Day: July 12, 2021

Disney’s take on gender representation

Gender Representation in Disney Movies

Abstract :
In the Disney world, we can see that gender role-play a very prominent role. It is something people look forward to and observe while watching a movie and depicting certain characters in certain ways could change the way men and women are expected to be like and it sets a standard of how their role should look like. Very frequently, many female characters are portrayed as weak, and always in need of a man to save them. For instance, Cinderella, snow white, etc. There are only a handful number of movies where the female takes it upon herself to not give in to societal norms and standards.

Introduction:
The main focus of this article is to throw light on the representation of female characters in gynocentric Disney movies. Disney was originally founded on October 16, 1923. It was finally renamed The Walt Disney Company in 1986.
Disney has given a lot of people all over the world comfort through their unparallel storytelling, extraordinary productions, and unbeatable attention to detail. Even with all the amazing storylines, it’s mostly gynocentric and male-oriented. Their portrayal of women is very outdated and affects the perception of women in the real world. This research is important as it helps us realize why the way men and women are portrayed in a particular manner can be harmful and deceiving, as in the movies men are shown to be powerful, strong, level headed and manly while the female characters are shown to be weak, always in need of help, in need of a male character to help them be liberal and achieve happiness. This can send the wrong message to people who are trying to accept themselves as they are and not care about how others wish them to be. In modern times like this, media or visual entities hold a lot of power and therefore it is important for the messages to be conveyed in the right manner and make sure that it doesn’t change the progress of the real world. If men and women are given equally important roles and represented with equality, it would spread a positive message and the receiver would also have a positive outlook of the world.

Data Analysis, Result, and Discussion:
The first movie is Tarzan release in 2003 was an orphaned his parents were killed by the cheetahs when he was a baby. He was adopted by a gorilla and Kala and spent his early years trying to imitate them. The entire movie displayed him as a masculine, strong, fierce hunter, worrier, and independent. When the ape Kerchak attacks and tried to kill him, he wins the fight the takes Kerchak’s place as the king of the ape. On the other hand, Jane has been portrayed as weak, emotional, and fragile. Jane and her father research Gorilla, so she came to the jungle with Clayton to get more information about them. At first, Jane has shown bravery and courage trying to stop Clayton from killing the gorillas. Clayton was using the trip so that he can kill the gorillas and sell them. But once she meets Tarzan and falls in love with him, she completely relies on him and the others to save her from every difficult situation she faced. While the baboons chased her Tarzan save her. When the pirate guy tries to hit her again Tarzan saves her. When they are imprisoned on the boat instead of trying to find how to escape, she just stays there and waits for Tarzan. In the movie, Jane always follows Tarzan wherever he goes. The way how Jane was portrayed in the movie is common to many other female characters, it says something not about them as an individual but how the society view women and their place and expectations.

The second movie is Cinderella release in 2007 is a classic fairy story, a rags-to-riches tale about a kind-hearted girl who suffers various hardships only to marry the prince of the kingdom. In Cinderella, men are portrayed as the upper gender, because of the sociological position of women at that time when they were considered inferior and of an inferior class and wealth. Cinderella’s father played no important role in Cinderella’s life. Most of the time, she was controlled by her evil mother-in-law. Cinderella was seen as happy and she looks like she is enjoyed doing household chores she still dreams of her happiness ever after. Cinderella is a typical image of a distressed lady because the only one who can save her from her miserable life was the prince. Cinderella will be stuck in her miserable life forever if the prince won’t save her. This shows the status of women at the time who idealized marriage and the role of being at home to taking care of babies and care for the husband. In addition, by showing the differences the step-sisters had with Cinderella, children can think that step-sisters share a nasty relationship, which isn’t the case on many occasions. It is important to not label or relate certain achievements or actions to a person’s gender because that’s not always the case.


The third movie with a strong female character is Frozen which was released in 2013. This movie talks about women’s power and how there is strength in unity and beauty in accepting oneself as they are. The movie starts with two sisters, Elsa and Anna where Elsa was born with magical powers to create ice but she unintentionally hurts Anna and is no longer confident about her powers, and their parents decide that it’s best to hide her powers. Due to this, the two sisters grow apart and there’s a distance between them but one day during Elsa’s coronation, Anna meets Prince Hans of Isle. They fall in love but Elsa doesn’t approve of them and accidentally shows her powers to the world and that’s where Anna realizes how difficult it must’ve been for Elsa. Elsa escapes and Anna follows her where she meets Christoph, a very ordinary man who works in the business of collecting ice. They both leave to find Elsa and convince her to go back but to no avail. Elsa realizes that the mountains are where she belongs as she cannot hurt anyone and can freely do magic. Elsa strikes Anna’s heart which can only be healed by “an act of true love”, so she travels back to Arendelle to Hans but quickly realizes that it was all an act and he was only after her wealth. In the meantime, Hans captures Elsa to put an end to her but she successfully escapes. Hans finds her and is about to strike her when Anna throws herself to save her sister’s life and Elsa is in disbelief and starts weeping and that’s when Anna comes back to life as the “act of true love” mentioned above was sisterly love. This movie has a strong message that women need to stick together and how there is power in being one.

The fourth movie chosen is Moana released in 2016. This movie is about a girl who is supposed to be leading an island but shows very little interest in that particular topic but she finds water to be very fascinating and is drawn to it from the very beginning but isn’t allowed to be anywhere near water as it’s considered to be dangerous or unknown. Moana tries her best to make sure she fulfills her duty as someone who should lead but is unable to do so and therefore begins her journey with water. In the movie, we can see how her grandmother always encouraged Moana to find her true calling and follow her dreams and find happiness in whatever she does. The movie starts with her grandmother reading an ancient tale to the children of the island which nobody considers to be true but her grandmother is sure that it’s not all a lie. Maui is a demigod who runs away with the stone or nature’s heart which starts to corrupt the world and destroy it. Moana is the only one why can put things back to place as she is the chosen one and is supposed to deliver the stone with Maui beyond the reef. She goes on an adventure to save the world and finds Maui and even though she faces a lot of hardship in her path, she still makes sure to deliver the stone as the fate of her island and the world depended on her. During the journal, she realizes that her ancestors were voyagers and the island residents started voyaging again once the issue was solved as they deeply believed in Moana. This entire movie has proved that women need to take matters into their own hands and face obstacles head-on and have faith in themselves. They should be able to freely follow their gut feeling and be able to do whatever they want to without needing anyone’s permission or approval.

Conclusion:
This article aimed to view the gender representation of female characters in gynocentric Disney movies. It analyzes four different Disney movies. Earlier the female characters are given a minor role and did not hold any importance in the movies. Even in this age and time, Disney shows how women need men to achieve happiness and freedom. Movies like Mulan and Moana need to be advocated more so women can find their happiness in their way and they don’t need a man to fulfill their interests. However, as gender roles have changed, the female characters in Disney animations have also changed with gaining more importance in their roles.

Book Review : The world between us

About the author

This book is written by Sara Naveed, who is a Pakistani author, she wrote this book in the year 2020, she usually writes lighthearted romantic fiction stories for the young audiences. Apart from this book she has written three more best selling novels.

The book describes the story of Qais and Amal who belong to two completely opposite world’s and how there world’s collide.

Amal has been widowed on the day of her marriage and Qais on the other hand is devastated by his mother’s death and is unable to cope up with the same . Both the characters are weaved together by different tragedies they faced early on in their life . And and even though they have different coping mechanisms with their loss they both have their own ways to deal with it. Amal is unable to move on after Haider’s death is keeping herself busy with work and family responsibilities, whereas Qais Ahmed has become distant towards his father who is thinks is directly responsible for his mother’s death. Qais seems to be disturbed by an incident at a party in Washington which leads him to quit his job at Microsoft and turn to drugs. Qais and Amal both join a dating app reluctantly, on their respective friend’s request and it ultimately leads them to a date together whereby Amal finds Qais to be a disastrous dating match. After a series of events Qais Ahmed joins the same company as that of Amal. He tries hard to get Amal’s attention, but she doesn’t reciprocate the same initially.

Eventually Amal and Qais fall in love, but there is more then what meets the eye, Amal and Qais are connected with a past incident which has changed both their lives.

Will their love save them and is it bigger then their pasts they are trying to hide from or will it fade away before the truth. These are the questions which arise in a readers mind while we go through their story. Sara has intricately weaved different emotions, both our protagonists go through. The book does feel lengthy at times, it could be a little summarised on some occasions. But the fact that the lead characters story has been defined well enough, makes it a good read all together. The book keeps you rooting for happy ending from the start as both the characters have suffered immense heart break in the beginning. Amal is portrayed as a strong career oriented woman with a mind of her own, who at the same time is very compassionate and soft hearted. Qais on the other hand is a rich somewhat spoilt but an extremely intelligent boy who is also a heartbroken soul deeply disturbed by the events that had unfolded in his past, which makes his story just like that of Amal’s. This book is about two broken individuals who both have the power to make each other whole again through forgiveness and love.

This is an office romance with lots of filmy twists to keep you hooked in this lockdown . Read it on a Sunday morning with a cup of hot coffee and get immersed in this refreshing and feel good story.












			


	



			
				


	

		
Afforestation

			


	

		






Afforestation is very useful to prevent and maintain the oxygen levels. Due to the deforestation, many of the trees are being cut and the oxygen supply has been reduced very drastically. Afforestation will help to maintain the oxygen levels in the atmosphere and helps the individual and the world to be healthy all the time. Oxygen is the minimum need for the individual to survive on the earth. If there is no oxygen, then which will cannot live or survive. When there is no o2, It is equally difficult for the animals to survive.





It also helps to maintain good forests. Deforestation, that is cutting of the trees makes the land abandoned and trees life less. When an individual takes a step forward to plant trees that is afforestation, good number of trees will be grown and the forests will be developed.





The most important thing for the animal’s survival is trees that give shelter and plants for the food. When the trees are being cut, some of the animals find no shelter and sometimes no food to eat. When afforestation takes place animals will find good shelter and also good food to eat.





Importance of Afforestation :





       Afforestation helps to addess all the issues of soil erosion and barren land at the same time. Tress acts as wind barriers thereby weakening the speed of the wind and reducing its impact and ability to carry big soil particles.





       The impacts of afforestation is occuring in many parts of world, can modify the nature and transformations of soil organic carbon and associated soil prevents, which in turn can affect plant diversity and ecosystem function. Afforestation also decreased soil bulk density and pH, and increased soil water content.





  Types of Afforestation : 





       Afforestation materials are mainly divided into three categories: seed,seedling,and cutting.  The choice of these three types of afforestation materials and methods is related to site conditions, tree species and age.





Various causes of Afforestation : 





* Afforestation is highly fundamental in creating an alternative source pool of nature resource.





* Afforestation aids in tackling global warming and stabilizing global temperatures.





* protection of sensitive areas, biodiversity, and natural cycles.





* Afforestation can support wildlif.





* Afforestation creates employment and can provide a source of livelihood.





Advantages of Afforestation :










* A constant supply of forest products.





* prevents soil erosion.





* stabilizes the climate.





* Has the potential of reversing global warming and climate change.





* Better quality air.





* Improve watershed.





* preservation of wildlife.





* provision of employment and economic opportunities.





Disadvantages of Afforestation : 










       If not properly managed, afforestation can result in a reduction of local biodiversity, the modification of particular biomes, the intriduction of non – native and potentially invasive species, reduced stream flow and lost revenue from agricultural.

























     











			


	



			
				


	

		
WINDS

			


	

		

The horizontal movement of air along the surface of the earth is called the “wind” while the vertical movement of air is a called an “Air Current“. The winds always blow from a high pressure area to a low pressure area. Wind is mostly named after the direction from which it blows. For example, the wind blowing from the east is known as the easterly wind or easterlies.





An ‘anemometer‘ records wind speed while a ‘wind vane‘ measures the direction of the wind. The unit of measurement is kilometre per hour or knots.










Types of Winds





Winds are generally classified into the following four major types
✓Planetary winds
✓Periodic winds
✓Variable wind
✓Local wind





Planetary winds





The winds which constantly blow in the same direction throughout the year are called the Planetary winds. They are also called as permanent winds or the prevailing winds. These winds include Trade winds, Westerlies and Polar Easterlies.










Trade Winds





Trade winds blow from the subtropical high pressure belt to the Equatorial low pressure belt in both the hemispheres. They blow with great regularity, force and in a constant direction throughout the year. These winds were very helpful to traders who depended on the winds while sailing in the seas. And so, they are named as Trade winds.










Westerlies





Westerlies are the permanent winds that blow from the tropical high pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt in both the hemispheres. They blow from South West to North East in the northern hemisphere and North West to South East in the southern hemisphere. The velocity of westerlies become so vigorous and fast to be called Roaring Forties at 40°, Furious Fifties at 50° and Screaming Sixties at 60° latitudes.










Polar Easterlies





Polar easterlies are cold and dry polar winds that blow from the polar high pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt. These are weak winds blowing from North East direction in the Northern Hemisphere and South East direction in the Southern Hemisphere.










Periodic winds





The periodic winds are the seasonal winds that change their direction periodically. These winds are caused by the differential heating of land and ocean.





Winds which reverse their direction with the change of seasons are called monsoons. Tropical Monsoon winds of Indian subcontinent is a best example.










Variable wind










Cyclones





The term cyclone is a Greek word meaning “coil of a snake”. Cyclones are centres of low pressure where, winds from the surrounding high pressure area converge towards the centre in a spiral form. Due to the rotation of the earth, the cyclonic winds in the northern hemisphere move in anti clock wise direction, where as they move in clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.










Cyclones can be classified into
✓Tropical cyclones
✓Temperate cyclones
✓Extra tropical cyclones





Tropical cyclones





Tropical cyclones are known as ‘cyclones’ in Indian Ocean, ‘typhoons’ in the western pacific ocean, ‘hurricanes’ in the Atlantic and eastern pacific ocean , ‘ baguios’ in Phillipines and ‘willy willy’ in Australia, Taifu in Japan. Tropical cyclones often cause heavy loss of life and property on the coasts and become weak after reaching the landmasses.










Temperate cyclones





Temperate cyclones are formed along a front where hot and cold air masses meet in mid-latitudes between 35° and 65°N and S. Temperate cyclones do not become weak like the tropical cyclones on reaching the land. Temperate cyclone commonly occurs over the North Atlantic Ocean, North West Europe, Mediterranean basin. Mediterranean basin’s temperate cyclones extend up to Russia and India in winter. In India it is as called western disturbances.










Extra tropical cyclones





Extra tropical cyclones occur in the latitudes between 30° and 60° in both the hemispheres. They are also called as mid-latitude cyclones. They collect energy from temperature differences which are found in higher latitudes. Extra tropical cyclones produce mild showers to heavy gales, thunderstorms, Blizzards and tornadoes.










Anticyclones





Anticyclones are the opposite of cyclones. Here an area of high pressure region is found in the centre surrounded by low pressure on all sides. The wind from the high pressure region move outwards to the low pressure regions in a spiral form. Anticyclones are often accompanied by cold and heat waves.










Local Winds





Local winds are the winds that blow only in a particular locality for a short period of time, The effect of these local winds are experienced only in that particular area.










Such as land and sea breeze, mountain and valley breeze. They are mostly seasonal and have local names like





✓Foehn (Alps-Europe)
✓Sirocco (North coast of Africa)
✓Chinook (Rockies-North America)
✓Loo (Thar Desert- India)
✓Mistral (Mediterranean sea in France)
✓Bora (Mediterranean sea in Italy)

			


	



			
				


	

		
CUPNOODLES MUSEUM YOKOHAMA

			


	

		

I WAS SUPRISED TO HEAR THAT THERE IS SEPARATE MUSEUM FOR CUP NOODLES IN JAPAN .JAPAN AS WE ALL KNOW THAT IT A PLACE FAMOUS FOR ELECTRONICS AND TECHNOLOGY BUT THAT PLACE ALSO HAS THIS ASTONISHING MUSEUM.  LETS SEE WHAT  ARE THE  SERVICES ARE PROVIDED INSIDE CUPNOODLES MUSEUM.










CHICKEN RAMEN FACTORY:





Here we can Make Chicken Ramen by hand and enjoy the entire process of kneading, spreading, steaming and seasoning the wheat flour and drying it in the factory.





My CUPNOODLES Factory : 





In here We can Create our own original Cup noodles packet, which is unavailable in the world. we can design, select our favorite soup  as well as toppings  among 12 varieties for our cup noodles.





CUPNOODLES Park:





In Here An huge facility offers us the virtual experience of how cup noodles are made from starting (manufacturing) stage to ending stage (i.e,shipping).





Instant Noodles History Cube:





In here An astounding quantity of packages was placed to show how instant noodles which started as Chicken Ramen grew into a global dietary culture.





Momofuku’s Work Shed:





This shed is a Recreation of the work shed where the world’s first Instant ramen( chicken ramen) was invented.





Momofuku Theater:





This Theater has MOMOFUKU TV which uses CG animation to tell the story of how Momofuku Ando overcame great adversity to achieve.





Museum Shop:





This shop has original goods from the CUPNOODLES MUSEUM and other items related to instant noodles and it has some items which is not available anywhere else.





PICTURES OF CUPNOODLES MUSEUM:





  Chicken Ramen Factory





 My CUPNOODLES Factory 





 CUPNOODLES Park 





 Instant Noodles History Cube





 Momofuku’s Work Shed





 Momofuku Theater





 Museum Shop

			


	



			
				


	

		
Evolution of technology

			


	

		











                





Technology runs our lives currently. Smartphones, tablets and computers – we actually can’t appear to perform while not them. in a {very} very short quantity of your time, technology has exploded within the market and currently, many folks cannot imagine a life while not it.





To understand however we have a tendency to left the Middle Ages (which very wasn’t all that long ago) to wherever we have a tendency to square measure these days, it’s vital to know however technology evolves and why it matters.





PURPOSE DRIVES TECHNOLOGY FORWARD
All technologies square measure born out of purpose. for instance, search engines were created to kind through the large amounts of knowledge on-line. With every new upgrade technology compounds existing technologies to form one thing higher than what was antecedently used before. And on and thereon goes.





With the lightning speed of technological evolution, it’s no surprise many folks have struggled to stay up. To be fair, the scope of technology’s expanse is therefore nice, wrapping everything up into one web log post is much not possible.





Here is simply a short glimpse into however apace the net and technology as a full have evolved in recent years.





THE PAST: WORLD, MEET the net
Looking back to the 1990’s, the net was a brand new trade goods several, however not all, households and businesses began to realize access. For folks living throughout that point, the sound of the painfully slow dial up signal connecting to the net could be a not-so-fond memory (EEEE-AAAAAHH!!!!).





Thankfully, as additional folks found price within the net, technology took off to eliminate having to use a connexion to travel on-line and instead delivered quicker connections to the globe Wide net.





THE PRESENT: SNAPS, CHATS AND DOUBLE faucets
Fast-forward a brief decade later (side note: bear in mind VHS tapes!? The OG fast-forward? OK, moving on…).





Since the times of dial-up, access to the net is obtainable virtually all over. it’s rare currently for shoppers to travel into a restaurant, library or anywhere of business and not be ready to access a Wi-Fi signal. If there isn’t a Wi-Fi signal in shut vary, the majority still have access to the net via their cellular information affiliation on their smartphones and private hotspots, no problem.





THERE’S AN APP FOR THAT
With this anywhere/anytime access to the net, businesses created net applications to answer common desires of shoppers. These applications will do everything from pursuit food parts to causation large amounts of data during a click of a button.





MYSPACE, YOURSPACE, BOOKFACE: THE SOCIAL MEDIA rousing
We’ve watched texting evolve from causation text-only messages (literally texting) to the addition of images, due to the infectious agent unfold of gifs, memes, emojies and bitmojies. In fact, with the spike in video-sharing, actual text is shrinking (meet SnapChat, Instagram Stories, Facebook Stories, Periscope, Vine, etc. and shorthand abbreviations). SMH.





Social networks still amendment the means folks interact with each other. Ironically, the constant affiliation and means folks move with each other appears to morph to a additional superficial setting on-line. though superficial sometimes, this type of communication helps folks keep nearer to every different once they would have otherwise lost contact.





FACE TO FACE (VIRTUALLY, SPEAKING)
Face-to-face conversations via technology square measure resurfacing, though, and even strengthening, due to higher-quality video and streaming capabilities (enter: Skype, Google Hangouts, Zoom, FaceTime, live streaming, etc.). With additional folks participating in web/video conferencing on-line, geographic barriers that when hindered communication were torn down. Instead, corporations will interact with shoppers during a additional human manner, folks will visit folks face-to-face while not the necessity for pricey travel and reaching bent folks everywhere the globe is quicker and easier.





CUTTING THE CORD: the age OF VIDEO STREAMING
Remember once Netflix was a primarily a videodisc delivery company, transfer your favorite motion-picture show via mail? Back once binge-watching wasn’t a thing?





Today, folks square measure cutting the wire once it involves cable, choosing digital streaming and video services like Netflix, YouTube and Hulu. huge brands are attempting to stay up and vie, doing their best to one-up one another with original content, handiness and delivery channels (e.g. Apple TV, Amazon fireplace TV, Google TV, etc.). User-generated content could be a force to acknowledge furthermore. due to streaming choices like Facebook Live, Instagram Live and optical instrument, people and business square measure ready to broadcast their own videos and content.





In a shell, videos square measure stoning up all over and trending success. and that they thought talking footage would ne’er last…





TODAY’S school FORECAST: ICLOUDY DAYS AHEAD
More folks and firms square measure mistreatment cloud-based services for his or her business and store everything on-line rather than on one device. this modification can still have a colossal impact on the means business is finished, reworking our once-traditional workplace environments and the way folks move with corporations on an everyday basis. Flash drives square measure virtually extinct with the prevalence of cloud storage, like iCloud, Google Drive, Dropbox and FTP sites.





With such a lot of new technologies permeative the means folks access data and access one another, the forward momentum appearance promising for future technological developments.





THE FUTURE: rising TRENDS ON THE HORIZON
As additional existing technologies square measure stacked onto one another and developed into one thing larger, shoppers and businesses alike will expect to ascertain additional chance with future technology. Technology are quicker, have the flexibility to accomplish additional and everything can become additional efficient to form obtaining work done, easier.





While we have a tendency to don’t have the flexibility to predict the long run, we are able to provide speculations on technology’s evolution. we have a tendency to square measure perpetually seeing rising media and new trends in technology to follow. Here square measure a couple of trends to look at for within the returning years.

			


	



			
				


	

		
WORLD WAR II.

			


	

		

the World war 2 took place when Hitler invaded Poland from the west after which 2 days later France and Britain declared war on Germany beginning World war 2. The second World war conflict that involved virtually every part of the world the principal where the axis power Germany Italy and Japan and the allies France great Britain the United States the Soviet union. The world war 2 conflict that involve virtually every part of the world during the years World war 2 change the political alignment and social structure of the globe. The united nations was established to foster International cooperation. The Soviet union and the United States emerged as rival super powers setting the stage for the nearly of century long cold war. Most countries industries had been damaged mood towards economic recovery and expansion .





 The outbreak of the World war 1 was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. In a total war directly involving more than hundred million personal from more than 30 countries the major participants to their entire economic industrial and scientific capabilities behind the war effect blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. The aircraft played a major role in the conflict enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the only 2 uses of nuclear centre in the war to this day. In the wake of the axis defeat Germany and Japan were occupied and was tribunal where conducted against Germany and Japanese leaders that allied victory resulted in fall of Nazi Germany fascist Italy and imperial Japan allied military occupation of Germany Japan Austria and foundation of the Italian republic in place of the kingdom of Italy. Beginning of the nuclear age dissolution of the league of Nations and creation of the United Nations emergence of the United States and the Soviet union was rival super powers and beginning of the cold war. The casualties and losses the military date over 16000000 and the civilian stat over 40 5000000 total death over 610000000.





The second world war is generally considered to have big and under Nazi Germany e Adolf Hitler invaded Poland in the wake of European devastation the influence of its great powers waned triggering the decolonisation of Africa and Asia most countries whose industry had been damaged mood two words economic recovery and expansion despite strong Pacifists sentiment after World war 1, irredentist and revanchist nationalism emerged in several European states in the same period the sentiments where is specially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial colonies and financial losses imposed by the treaty of Versailles . From 1922 to 1925 the fascist movement seized power in Italy with nationalist totalitarian and class coloboratronist agenda that abolished the representative democracy repressed socialist left winning of liberal forces and pursued and aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power. The world war two resulted in the extension of the Soviet union power to nations of eastern Europe.





 The German dictator Adolf Hitler has become determined to invaded and occupied by Poland at to neutralize the possibility that the Soviet union would resist the invasion of its Western neighbour. Adolf Hitler leader of Nazi party e re armed the nation and signed strategic treaties with Italy and Japan to further his ambition of world domination Hitler after becoming chancellor of Germany swiftly consolidated  power after assigning alliance with Italy and Japan Hitler sent troops to occupy Austria World war 2 prove to be the deadliest International conflict in history who died at the hands of Nazi. The legacy of the war includes spread of communalism global shift in power that would soon face different it against each other in cold war. World war 2 ended when vs general accepted Japan’s formal surrender abroad the US Battleship Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay along with a flotilla of more than 250 allied warships.

			


	



			
				


	

		
Obesity

			


	

		






     Obesity is described by the BMI (Body mass index). The obesity in the body is nothing but the high level of fat stored in the body. It is a very bad thing which in future leads to many health problems.





      Many of the children are falling obese now a days. This is because of not having good food. Many of the children are highly addicted to the junk food. The junk food intake in the body increases the fat levels in the body.





    A disorder involving excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems. Obesity often results from takingin more calories than are burned by exercise and normal daily activities.





Symptoms: 










     Obesity occurs when a person’s body mass index is 25 or greater . The excessive body fat increses the risk of serious health problems.





What causes obesity? 










      Obesity  is generally caused by eating too much and moving too little. If you consume high amounts of energy , particularly fat and sugars, but do not burn off the energy through exercise and physical activity, much of the surpluse energy will be stored by the body as fat.





8 Most common causes of obesity : 





* physical inactivity.





* overeating.





* Genetics.





* A diet high in simple carbohydrates.





*  A frequency of eating .





* Medications.





* psychological factors.





* Diseases such as hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and caushing’s syndrome are also contributors to  obesity.





Let us now look at some methods to prevent obesity.





*Healthy and nutritious food :  










It is very important to consume healthy and nutritious food every day. To gain a sufficient amount of nutrients and and to be healthy it is very important to consume nutritious food. Consuming nutritious food helps us to gain sufficient energy. Being healthy prevents us from Many deadly diseases.





*Exercise : 










Exercising at least for 10 to 15 minutes a day help the individual to be physically fit and also mentally strong. Exercising every day is a very good habit which everyone need to make it and perfect habit to do. Exercising 10 to 15 minutes also relieves us from the stress and the tension we have had. So, it is better to spend at least 10 to 15 minutes even in our hectic schedule an exercise.





* yoga : 










Yoga relives from the stress and tension we have had. Sparing at least 10 to 15 minutes time on yoga benefit is a lot. It relaxes the muscle and comes to mind. It helps to be physically fit and mentally strong. All the asanas and pranayama helps to Gain strength and to be physically fit. 










*Meditation : 










Meditating for certain minutes helps to calm the brain and soul. It helps and relieving the stress and the tension we have had. It helps us to focus on the things which we are willing to do. It also equally helps us to be mentally strong. It is such a good and a mandatory practice an individual must obtain and must follow without any delays.





* Monitor your weight regularly.





* Be consistent.





Who obese people? 





      BMI is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of their height in metres. A BMI of 25.0 – 29.9 is classified as overweight but not obese, while a BMI of 30.0 or over is classified as obese. A BMI of graeter than 35.0 is classified as severely obese.





Adult BMI calculator 





BMI                            WEIGHT STATUS





Below 18.5                    underweight





18.5 – 24.9                       Normal





25.0- 29.9                        overweight





30.0 and above              obese





The negative effect of obesity : 










        Obesity is serious beacause it is associated with poorer mental health outcomes and reduced quality of life. Obesity is also associated with the leading causes of death in the united states and worldwide, including ,diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer.

			


	



			
				


	

		
Bill Gates

			


	

		






William Henry Gates  is an American business magnate, software developer, investor, author, and philanthropist. He is a co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, along with his late childhood friend Paul Allen. 





He was on 28th October 1955 (65 years) in seatle, Washington, unitedstates he was dropped out from harvard University, and schooling in lakeside school. 














He has three children’s named Jennifer Katherene Gates, phoebe adele Gates, rory jhon Gates. And his net worth is about 12,930 crores usd (2021)






			


	



			
				


	

		
Credit Creation by Commercial Bank .                        ( Explanation , Assumptions , Mathematical Representation ,  Process , Limitations )

			


	

		












Banks play an important role in financial stability and the economy of a country. 
It is  a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. 


Credit creation is one of the most important functions performed by commercial banks.  It separates a bank from other financial institutions . In simple terms credit creation is the expansion of deposits. A bank expands the demand deposit into multiple cash reserves as demand deposits are the principal medium of exchange.

In words of Newly ” Credit Creation refers to the power of commercial bank to expand secondary deposits either through the process of making loans or through investment in securities “

Credit Creation is a situation in which banks give more loans to consumers and businesses with the result that the amount of money in circulation increases . In other words , it refers to the unique power of banks to multiply loans and advances and hence create credit on the basis of the primary deposit of the account holder .

According to G.N Halm , 
“The creation of derivative deposits is identical with what is commonly called the Creation of Credit .”
__________________________________________
Arguments Regarding Credit Creation .

There have been two views on the Credit Creation by bank by two economists 
Hartley Withers 
Walter Leaf .

According to Withers , banks can create credit by opening a deposit , every time they advance a loan . This is because every time a loan is sanctioned , payment is made  through cheques . As long as a loan is due , a deposit of the amount remains outstanding in the books of the bank . This every loan creates a deposit .


Walter Leaf did not agree with this view . According to them, banks cannot create money out of thin air . They can lend only what they have in cash . Therefore , they cannot and do not create money .

The given argument was related to single bank and hence ,as pointed out by Prof Samuelson , 
“The banking system as a whole can do what each small bank cannot do : it can expand its loan and investments many times the new reserves of cash created for it , even though each small bank is lending out only a fraction of its deposits .”

Thus , banks are able to create credit or deposits by keeping a small cash in reserves and lending the remaining amount .



Basis of Credit Creation


Demand deposits are an important constituent of money supply and the expansion of demand deposits means the expansion of money supply . The entire structure of banking is based on credit . Credit basically means getting the purchasing power now and providing to pay at some time in the future .

Bank deposits form the basis of credit creation.


Bank deposits can be divided into two types :-










• Primary Deposits :-  A bank accepts cash from the customer and opens a deposit in his name . This is a primary deposit . These deposits simply convert currency money into deposit money . These deposits form the basis for the creation of credit. These  deposit creates a loan .

• Secondary or Derivative  Deposit :- A bank grants loans and advances instead of giving cash to the borrower , opens a deposit account in his name . This is the secondary or derivative deposit . Every loan creates a deposit . The creation of a derivative deposit means the creation of credit .

Banks can expand their demand deposits as a multiple of their cash reserves because demand deposits serve as the principal medium of exchange .



Aspects of Credit Creation


The two important aspects of credit creation are :-

Liquidity :- The bank must pay cash to its depositor when they exercise their right to demand cash against their deposit .

Profitability :- Banks are profit – driven enterprises . Therefore a bank must grant loans in a manner which earns higher interest than what it pays on its deposit .



Assumptions :-


The bank’s credit creation is based on the assumption that during any time interval only a fraction of its customers genuinely need cash . The bank also assumes that all its customers would not turn up demanding cash against their deposit at the same time .



Concepts of Credit Creation.


• Bank deposit :- Bank deposits are the basis of credit creation . Bank deposits constituent of primary deposit and secondary deposit .

• Bank as a Business institution :-  Bank is a business institution which tries to maximize profit through loans and advances from deposits.

• Borrowing rate :- The rate at which commercial banks accept deposits is known as the borrowing rate.

•  Lending rate :–  The rate at which the commercial banks lend money to the customers is known as the lending rate.

•  Spread :-   The difference between the lending rate and the borrowing rate is known as the spread.

Spread = Lending rate – Borrowing rate.

• Concept of Cash Reserve Ratio :- It is legally compulsory for the bank to keep a certain minimum fraction of the deposit as a reserve. This is known as Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) or Legal Reserve Ratio (LRR).

Banks only keep a fraction of deposits as cash reserves because all depositors do not approach the bank for withdrawal of money at the same time.
There is a constant flow of new deposits into the banks.

• Excess Reserves :- The reserves over and above the cash reserves are the excess Reserves used for loans and credit creation .

• Concept of Credit Multiplier :- The credit multiplier or deposit multiplier  measures the amount of money that the banks are able to create in the form of deposits with every unit of money that it keeps as a reserve.

It is calculate as, 

Money Multiplier (MM or K) = 1/ CRR times




Given a certain amount of cash , a bank can create credit multiple times . In the process of multiple credit creation , the total amount of derivation deposits that a bank creates is a multiple of initial  cash .


Mathematics representation of Credit Creation


Formula for Credit Creation :-

Total Credit Creation =

 Cash deposit ( initial deposit )  X Credit Multiplier Coefficient .

where , credit multiplier coefficient = 1/ r

r = Cash Reserve Ratio .

Extending the above formula,

Total deposit = Cash Deposit + Credit Deposit .


Let , 

Cash Deposit = ∆ D
Cash Reserve Ratio = r
Total deposit = ∆ M


Derivation :-

∆ M = ∆ D + (1- r) ∆ D + ( 1- r ) ² ∆ D +( 1- r )³                       ∆D +……….( 1-r ) ^ n-1   ∆ D . 
                                                     –    (i)

By multiplying both side by (1-r) in equation (i)

( 1- r) ∆M = (1-r ) ∆ D +(1-r)² ∆D + (1-r)³ ∆D ………..(1-r)^ n  ∆ D.
                                              -( ii )


Subtracting equation i and ii  we get ,

( 1-r) ∆ M – ∆M = – ∆ D + ( 1- r) ^n  ∆ D.

∆ M ( 1-r-1 ) = – ∆ D  [ 1- ( 1-r) ^n ] 

If n = ~
Then , (1-r) ^n =0 

So ,

r ∆M = ∆ D ( 1-0 ) 
r∆ M = ∆ D 

∆ M =   1/r × ∆ D .


Hence ,proved ,

Total deposit = Cash deposit × Credit Multiplier Coefficient.



Process of Credit Creation 


There are two ways of analyzing the credit creation process:

• Single bank Credit creation system.

• Multiple bank Credit creation system.



Single Bank Credit Creation:-.


In this system, one bank operates all the cash deposits and cheques. 

Explanation with hypothetical  example :-.

Assumption :-

Bank receives a cash deposit from person A , of Rs. 1000.

 The bank requires a CRR of 20 percent.

The  remaining money is lent to another person  B , C , D …and so on.

Explanation :-

Person  A deposits 1,000 rupees with the bank, then the bank keeps only 200 rupees in the cash reserve and lends the remaining 800 to another person B. 

They open a credit account in the borrower’s name for the same.

Similarly, the bank keeps 20 percent of Rs. 800 (i.e. Rs. 160) and advances the remaining Rs. 640 to person C.

Further, the bank keeps 20 percent of Rs. 640 (i.e. Rs. 128) and advances the remaining Rs. 512 to person D.

This process continues until the initial primary deposit of Rs. 1,000 and the initial additional reserves of Rs. 800 lead to additional or derivative deposits of Rs. 4,000 (800+640+512+….).

Adding the initial deposits, we get total deposits of Rs. 5,000. 










In this case, the credit multiplier is 5 (reciprocal of the CRR) and the credit creation is five times the initial excess reserves of Rs. 800.



Multiple Credit Creation by the Banking System



In multiple credit creation  by a bank ,  deposit of one bank is the gain of deposit for some other bank. 
This transfer of cash within the banking system creates primary deposits and increases the possibility for further creation of derivative deposits


Multiple banking system includes the following assumptions :-

• There are. many banks , say A,B, C ,.etc. 

•  First Bank has  a cash deposit   of Rs. 1000.

•  The bank requires a CRR of 20 percent.

• The  remaining money is lent to another bank  B , C , D …and so on.


















The initial deposit of Rs. 1,000 with bank A leads to a creation of total deposits of Rs. 5,000.


Limitations :-


















Commercial banks have limited power in the creation of credit . The following are the  limitations on the power of commercial banks to create credit.

•The credit creation power of banks depends upon the amount of cash they possess .

• An important factor that limits the power of banks to create credit is the availability of adequate securities . 

• The banking habits of the people also govern the power of credit creation on the part of banks .

• The minimum legal reserve ratio of cash deposits fixed by the central bank is an important factor which determines the power of banks to create credit.

• The process of Credit Creation is based on the assumption that banks stick to the required reserve ratio by the Central Bank .

• If there are leakages in the credit creation steam of the Banking system , credit expansion will not reach the required level.

• The power of credit creation is further limited by the behaviour of the other banks . 





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Referral links :-Cash Reserve Ratio,  Credit Multiplier.

			


	



			
				


	

		
WORLD WAR I.

		
	

		


	

		

World war 1 which is also known as great for begin in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. The World war 1 was a global originating in Europe it led to the mobilization of more than 70 million military personnel including 60 million euro peons making it one of the largest was in the history it was one of the deadliest conflict in history the World war 1 started in 28 July 1914 and came to an end on 11 November 1918 which was the estimate of four years three month and two weeks after the declaration of the World war 1 the allies won war World war and gain the treaties.  The treaties of Versailles that was signed on 28 June 1919 and the treaty of saint- Germaine-laye which was signed on 10th of September the treaty of Neuilly- sus-seine which was signed on 27 Nov. The treaty of Trainon which was signed on 4th June 1920 and treaty of sevres signed on 10 aug 1920 and the United States Austria’s peace treaty e which was signed on 25th August 1921, US Hungary peace treaty which was signed on 29 aug 1921 and finally the treaty of Lausanne which was signed on 24 July 1923. 





There are the most positive outcome from the World war 1 and in the peace treaty that ended World war 1 set the stage to World war 2. World war 1 was a significant turning point in the political cultural economic and social climate of the world the war and its immediate aftermath sparked numerous revolutions and uprisings. The world war resulted in allied victory which was  Central power  victory on the eastern front nullified buy defeat on the Western front and Italian front. Secondly fall of our continental empires in Europe including Germany Russia Ottoman Empire and Austria Hungary. Tali Russian revolution and Russian civil war with the collapse of the Russian empire and the subsequent formation of the Soviet union widespread unrest and revolutions throughout Europe and Asia. Finally creation of the league of nations. Now looking into the changes that took place in the territory after World war 1 was formation of new countries in Europe and the middle East transfer of German colonies and territories partitioning the former Ottoman Empire Australia Hungary and the Russian Empire. Transfer of territory  to other countries. The lives for the losses of the soldiers around 552500 military dead hand around 12832000 Ande Ande casualties and losses of 43 86000 military and around 80 388000 military wandered around approximately 18357000 and 12794000 Ross their life and the civilian around 400000 and 3700000 civil lines lost their life and network of inter locking alliances in largest the crisis from a bilateral issue in the balkans to one involving most of Europe. 





Ful Russians mobilization was announced on the evening of 30 fully Austria Hungaryand Germany did the same while Germany demanded Russia demobilized within 12 hours when Russia fail to compel Germany declared war on Russia in support of Austria Hungary and lettered shift on 6 August 1914. Ultimately as a result of this was the Austro- Hungarian German Ottoman and Russian Empire ceased to exist and numerous new states were created from there remains. However despite the the conclusive allied victory and the creation of the league of nations during the peace conference intended to prevent future. 





A second world war was followed just over 12 years later it ended with the defeat of the central powers the war was virtually unprecedented. in the slaughter, Carnage and destruction it caused. The main conflict during the world war took place with the Germany Austria Hungary Ottoman Empire and the Bulgarian. Work called Central powers fought against great Britain France Russia Italy Japan United States and the Romanian. The allied powers by the time the war was over the allied powers claimed victory more than 16 million people soldiers and civilians alive were did. The blood shed on the battlefield of the Western front and the difficulties the soldiers had for  years after the fighting ended failure to deliver mandated reparationsLeads to the armed occupation. Imperial dynasty in Australia and Aryan Germany the Ottoman Empire and Russia collapsed.

			


	



			
				


	

		
Everything We Know About 2021 iPhones!

		
	

		


	

		






Apple launches new series of smartphones every year and in a couple of months, Apple is going to launch a brand-new series of iPhones that by far known as the iPhone 13. But we can’t trust the naming process as after iPhone 8 we directly got the iPhone X series. Also, there are rumors that they will launch the new series as iPhone 12s but more chances are for the name iPhone 13. Well, this we’ll get to know at the time of the launch event.





Coming back to the point, like previous year this year also Apple will launch four iPhones; the budget ones namely iPhone 13mini and iPhone 13, and the pro models namely iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max. Although Apple didn’t get much profit from the iPhone 12mini the previous year, they are willing to launch the iPhone 13mini anyway. Talking about the launch date, if everything goes well Apple will launch the new series of iPhones by the 14th of September.





What changes Apple is going to make in its upcoming iPhone series?





Any major design changes are not expected as Apple has done a major design change the previous year. According to Analysts, rumors, and leaks, we can expect camera improvements, a smaller notch, a faster processor (A15), an improved 5G chip, and increased battery life. Apple is also expected to introduce 120Hz rates for the Pro models. This year also, Apple will not replace the lightning port with a USB-C port. 





According to the Japanese site Mac Otakara, iPhone 13 models will be the same size as the iPhone 12 models, but the thickness will increase by 0.26mm. The iPhone 13 models will be slightly heavy than the iPhone 12 models because of the battery improvement.  Also, we’ll see a diagonal camera set up in the 2021 iPhones.





Although there are rumors that Apple will introduce completely portless models, in-display fingerprint scanners, and an always-on display, these updates are likely to be introduced in future models.





Till now, this is all we know about the 2021 iPhones. Disclaimer; all the details mentioned above are according to the leaks, rumors, and analysts. Though I’m happy to say that the wait very soon is going to be over for Apple fans and technology geeks. And the launch of the new iPhones will be a great opportunity for those who have a slightly low budget and want to buy an iPhone and experience iOS because after the launch prices will decrease for the previous models.





Apple products are known for their quality, reliability, performance, and customer satisfaction. Let’s see if the 2021 iPhones will be up to the mark.






			


	



			
				


	

		
“India is a cradle of art and culture”

		
	

		


	

		

The Indian Culture is known to be the most versatile culture in the world. From the ethical values of our heritage, the social norms, many traditional customs in the country, Various belief systems present in each family to a state to a country as a whole, different political parties, beautiful artifacts and the present technology that have originated in or the country is associated with in the Indian land or subcontinent. The term which also applies and is used beyond our motherland India to countries and different cultures whose histories are considered to be strongly connected to India’s by its immigration phase, their colonization, or its influence. Indian culture has often been labelled and is popularly known as a combination of numerous cultures, and has been influenced by a history that is many millennials old, beginning from the Indus Valley Civilization.  Many elements of the Indian culture can be identified in the country and it proudly take prides in contributing in various mathematics, religions, philosophy of the world, different cuisines, various languages that are present (many words from English are influenced by Sanskrit, which is considered to be the oldest language in the entire human existence), its art which included dance, music, movies, sculptures, various art items and this has made a huge impact in the world.










Unique Customs And Traditions Of Indian Culture - IndianMirror Magazine





 India is considered to have a long romance with the form of art which is the art of dance. The Hindu language  Sanskrit has texts like Nātyaśāstra which is Science of Dance and also Abhinaya Darpana which is the Mirror of Gesture. The Indian artform of dance is known to be taught in these ancient books and this is present in the country, according to Ragini Devi, who is an Indian classical dancer states that it is considered to be the expression of one’s inner beauty and the divine in a man. It is a deliberate form of art, nothing in this form of art is left to a chance, each gesture in dance seeks to communicate the ideas of an individual, each facial expression is the artist’s emotions which makes it personal and valuable for the viewers as everyone has a different way to approach art and that is the beauty of the dance forms and other forms of art in the country. In the Indian culture it’s drama and theatre has had a long history alongside its dance and music. Many plays which are performed by Indian artists are recognized by UNESCO as a masterpiece. One of the most renowned pieces of art in the country is its cave paintings from Ellora to Ajanta to Bagh and Sittanavasal there are a plethora of paintings and sculptures which are enough to testify the love of art, history and culture which is present in the country. 






			


	



			
				


	

		
Yoga

			


	

		






Yoga is also equally important to be mentally calm. Practicing 15 minutes of yoga is so beneficial. All the asanas helps to get stronger muscles with the fitter body and good lifestyle with mental calmness. Yoga relives from the stress and tension we have had. Sparing at least 10 to 15 minutes time on yoga benefit is a lot. It relaxes the muscle and calms the mind. It helps to be physically fit and mentally strong. All the asanas and pranayama helps to Gain strength and to be physically fit.





It helps to be fitter and healthier. It helps to have a healthy lifestyle. Exercise helps to have healthy muscles and it also helps in weight loss who is suffering from obesity and excessive weight. Exercise is the healthy habit that must be added in the healthy lifestyle and must be practiced without any delay.





Exercising, meditation, yoga etc. are great things to regain the strength and to be fitter and also happy.





Types of yoga : 





Bhakti yoga :










          Bhakti yoga, also called Bhakti marga, is a spiritual path or spiritual practice within Hinduism focused on loving devotion towards any personal deity. It is one of the three paths in Hinduism which  lead to moksha, the other paths being jnana yoga  and karma yoga.The tradition has ancient roots.





       The purpose of bhakti yoga is the practitioners of Bhakti yoga ,known  as bhaktas, or loving devotees, express their religious devotion through prayer, ritual, and chanting. Their purpose is to develop feelings of unconditional love and devotion





Karma yoga :










      Karma yoga, also called karma marga, is one of the three spiritual paths in Hinduism, one based on the “yoga of action”, the others being jnana yoga and Bakti yoga.





Patanjali Ashtanga yoga : 










         The eight limbs of of yoga is patanjali’s classification of classical yoga, as set out in his yoga sutras. He defined the eight  limbs as yamas  (abstinences),  niyama ( observances), asana ( postures), pranayama (breathing) , pratyahara ( withdrawal), dharana ( concentration), dhyana (meditation), and samadhi( absorption).





        The eight limbs form a sequence from the outer to the inner. Postures, important, in modern yoga as exercise, form one limb of patanjalis scheme; he states only that they must be steady and comfortable.





Jnana yoga : 










       Jnana yoga , also known as jnana marga, is one of the three spiritual paths in Hinduism, which emphasizes the ” path of knowledge”, also known as the ” path of self- realization”. It is one of the three classical paths for moksha. The other two are karma yoga and bhakti yoga.





Swara yoga : 










       Swara yoga is an ancinet tantric science which involves the systematic study of the breath flow thriugh the nostrils irrelation to the prevalling phases of the moon,time of day and direction. Mainly practiced through the connection of breath and movement, swara yoga creates levels of harmoney that are difficult to reach with other yoga styles. Our main tool is the movement and flow of body through the postures, guided by the breath.





Raja yoga : 










       In sanskrit, Raja yoga was both the goal of yoga and a method to attain it. The term also became a modern name for the practice of yoga in the 19th century when swami vivekananda gave his interpretation of the yoga sutras of patanjali in his book raja yoga





Kriya yoga : 










       Kriya yoga is a simple, psycho – physiological method by which the human blood is decarbonized and recharged with oxygen. The atmos of this extra oxygen are transmuted into life current to rejuvenate the brain and spinal centers.





Advanatges of yoga : 










* yoga  improves strength, balance and flexibility.





* yoga helps with back pain relief.





* yoga  benefits heart health.





* yoga relaxes you, to help you sleep better.





* yoga can mean more energy and brighter moods.





* yoga helps you manage stress.





Disadvanatages of yoga : 










* yoga may induce your blood pressure.





* phsical dangers of yoga 





* Risk of strike.





*  Hot yoga  is not for eveyone.





* lack of experience or knowledge is risky.





      





       

			


	



			
				


	

		
🇮🇳INDIAN REBELLION OF 1857-1858🇮🇳 :

			


	

		






     🌟On 10 May 1857 the Indian Rebellion started in Meerut; when news of this Reached Jhansi the Rani asked the British political officer, Captain Alexander Skene, for permission to raise a body of armed men for her own protection and Skene agreed to this. The city was relatively calm in the midst of unrest in the region but the Rani conducted a Haldi Kumkum ceremony with pomp in front of all the women of Jhansi to provide assurance to her subjects, [when?] And to convince them that British were cowards and not to be afraid of them.










     🌟Till this point, Lakshmibai was reluctant to rebel against the British. In June 1857 a few men of the 12th Bengal Native Infantry seized the fort containing the treasure and magazine,and massacred the European offices of the Garrison along with their wives and Children. Her involvement in this massacre is still a subject of debate.










🇮🇳AUGUST 1857 – JUNE 1858🇮🇳










     🌟From August 1857 to January 1858 Jhansi under Rani’s rule was at peace. The British had announced that troops would be sent there to maintain control but the fact that none arrived strengthened the position of a party of her advisers who wanted Independence from British rule. When the British forces finally arrived in March tech found it well defended and the fort had heavy guns which could fire over the town and nearyby countryside. Sir Hugh Rose, commending British forces, demanded the surrender of the city; if this was refused it would be destroyed. After due deliberation the Rani issued a proclamation: “We fight for Independence. In the words of Lord Krishna, we will if we are victorious, enjoy the fruits of victory, if defeated and killed on the field of battle, we shall surely earn eternal glory and salvation”. She defended Jhansi against British troops when Sir Rose besieged Jhansi on 23 March 1858.










     🌟The bombardment began on 24 March but was met by heavy return fire and the damaged defences were repaired. The defenders sent appeals for help to Tatya Tope! an army of more than 20,000 headed by Tatya Tope, was sent to relieve Jhansi but they failed to do so when they fought the British on 31 March. During the battle with Tatya Tope’s forces part of the British forces continued the siege and by 2 April it was decided to launch an assault by a breach in the walls. Four columns assaulted the defense at different points and those attempting to scale the walls came under heavy fire. Two other columns had already entered the city and were apporaching the palace together. Determined resistance was encouraged in every Street and in every room of the palace. Street fighting continue into the following day and no quarter was given, even to women and children. “No maudlin clemency was to mark the fall of the city” wrote Thomas Lower. The Rani withdrew from the palace to the fort and after taking counsel decided that since resistance in the city was useless she must leave and join either Tatya Tope or Rao sahib (Nana Sahib’s nephew).










     🌟The place for where Rani Lakshmibai jumped on her horse, Badal. According to tradition with Damodar Rao on her back she jumped on her horse Badal from the fort; they survived but the horse died(28) the Rani escaped in the night with her son, surrounded by guards.










     🌟After her death a few local people cremated her body. The British captured the city if Gwalior after three days. In British report of this battle, Hugh Rose commented the Ram Lakshmibai is “personable, clever and beautiful” and she is “the most dangerous of all Indian leaders”. Rose reported that she had been buried “with great ceremony under a tamarind tree under the Rock of Gwalior, where I saw her bones and ashes”. Her tomb is in the phool Bagh area of Gwalior.










     🌟Twenty years after her death Colonel Malleson to wrote the in the History of Indian Mutiny, vol.3; London,1878 whatever her faults in British eyes may have been, her countrymen will ever remember that she was driven by ill-treatment into rebellion, and that she lived and died for her country.