities of goods shall be produced, “how much and which of alternative goods and services shall be produced? How shall goods be produced? ..by whom and with what resources (using what technology)…? For whom are the goods or services produced? Who benefits? Samuelson rephrased this question as “how is the total of the national product to be distributed among different individuals and families? Economic systems solve these problems in several ways:”… by custom and instinct; by command and centralized control (in planned economies) and in mixed economies that “…uses both market signals and government directives to allocate goods and resources.The latter is variously defined as an economic system blending elements of a market economy with elements of a planned economy, free markets with state interventionism, or private enterprise with public enterprise…
Samuelson wrote in Economics, a “canonical textbook” of mainstream economic thought[5] that “the price mechanism, working through supply and demand in competitive markets, operates to (simultaneously) answer the three fundamental problems in a mixed private enterprise system… At competitive equilibrium, the value society places on a good is equivalent to the value of the resources given up to produce it (marginal benefit equals marginal cost). This ensures allocative efficiency-the additional value society places on another unit of the good is equal to what society must give up in resources to produce it.
The solution to these problems is important because of the “fundamental fact of economic institution life” that ..
“The economic problem, “the struggle for subsistence”, always has been hitherto primary, most pressing problem of the human race- not only of the human race, but of the whole of the biological kingdom from the beginnings of life in its most primitive forms.” -Samuelson, Economics, 11th ed., 1980
Dreams are stories and images that our minds create while we sleep. They can be entertaining, fun, romantic, disturbing, frightening, and sometimes bizarre. It is a fact that each dream lasts up to 5-20 minutes only. That is probably the reason why we often feel that dreams were short.
WHY DO WE DREAM?
There are many theories that state why we get dream, some of them are,
1)Building memory: Researchers suggest that dreams reflect a biological process of long-term memory consolidation, serving to strengthen the neural traces of recent events, to integrate these new traces with older memories and previously stored knowledge, and to maintain the stability of existing memory representations in the face of subsequent experience.
2)Processing emotion: The society seems to condition us to always appear calm and in full control of how we feel, no matter the circumstances which leads us in suppressing all our dark emotions. Researchers have discovered that there is a greater tendency for negative emotions experienced during waking hours to manifest within dreams. Especially sadness, fear, anger, and anxiety. Positive emotions did not significantly manifest in dreams.
3)Mental housekeeping: During sleep, the brain needs to process all the information from that day. This theory states that dreams are a result of the sorting, scanning and searching through memories. Very few people can actually remember their dreams during the day as they are more focused on working for the following day.
4)Instant replay: Human brains use dreams to replay recent events and help form memories — and experts have gotten the first glimpse of this process in action, a study has reported. When we sleep, our brains replay the firing patterns our neurons underwent.
5)Incidental brain activity: This view holds that dreaming is just a by-product of sleep that has no essential purpose or meaning. No worries and no place for superstitions.
TYPES OF DREAMS
VIVID DREAMS: Vivid dreams involve especially realistic or clear dream content.
RECURRING DREAM: Recurring dreams involve the same imagery repeating in multiple dreams over time.
BAD DREAMS: Bad dreams are composed of bothersome or distressing content.
WHY DO WE OFTEN FORGET OUR DREAMS?
Part of this is biological, as neurotransmitters forming memory are less active during sleep, and dream forgetfulness also appears to be related to the level of electrical activity in the brain during dreams.
Additionally, it could have something to do with the content of your dreams. Early psychoanalytic theory suggested that difficult or traumatic information in dreams is suppressed, and the dreamer is less likely to retrieve or analyse it.
remembering dreams is a superpower!
FORGETTING DREAMS
Most people over the age of 10 years dream between 4 and 6 times each night, but some people rarely remember dreaming. It is often said that 5 minutes after a dream, people have forgotten 50 percent of its content, increasing to 90 percent another 5 minutes later.
HOW CAN YOU REMEMBER DREAMS?
Focusing on the dream as much as possible upon waking.
Writing down as much about the dream as possible upon waking.
Waking up naturally and not with an alarm.
Remind yourself that dream recall is a priority.
FACTS ABOUT DREAMING
1)Dreaming can help you learn and develop long-term memories.
2)Lucid dreaming is when the dreamer’s aware that they are dreaming. They may have some control over their dream.
3)We may not remember dreaming, but everyone is thought to dream between 3 and 6 times per night.
4)Around 95 percent of dreams are forgotten by the time a person gets out of bed.
5)Blind people dream more with other sensory components compared with sighted people.
6)You can only dream about faces you’ve have already seen.
It is said , Little of man’s behaviour is instinctive , rather his behaviour is ‘ learnt ‘.
At birth the human child possesses the potentialities of becoming human .
The human child comes into the world as a biological organism and becomes a social being by learning social ways of acting .
The child becomes a man or a person
( Purush) through various experiences .
Socialist referred it as “socialised person “
Every society has its own way of making a biological organism into a socialised being .
This social training is called “Socialisation “
Hence , the process of moulding and shaping the personality of a human infant is called “Socialisation “.
Sociologists have often referred to socialisation as “transmission of culture “.
A man is not only social but also a cultural being .
Cultural learning is the process by which the individual learns the fundamental culture pattern of the society in which he lives or will live . Culture includes not only its living members but also members of past generations and those yet unborn . Culture defines social conditions for us like what we eat , drink , wear , God we worship , our beliefs etc.
Still cultural learning does not completely define socialisation .
Socialisation is an aspect of all activities within human societies and are socialised in the course of the activities.
Socialisation is the process of adjustment of an individual to conditions of his social environment . There are some relevant internal forces that direct or limit socialisation like instinct , urges , capabilities , education , reflexes , etc .In the process of socialisation an individual learns culturally approved habits , ideas ,. beliefs . He is taught his rights and duties ,his position and responsibilities. The culture rules are so completely internalised that they become part of individual personality .
Definitions :-
Lundberg says that socialisation consists of the ” complex processes of interaction through which the individual learns the habits , beliefs ,skills and standards of judgement that are necessary for his effective participation in social groups and communities . “
Peter Worsley explains socialisation as the process of “transmitted culture, the process whereby men learn the rules and practice of social groups “.
Socialisation is the process of working together ,of developing group responsibility or being guided by the welfare needs of others ”
– Bogardus
W.F. Ogburn defines Socialisation as “, the process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group “.
Hence , Socialisation is a process of transforming the human animal into human being ,of converting the biological being into social being .
Characteristics of Socialisation :-
• It is a continuous process .
• Socialisation is also referred to as ” transmission of culture “.
• Socialisation is social learning .
• Socialisation can be informally or formally conducted
• Socialisation means internalisation of norms .
• The process of Socialisation emerges from the development of “self “.
• Timing is an important concept of Socialisation .
Types of Socialisation
Ian Robertson in his book “Sociology “( 1977) described four types of Socialisation . According to him , an individual undergoes four types of socialisation in his lifetime .
1:
Primary Socialisation :-
Many Sociologists like Sigmund Freud, George Herbert Mead, Charles Cooley, Jean Piaget and Talcott Parsons , have contributed to the theory of primary socialization.
Primary Socialisation is the most essential and fundamental type of socialisation. Period early in a person’s life during which they initially learn and build themselves through experiences and interactions around them is the period of primary socialisation.
It takes place in the early years of life of a newborn individual .It includes teaching of language and cognitive skills , internalisation of culture and norms , developing a perspective , emotional ties etc.
Primary socialization starts with the family teaching children how to bond, create relationships, and understand important concepts including love, trust, and togetherness.
“Internalisation of norms ” is the most important aspect of primary socialisation . It is a process where the norms of the society become a part of an individual .
Several agents reinforce an individual’s learning of norms , the right and wrong behaviour .
2:
Secondary Socialisation:
Secondary socialisation generally refers to the social training received by the child in institutional or formal settings and continues throughout the rest of his life.The process can be seen at work outside the immediate family, in the ‘peer group’. The growing child learns very important lessons in social conduct from his peers. He also learns lessons in school. Hence, socialisation continues beyond and outside the family environment.
3:
Anticipatory Socialisation :-
According to Merton , the process whereby men socialise themselves into the culture of groups with the anticipation of joining that group .
Men learn not only the culture of the group which they belong to but also about the group they don’t. An individual may socialise into groups of which they are already members or into groups to which they wish to become attached.
For instance , a person starts doing his physical exercises and learns to become tough mentally and physically if he intends to join the military.
Socialisation is not a process that takes place merely in early childhood but also at different times and places throughout life .
4:
Developmental Socialisation and Resocialisation :-
According to Ian Robertson ,
“It builds on already acquired skills and knowledge as the adult progresses through new situations such as marriage or new jobs . These require new expectations , obligations and roles . New learning is added to and blended with old in a relatively smooth and continuous process of development “.
Developmental Socialisation is based on learning on the achievements of primary socialisation. A person learns more developed beliefs, values and norms through which he learns how to act in his new role.
Re- Socialisation fundamentally means ” stripping away of the learned patterns and substitution you f new ones “
Re- Socialisation takes place mostly when a social role is radically changed during periods of rapid mobility .
Agents of Socialisation
Socialisation includes moulding and shaping the personality of an individual . The continuous process of socialisation includes some agents who help an individual human being to become a social being .
• Family and Parents :-
The first stage of socialisation starts from the foetal form , where the mother plays an important role . The process of socialisation begins with parental , particularly maternal influence on an individual.
Parents are the first to introduce the child to the society system and culture of his group.
The family acts as the fundamental agent in internalisation of roles for an individual.
• Peers :-
As the child grows he starts associating with other individuals outside his family . He learns from these individuals in school or in the playground or on the street .
The peers group forms perspective on several important topics .
In modern society the peer group has surpassed the importance of the parental group. An individual has more communication understanding with his peers than his own family.
The child maintains an egalitarian relationship with those who are of the same age or gender .
It’s with the peers group that an individual learn more information regarding culture , manners , fashion , styles , gender etc.
• Teachers :-
School is the most influencing place where an individual learns how to behave and form an independent personality . Teachers are major agents of socialisation. School is a formal conduct in the process of socialisation . Teachers help an individual to be responsible and mature .
• Literature and Mass of Communication :-
Entertainment media , mass.media , literature , plays an important Agent I’m socialising . The different opinions or perspectives on several important topics like political , economical , social , etc are highly influenced by these agents.
The attitudes and ideologies ,the words written by someone impact a person in guiding and forming a perspective in a new light .
Stages of Socialisation
Socialisation is a continuous process of learning. AC children are taught about social life in various stages . The form of socialisation begins with ‘ simplicity to complexity’ as the social world gets wider and wider and the child is confronted with several things to learn and adjust .
At each stage of socialisation the child internalises a ‘ system ‘ of roles .
Socialisation consists of four stages from infancy to adulthood .
The first stage –
The Oral Stage :- Oral Stage begins with the birth of the child . It lasts till the child completes his one year .In the foetal form the child feels the comfort of his mother’s womb .
In this stage the child establishes his oral dependency by whimpering or bawling for everything .
Sigmund Freud ,an Australian Psychiatrist ,called this stage as primary identification as a child tries to internalise his and his mother’s role .
2:
The Second stage
The Anal Stage :- The next stage in socialisation is the Anal Stage which begins just after the completion of the oral stage . In this stage the child is taught to do some fundamental tasks such as eating , Cleaning , toileting , etc .
In the first stage the oral dependency starts to fade and the child learns that he cannot depend completely on his mother .
In this stage the child’s mother is the socialising agent .The child in this stage separates his and his mother’s role and understands the social system to a larger extent than in the first stage .
3:
The Third stage
The Oedipal Stage :-
The thirst stage starts from the fourth year of the child and lasts till puberty i.e 12-13 years .
The third stage the child establishes his role on the basis of his sex .
The boys and girls learn about their roles in the society and identify themselves as part of the social system and starts internalising according to their sex , the role of others and their identities on the basis of their gender .
4
The Fourth Stage :-
The Stage of Adolescence :- The fourth is the stage where the child becomes free from their parental control and establishes independence . Parents play an important role in a child’s life at all stages . Despite the freedom from parental control ,they help the child to make some very important decisions in his life . They encourage and help them to take new roles during this period of Adolescence . They expect the child to learn new responsibilities and new roles that are assigned to them .
In modern society ,the parents intend to give more freedom than traditional societies where parents take mostly all the important life decisions of the child .
This stage is the most important stage in socialisation as the child’s behaviour and personality depends on the kind of learning he / she learns and the decision he/ she takes that affects the society . During adolescence the child goes through several physiology and psychological changes ,which affects mentally and emotionally and hence establishes more new experiences than any other stages .
Socialisation makes an individual a social being who transmits cultural ideas , beliefs , languages , skills etc from generation to generation, learns rules and practices of social groups and contributes to forming a society .
Any person may suffer from some sort of health issue. Especially, in today’s time where people are living a hectic, stressed, and unbalanced lifestyle. Hormonal disorders have also become common. Some issues cure with time, while some take a lifelong deal. In India, 1 in 5 women suffers from PCOS.
What is PCOS?
PCOS or polycystic ovarian syndrome is a hormonal disorder. The female body produces estrogen, progesterone, and androgen. These hormones are responsible for regulating ovulation. Though androgen is said to be the male hormone, it is also produced by the female body; just the amount is low comparatively. When the body produces higher amounts of androgen than the normal amount (because of increased insulin level), it results in PCOS.
The ovaries produce eggs each month, if the egg gets fertilized it gets itself embedded in the uterus, otherwise, the uterus lining (consisting of blood, tissues, and nutrients forming a cushioning for the embryo to grow) breaks and flow through the vagina. And this is called a period. But when the eggs are interfered with by the higher amounts of androgen, the eggs in place of maturing start to develop cysts. These eggs then instead of releasing, like in a normal period, start to build up cysts on the ovaries. This causes irregular ovulation each month and hence irregular or missed periods.
Problems of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Usually, PCOS is only thought to be related to difficulty in conceiving. But it has other issues too which are often not talked about as fertility remains the prior concern as infertility is considered something that could create a problem for marriage. However, is it not necessary that female suffering from PCOS is infertile. And the issue of infertility (if there) is treatable (for most of the cases) through proper medication, exercise, and a healthy lifestyle.
As the male hormone ‘androgen’ level increases, it results in excessive body hair (as can be seen in males), called hirsutism. However, this symptom is not necessarily shown in every female suffering PCOS.
Male pattern hair loss or thinning of hair.
Acne outburst
Obesity is another issue in PCOS. People tend to get obese with PCOS but it can be controlled through a healthy diet and lifestyle. However, this symptom is not necessarily shown in every female suffering PCOS.
As the insulin levels are increased there is a higher risk of developing diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure), and even heart diseases.
Insomnia and sleep apnea (paused breathing for a short period while asleep).
Irregular periods are the most common sign of PCOS. It can be diagnosed by gynecologists through different check-ups like weight, hair growth, acne, darkened skin may even prescribe a pelvic ultrasound and blood tests.
Treatment
PCOS is not curable but treatable. Proper diet, exercise, and a healthy lifestyle can help in manage PCOS. Taking consistent medication as prescribed by the medical experts helps in regulating the menstrual cycle. The doctors often prescribe for birth control pills to control the hormone levels as they are rich in hormones. This regulates the menstrual cycle as well as controls excessive hair growth and acne. The treatment varies from 6 months to 1 year.
Food rich in omega 3 fatty acids, magnesium, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin B12 is important to manage PCOS. Leafy greens are best to be consumed as it provides the body with required nutrients without adding to obesity.
Exercise and yoga are as necessary as diet and medicines. The doctors often suggest practicing certain yoga asanas that help the womb heal.
Following a healthy routine with good food and proper sleep is important. Sleep plays a vital role in helping the body absorb the nutrients in food and medicines better.
It is strictly advised to consult a doctor if any of the above-mentioned symptoms show up.
And never take any medicines without consulting the doctor.
Corruption has been in Indian society in some shape or another since time immemorial. Our opportunistic politicians, who have already done more harm to our country, are at the root of corruption. People who labour on the basis of correct ideals are acknowledged and seen as silly in today’s culture. Corruption in India is caused by the collaboration of bureaucrats, politicians, and criminals. Previously, bribes were paid to have the wrong things done, but now bribes are paid to get the right things done at the appropriate time. Furthermore, because respected individuals are participating in it, corruption has become something respectable in India. Social corruption such as under-weighing of products, adulteration in culinary items, and different types of bribery have persisted in society.
In today’s world, if a person wants a government job, he must pay lakhs of rupees to higher officials, even if he meets all of the eligibility criteria. In any office, one must either offer money to the employee in question or arrange for work to be done through other means. Adulteration and duplicate weighing of products occur in the food and civil supply departments by unethical workers who defraud consumers by jeopardising people’s health and life. Officers charge money in property tax assessments even if the house is built properly according to government norms and regulations.
In India, political corruption is at its highest. The primary source of concern is that corruption is weakening the political body and undermining the supremacy of the law that governs society. Politics is now solely for criminals, and criminals are designed to be in politics. Elections in several sections of the country have become connected with a slew of illicit activity. Threatening voters to vote for a specific candidate or physically preventing voters from entering polling booths – particularly weaker sectors of society such as tribals, Dalits, and rural women – occurs often in numerous parts of the country. The government has boosted the compensation of M.P.s from Rs.16, 000 to Rs.50, 000, a 300 percent increase over the previous salary. However, many of them are dissatisfied with the raise and want the government to increase the wage to a much greater amount. This clearly demonstrates how politicians are always out for monetary gain and are unconcerned about the wellbeing of the people. One of the most common types of corruption is tax evasion. It is usually practised by government officials and politicians, resulting in the buildup of black money, which lowers people’s morale.
MAJOR REASONS RESPONSIBLE FOR CORRUPTION-The nature of the human being is the most significant component. People in general have an insatiable desire for luxury and comforts, and as a result, they become involved in any dishonest activity that results in monetary or material gain. Moral and spiritual qualities are not prioritised in the educational system, which is largely to blame for the degeneration of society. Employees are paid extremely little, and as a result, they are obliged to generate money in illicit ways. The penalties placed on criminals are insufficient. Political leaders have absolutely ruined society. They live a lavish lifestyle and are unconcerned about society. The people of India have not been woken or enlightened. They are afraid to speak out against anti-social elements in society.
MEASURES– The Right to Information Act (RTI) provides all necessary information about the government, such as what the government does with our tax payments. This act gives you the right to ask the government about any problem you’re having. The Central Vigilance Commission is another effective anti-corruption tool (CVC). The Government established it to advise and guide Central Government entities in the areas of vigilance. If there are any instances of corruption or complaints about them, they can be filed to the CVC. CVC also bears the obligation of raising public awareness about the dangers of bribery and corruption. The establishment of special courts for expedited justice can be a tremendous benefit. There should not be a long period of time between the filing of a case and the delivering of a verdict. Strong and strict rules must be adopted, leaving no room for the guilty to flee. In many circumstances, personnel choose corrupt methods out of necessity rather than choice. Some people believe that the earnings they are paid are insufficient to feed their families. They would not be forced to accept bribes if they were paid more. The one thing that must be ensured is the correct, fair, and unbiased application of numerous anti-social legislation in order to take strong, deterrent, and prompt legal action against offenders, regardless of their political influence or financial strength. To combat the threat, firm and decisive efforts must be taken, and an environment must be established in which decent, patriotic intellectuals can come forward to serve the country with pride, virtue, and honesty for the benefit of the people of India.
“Photography is the story I fail to put into words.”
– Destin Sparks
What is photography ?
Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating durable images by recording … Other names: Science or art of creating durable images
The art or process of producing images by the action of radiant energy and especially light on a sensitive surface (such as film or an optical sensor)
Concepts of photography –
Aperture, shutter speed, ISO speed, exposure. Photography is all about light. You use aperture and shutter speed to achieve the proper exposure, while taking into account some important side-effects you should be aware about.
Principles of photography –
The seven principles of art and design in photography; balance, rhythm, pattern, emphasis, contrast, unity and movement, form the foundation of visual arts. Using the seven principles allows you to take greater control of your photographic practice. This will lead to better photos and more photographic opportunities.
Elements used in photography –
Patterns, texture, symmetry, asymmetry, depth of field, lines, curves, frames, contrast, color, viewpoint, depth, negative space, filled space, foreground, background, visual tension, shapes. We use one or more of these elements to create a composition that works for our image.
There are many elements in photography that come together to make an image be considered “good”. Elements like lighting, the rule of thirds, lines, shapes, texture, patterns, and color all work well together to add interest and a great deal of composition in photographs.
A good photographer must have a very keen eye for detail to ensure that all elements within the photo , the lighting , the composition , the subject , and everything else in between to work together harmoniously to convey the right vision or message. Even the tiniest detail can make or break a photograph.
” Photography is a way of feeling, of touching, of loving. What you have caught on film is captured forever… It remembers little things, long after you have forgotten everything.”
– Aaron Siskind
A picture is a poem without words.
The art or process of producing images of objects on photosensitive surfaces. Photography is the art, practice or occupation of taking pictures with a camera. An example of photography is someone taking pictures for a magazine.
Photography in career –
Photography is a good career if you have an excellent skill set, good creative ability, composition, and technical expertise. Good photography skills come with a lot of practice and hard work. This career can be rewarding if you love to take challenges and are eager to live your life through the eye of the camera.
Photographer skills –
Photographer skills are those skills needed to create high-quality pictures, including artistic vision and technical knowledge of camera equipment and the art of photography
“There is one thing the photo must contain – the humanity of the moment.”
–Robert Frank
“Photography is the story I fail to put into words.”
– Destin Sparks
What is photography ?
Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating durable images by recording … Other names: Science or art of creating durable images
The art or process of producing images by the action of radiant energy and especially light on a sensitive surface (such as film or an optical sensor)
Concepts of photography –
Aperture, shutter speed, ISO speed, exposure. Photography is all about light. You use aperture and shutter speed to achieve the proper exposure, while taking into account some important side-effects you should be aware about.
Principles of photography –
The seven principles of art and design in photography; balance, rhythm, pattern, emphasis, contrast, unity and movement, form the foundation of visual arts. Using the seven principles allows you to take greater control of your photographic practice. This will lead to better photos and more photographic opportunities.
Elements used in photography –
Patterns, texture, symmetry, asymmetry, depth of field, lines, curves, frames, contrast, color, viewpoint, depth, negative space, filled space, foreground, background, visual tension, shapes. We use one or more of these elements to create a composition that works for our image.
There are many elements in photography that come together to make an image be considered “good”. Elements like lighting, the rule of thirds, lines, shapes, texture, patterns, and color all work well together to add interest and a great deal of composition in photographs.
A good photographer must have a very keen eye for detail to ensure that all elements within the photo , the lighting , the composition , the subject , and everything else in between to work together harmoniously to convey the right vision or message. Even the tiniest detail can make or break a photograph.
” Photography is a way of feeling, of touching, of loving. What you have caught on film is captured forever… It remembers little things, long after you have forgotten everything.”
– Aaron Siskind
The art or process of producing images of objects on photosensitive surfaces. Photography is the art, practice or occupation of taking pictures with a camera. An example of photography is someone taking pictures for a magazine.
Photography in career –
Photography is a good career if you have an excellent skill set, good creative ability, composition, and technical expertise. Good photography skills come with a lot of practice and hard work. This career can be rewarding if you love to take challenges and are eager to live your life through the eye of the camera.
Photographer skills –
Photographer skills are those skills needed to create high-quality pictures, including artistic vision and technical knowledge of camera equipment and the art of photography
“There is one thing the photo must contain – the humanity of the moment.”
Paulo Coelho de souza is a Brazilian lyricist and novelist best known for his “The Alchemist”. In 1982, Coelho published his first book, Hell Archives, which failed to make a substantial impact. After making the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in 1986, Coelho wrote ” The Pilgrimage” , published in 1987.
The following year, Coelho wrote “The Alchemist” and published it through a small Brazilian publishing house that made an initial print run of 900 copies and decided not to reprint it. He subsequently found a bigger publishing house, and with the publication of his next book,”Brida”.
Since the publication of ” The Alchemist”, Coelho has generally written atleast one novel every two years.
“If I see a white feather today, that is a sign that God is giving me that I have to write a new book.” – Paulo Coelho
Analysis of the book
“Veronika decides to die” is a novel by Paulo Coelho. It tells the story of Veronika, a 24-year-old Slovenian who appears to have everything in life going for her, but decides to kill herself.
The book is partly based on Coelho’s experience in various mental institutions and deals with the subject of madness. The gist of the message is that ” collective madness is called Sanity”
This books tells us that life is not about giving up, it is about living the way it is and in our own terms.
Summary of the story
The story is about a girl named Veronika who is upset with her disturbed life . She is tired and don’t want to face the problems which she is undergoing in her life. So she decides to end her life by committing suicide. She takes a handful of sleeping pills and writes a funny suicide note because she wants people to remember her in a hilarious way.
When she opens her eyes she finds herself in a mental asylum where she slowly comes into company of Mari, Zedka, Dr Igor and Eduard. Dr Igor tells her that her heart’s condition is not good and she only have a few days to live. After that when she meets Eduard she slowly falls in love with her and she decides to live her in those limited days , in whatever way she wants.
Now, she can do anything whatever she wants because in a mental asylum no one is there to judge her and no one is there to put limit into her desires.
Later, she fell in love with her life and she went with Eduard to enjoy her life in a more enchanted way.
“The two hardest tests on the spiritual road are the patience to wait for the right moment and the courage not to be disappointed with what we encounter.”
“People never learn anything by being told, they have to find out for themselves.”
Conclusion
At the end, it was revealed by Dr Igor that Veronika was not going to die. She was going to live. Dr Igor told her earlier that she was not going to live because he wanted her to fall in love with her life and love her life . When he saw that his trick worked he told Veronika the truth and Veronika felt more happy on hearing that and went on to explore her life more with having Eduard beside here.
“Be crazy! But learn how to be crazy without being the center of attention. Be brave enough to live different.”
The term Female Foeticide means killing the FOETUS in the mother’s womb. It happens before taking birth, after the sex recognition tests like an ultrasound scan. The practice of any sex determination is prohibited or illegal in India. It is an awful practice or shamed those parents who were abortion the girl child. It unbalanced the sex ratio of a particular state or country.
NO PRESENT, NO PAST, NO FUTURE WITHOUT GIRL CHILD
Female foeticide is unethical & illegal practice in India. It is a practice by the families who are despairing for a baby boy.
One of the many reasons behind this is the regressive thinking of the people that the son will earn while the girls will only consume.
It has been the most important topic for social awareness in Indian society. Which youth of our country must know about it. We must empower our young girls to emphasize their rights diligently.
In India, the girl is worshipped as ‘Devi’ on the other hand, denying her existence, or we can say they don’t have the right to live. The time has perhaps come to get rid of male chauvinism and treat children as a gift of nature.
Some main reasons for female foeticide are:
A major social evil of dowry makes people commit to this crime. There is a long practice of dowry burdens the parents from the day a girl is born.
This is a pride issue in society for the guardian to have a boy in the family.
There is a stress on women of the family to give birth to a male child, so she is forced to go for sex recognition and abort if the baby is a girl.
Some doctors do this heinous act for money.
Women are viewed as liabilities.
Illiteracy, insecurity, and poverty in society are significant reasons for this act.
The The government made many slogans to stop female foeticide like:-
Save the girl save the nation!
Beti Bachao Beti padho!
Our daughter is a knot that ties the family together!
Female foeticide is a crime.
When a fetus of a female is killed, it is anti-life; stop female foeticide!
Say no to female foeticide!
Narrow minded people want a bride for their son but kills their own daughter. What do they expect? If everyone starts thinking like them. These criminals don’t deserve a life
It is said that God creates mothers because he couldn’t present everywhere. But it is unbelievable to realise God’s representative is continuously killing someone beautiful even before she comes out and see the beauty of nature.
The practice of female foeticide is vital in the early of 1990’s when the Ultrasound technique was invented to check the health of the baby inside the mother’s womb, especially knowing the genetic disorder, and this technique was being used for this crime. The misconceptions of Indian patriarchal society have a male child, particularly in the family. This leads to the enhancement of this crime.
Some adverse effects of this practice are shown as;
Decrease the female’s population, which imbalance the sex ratio.
Women are abused and sexually exploited in the society.
It Leads to women trafficking.
Also, adverse effects on women’s health physically, mentally, and emotionally.
The suicide rate in women will increase.
Due to a decline in sex ratio, women are kidnapped, brought, and sold for marriage.
The most preventive act against this crime is The PARENTAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST Act (PNDT Act) of 1994, which states that:-
This act was brought in the year 1994 in all states of India but came into force in 1996.
According to this act, prenatal diagnostic techniques are prohibited and regulated.
PNDT Act was amended in the year 2003 with its main aim to ban the use of sex selection techniques as well as misuse of prenatal diagnostic techniques for sex selecting abortion
Only legislation enacted in this behalf is not sufficient. Orthodox views regarding women must need to be changed. The PNDT act should penalize and punish the violators for this crime strictly. The destructive act of female foeticide and coercive abortions has to end before women become endangered species. We must give equal opportunities to the daughters of our country. Girls do not have equal access to healthcare education and more as their boys counterpart. This is why parents consider them a burden. Therefore, all these facilities must be made accessible to them for the same. This will help them create an identity of their own.
In Shakespeare’s tragedy Macbeth the dramatist uses darkness imagery for the three purposes in order to create atmosphere, to aroused emotions of the audience and to contribute to the major theme of the play. the darkness imagery in Macbeth contributes to its ominous atmosphere.
In the beginning of the play the three witches are talking and the first witch says “When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lighting or in rain?” This is the perfect example of darkness imagery because the crushing thunder, lightning and rain reminds us of the evil and ominous things. Later on the sergeant is talking with King Duncan and Malcolm when he states “Ship wrecking storms and direful thunders break” it also contributes to the ominous atmosphere of the play. Finally, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are talking in the scene just before the murder of Banquo and Macbeth quotes, “Light thickens, and the crow makes wing to the rooky wood Good things of the day begin to droop and drowse, while night’s black agents to their preys do rouse” It implies that the day is turning into night, all the good things are going to sleep and the evil creatures are coming out. Since, the imageries creates an ominous atmosphere it would then load to the second dramatic purpose to arouse the emotions of the audience. It enables people to create a mental picture of what they are regarding.
While having a conversation with Duncan Macbeth says aside “Stars hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires” When words like dark and desires are put in the context it creates many horrible mental pictures about murders and fights which arouses people’s emotions. As well as arousing the emotions of the audience darkness imagery works well in characterizing. Through the use of darkness imagery the dramatist was able to characterize Macbeth as perceived in the next quote where Macduff and Malcolm are talking and Macduff says, “Not in the legions of horrid hell can come a devil more damn’d in evils, to top Macbeth”. It is understood that Macduff views Macbeth as a man even further corrupt that any devil and would consequently characterize him as evil
Lastly, Malcolm is speaking with Macduff and says how he will reveal his real evil self and states, “When they shall be open’d black Macbeth will seem as pure as snow.” The characterizing of Macbeth as a dark person but contrary to previous beliefs. Malcolm is actually more evil.
Consequently, viewing the previous it is undoubtly true that darkness does play a major role in developing the play and its dramatic purposes. Darkness imagery does help in conveying to the audience the atmosphere, it does provoke the audiences response to the play and it did help illustrate the characters in Macbeth.
Writing this article isn’t easy for me because there was a phase in my life where I was obsessed with perfumes. I would use different scents every day depending on my mood.
But, there were a few times, where I would get a headache or a sneeze when I would come in contact with a strong perfume. I would excuse myself thinking I am sensitive to a few scents.
But, I got to know that a lot of people are allergic to perfumes in general. Some are more severely allergic than others and can even get asthma attacks. Here are some things that I found which made me stop using perfumes:
Trade secret: did you know that perfume companies are not required to list their ingredients? Even if they do list the ingredients, it’s only a few out of 3000 chemicals. Fragrance formulation is considered a trade secret that is also protected from the manufacturer.
No authority to regulate the formation of perfumes: when I told it is a trade secret I meant there is no state, federal or global authority that regulates the safety of the chemicals used in fragrances.
Health problems: inhaling the 3000 chemicals will come at a cost. They cause health problems like asthma, fatigue, headaches, dizziness, coughing, burning of the skin, and many more. The chemicals also mess with our hormones. You might be someone who does not suffer from these but, do you really want to inhale a product with harmful chemicals that cause health issues.
Second-hand smoking: using perfumes in the long term can affect our health just as negatively as second-hand smoking does. The toxins used in fragrances are as harmful as that of second-hand smoking.
This article mainly focuses on how perfumes are harmful. But, it’s the entire fragrance industry that is harmful. We buy scented products on a daily basis. Our shampoos, body washes, hair sprays, detergents all have fragrance added to it. Even products for female hygiene sometimes contain fragrance. We don’t know the number of chemicals the word “fragrance” holds in products. So, it is best to avoid scented products in general.
If you are devastated knowing how bad fragrance is. There are some alternatives you can use:
Using essence oils: these oils are extracted from plants and are completely natural. You can add them to your products or use them separately in the form of a roll-on. But, make sure to get 100% pure essence oils.
DIY: you can DIY soaps and perfumes by using natural homemade products that won’t harm your body. You can easily get these ingredients in your nearby store. You can also DIY your essence oils.
Fragrance-free products: Buying products that are free of fragrance or chemicals are a great alternative.
Non-toxic perfumes: Some brands make sustainable or eco-friendly perfumes so you can try using them. These perfumes are made of essential oils or organic ingredients. But, don’t forget to make sure they only natural ingredients.
These alternatives may seem like a lot of work. But it is way better than exposing yourself to chemicals and toxins daily. The chemicals used by the fragrance industry not just harm us but are also bad for the environment.
115 milliseconds, that’s the amount of time a new technology — developed by researchers from Australia’s national science agency and a university in South Korea — takes to detect that ransomware has detonated on a computer and block it from causing further damage. As hackers execute bolder attacks with bigger potential payouts, computer scientists are pushing the limits of software to make near-instantaneous decisions and save victims from ruin.
Ransomware is a type of cyberattack that encrypts files on victims’ computers, rendering them useless until a ransom is paid. It can take just minutes to cripple an entire network.
The recent hacks of Colonial Pipeline Co., which shut the biggest gasoline pipeline in the U.S. for nearly a week, and of JBS SA, which temporarily shut all U.S. beef plants for the largest meat producer globally, have exposed drawbacks in protection for industries. Colonial paid a $4.4 million ransom, while JBS paid $11 million.
Endpoint Protection Software are cybersecurity tools that protect “end user” devices such as laptops and desktop computers, which are vulnerable to being hacked through their users clicking on malicious links or phishing emails. some of the leading companies offering Endpoint Detection software include SentinelOne Inc., Cybereason Inc., Microsoft Corp. and CrowdStrike Holdings Inc.
The innovation of that software is that it blocks files deemed to be malicious — what traditional antivirus does — and goes a step further, automating the hunt for suspicious behavior on users’ machines, aiming to identify poisoned code before it causes damage.
One of the few ways to get ahead of the problem is to have security software running deep inside a computer’s operating system. There, it can see each program running on the machine and have the best shot at distinguishing between legitimate and malicious ones.
But according to Oliver Spence, co-founder of U.K.-based North Star Cyber Security, “Solving ransomware is magnitudes harder than solving spam and that isn’t solved yet,” he said. “How do you tell which email is legitimate or not? How do I tell if a process is legitimate or not? Solve either problem completely, and you are well on your way to being rich enough to retire.”
One challenge of staying ahead of the problem is that skilled hackers routinely test their code and techniques against the latest security software, adapting when needed to evade detection, said Andrew Howard, chief executive officer of Switzerland-based Kudelski Security, said Andrew Howard, chief executive officer of Switzerland-based Kudelski Security.
“Ransomware attacks today are typically human-operated, meaning that a human is actively guiding the attack,” Howard said. “As the defenses get better, this drives new offensive techniques, which drives better defenses, which drives new offensive techniques, and so forth. There is not a 100% effective technical solution for this problem.”
According to the dictionary the Terracotta art means hard,fired clay,brownish in colour when unglazed which is used to make architectural ornaments and facings, structural units, pottery and as a material for sculpture. The word ‘Terracotta’ came from Latin word ‘Terra-cotta’ and in Italian language Terrakotta means ‘baked-earth’.
Basically Terracotta is a type of earthenware or Ceramic pottery. At 1st we should have enough knowledge about earthenware. Earthenware is glazed or unglazed non-vitreous pottery which is made on fire below 1,200°C (2,190°F). So what do you say ? ‘baked-earth’ makes sense right?
Normally Terracotta is used for sculpture making. But not only for sculpture but also for flower vas, doll,pot,water pipes, bricks,roofing tiles etc. Even there are also many temples of Terracotta. It is too flexible material for sculpture.Terracotta is usually a fairly coarse, porous type of clay. At first it has to be shaped then fired until hard. In the past, it was left to harden in the hot sun ,after that it was baked in primitive ovens. Ultimately, it was fired (at about 1000°C) in a special oven, kilns. After baking the clay became a brownish colour. Until it was glazed it was not watertight.terracotta is too simple than other bronze or other material work.
It was 1st used in Prehistoric art according to Venus of Dolni Vestonice (26,000-24,000 BCE) which was found buried in a layer of ash in Moravia at a paleolithic encampment. Some famous Terracotta figures are- The Thinker of Cernavoda(5000 BCE), The Enthroned Goddess Figurine(6000 BCE).Bronze and Iron Age artists kept the culture of the terracotta tradition, like the female fertility cult figures unearthed at Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan (3000-1500 BCE), and The Burney Relief (1950 BCE) from Ancient Mesopotamia. On the other hand we must say Chinese art created the biggest example of Terracotta art, those are-The Terracotta Army (246-208 BCE). Around the Mediterranean,such as early Egyptian, Minoan, Mycenaean, Greek and Etruscan cultures, employed terracotta for figurative works – such as the Tanagra Figurines from Boeotia in central Greece – besides decorative art and architectural ornamentation.Particularly in the era of Hellenistic art (323-30 BCE) it was widely used by sculptors. It was also used in Early Christian art, for tomb reliefs (from c.200 CE). Terracotta is also famous in African sculpture, pre-Columbian art.
In India Terracotta is famous in the same way as in the past. In India Terracotta is a heritage culture. It is very common that there are many things of terracotta at most homes in India. ‘Bishnupur’ in West Bengal is a great source of Terracotta sculptures or other things. Murshidabad, Birbhum, Jessore, Digha (all are in West Bengal) are also the treasure of Terracotta. There are also famous in Rajasthan, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, Jammu and Kashmir etc.
In India child trafficking is a very serious issue. This is happening because there are a number of people who fall under the poverty level category and it is usually this demographic that is subject to child trafficking. The majority of the country’s trafficking problem is internal. This means that usually the most unprivileged families and disadvantaged people of the countries like the Dalits, religious minorities, tribal community members, and girls from different minority groups etc have to face this. Due to poor socio-economic situations, people take advantage of the poor parents and thereby leaving their children into such trafficking rings. The parents from these poor backgrounds assume that the children are going to live in better conditions but in reality, the children are kidnapped and taken advantage of.
What is child trafficking
Child trafficking is a practice where children are taken away from their family and later they are forced to beg on streets, do some form of work, used for sex or simply sold.
Child trafficking is linked to demand for cheap labour, especially where the working conditions are poor. Children are forced to do many dangerous stunts and also in illegal situations. Such works include slavery, domestic labour, sexual exploitation or prostitution, drug couriering and being turned into child soldiers. Those children are exposed to many dangerous situations like working in hazardous environments. Many are also denied the chance to reach their full potential because they don’t get an education or have the freedom to make their own choices. Children become separated from their families. They are left without protection and are easy prey for traffickers to exploit either by force or with false promises.
How many children are affected by child trafficking?
It is estimated that almost 21 million people are trapped in forced labour or slavery among which one in every four people are under the age of 18.
Almost 5.5 million children are victims of child trafficking around the world. They suffer violence, exploitation and abuse – ending up in work, forced marriage, prostitution, begging and armed recruitment.
Causes of child trafficking
Poverty Poverty is one of the main causes of child trafficking. Poor parents were sometimes forced to abandon their children in the hands of traffickers assuming that they would lead a happy life.
Humanitarian Crises Child trafficking is particularly prominent in areas struck by natural disasters.The countries where human rights are violated have a higher rate of child trafficking.
Lack of Education Illiteracy and the lack of education make families more vulnerable to traffickers.
Absence of Birth Registration The children whose births were never registered are the most threatened.
Lucrative Activity Child trafficking is extremely lucrative.
International Adoption International adoption is very common among infertile couples. Traffickers and dishonest adoption agencies take these advantages and they don’t get much trouble finding potential clients.
Use of Children Children are sold for the purposes of sexual exploitation, begging, soliciting, or for forced marriages. Their life comes to risk while doing construction work, working in factories, or are employed as domestic servants. Children are given a substantial sum of money to parents waiting to adopt.The sale of child organs is also a very infamous practice done by the traffickers. To earn a good living, many children agree to sell one of their kidneys for money.
Prevention of child trafficking
1. Foster the spread of education. 2. Spread awareness among parents and communities. … 3. Strict laws in place to prevent child trafficking. … 4. Encouraging business to not use child labour. … 5. We must support NGOs like Save the Children in the fight against trafficking.
Eduindex News 
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