Day: July 9, 2021

Juvenile Delinquency ( Meaning , Definitions Causes and Prevention Measures )

Juvenile Delinquency is one of the most serious problems of the society , a huge cause of disorganisation.


Mr. G.C.Dutt states,
“Juvenile Delinquency is rapidly becoming a serious menace in India and with the progressive industrialization of many parts of the country , this problem will soon assume the same proportion as many of the Western Countries . ”


What is Juvenile Delinquency ?


Delinquency undoubtedly is a social evil.
It is a socially unacceptable behaviour .Delinquency in general means misconduct .
When an individual deviates from the course of normal social life ,his behaviour is called delinquency.
Delinquency implies conduct that does not conform to the legal or moral standards of society; it usually applies only to acts that, if performed by an adult, would be termed criminal.

Delinquency in the view of Coleman (1981) refers to “behaviour of youths under 18 years of age which is not acceptable to society and is generally regarded as calling for some kind of admonishment, punishment or corrective actions”.

Delinquency includes all sorts of crimes committed by children.
Starting from the business and use of illegal drugs and homicide murder, it may include various types of dangerous criminal offences.

It is a crime categorized mainly based on age. The age of juvenile delinquency has not been similarly determined in all countries . It varies from country to country but is within the usual limits of 16 and 20 .



Definitions :-

Cyril Burt defines delinquency as occurring in a child ” When his antisocial tendencies appear so grave that they become the subject of official action .”

Friedlander says , ” Delinquency is a juvenile misconduct that might be dealt with under the law .”

The Second United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders (1960) states , ” By juvenile Delinquency should be understood the commission of an act which , if committed by an adult , would be considered a crime .”

C.B Mamoria writes , ” The phrase ‘ juvenile delinquency ‘ may be loosely used to cover any kind of deviant behaviour of children which violates normative rules , understanding or expectations of the social system .”

In simple words , juvenile delinquency is a type of abnormal or antisocial behaviour by a juvenile who is below an age specified by statute .


Who is a juvenile delinquent ?

Juvenile delinquents are minors, usually defined as being between the ages of 10 and 18, who have committed some act that violates the law. Read on to learn about different types of delinquent acts as well as how to detect and prevent juvenile delinquency.
Deliquescent acts may include running away from home , spending time idly beyond limits , visiting gambling centers , committing sexual offences etc.


Offence Committed :-

Offenses committed by juveniles aren’t called “crimes” as they are for adults.
Rather, crimes committed by minors are called “delinquent acts.”
Instead of a trial, the juvenile has an “adjudication,” in which they receive a “disposition” and a sentence.

Juvenile proceedings differ from adult proceedings in a number of other ways as well.

Delinquent acts generally fall into two categories.

The first type of delinquent act is one that would be considered a crime had an adult committed it. For particularly serious crimes, some jurisdictions will even try children as adults. When children are tried as juveniles, on the other hand, parents are often required to pay the court costs for the child.

The second type of delinquent act is one that wouldn’t normally be a crime had an adult performed it. These are typically known as “status” offenses since it’s considered an offense because of the person’s age. The most common examples of status offenses are staying out past curfew, alcohol possession or consumption, and truancy, which is the continued failure to attend school.


Causes of Juvenile delinquency :-



There’s no single cause or simple reason for the development of delinquent behaviour .
Causes can be external factors including social elements or internal factors including physical and psychological Causes.

In the book , “ Approach and Concept of Criminology “ , the causes of Juvenile delinquency may be classified under two major factors
• Social Factors
• Personality Factors

1) Social Factors includes :–

• Family:-
The major situations in the family that cause many factors that may lead to juvenile delinquency .
Situations such as a broken house , attitude of parents , conduct of parents etc.

A study of juvenile delinquency has revealed that the greatest number of delinquents come from broken families . A broken family ,as the term indicates home where all ties are broken ,where there’s no interaction or family love to make one feel like they belong .
Interaction in home is a very important means for teaching the child socialisation .
Lack of parents’ affection , security , absence of loving mother or father etc. has a huge contribution in factors in spreading juvenile delinquency.


• Poverty :-

Crime and poverty are intimately related. Study conducted by Shaw , McKay and Elliot revealed that among juvenile delinquents a majority belonged to families with a high poverty ratio .
According to Bonger and Fornasiri , poverty acts as an incentive to crime .

Poverty compels the children to consciously or unconsciously join hands with gangsters and become delinquents.
Poverty leads to family quarrels and dissensions , inadequate education , lack of affection from parents , necessity of basic life products etc. which are more active factors that lead to juvenile delinquency behaviour .

• Delinquency Areas :-

The delinquents come mostly from the areas that are underground , crime dominated , liquor shops , motels and clubs etc. Such a neighborhood places a high influence upon a child .

• Bad Company :-

Charles Shaw said ,” delinquency is a product of community forces ” .

As a child grows older he goes into the neighborhood and becomes a member of the peer group . If by chance he joined the group or the gang that fosters delinquent attitudes he is likely to become a delinquent.
In slum areas peculiar social groups called gangs are found . These gangs are found to be associated with crime in all aspects like delinquency , rioting , corrupt politics , etc.

According to famous criminologist Edwin H. Sutherland , criminal behaviour is acquired through interactions with others .
Hence , bad companionship leads to juvenile delinquency behaviour.


• School Dissatisfaction :-
Some students get dissatisfied with school life and such dissatisfaction makes them regularly absentee , wandering around in the streets forming gangs if their own , gambling , eve teasing , pickpocketing , smoking , drugs etc. leads them on .



2) Personality Factors

Personality factors are mainly factors related to mental deficiency and emotional disturbances .

• Mental Deficiency

It has been observed that a good number of delinquents are mentally deficient .
Some Psychiatrists and neurologists believe that the psychopathic personality is a cause of crime .
According to Tappan , psychopathic children are very crude , obstinate , suspicious , self centered , lonely , revengeful , hyper sexual , etc .
Such persons are devoid of repentance over their own crude doing and the pain and suffering of others.

• Emotionally/ Psychological Problems of the Individual :-

Emotional instability is one of the most common causes of crime .
A child’s personality is rendered unbalanced through lack of love and affection, emotional insecurity , strict discipline , feeling of insufficiency and inferiority, such factors that inspire the mind of the child to criminal behavior.

From a psychological point of view , “Delinquency is a rebellion and an expression of aggression which is aimed at destroying , breaking down or changing the environment .”
This rebellion is mostly against the social conditions which deny the individual his basic rights and the satisfaction of his fundamental needs . Thus delinquents are not born but they become so due to social circumstances and personal deficiencies .

The delinquent individual who is governed by the “pleasure principle “ wants to get immediate pleasure and immediate satisfaction for his needs and so they become a victim to his own impulses.


Remedies For Juvenile Delinquency

It is said , “ a delinquent child today may turn out to be a chronic criminal tomorrow “.
Discussions have been made at national and international level by scholars to seek out effective remedies for this problem .

The three most suggested methods are
• Preventive measures
• Rehabilitative or curative measures.
• Legislative Measures


1) Preventive Measures

• Giving proper training to the members and staff of all organisations concerned with delinquency control .

• Establishing child guidance clinics to give appropriate treatment to the disturbed and maladjusted children.

• Educating the family so as to help the parents to realise the importance of giving proper attention to the needs of their young children .

• Establishing wholesome recreational agencies to prevent young children from becoming law abiding .

• Improving the social environment – slum areas , busy market places , gambling centers etc .

• Spotting potential delinquents by predictive tests in schools or society and giving treatment to such cases.

• The problem of beggary and poverty are to be removed or controlled and the general economic standards of the people must be increased to prevent children from becoming delinquents due to economic exigencies.

2) Rehabilitation or Curative Measures

The main purpose of the method of rehabilitation is not to punish or to treat them mentally disabled but the intention is to help the delinquent children to get proper guidance and training so that they don’t become victims of their own impulses and lead a normal life .

Some institutions to rehabilitate Juvenile Delinquents :-

• Juvenile Courts :- Juvenile Courts are established in order to treat Juvenile delinquents and adult criminals separately. There are currently 39 Juvenile Courts in India .
This court is different from the normal civil courts . Juvenile delinquents cannot be chained or produced to courts by police , no advocate arrangements are made for plead .
The intention behind this treatment is to create positive feelings in the minds of juveniles .

• Remand Homes :- When a child is arrested under the Act ,he is produced before the magistrate within 24 hours and kept in Remand Homes till the case is investigated.
The child is kept until the final disposal of the case .. Sometimes persons convicted are sent to Remand Homes for a few days and released later .

• Certified School :- Certified Schools are established to give some general education and technical training to children . Children are sent for long term treatment and voluntary bodies or local authorities with financial assistance of the government and the public .
There are two types of schools :-
• Junior School for under 12
• Seniors Schools for under 16

The children are confined here for about 2 to 3 years .
After the release they are put under the charge of a Welfare or Probation officer who watches their activities .

• Auxiliary Homes :- The auxiliary homes are attached to Certified Schools just like remand homes are to juvenile courts . Here the convicted delinquents are kept for some time and studied by a social worker and sent later to certified school on the basis of their attitude and behaviour.

• Reformatory Schools :- In states where there are no Children Acts , Reformatory Schools are established . They are meant for the education and vocational training of delinquent children. The young convicted offenders below 15 years are detained here for 3to 7 years . The delinquents are removed from bad environments through these schools .

• Borstal Institutions :- Under Borstal Institutions special treatment is provided for adolescent offenders between the ages of 15 to 21 years . Offenders are sent to Borstal Institutions for rehabilitation rather than kept under imprisonment . The term of Borstal Institutions are 2 to 3 year but may exceed in any serious case . Separate arrangements are made for offenders , training , physical and education are given to prevent them from committing offences again .

Fit persons Institutions and Uncared Children Institutions :- These two non government institutions managed by private bodies and give refuge and protection to destitutes , neglected children and children in pre – delinquent stage .


3) .
Legislative Measures :-

Various legislations have been made in India from time to time to deal with juvenile delinquency .
Some acts are :-

• Apprentices Act of 1850
• Reformatory Schools Act 1897
• Children Acts
• Juvenile Smoking Acts
• Suppression of Immoral Traffic Acts .
• Probation of Offenders Act
• Borstal Schools Act for Adolescents.
• Provision in the Criminal Procedure Code ( under section 399 of ICPC )


A grave problem such as juvenile delinquency cannot be solved by means of legislation , government or private institutions efforts alone . The public attitude towards juvenile delinquents must also change to make them feel accepted and initiate their treatment as a cure not abnormality .
A juvenile delinquent is a product of unwholesome environmental factors hence in order to change his attitude he needs to be supported emotionally , mentally and physically by all .

Water on Mars: Exploration & Evidence

Newton Crater

Liquid water may still flow on Mars, but that doesn’t mean it’s easy to spot. The search for water on the Red Planet has taken more than 15 years to turn up definitive signs that liquid flows on the surface today. In the past, however, rivers and oceans may have covered the land. Where did all of the liquid water go? Why? How much of it still remains?

Observations of the Red Planet indicate that rivers and oceans may have been prominent features in its early history. Billions of years ago, Mars was a warm and wet world that could have supported microbial life in some regions. But the planet is smaller than Earth, with less gravity and a thinner atmosphere. Over time, as liquid water evaporated, more and more of it escaped into space, allowing less to fall back to the surface of the planet.

Where is the water today?

Liquid water appears to flow from some steep, relatively warm slopes on the Martian surface. Features known as recurring slope lineae (RSL) were first identified in 2011in images taken by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The dark streaks, which appear seasonally, were confirmed to be signs of salty water running on the surface of the planet.

“If this is correct, then RSL on Mars may represent the surface expression of a far more significant ongoing drainage system on steep slopes in the mid-latitudes,” a research team member told Space.com in 2012.

In 2015, spectral analysis of RSL led scientists to conclude they are caused by salty liquid water. [Related: Salty Water Flows on Mars Today, Boosting Odds for Life]

“The detection of hydrated salts on these slopes means that water plays a vital role in the formation of these streaks,” the study’s lead author, Lujendra Ojha, of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, said in a statement. Vast deposits of water appear to be trapped within the ice caps at the north and south poles of the planet. Each summer, as temperatures increase, the caps shrink slightly as their contents skip straight from solid to gas form, but in the winter, cooler temperatures cause them to grow to latitudes as low as 45 degrees, or halfway to the equator. The caps are an average of 2 miles (3 kilometers) thick and, if completely melted, could cover the Martian surface with about 18 feet (5.6 meters) of water. 

Frozen water also lies beneath the surface. Scientists discovered a slab of ice as large as California and Texas combined in the region between the equator and north pole of the Red Planet. The presence of subsurface water has long been suspected but required the appearance of strange layered craters to confirm. Other regions of the planet may contain frozen water, as well. Some high-latitude regions seem to boast patterned ground-shapes that may have formed as permafrost in the soil freezes and thaws over time. 

The European Space Agency’s Mars Express spacecraft captured images of sheets of ice in the cooler, shadowed bottoms of craters, which suggests that liquid water can pool under appropriate conditions. Other craters identified by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter show similar pooling.

Evidence for water on Mars first came to light in 2000, with the appearance of gullies that suggested a liquid origin. Their formation has been hotly debated over the ensuing years.

But not everyone thinks that Mars contains water today. New research reveals that RSL may actually have formed by granular flows formed by the movement of sand and dust.

“We’ve thought of RSL as possible liquid water flows, but the slopes are more like what we expect for dry sand,” lead author Colin Dundas said in a statement. “This new understanding of RLS supports other evidence that shows that Mars today is very dry.”

That idea may have been washed away by the recent discovery of a possible subsurface lake near the Martian South Pole.

An underground lake?

Researchers made a big splash when they announced that Mars might be hiding a lake beneath its southern pole. The European Mars Express spacecraft used its Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) to detect the proposed water. Ground-penetrating radar sent radar pulses to the surface, then timed how long it took for them to be reflected. The properties of the subsurface layers affect how long it takes for the beams to return.

MARSIS’ investigation revealed that the Martian south pole is composed of multiple layers of ice and dust to a depth of about nearly 1 mile (1.5 kilometers) spread over a 124-mile-wide (200 km) region.  

“This subsurface anomaly on Mars has radar properties matching water or water-rich sediments,” Roberto Orosei, principal investigator of the MARSIS experiment and lead author of the new research, said in a statement. 

MARSIS also revealed the presence of a subsurface lake among the pockets. According to the radar echoes, the lake is no more than 12.5 miles (20 km) across, buried nearly a mile beneath the surface. The scientists aren’t certain of the lake’s depth, but they have confirmed that it is at least 3 feet (1 meter) deep. According to the researchers, the lake must have salt to keep from freezing.

“This is just one small study area; it is an exciting prospect to think there could be more of these underground pockets of water elsewhere, yet to be discovered,” Orosei said.

Not all researchers are as certain about the presence of liquid water.

“I think it’s a very, very persuasive argument, but it’s not a conclusive or definitive argument,” Steve Clifford, a Mars researcher at the Planetary Science Institute in Arizona, told Space.com. “There’s always the possibility that conditions that we haven’t foreseen exist at the base of the cap and are responsible for this bright reflection.”

More than three decades ago, Clifford proposed that Mars could harbor liquid water beneath its polar caps in the same way that Earth does. On Earth, lakes beneath the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets are created when heat from within the planets melt the glaciers in patches. Clifford told Space.com that a similar scenario could happen beneath the Martian polar ice caps.

“The bright spot seen in the MARSIS data is an unusual feature and extremely intriguing,” Jim Green, NASA’s chief scientist, said in a statement. “It definitely warrants further study. Additional lines of evidence should be pursued to test the interpretation.”

“We hope to use other instruments to study it further in the future,” Green said.

Liquid gold

Water may seem like a very common element to those of us stuck on Earth, but it has great value. In addition to understanding how Mars may have changed and developed over time, scientists hope that finding water will help them to find something even more valuable — life, either past or present.

Only Earth is known to host life, and life on our planet requires water. Though life could conceivably evolve without relying on this precious liquid, scientists can only work with what they know. Thus they hope that locating water on celestial bodies such as Mars will lead to finding evidence for life.

With this in mind, NASA developed a strategy for exploring the Red Planet that takes as its mantra “follow the water.” Recent orbiters, landers, and rovers sent to Mars were designed to search for water, rather than life, in the hopes of finding environments where life could have thrived.

That has changed, however, with the flood of evidence these robots have returned. Curiosity determined that Mars could indeed have supported microbial life in the ancient past, and the next NASA rover — a car-size robot-based heavily on Curiosity’s basic design — will blast off in 2020 to look for evidence of past Red Planet life.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a long-term brain disease. Some symptoms include speech confusion, delusions, lack of motivation, trouble thinking, and hallucinations. But there are many treatments that can alleviate symptoms and minimize the chance of a recurrence.
Documents on Schizophrenia | English
Schizophrenia Papers for Students and Children Jan 8, 2021, Prasanna
Schizophrenia Papers: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that occurs in early adulthood and primarily affects emotions in personal life, thinking and speaking.
This is a life-long disease, but treatment can help control symptoms. A person may experience anxiety and inattention before the actual symptoms of schizophrenia appear.
You can also find more essay writing articles on events, characters, sports, technology, etc.
English short and long essays on schizophrenia for students and children
We provide students with a 500-word long essay and a 150-word short essay on schizophrenia for students’ reference.
Schizophrenia Long Essay 500 English words
Schizophrenia Long Essay is usually taught in classes 7, 8, 9 and 10.
Schizophrenia is a long-standing brain disease. Some symptoms include speech confusion, delusions, lack of motivation, trouble thinking, and hallucinations. But there are many treatments that can alleviate symptoms and minimize the chance of a recurrence.
One of the most terrifying mental illnesses, schizophrenia, has affected humanity for countless years without declining. Schizophrenia reached its prominence as an independent clinical unit in 1860. Between 1936 and 1956, approximately 7,000 articles were published on this subject. In the past 100 years, more researchers have spent more money, time, and energy writing articles on schizophrenia, perhaps more than all other mental illnesses combined.
People still have a profound lack of knowledge about its process, definition, causes, results and treatment. There is no permanent cure for schizophrenia, but research is leading to safe and innovative treatments. By studying genetics, using advanced imaging techniques to look at brain structure and function, and conducting behavioral studies, experts are unraveling the causes of this disease.
Due to the complexity of the illness, people have many misunderstandings about schizophrenia. Many people think that schizophrenia means multiple or split personalities. However, in general, patients with schizophrenia are not more violent than the normal population. It is a misunderstanding that most people with schizophrenia end up living in the hospital or being homeless, although due to the limited mental health resources in the society, some people may have to go to the hospital frequently or may lead to homelessness. But most people with schizophrenia live alone or with their families.
Schizophrenia Papers | English Learners and Children’s Schizophrenia Papers
January 8, 2021, Prasanna
Schizophrenia Papers: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that occurs in early adulthood and mainly affects personal life Emotions, thoughts and words.
This is a life-long disease, but treatment can help control symptoms. A person may experience anxiety and inattention before the actual symptoms of schizophrenia appear.
You can also find more essay writing articles on events, characters, sports, technology, etc.
Long and short English for students and children with schizophrenia
We provided students with a sample of a 500 word essay and a short 150 word essay on the topic of schizophrenia for reference.
Long Essay on Schizophrenia 500 English Words
Long Essay on Schizophrenia is usually given in classes 7, 8, 9 and 10.
Schizophrenia is a long-standing brain disease. Some symptoms include speech confusion, delusions, lack of motivation, difficulty thinking, and hallucinations. But there are many treatments that can reduce symptoms and minimize the chance of recurrence.
One of the most terrifying mental illnesses, schizophrenia, has plagued mankind for countless years and has not declined. In 1860, schizophrenia as an independent clinical unit reached a prominent position under the heading of earlier dementia. Between 1936 and 1956, around 7,000 articles were published on the subject. In the past 100 years, more researchers have spent more money, time, and energy writing articles on schizophrenia, perhaps more than all other mental illnesses combined.
People are still very ignorant of its process, definition, causes, results, and treatment. There is no permanent cure for schizophrenia, but research is leading to safe and innovative treatments. By studying genetics, using advanced imaging techniques to look at brain structure and function, and conducting behavioral studies, experts are unraveling the causes of this disease.
Due to the complexity of the illness, people have many misunderstandings about schizophrenia. Many people think that schizophrenia means multiple personality or split personality. But, in general, people with schizophrenia are not more violent than normal people. Most people with schizophrenia end up living in hospitals or homeless, which is a misunderstanding, although due to society’s limited mental health resources, some people may have to go to hospital frequently or may end up homeless. home. But most people with schizophrenia live alone or with their families.
Studies have shown that schizophrenia can have an earlier onset in men, although it affects men and women equally. Due to the high incidence of diseases such as diabetes and heart disease, patients with schizophrenia are more likely to die than the general population.
A plot that cannot distinguish between reality and fantasy when the disease is active. As with any other disease, the duration, frequency, and severity of symptoms can vary. Once a person begins to age, the incidence of severe psychotic symptoms generally decreases.

The use of alcohol or illegal drugs, stressful situations, and unregulated drug use often increase the symptoms of schizophrenia. The three main categories of this disease are i. Positive symptoms include hallucinations, such as seeing or hearing things that are not there, and distorted perceptions, behaviors, and beliefs. ii. Negative symptoms include decreased or loss of ability to speak, make plans, or express emotions. 3. Disorganized symptoms, including speech and thinking confusion or disorder, abnormal movements, or difficulty in logical thinking.

6 Ways to take care of Your Mental Health

Mental Health the word that has so much in it , you can’t even think of . Living in a world with so much of negativity around , comparability , insecurity , stress issue is what we were dealing with every day , you can’t run from these as they are the part the life no matter how good or bad you life is , its surrounding will effect you in one or the other way .Earlier people don’t know the importance of mental health , even today there are people who still felt shy talking about it , prefer dealing with it alone than being transparent about it , which further leads to other health issues. “What mental health need is more sunlight, more candor, and more unashamed conversation” , these days people are more exposed to mental issues than physical issues as the diversity of internet is somewhere becoming the cause of mental health issues now a days. So how can we deal with it.

Well , there are several life changing habits that you need to adopt to deal with the day to day mental issues , these are neither time taking nor do unconventional to do , remember a health mind is an ‘edited mind’ you like edited things so why not to try it with your “mind”. So lets dive in

1. Doing Physical Activity

Sounds boring , let me tell you how effecting it is for your mental health. Researches had shown , doing physical activity help to release good endrophins , a natural cannabinoids brain chemical and other such chemicals that enhances your sense of well being . Physical activity here does not necessarily mean going to gym spending hours there , following strict schedule , truly not any of these but rather means doing few exercise for atleast 10 minutes a day , 10 minutes won’t be tough right , or you may just have a walk of 40 min a day this will also help.

2. Get a nice nature meetup.

Nature has the ability to calm you down , it spread positivity .You must have felt calm , relax by being at a place surrounded by greenery , fresh air . Researches had shown that a five minute contact with the nature can change your mood and general emotional well being , a simple walk in the nature has the ability to reduce your stress , negativity and will relax your mind deeply . I know because of the current situation it will not be possible neither safe to go out no worry you can just have a nice early morning walk on your terrace area that will also be good for your mental well being.

3. Practice Positive Thinking.

Psychologist says that your brain has tendency of making you feel like what you think of your self , if you only had negative thoughts in your mind than it will make your body feel that way , so better let positive thinking comes on your way it will help you in and out both . Positive thinking has amazing effect on your mental well being , instead of focusing on bad do focus on good that happen to you in a day . I can understand its hard to stay positive all the time but remember that you have the ability to stop that as no one can control your mind other than you .

4. Socialising with people , you are happy with.

Researches had shown that socialising with people does have positive effect on your mental health . These days chatting , texting had hindered socialising , we prefer to talk over on phones than to meet and this has become the new way of meeting people which is somewhere not good for our mental health. For your mental well being do socialise with people you stay happy with , in the current situation though it’s not preferable but you have your family , sit with them have a nice talk about random stuff , this will be good for your mental well being .

5. Keep a Gratitude Journal.

Gratitude is linked with happiness and positivity . Feeling grateful has a positive effect on your mental health , when you feel grateful you hinder the negativity leading to positive mind set . The best way to increase your gratitude is to keep a gratitude journal , write down atleat 3 think that makes you happy in a day at night before going to bed you will find out how effecting it is for your mental health.

6. Get enough Sleep .

I know it is very basis but, is also very important for your mental health almost 60% to 80 % of the people with insomnia had depression which further leads to other health issues . Have a check on your sleeping pattern , get a proper sleep of 8 hours , or as recommended by your doctor. Your body need time to rest so do your brain too , follow the proper sleeping pattern for your mental and physical well being and if you are having a regular imbalance sleep than do prefer to meet a doctor .

All these need to become the daily routine of your life , if you are dealing with any mental issue you will see the difference by following few of the steps above and try to make these your habit . Mental health is important infact it is much more important than your physical health , as most of the mental health issues are the cause of your physical health issues . So do prefer to prioritize your mental health.

Unlawful Activities Prevention Act And Watali judgement

Unlawful Activities Prevention Act And Watali judgement

• Enacted in 1967. 

• Purpose – provide for more effective prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and associations. 

• Deals with prevention of terrorist activities and related matters. 

• Powers to the central government:

              If declared unlawful – to impose all-India bans on associations.

THE UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT, 1967

2. Definition— (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise

requires,—

(o) “unlawful activity”, in relation to an individual or association, means any action taken by such individual or association (whether by committing an act or by words, either spoken or written, or by signs or by visible representation or otherwise),—

(i) which is intended, or supports any claim, to bring about, on any ground whatsoever, the cession of a part of the territory of India or the secession of a part of the territory of India from the Union, or which incites any individual or group of individuals to bring about such cession or secession; or

(ii) which disclaims, questions, disrupts or is intended to

disrupt the sovereignty and territorial integrity of India; or

(iii) which causes or is intended to cause disaffection

against India;

•Can declare a person or an

organization as a terrorist or

terrorist organisation if Participating in acts of

terrorism.

 Prepares for terrorism.

 Promotes terrorism or is otherwise involved in terrorism.

 • Investigation of cases – State police and National Investigation Agency.

Issues in UAPA act 

• Act does not define terrorism.

 • Definition of unlawful activity – covers almost every kind of violent act. 

• No objective criteria for categorization of an

individual as a terrorist.

 • Does not provide any opportunity to the individual –

to justify the case before the arrest. Information declaring a person a terrorist – can be withheld for 6 months. 

• Those arrested can be imprisoned up to 180 days

without filing a charge sheet.

• Union Home Ministry’s data – in 2016 and 2019 only 2.2% of cases registered under the

UAPA resulted in conviction.

Watali Judgement

• Supreme Court’s interpretation of UAPA – affected all later judgements involving UAPA. 

• Accused remain in custody throughout the trial – even if evidence produced against the

the accused is invalid.

 Essentially excluded the admissibility of evidence at the stage of bail.

• Bail applications – courts must presume that every allegation made in FIR is correct. 

• Bail obtained only if the accused produces material to contradict the prosecution.

 Burden of proof rests on the accused.

 • Precedent used by High courts to unavoidably refuse bail.

 • Author – denial of bail for activist Stan Swamy- systemic abuse of majoritarian authority -disregard for the rule of law.

 Way forward regarding the judicial precedents – High courts should also examine,interpret and validate the constitutional laws.

Elon Musk

Elon Reeve Musk is an entrepreneur and business magnate. He is the founder, CEO, and Chief Engineer at SpaceX; early stage investor,[note 2] CEO, and Product Architect of Tesla, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; and co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI. A centibillionaire, Musk is one of the richest people in the world.

Musk was born to a Canadian mother and South African father and raised in Pretoria, South Africa. He briefly attended the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada aged 17 to attend Queen’s University. He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania two years later, where he received bachelor’s degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University but decided instead to pursue a business career, co-founding the web software company Zip2 with brother Kimbal. The startup was acquired by Compaq for $307 million in 1999. Musk co-founded online bank X.com that same year, which merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal. The company was bought by eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.

In 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company, of which he is CEO and CTO. In 2004, he joined electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.) as chairman and product architect, becoming its CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy services company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit research company that promotes friendly artificial intelligence. In 2016, he co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology company focused on developing brain–computer interfaces, and founded The Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. Musk has proposed the Hyperloop, a high-speed vactrain transportation system.

Musk has been the subject of criticism due to unorthodox or unscientific stances and highly publicized controversies. In 2018, he was sued for defamation by a diver who advised in the Tham Luang cave rescue; a California jury ruled in favor of Musk. In the same year, he was sued by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for falsely tweeting that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. He settled with the SEC, temporarily stepping down from his chairmanship and accepting limitations on his Twitter usage. Musk has spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic and has received criticism from experts for his other views on such matters as artificial intelligence and public transport.

Top 2 entrance exams other than JEE MAIN and JEE ADVANCE

Every students want to go IIT(Indian Institute of Technology) because IIT are the top prestigious engineering colleges in India. There are overall 23 IITs in India. The only way to get into IIT is JEE Advance, to write JEE advance you have to first qualify in JEE main then only you can write JEE advance. Around 15 lakhs of students every year write JEE main, in which 2,50,000 students qualify to write JEE advance. In that 2,50,000 lakhs students your rank has to come under 2,000 then only you can get admission in IIT. This blog is for those who doesn’t qualify in IIT. In this blog, I am going to tell you some other entrance exams other than JEE.

TOP ENTRANCE EXAMS OTHER THAN JEE MAIN AND ADVANCE

  1. BITSAT

Birla Institute of Technology and Science(Bits) is a private university in India that conducts BITSAT( Birla Institute of Technology and Science Aptitude test) entrance exam every year. It is a computer based test conduced every year to get admission in first year degree programs like BE(Bachelor of Engineering), MSc(Master of Science), and Pharma in Bits. It has three campuses in India(Hyderabad, Goa and Pilani) and one in Dubai(UAE).

Eligibility criteria

 1. Student should have passed class 12 from a recognized board with physics, chemistry and mathematics with 75 percent marks in each subject.

 2. Candidate should be proficient in English.

3. Candidates already studying in Bits are not eligible to write Bitsat.

About the Examination

  1. The duration of the exam is 3 hours.
  2. All questions are multiple choice question only.
  3. The exam has 4 section physics, chemistry, biology, and English proficiency and logical thinking.
  4. Medium of paper is English.

Marking scheme

  1. For every correct answer 3 marks are awarded.
  2. For every wrong answer 1 mark is deducted.
  3. For untried question no marks are awarded.

2. KVPY

KVPY stands for Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana is a national level scholarship program is conducted to encourage students in basic sciences courses. It is funded of department of science and technology of India. Students who qualify in Kvpy will receive scholarship. Also if you qualify in Kvpy you can get admission in top institutions like IISc Bangalore, IISER, IIITs, and other Research institutes. Class 11th, 12th and those who in 1st year of there under graduation are eligible for the exam.

Eligibility criteria

  1. There are 3 streams in KVPY. They are SA, SX, and SB. Students in class 11 comes under SA stream, class 12 students come under SX stream and undergraduate 1st year students comes under SB stream.
  2. Students must be enrolled in science stream.

About the Exam

  1. The duration of the exam is 3 hours.
  2. The exam has 4 sections physics, chemistry, mathematics and biology.
  3. The paper consists of two parts, part 1 and part 2.
  4. Part 1 consist of 60 questions.
  5. Part 2 consist of 20 questions.
  6. The mode of the exam is Online.
  7. Medium of the exam is English and Hindi.

Marking Scheme

  1. The paper consists of 100 marks.
  2. In part 1, for every correct answer 1 mark is awarded.
  3. In part 1, for every wrong answer 0.25 mark is deducted.
  4. In part 2, for every correct answer 2 marks are awarded.
  5. In part 2, for every wrong answer 0.5 mark are deducted.

I hope you like this blog, if you like please like and rate it.

Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG).

\KEY TAKEAWAYS

  • Fast-moving consumers goods are non-durable products that sell quickly at relatively low cost.
  • FMCGs have low-profit margins.
  • Examples of FMCGs are Milk, gum, fruit and vegetables, toilet paper, soda, beer, and over-the-counter drugs like paracetamol and digene.

What are Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG)?

The products that are always in demand, easy to buy, and sold quickly are called Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG). FMCG products principally have meager profit margins, but they do wonders in the business sectors due to their higher demand. FMCGs generally spend less time on the shelves of the stores mainly due to two reasons firstly, higher in requests and secondly quick putrefaction. All the items in your nearby supermarket fall in the FMCGs sector.

Some common Fast-moving consumer goods are:

Fruits and vegetables, eggs, fish and meat, soft drinks, Dairy products, toiletries, bread, other baked items, grooming products, and some of the medications are some of the Fast-moving consumer goods.

Most of the time, FMCGs are sold in massive proportions at low prices. If the prices are set higher, FMCGs like fruits and vegetables, fish, meats, or dairy products can remain unsold as they forfeit their freshness shortly.

HOW DOES FMCG RUN?

FMCG category has a powerful present and future as this sector provides relief to people’s daily necessities effortlessly at affordable prices. For illustration, the office employees who have to rush in the morning prefer ready to make food or packed food to avoid delay reaching their offices. Likewise, the industry makes itself capable of providing medicines, personal grooming commodities, and many other daily requirements effortlessly. FMCGs require a dominant distribution system as this industry promises not to let the shelves of the marts be vacated. 

Practically, the distribution system consists of two parts. The marketing happens between the manufacturers and consumers and where manufacturers trade the products through some third party.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FMCG.

1.Durable products.

Durable products last on the shelves for a long time, i.e., for at least 3-4 years. Some of these products are home appliances, electronics items, furniture, tools, and stationery.

2. Non-durable products.

Non-durable products last on the shelves for a short duration, i.e., less than a year from their manufacturing date. Some of these products are food, beverages, cosmetics, and drugs.

STRUGGLES FOR FMCG COMPANIES.

FMCG products have low-profit margins and limited shelf existence. So to maintain fluency in the market, FMCG companies have to sell a large number of products with intelligent marketing and keeping high-quality products at a lower cost to gain permanent consumers.

Other struggles for FMCG are:

  • Delaying the expiration of perishable products (meats and dairy products). 
  • Keeping a pocket-friendly price because consumers are becoming price-sensitive due to the increase of E-Commerce.
  • Producing products and packaging that are favorable to the environment.

TOP 5 FMCG COMPANIES IN INDIA.

1. Hindustan Unilever Limited.

According to a survey, HUL products are found in almost every household. Assimilated on 17th October 1993, HUL is India’s largest FMCG company because of its substantial brand value and quality. Top brands like Clinic plus, Glow and lovely, Surf Excel, Rin, Pond’s, and Vaseline are produced by Hindustan Unilever Limited.

Corporate Office: Mumbai, Maharashtra.

Employees: 17,000+

Turnover: 4.2 Billion dollars.

2. Colgate-Palmolive.

Colgate-Palmolive is solely based on health care products. Top brands like Colgate toothpaste, Halo shampoo, Palmolive Natural Soap, Colgate Plax active Salt Mouthwash, and many more are produced by Colgate-Palmolive. 

Corporate Office: New York, USA.

Employees: 38000+

Turnover: 17.5 Billion dollars.

3. ITC Limited.

It is one of the broadest FMCG companies in India. Popular products like Savlon, Yippee noodles, Classmate, Bingo, Sunfeast, Fiama, Ashirvaad lie under ITC Limited. Varying from Hotels, Agri businesses, Packaged foods, and confectionery to Safety Matches and Tabacco products, ITC has a varied brand portfolio.

Corporate Office: Kolkata, West Bengal.

Employees: 29000+

Turnover: 7.2 Billion Dollars.

4. Nestle India Limited.

Nestle is India’s most famous FMCG company, producing Milk and nutrition, prepared food, chocolates, Infant cereals, Pasta, and Noodles. Nestle India Ltd. has top brands like Maggi, Milkybar, Kit Kat and Nescafe.

Corporate Office: Vevey, Switzerland.

Employees: 330000+

Turnover: 87.2 Billion Dollars.

5. Parle Agro India Limited.

Solely based in India since 1985, Parle agro India Ltd. is India’s vastest beverage company. Top brands like Frooti, Appy Fizz, Appy Bailey, and Bailey soda are produced by Parle Agro India Ltd.

Corporate Office: Mumbai, Maharashtra.

Employees: 2700+

Turnover: 1 Billion Dollars.

HOW CAN SOMEONE JOIN THE FMCG SECTOR?

FMCG has good career opportunities. Some of the jobs one can pursue in FMCG companies are-

A. Product control executive.

B. Sales executive.

C. Procurement Assistant.

WHAT ARE THE MAJOR SKILLS FOR A CAREER IN FMCG SALES?

People willing to work in this sector should be good travelers. Why? Meeting existing customers and making new customers is the primary goal required. They will need to know about the product’s data in detail to convince their clients with ease. To be recognized in this sector, one has to be optimistic, generous, and have excellent communication and presentation skills.

However, one should be aware of fake job calls that claim to be from India’s top companies. 

FMCGs AND E-COMMERCE.

Nowadays, people are rapidly shifting from offline stores to online stores because of the price-sensitive offers and door-to-door delivery. Even offline stores give incredible suggestions to bring the consumers to their stores to compete with the online stores. 

FMCG PRODUCTS.

  • Toiletries.
  • Food products.
  • Self-care products.
  • Herbal products.
  • Dairy products.
  • Home Appliances.
  • Electrical products.
  • Stationery.
  • Ayurvedic Products.

FMCGs can be divided into various categories, including-

  • Processed foods: Cheese products, cereals, and boxed pasta
  • Prepared meals : Ready-to-eat meals.
  • Beverages : Bottled water, energy drinks, and juices
  • Baked goods: Cookies, croissants, and bagels
  • Fresh, frozen foods, and dry goods: Fruits, vegetables, frozen peas and carrots, and raisins and nuts
  • Medicines: Aspirin, pain relievers, and other medication that are bought without doctor’s consultants.
  • Cleaning products : Baking soda, oven cleaner, and window and glass cleaner
  • Cosmetics and toiletries: Haircare products, concealers, toothpaste, and soap
  • Office supplies : Pens, pencils, staplers, and other products.

Thanks for reading.

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Autism is Normal

Have you ever met an autistic child? If you have, you must have noticed some irregular behavior in them. This behavior may include repetitive body movements such as rocking, clapping, spinning and you can also notice obsessive attachment towards strange articles such as switches, boxes, rubber bands, etc.
There is no particular reason for this condition but genetics can be a reason for this condition.
After brain scans, it is seen that the shape and size of a brain in an autistic child is bigger as compared to a typical child.
They find it difficult to communicate and won’t be able to express their emotions to us too but that doesn’t mean they don’t feel any emotions.

Their way of loving and caring is unique in its own way and many would even fail to understand it.
Taking care of an autistic child is far more difficult than raising a normal child. It takes a lot of time to understand the behavior and act accordingly.
There are few tips to remember while taking care of an autistic child.

 • Be patient
 • Follow a schedule
 • Create a safe environment in the house
 • Pay attention to the child’s sensory sensitivities.
 • Show love and Interest

Therapy For Autism
There is no cure for autism but there are various therapies available to reduce the symptoms and focus on development and learning.
There are different therapies available such as
 • Speech Therapy
 • Applied Behavior Analysis
 • Sensory Processing
 • Play Therapy
 • Occupational Therapy, etc

Even an autistic child deserves the same love as a normal child and has all the rights to study and grow among other children. Autism is normal.

Short Anime series to binge watch

Most of the popular anime series like Naruto, dragon ball z, one piece etc. have more than 200 episodes. They are all great shows off course but watching them requires a lot of time. Due to this reason some people refrain from getting into these series. There are however, many series out there which are very good too and very short indeed.
Here are some of the short but great anime series. Each of these series have utmost 13 episodes which can be watched in a day or two.

• Erased (2016):
Episodes: 12
Genre: Mystery, sci-fi, thriller

Erased is one of the best short anime series out there. It is a bliss for thrill seekers and for people who like the idea of time travel. The story revolves around a 29 year old man who is sent back in time to erase the events which lead to his mother’s death, which began with a series of kidnappings. The anime has very nice soundtrack and beautiful animation and the plot is very interesting. The characters are well written and overall the series is a must watch.

• Blue Spring Ride (2014) :
Episodes: 12
Genre: coming-of-age, drama, romance

Blue spring ride or more popularly known as ao haru ride, is a very decent slice of life romance anime. It is a coming of age drama and shows how the characters grow and change over time. It depicts very well the internal conflicts characters have and is very relatable to watch. The music in this anime is used very well to emphasise the scenes. Overall it is a must watch for those who are into romance genre.

• Terror in Resonance (2014) :
Episodes: 11
Genre: psychological, thriller

This is anime is rather underrated but nevertheless it is one of the best short anime thrillers out there. This anime serves everything in just 11 episodes. Excellent storyline, great music, top notch animation etc. It depicts terrorism very differently and deals with many of the contemporary issues. This is a must watch for everyone.

• Angel Beats! (2010) :
Episodes: 13
Genre: fantasy

This anime is set in a realm of afterlife where a band of teens fight from being taken to the next level. This is a very nice series and worth your time. It has action, drama, fight sequences, tragedies, music, romance and what not. The concept of this anime is very different and it deals with overcoming the regrets of life. It is an epic journey showcased in just 13 episodes!

• Violet Evergarden (2018) :
Episodes: 13
Genre: coming-of-age

This is a more recent anime series. The story revolves around the post war life of an emotionally detached soldier who begins to reconnect with her feelings while searching for the meaning behind her commander’s final words. This anime is a masterpiece. The animation, music, pacing, character designs, backstories etc. all are done very well. It is very empathetic and sentimental anime. This anime is a must watch for anyone!!

Cabinet Reshuffle

With number of changes taking place in the country in recent times, one of a major change is taken place in the union cabinet. The Modi government had introduced new members in the council giving rise to a whole new cabinet of ministers for different departments on July,7th 2021. The total members counted as 43 among which 36 are new faces and 12 had been dropped out from the cabinet which includes, Health Minister Harsh Vardhan, IT and Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad and I&B Minister Prakash Javadekar, and brought Sarbananda Sonowal, Narayan Rane, Jyotiraditya Scindia and others. Many prime ministers all over the world have been known to have sacrificed this or that ministerial pawn in order to cover up their own leadership failure. Harsh Vardhan’s departure is as close an admission of governmental floundering as prime ministerial hubris would allow.

The new department of cooperation is granted to our home minister Amit Shah. New list is as follows-

Rajnath Singh: Defence Minister, Nitin Gadkari: Road Transport and Highways Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman: Finance Minister, Corporate Affairs Minister, Narendra Singh Tomar: Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare Minister, S Jaishankar: External Affairs Minister, Arjun Munda: Tribal Affairs Minister, Smriti Irani: Women and Child Welfare Minister, Piyush Goyal: Commerce & Industry Minister, Consumer Affairs Minister, Food & Public Distribution Minister, Textiles Minister, Dharmendra Pradhan: Education Minister, Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Minister, Pralhad Joshi: Parliamentary Affairs Minister, Coal Minister, Mines Minister, Narayan Rane: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Minister, Sarbananda Sonowal: Ports, Shipping and Waterways Minister, AYUSH Minister, Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi: Minority Affairs Minister, Dr Virendra Kumar: Social Justice and Empowerment Minister, Giriraj Singh: Rural Development Minister, Panchayati Raj Minister, Jyotiraditya Scindia: Civil Aviation Minister, Ramchandra Prasad Singh: Steel Minister, Ashwini Vaishnaw: Railways Minister, Communication Minister, Electronics & IT Minister, Pashu Pati Kumar Paras: Food Processing Industries Minister, Gajendra Singh Shekhawat: Jal Shakti Minister, Kiren Rijiju: Law & Justice Minister, Raj Kumar Singh: Power Minister, New & Renewable Energy Minister, Hardeep Singh Puri: Petroleum & Natural Gas Minister, Housing & Urban Affairs Minister, Mansukh Mandaviya: Health and Family Welfare Minister, Chemicals & Fertilisers Minister, Bhupender Yadav: Environment, Forest & Climate Change Minister, Labour & Employment Minister, Mahendra Nath Pandey: Heavy Industries Minister, Parshottam Rupala: Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying Minister, G Kishan Reddy: Culture Minister, Tourism Minister, Minister for Development of Northeast, Anurag Thakur: Information & Broadcasting Minister, Sports & Youth Affairs Minister. Other 28 will hold the charge as Ministers of State.

This new cabinet marked a starting of new journey not only in terms of development but also along with growth with social equality as the members itself are chosen from different social backgrounds including, 12 ministers from Scheduled Caste communities from states such as Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal. Two of them are likely to be Cabinet ministers. From the Scheduled Tribe communities, eight representatives from Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh are inducted. Three of these are Cabinet ministers. Also, 19 members from Other Backward Class (OBC) communities. 11 women members had aslo been accomodated giving rise to women empowerment.

According to people aware of the details, the selection of ministers has also been done with the intent of bringing on-board people with administrative experience as the government has faced criticism including over the state of the economy, job crisis, rising prices, and the response to the second Covid-19 wave.

AWARENESS OF PTSD

                         POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)

This kind of disorder arises when we are ­­­­­­­affected by situations that cannot be accepted so easily associated or experienced or witnessing of events in life. Those unforgettable moments always haunt us as nightmares and memories making us to regret for a lifelong period.

It is not an easy task to make them vanish from our life but feeling to overcome from it is a worse kind struggle between heart and soul.

It reflects that one-fourth of the people gets affected by this kind of deep emotion and as life goes by sacrifice those hinderances and move on. The more affected gender falls on mostly women as they are more emotional and trust worthy then men.

“IT’S NOT THE PERSON REFUSING TO LET GO OF THE PAST, BUT THE PAST REFUSING TO GO OF THE PERSON”

It is clear that people at several ages have experienced this disorder being in a state to console themselves, to come out of it and to forget the certain thing happened.

This disorder is affected if the affected one unable to move out of that trauma. About 10 percent have experienced this kind of situation out of 100. But the worse part is the trauma became advanced for 2 percent which they were out of control without treatment.

 There are different levels for this disorder where each level will affect our mental ability badly and make us weaker. The stages of this effect will last till six months until for life period of one person.

Reducing the pressure and engaging on with multiple tasks at the same time makes us concentrate on the work to relieve us for some time. “Unexpected things happen but humans are a part of it to accept the fact of life”.

“Thing can’t be undone unless or until you come out of it”.

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The Origin Of Vedic Civilization

Early Vedic Age

The early Vedic age is historically dated to the second half of the second millennium BCE. Historically, after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which occurred around 1900 BCE, groups of Indo-Aryan peoplesmigrated into north-western India and started to inhabit the northern Indus Valley. The Indo-Aryans represented a sub-group that diverged from other Indo-Iranian tribes at the Andronovo horizon before the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE, The Indo-Iranians originated in the Sintashta culture, from which arose the subsequent Andronovo horizon. The Indo-Aryans migrated through the adjacent Bactria-Margiana area (present-day northern Afghanistan) to northwest India, , followed by the rise of the Iranian Yaz culture at c. 1500 BCE, and the Iranian migrations into Iran at c. 800 BCE.

The Indian Civilization an Unbroken Tradition

Indian writers and archaeologists have opposed the notion of a migration of Indo-Aryans into India, and argued for an indigenous origin of the Indo-Aryans. In this view, “the Indian civilization must be viewed as an unbroken tradition that goes back to the earliest period of the Sindhu-Sarasvati (or Indus) tradition (7000 or 8000 BCE).” Though popular in India, and reflecting Indian views on Indian history and religion,the idea of a purely indigenous origin of the Indo-Aryans is outside the academic mainstream.

The Aryans

The knowledge about the Aryans comes mostly from the Rigveda-samhita,i.e. the oldest layer of the Vedas, which was composed c. 1200–1000 BCE. They brought with them their distinctive religious traditions and practices. The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised Proto-Indo-European religion,and the Indo-Iranian religion. Funeral sacrifices from the Sintashta-culture show close parallels to the sacrificial funeral rites of the Rigveda, while, according to Anthony, the Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo-European immigrants in the contact zone between the Zeravshan River (present-day Uzbekistan) and (present-day) Tajikistan.It was “a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new Indo-European elements”, which borrowed “distinctive religious beliefs and practices” from the Bactria–Margiana culture, including the god Indra and the ritual drink Soma.

The Red Market by Scott Carney – Book Review

The Red Market: On the Trail of the World’s Organ Brokers, Bone Thieves, Blood Farmers, and Child Traffickers is a non fiction book about organ trade. The author of this book, Scott Carney, an American investigative journalist and anthropologist, was born on the 9th of July, 1978. He has authored four books – The Red Market, The Enlightenment Trap, What Doesn’t Kill Us and The Wedge. Scott Carney has also worked as a contributing editor at Wired magazine and contributes stories on various issues to Mother Jones, Men’s Journal, Playboy, Foreign Policy, Discover, Outside and Fast Company. Several radio and television programmes including National Geographic TV have covered his works.

This book is an account of various organ trade practices prevalent in the world. The title of the book ‘The Red Market’ – a term coined by the author – refers to a black market place for trafficked human body parts. 

“I weigh just a little under two hundred pounds have brown hair blue eyes and a full set of teeth. As far as I know my thyroid gland pumps the right hormones into the twelve pints of blood that circulate in my arteries and veins. At six feet and two inches I have long femurs and tibias with solid connective tissue. Both my kidneys function properly and my heart runs at a steady clip of eighty-seven beats per minute. All in I figure I’m worth about 250 000.”

It contains accounts of an Indian village – nicknamed ‘Kidneyvakkam’ – notorious for its citizens selling their kidney to meet ends, grave robbers in remote villages, a temple that sells the hair of its devotees, child kidnappers who sell kids to adoption centres, and the practice of surrogacy and surrogate mothers. His book provides a detailed and informative account on numerous ways by which the trade of organs is carried out. His information is backed by a thorough research that spanned for years. 

“our appetite for human flesh is higher now than at any other time in history.”

This author manages to capture the plight of people forced by their fate to sell their organs to sustain their livelihood, how the anonymity of the buyers is maintained, how the trade is carried out through agents, the economics of the red market and how it is affected by various laws in different countries. The writing style is clear and makes one feel like an observer of the events being narrated making the book an insightful one.

“People don’t go to a transplant center to buy medical services: They go to buy organs.”

The book manages to paint a sufficiently clear enough picture of things that benefits even a person not acquainted with the subject. The book benefits from the background research and the experiences of the author. The interviews of various people involved in the practice helps in better understanding of the events and supplying contextual facts. Despite all this, some parts and arguments advanced by the author tend to feel vague. 

PORN ADDICTION

Porn addiction refers to a person becoming emotionally dependent on pornography to the point that it interferes with their daily life, relationships, and ability to function. This type of addiction may be quite common. Some doctors consider porn addiction to be a hypersexual disorder — an umbrella term that includes behaviors such as excessive masturbation.

It’s important to note that “porn addiction” isn’t an official diagnosis recognized by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). But experiencing an uncontrollable compulsion to view porn can be as problematic for some people as other behavioral addictions. Since the existence of “porn addiction” is not recognized by the APA, no definitive diagnostic criteria guide mental health professionals in its diagnosis.

SIGNS OF PORN ADDICTION

1. You Can’t Stop

You are unable to stop using or viewing pornography, despite trying to do so. If your partner can’t stop, you may notice that they are spending more and more time on the internet despite your attempts to communicate with them.

2. You Want More

People addicted to porn report that they do experience cravings to view more. Similar to how someone can be addicted to heroin, people who suffer from porn addiction will feel cravings if they have gone without it for any amount of time. If your partner is craving porn, you may notice them sneaking away from you to another room. It’s possible that they’ll make an excuse or get defensive when you question them about it.

3. You’ve Lost Time

People suffering from porn addiction can lose large periods of time to viewing porn, wasting most of the day without accomplishing anything. You could notice that someone addicted to porn is lethargic and not accomplishing much as of late. They might seem like they don’t care or are very uninterested in anything else.

4. You’ve Lost Interest in Sex

When someone becomes addicted to porn, they actually lose interest in real sex. Not only that, but they actually find their partner less attractive when compared to the people seen in porn. People who suffer from porn addiction may lose interest in the advances of their partner. This makes them seem distant or even uninterested when you try to engage with them sexually. They may require more stimulation than they needed before to become aroused.

5. You’re More Demanding

People suffering from porn addiction develop unrealistic ideas about sex. This can make them more demanding in the bedroom, easily frustrated, and alienate their partner. When this happens, their partner can feel physically and emotionally uncomfortable.

6. You’ve Lost Attraction

Porn addiction can give the afflicted unrealistic expectations of beauty for their partner. This can make their partner feel hurt about their appearance and create a greater problem for their self-esteem.

7. You’re in Physical Pain

Someone suffering from porn addiction can actually begin to experience physical pain. Be it from the physical movements involved when viewing porn, or the strain that comes with excessive computer use, people addicted to porn frequently complain about wrist, back, and neck pain and headaches.

8. You’re Losing Money

Some people who suffer from porn addiction start spending money for what they consider higher-quality content. When this happens, they can quickly begin falling into some kind of financial hardship. This appears as them complaining more about money problems, but unwilling to disclose the exact nature of these problems.

9. You’re Distracted

When people are addicted to porn, they can become distracted from different aspects of life. Their mind drifts to porn when they are with friends, family, or at work. It could actually impact their work and relationships. This makes them distant from their partner and their attempts to connect with them.

10. You’re Angry

Like any addiction, someone suffering from porn addiction will become easily irritable if they go without porn. They may have less patience in certain acts if they see them as delaying watching porn. This can also make it easier to lash out at their partner. They’ll be more irritable, agitated, or even erratic. Their partner could notice major changes in their personality and don’t feel that they are the same person they loved before.

CAUSES OF PORN ADDICTION

Lots of different things can be reinforcing, and thus influence our behavior, but porn can be especially reinforcing because the reward taps into a very basic instinctual drive–sex. Therefore, it is very easy to become addicted to porn–it is accessing a fundamental (and very enjoyable) natural drive. It is also much easier to obtain than going out and finding a “mate” to fulfill this drive. The problem occurs when seeking sexual pleasure becomes excessive, impulsive, or comes at the expense of other valued behaviors. Then we might say that one has a porn addiction.

  1. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
  • You may have a genetic predisposition to impulsivity, emotion dysregulation, or sensation-seeking behavior.
  • You may have a predisposition to other characteristics that are associated with sexual addiction, like anxiety or depression.
  • As you might expect, higher levels of sex hormones like testosterone or estrogen can affect libido.
    • If you are inclined towards impulsive behavior and have high levels of sex-related hormones, you may be more likely to engage in excessive or compulsive porn watching

2. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

  • Early-life environmental factors, including adverse events like abuse or exposure to sexual content, can contribute to some of the underlying traits involved in porn addiction behaviors.
  • Mental health:
    • Anxiety.
    • Depression.
    • Personality disorders.
    • Poor impulse control.
    • Performance anxiety.
    • Other mental health issues might contribute to porn addiction behaviors.

3. SOCIAL FACTORS

  • Rejection in relationships and social circles can lead to other, less healthy ways to find sexual gratification.
  • Social isolation:
    • Not only does social isolation increase one’s likelihood of seeking inappropriate ways of being sexually gratified, it also leads to a host of other problems–like depression and physical maladies–that can contribute to porn addictions or unhealthy sex behaviors.
  • Peer influence:
    • If others around you are doing something, you are more likely to do it, too. Having a friend, or a group of friends, for example, who engage in excessive porn viewing can influence your behavior.

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE BRAIN WHILE WATCHING PORN?

One of the clearest indicators of psychological addiction is an emotional response in the brain. Brain activity can be detected via electroencephalography (EEG) which involves placing electrodes on the scalp and measuring the activity. It tells us, from the surface measurements, how active the brain is. We see increased activity whenever people with addiction are presented with images of that addiction—like cigarettes for smokers, or gaming for gamblers. But EEG tests from a pivotal study by UCLA neuroscientists in 2015 showed that people who struggle with porn consumption don’t have this characteristic spike in brain activity while watching porn.

In fact, the researchers noted that they showed decreased brain reactions while viewing the sexual images—the exact opposite of what you’d expect to see going on in the brain of someone with an addiction. The findings suggest that self-proclaimed “porn addicts” don’t quite have the same relationship with porn as someone with a substance addiction has to their drug of choice.

It should be noted that porn addiction is not the same as sex addiction. Porn addiction, if it exists, is likely part of a larger problem of sex addiction but the jury is still out on whether either problem constitutes addictive behavior.

Pornography addiction leads to same brain activity as alcoholism or drug abuse, study shows.

Effects of Addiction to Pornography

  1. Physical
  • Sexual dysfunction.
    • Impotence (inability to form or maintain an erection).
    • Premature ejaculation.

2. Psychological

  • Preoccupation with sexual thoughts throughout the day.
  • Guilt, shame, confusion.
  • Ambivalence about stopping, or cycles of stopping/restarting.
  • Tendency towards other impulsive behaviors.
  • Depression, anxiety, or other co-occurring psychological disorders.

3. Social

  • Not wanting to seek person-to-person (real life) sexual contact, or diminished patience for sexual contact (e.g., wanting to have sex right away, or fantasizing or obsessing about sexual contact with random strangers).
  • Decline in romantic or sexual interactions with partner, such as:
    • Inability to become aroused.
    • Increasing need for more aggression or dominance.
    • Emotional detachment.

How Is a Porn Problem Treated?

If you’re struggling in this area or want to change your relationship with porn, the good news is that it’s totally possible. If your goal is to reduce your porn consumption, studies have shown that mindfulness and acceptance-based psychotherapy can usually be more effective than a pharmacological approach. (Although, if you do have a co-existing mental health condition such as depression or OCD, your doctor may recommend medication.)

Keep in mind that addiction-based models for recovery aim to eliminate the behavior completely (and rehab programs for watching porn do exist). It should be noted that much of the problem with porn has to do with social stigma, judgments, and disapproval of partners of people using porn. So it has a social circumstance component that drives conflict and shame.

More realistic for pornography issues, according to psychotherapists, are talk therapy approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which have been shown to be effective in managing and reducing these types of behaviors. ACT strategies can help an individual find ways to be comfortable with their negative feelings around viewing porn, making it easier for them to actually enjoy lower consumption rates.