The Sangam Tamils had their own system of music,dance and drama(Pann,Aadal and Koothu).The Panar and Viraliyar were proffesional musicians and dancers.String instruments (Yaazh) wind instruments (kuzhal) and drums(Muzhauu) were used in such performances.Festivals and worship were also associated with dance and music(Kuravai,Veriyaattu).The pallava inscription at kudumianmalai refers to a great musician Rudracharya.

The Devaram and Divya Prabandam were set to Ragas.The puranic themes were enacted in the form of Koothu or gaathas.The Devadasis or temple servants were excellent dancers.

In the field of architecture the Sangam age did not produce enduring structures with the advent of the Pallavas a new style in art and architecture appeared in Tamilnadu.At first Mandapams were excavated out of rocks with excellent sculptural representations(Mahisasura mandapam,Varaha mandapam).Then single rocks were converted into ratha like temples(monolithic rathas at mahabalipuram).They built structural temples by filling up stone slabs(Shore temple,kailasanathar temple and vaikuntha perumal temple).These temples were noted for their Vimanas.The imperial cholas developed this style further.Elaborate campuses,protective walls,pillared halls,huge towers and multi shrines marked the chola temple architecture.The Tanjore Brihadeeswaram,Gangai Kinda cholapuram and Darasuram are outstanding specimens of chola architecture.All these temples have excellent sculptural representations.The Sittannavasal caves , kailasanathar temple and Brihadeeswarar temple have the best specimens of paintings.The chola bronze images of Nataraja,Siva,Vishnu and other dieties have earned global acclaim.

The Tamil had developed their own system of mathematics time calculation, astronomy and medical systems.

The Sangam literature refers to “Enn” kanakku Nazhigai ,Yamam kaatham and kol.They also refer to seasons as Elavenil,Elaiudir etc.References to native medicines like Elathi,Tirikadukam,Siru pancha Mulam etc reveal Tamil’s versatile achievements.Kaniyans were both astronomers and astrologers.The Tamil Siddhas produced excellent treaties on Siddha system of medicine and these treaties elaborate diagnosis, treatment by herbs and chemicals and also provide pharmacological details.

• 

Memory units are the storage areas in a computer. The team “Memory” usually refers to the main Memory of the computer, whereas, the word “storage” is used for the Memory that exits on disks, CDs, floppies or taps. The main Memory is usually called a physical Memory which refers to the ‘chip’ (Integrated circuit) capable of holding data and instructions.

• 

There are different types of Memory. They are Randam Access Memory(RAM), Read Only Memory(ROM), Programmable Read-Only Memory(PROM), Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory(EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory(EEPROM).

• 

🌟Random Access Memory – RAM🌟

RAM is the most common type of Memory found in the modern computers. This is really the main store and is the place where the program gets stored. When the CPU runs a program, it fetches the program instructions from the RAM and carries them out. If the CPU needs to store the result of the calculations it can store them in RAM. When we switch of the computer, whatever is stored in the RAM gets erased. It is a volatile form of memory.

• 

🌟Read Only Memory – ROM🌟

In ROM, the information is burned( pre- recorded) into the ROM chip at manufacturing time. Once data has been written into the ROM chip, it cannot be erased. But you can read it. When we switch of the computer, the contents of the ROM are not erased but remains store permanently. ROM is non-volatile Memory. ROM stored critical programs such as the programme that boots the computer.

• 

🌟Programmable Read Only Memory – PROM🌟

PROM is a Memory on which data can be written only once. A variation of the PROM chip is that it is not burnt at the manufacturing time but can be programmed using PROM programmer are a PROM burner. PROM is also nan volatile Memory.

• 

🌟Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory – EPROM🌟

In EPROM ,the information can be erased and program using a special PROM-programmer. EPROM is non volatile Memory. A EPROM differs from a PROM in that a PROM can be written to only once and cannot be erased. But an ultra volatile light is used to erase the contents of the EPROM.

• 

🌟Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory – EEPROM🌟

EEPROM is a recently developed type of Memory. This is equalent to EPROM, but does not required ultraviolet light to erase its content. It can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge. It is also non -volatile in nature. EEPROM is not as fast as RAM are the type of the ROM. A flash memory is a special type of EPROM that can be erased and reprogrammed.

• 

The main Memory must store many data items and have some way of ŕretrinving them when they are needed. The Memory can be compared to the boxes at a post office. Each box- holder as a box with a unique number which is called is address. This address serves to identify the box. The Memory as a number of location in its store. Each location in a Memory as a unique number called its Memory address. This serves to identify it for storage and retrieval.

• 

Everything is, in some way important in life. The trees that we usually pass by without giving much thought are an example. In our day-to-day life, we come across several trees. Some are long, some short, some may be bent. Some may have dried leaves or some may be home to different species of birds. Their importance is not realized and not much attention is given to them.

But they too are absolutely helpful when it comes to our survival. Sadly, a lot of trees have been struck down in the recent past for the construction of buildings and other developments.

Let us look at the importance and impact of trees in our life and realize how losing them may affect us.

1. Greenery-  They provide a green environment for us. Many trees also have beautiful flowers growing on them, that form a serene environment around the place they are planted. Since many people use flowers to offer to Gods or use them during decorations, trees act as a helping hand.
2. Home to birds- Many species of birds exist. Small and medium to large birds alike use trees as a shelter. It is home to many small, usually-not-noticed families!
3. Balance in the ecosystem –   A balance in the ecosystem is maintained by the presence of trees. Since the world is technology-driven, pollution and diseases related to it are a common sight. Trees absorb the pollution and noxious gases emitted by vehicles and help us out from those diseases.
4. Oxygen provider-   It is a well-known fact that trees take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, which is a basis of survival for most of the creatures residing on earth.
5. Important insects and microorganisms – Insects and microorganisms can be really important. Studies have shown that bacteria present on trees can act as fertilizers for them and increase their longevity of life.
6. Prevention of soil erosion-  Soil erosions can prove to be disastrous. Trees help to prevent it because the roots are deep and hold the soil together. Also, the soil is important for the survival of many microorganisms that live deep in it, and hence trees are also helpful for them and in turn a better ecosystem.
7. Food for animals and humans alike-  In big forests such as the Sunderbans or the Amazons, a lot of herbivores live. They feed on the leaves of these trees and this ensures their survival. What magical position trees hold not just in human habitations, but also deep woods!
8. Medicinal and Herbal Purposes – Medicinal uses of trees are in continuance since time immemorial. A lot of trees, for example, the neem tree provide multiple benefits for the human body. They are either used directly or used in cosmetics and medicines.
9. Ah, those juicy fruits!- Remember throwing stones at trees, waiting for the mango to fall so that we could have a taste of it? The fact that trees provide us with many fruits, juicy and tasty needs no elucidation as every one of us must have enjoyed the delicious taste at least once in our life.

In a nutshell, trees are important and they need to be preserved if we want to continue living a healthy and hearty lifestyle.

Thinking about currencies, Dollar, Euro, or Pound are the famous currencies that come up in our mind, but they are not known to be the powerful currencies in the 2021 currency power ranking, here we are talking about the most expensive currencies in the world.

Top five powerful currency 2021:

1.Kuwaiti Dinar (KWD)
The most expensive currency of 2021, currently its value is 3.31 USD, 2.77 EUR, and 245.92 in Indian Rupees, the reason behind this is that Kuwait has a very stable and strong economy because of its oil-rich land and industry. In Kuwait, you don’t have to pay any kind of tax.

2.Bahraini Dinar (BHD)
Securing the second position with its value of 2.66 USD,2.23 EUR, and 197.63 INR. The currency of an island nation in the gulf near Saudi Arabian Bahrini’s economy depends on exporting petroleum products been an oil-rich country in Arabian Gulf.

3.Omani Rial (OMR)
Oman has a developed economy all thanks to oil territory. Currently, its value is 2.60 USD, 2.18 EUR, and 193.17 in Indian rupees. The purchasing power of Oman is excessively high, the Omani government has to issue notes of half Omani Rial and one-fourth of Omani Rial.

4.Jordanian Dinar (JOD)
Currently, with the value of 1.41 USD, 1.18 EUR, and 104.76 INR, the reason behind it is hard to explain but many experts say that it is was of the government has fixed exchange rates of the currency.

5.British Pound Sterling (GBP)
With the value of 1.38 USD,1.16 EUR, and 102.53 INR, the British Pound sterling securing the fifth position, be the best currency in Europe, as a reason
for London being the financial capital of the world and involvement of Britain in many economical activities.

                   After the initial days of dalgona coffee and ludo king match nights, lockdown or rather the pandemic had a numbing effect on all of us. The ever growing numbers of cases and death tolls, all the first world nations under lockdown, the big retailers going bankrupt, everything seemed glee and survival at stake. Depression took its form, irrespective of whether they were spending whole day before a screen or in kitchen cooking, it was bound to have its effects on all. The rising number had an unending effect on all of us, no arguments, but have we ever paused to thing, is the rising numbers deducting the number of recovered patients or rather are they even publishing these numbers? Is our westernized outlook of everything make us only concentrate on the rising cases in America and death toll of Italy? Did we pause to check out the Bilwara model or how Goa or Kerala contained the pandemic? This exactly is Infodemic.

What is an infodemic?

 An Infodemic is an overabundance of information, some accurate and some not, occurring during an epidemic. It makes it hard for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance when they need it. Even when people have access to high-quality information, there are still barriers they must overcome to take the recommended action. They make the readers feel overwhelmed or over burdened by whatever is happening around us. “We’re not just fighting an epidemic; we’re fighting an Infodemic,” said Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) at a gathering of foreign policy and security experts in Munich, Germany, in mid- February, referring to fake news that “spreads faster and more easily than this virus.” WHO explains that infodemics are an excessive amount of information about a problem, which makes it difficult to identify a solution. They can spread misinformation, disinformation and rumors during a health emergency. Infodemics can hamper an effective public health response and create confusion and distrust among people.

How to tackle this?

            To tackle this information a team of WHO “myth busters” are working with companies like Facebook, Google, Pinterest, Tencent, Twitter, TikTok, YouTube and others to counter the spread of rumors, which include misinformation like that the virus cannot survive in the hot weather, that taking a high dose of chloroquine medication can protect you, and that consuming large quantities of ginger and garlic can prevent the virus. These companies, according to news reports, are aggressively filtering out unfounded medical advice, hoaxes and other false information that they say could risk public health. In a rare move, Facebook and Twitter have taken down a post from a head of State that falsely stated that a drug was working everywhere against the coronavirus. (Inspired from an article published in Times of India.)

The Maurya Empire was a topographically broad Iron Age authentic force in old India, managed by the Maurya line from 322-185 BCE. Starting from the realm of Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (present day Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh) in the eastern side of the Indian subcontinent, the domain had its capital city at Pataliputra (current Patna). The domain was the biggest to have at any point existed in the Indian subcontinent, crossing more than 5 million square kilometers at its pinnacle under Ashoka.

The Empire was established in 322 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya, who had toppled the Nanda Dynasty, and quickly extended his power,with Chanakya’s assistance, toward the west across focal and western India. His extension exploited the interruptions of nearby powers in the wake of the withdrawal toward the west by Alexander the Great’s militaries. By 316 BCE, the domain had completely involved Northwestern India, crushing and vanquishing the satraps left by Alexander. Chandragupta then, at that point crushed the attack drove by Seleucus I, a Macedonian general from Alexander’s military, and acquired extra region west of the Indus River.

In now is the ideal time, the Maurya Empire was perhaps the biggest realm of the world. At its most prominent degree, the domain extended toward the north along the regular limits of the Himalayas, toward the east into Assam, toward the west into Balochistan (southwest Pakistan and southeast Iran) and into the Hindu Kush heaps of what is currently Afghanistan. The Empire was ventured into India’s focal and southern districts by the heads Chandragupta and Bindusara, however it prohibited a little segment of neglected ancestral and forested locales close to Kalinga (present day Odisha), until it was vanquished by Ashoka. It declined for around 50 years after Ashoka’s standard finished, and it disintegrated in 185 BCE with the establishment of the Shunga Dynasty in Magadha.

Victory of Magadha and establishment of the Maurya Empire (c. 321 BCE)

As indicated by a few legends, Chanakya ventured out to Magadha, a realm that was huge and militarily amazing and dreaded by its neighbors, however was offended by its ruler Dhana Nanda, of the Nanda Dynasty. Chanakya swore retribution and pledged to obliterate the Nanda Empire.

The Nanda Empire began from the district of Magadha in old India during the fourth century BCE, and went on until between 345-321 BCE. At its most noteworthy degree, the realm governed by the Nanda Dynasty reached out from Bengal in the east, to the Punjab district in the west, and as far south as the Vindhya Range. The leaders of this tradition were acclaimed for the incredible abundance that they gathered.

Chanakya empowered the youthful Chandragupta Maurya and his military to assume control over the seat of Magadha. Utilizing his insight organization, Chandragupta accumulated numerous youngsters from across Magadha and different regions, who were furious about the bad and harsh standard of King Dhana, just as the assets important for his military to battle a long series of fights. These men incorporated the previous general of Taxila, achieved understudies of Chanakya, the delegate of King Porus of Kakayee, his child Malayketu, and the leaders of little states.

Maurya formulated a system to attack Pataliputra, the capital of the Nanda Empire. A fight was declared and the Magadhan armed force was attracted from the city to a far off combat zone to draw in Maurya’s powers. In the interim, Maurya’s general and spies paid off the Nanda’s bad broad, and made a climate of common conflict in the realm, which finished in the demise of the beneficiary to the seat.

Upon the common turmoil in the realm, Nanda surrendered and vanished into oust. Chanakya reached the leader, Rakshasa, and persuaded him that his dedication was to Magadha, not to the Nanda Dynasty, and that he ought to stay in office. Chanakya repeated that deciding to oppose would begin a conflict that would seriously influence Magadha and obliterate the city. Rakshasa acknowledged Chanakya’s thinking, and Chandragupta Maurya was genuinely introduced as the new King of Magadha in 321 BCE, at 21 years old. Rakshasa turned into Chandragupta’s main consultant, and Chanakya took on the situation of a senior legislator.